annotate etc/TUTORIAL.ro @ 72887:eb94c65e419e

*** empty log message ***
author Carsten Dominik <dominik@science.uva.nl>
date Fri, 15 Sep 2006 03:54:37 +0000 (2006-09-15)
parents e8a3fb527b77
children 0259a1711394 c5406394f567
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
63047
916f1679ae7e Change NBSP to space. Move coding cookie from the
Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
parents: 61221
diff changeset
1 Tutorialului de Emacs. A se citi sf�r�itul pentru condi�ii.
916f1679ae7e Change NBSP to space. Move coding cookie from the
Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
parents: 61221
diff changeset
2 Traducere din englez� de Tudor Hulubei <tudor@gnu.org>.
25853
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3 Mul�umiri Aidei Hulubei <aida@chang.pub.ro> pentru corecturi �i sugestii.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5 Aceast� versiune a fost produs� plec�nd de la versiunea �n limba
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
6 englez�, care este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
7 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
8
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
9 Citi�i acum versiunea rom�neasc� a tutorialului de Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
10
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
11 Comenzile Emacs folosesc �n general tasta CONTROL (uneori denumit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
12 CTRL sau CTL) sau tasta META (uneori denumita EDIT sau ALT). �n loc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
13 s� scriem META sau CONTROL de fiecare dat� c�nd vrem s� prefix�m un
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
14 caracter, vom folosi urm�toarele prescurt�ri:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
15
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
16 C-<chr> �nseamn� c� �ine�i ap�sat� tasta CONTROL �n timp ce tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
17 caracterul <chr>. Astfel, C-f �nseamn�: �ine�i ap�sat� tasta
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
18 CONTROL �i tasta�i f.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
19
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
20 M-<chr> �nseamn� c� �ine�i ap�sat� tasta META, EDIT sau ALT �n timp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
21 ce tasta�i <chr>. Dac� nu exist� tasta META, EDIT sau ALT,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
22 tasta�i <ESC>, ridica�i �i apoi tasta�i caracterul <chr>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
23 Am notat cu <ESC> tasta ESC.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
24
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
25 Observa�ie important�: pentru a termina sesiunea Emacs, tasta�i C-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
26 C-c. (Dou� caractere.) Caracterele ">>" la marginea din st�nga
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
27 reprezint� instruc�iuni pentru a �ncerca o comand�. De exemplu:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
28 <<Liniile goale introduse aici de ini�ializarea comenzii help-with-tutorial>>
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
29 >> Acum tasta�i C-v (citirea urm�torului ecran) pentru a v� muta la
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
30 urm�torul ecran. (Executa�i aceast� comand� acum, tin�nd ap�sat�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
31 tasta CONTROL �n timp ce tasta�i v). De acum �nainte face�i acest
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
32 lucru din nou, de fiecare dat� c�nd termina�i de citit ecranul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
33
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
34 De remarcat c� exist� o zon� de suprapunere de dou� linii c�nd v�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
35 muta�i de la un ecran la altul; ave�i astfel o oarecare continuitate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
36 �n citirea textului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
37
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
38 Primul lucru pe care trebuie s�-l sti�i este cum s� v� deplasa�i din
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
39 loc �n loc �n text. �ti�i deja cum s� v� muta�i la urm�torul ecran cu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
40 C-v. Pentru a v� deplasa �napoi un ecran, tasta�i M-v (�ine�i ap�sat�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
41 tasta META �i tasta�i v, sau <ESC> v dac� nu ave�i o tast� META, EDIT,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
42 sau ALT).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
43
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
44 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i M-v �i apoi C-v de c�teva ori.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
45
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
46
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
47 * SUMAR
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
48 -------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
49
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
50 Urm�toarele comenzi sunt utile pentru a vedea ecrane:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
51
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
52 C-v avanseaz� un ecran
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
53 M-v �napoi un ecran
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
54 C-l �terge ecranul �i reafi�eaz� totul pozi�ion�nd textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
55 de l�ng� cursor �n centrul ecranului. (Este C-L, nu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
56 C-1.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
57
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
58 >> G�si�i cursorul �i �ine�i minte ce text este �n jurul lui.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
59 Apoi tasta�i C-l. G�si�i cursorul din nou �i observa�i c� textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
60 de l�ng� cursor este acela�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
61
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
62
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
63 * COMENZI DE BAZ� PENTRU CONTROLUL CURSORULUI
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
64 ---------------------------------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
65
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
66 Mutatul ecran cu ecran este util, dar cum v� muta�i la o anumit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
67 pozi�ie �n textul de pe ecran?
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
68
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
69 Sunt mai multe modalita�i �n care pute�i face acest lucru. Cel mai
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
70 simplu este s� folosi�i comenzile C-p, C-b, C-f �i C-n. Fiecare din
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
71 aceste comenzi mut� cursorul o linie sau coloan� �ntr-o anumit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
72 direc�ie pe ecran. Diagrama urm�toare prezint� aceste patru comenzi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
73 �i arat� direc�iile �n care ele mut� cursorul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
74
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
75 Linia precedent�, C-p
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
76 :
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
77 :
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
78 �napoi, C-b .... Pozi�ia curent� a cursorului .... �nainte, C-f
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
79 :
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
80 :
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
81 Linia urm�toare, C-n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
82
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
83 >> Muta�i cursorul la linia din mijlocul diagramei folosind C-n sau
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
84 C-p. Tasta�i apoi C-l pentru a vedea �ntreaga diagram� centrat� pe
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
85 ecran.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
86
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
87 Vi se va p�rea probabil mai simplu s� v� aminti�i aceste comenzi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
88 g�ndindu-v� la semnifica�ia lor �n limba englez�: P pentru previous, N
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
89 pentru next, B pentru backward �i F pentru forward. Acestea sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
90 comenzile de baz� pentru pozi�ionarea cursorului �i le ve�i folosi tot
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
91 timpul, deci ar fi foarte util s� le �nv筐a�i acum.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
92
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
93 >> Tasta�i c�teva C-n-uri pentru a aduce cursorul la aceast� linie.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
94
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
95 >> Muta�i-v� �n interiorul liniei cu C-f-uri �i apoi �n sus cu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
96 C-p-uri. Urm�ri�i ce face C-p atunci c�nd cursorul este �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
97 mijlocul liniei.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
98
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
99 Fiecare linie se termin� cu un caracter NEWLINE care o separ� de linia
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
100 urm�toare. Ultima linie �n fi�ierele dumneavoastr� ar trebui s� aib�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
101 un asemenea caracter la sf�r�it (de�i Emacs-ul nu-l necesit�).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
102
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
103 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i C-b la �nceputul unei linii. Cursorul ar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
104 trebui s� se mute la sf�r�itul liniei precedente, din cauza
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
105 trecerii peste caracterul NEWLINE.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
106
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
107 C-f poate s� treac� peste un caracter NEWLINE, la fel ca �i C-b.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
108
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
109 >> Tasta�i c�teva C-b-uri, pentru a v� familiariza cu pozi�ia
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
110 cursorului. Tasta�i apoi c�teva C-f-uri pentru a v� �ntoarce la
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
111 sf�r�itul liniei. �nc� un C-f �i v� ve�i muta la linia urm�toare.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
112
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
113 C�nd ajunge�i s� trece�i peste �nceputul sau sf�r�itul ecranului,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
114 textul aflat dincolo de margine intr� �n ecran, permi�ndu-i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
115 Emacs-ului s� mute cursorul la pozi�ia specificat�, f�r� a ie�i din
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
116 zona vizibil� (ecran). Aceast� opera�iune se numeste �n limba englez�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
117 "scrolling".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
118
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
119 >> �ncerca�i s� muta�i cursorul �n afara p�r�ii de jos a ecranului cu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
120 C-n �i observa�i ce se �ntampl�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
121
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
122 Dac� mutatul caracter cu caracter este lent, pute�i muta cursorul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
123 cuv�nt cu cuv�nt. M-f (META-f) avanseaz� cursorul cu un cuv�nt, iar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
124 M-b mut� cursorul un cuv�nt �napoi.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
125
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
126 >> Tasta�i c�teva M-f-uri �i apoi c�teva M-b-uri.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
127
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
128 C�nd cursorul este �n mijlocul unui cuv�nt, M-f �l mut� la sf�r�itul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
129 cuv�ntului. C�nd cursorul este �n spa�iul dintre cuvinte, M-f �l mut�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
130 la sf�r�itul cuv�ntului urm�tor. M-b ac�ioneaz� similar, dar �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
131 direc�ia opus�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
132
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
133 >> Tasta�i M-f �i M-b de c�teva ori, intercalate cu C-f-uri �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
134 C-b-uri, pentru a observa efectul comenzilor M-f �i M-b din diverse
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
135 pozi�ii �n interiorul cuvintelor �i �ntre ele.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
136
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
137 Observa�i paralela �ntre C-f �i C-b pe de o parte, �i M-f �i M-b pe de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
138 cealalt� parte. De multe ori, caracterele META sunt folosite pentru
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
139 opera�ii referitoare la unit筐ile definite de limbaj (cuvinte, fraze,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
140 paragrafe), �n timp ce caracterele CONTROL opereaz� pe unit筐i de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
141 baz�, care sunt independente de tipul textului editat (caractere,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
142 linii, etc).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
143
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
144 Aceast� paralel� se aplic� �i �ntre linii �i fraze: C-a �i C-e mut�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
145 cursorul la �nceputul �i, respectiv sf�r�itul unei linii, �n timp ce
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
146 M-a �i M-e �l mut� la �nceputul �i, respectiv sf�r�itul unei fraze.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
147
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
148 >> �ncerca�i c�teva C-a-uri, apoi c�teva C-e-uri.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
149 �ncerca�i c�teva M-a-uri, apoi c�teva M-e-uri.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
150
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
151 Remarca�i cum repetarea tast�rii lui C-a nu schimb� nimic, �n timp ce
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
152 repetarea tast�rii lui M-a mut� cursorul la fraza urm�toare. De�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
153 aceste opera�ii nu sunt tocmai analoage, fiecare pare natural�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
154
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
155 Pozi�ia cursorului �n text mai este numit� �i "punct" ("point" �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
156 limba englez�). Cursorul arat� pe ecran pozi�ia punctului �n text.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
157
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
158 Opera�iile ce mut� cursorul (inclusiv comenzile ce mut� cursorul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
159 cuv�nt cu cuv�nt sau fraz� cu fraz�) sunt prezentate �n sumarul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
160 urm�tor:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
161
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
162 C-f avanseaz� un caracter
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
163 C-b �napoi un caracter
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
164
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
165 M-f avanseaz� un cuv�nt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
166 M-b �napoi un cuv�nt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
167
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
168 C-n avanseaz� o linie
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
169 C-p �napoi o linie
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
170
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
171 C-a �napoi la �nceputul liniei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
172 C-e avanseaz� la sf�r�itul liniei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
173
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
174 M-a �napoi la �nceputul frazei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
175 M-e avanseaz� la sf�r�itul frazei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
176
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
177 >> Exersa�i toate aceste comenzi acum, sunt comenzile cele mai des
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
178 folosite.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
179
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
180 Dou� alte comenzi importante legate de mutatul cursorului sunt M-<
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
181 (META Mai-mic), care mut� cursorul la �nceputul textului, �i M-> (META
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
182 Mai-mare), care mut� cursorul la sf�r�itul textului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
183
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
184 Pe majoritatea terminalelor "<" este deasupra virgulei �i deci este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
185 necesar s� ap�sa�i tasta SHIFT �n acela�i timp. Pe aceste terminale
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
186 este nevoie s� ap�sa�i SHIFT �i c�nd tasta�i M-<; f�r� tasta SHIFT,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
187 a�i ap�sa M-virgul�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
188
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
189 >> �ncerca�i M-< acum, pentru a v� muta la �nceputul tutorialului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
190 Folosi�i apoi C-v �n mod repetat pentru a ajunge �napoi aici.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
191
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
192 >> �ncerca�i M-> acum, pentru a v� muta la sf�r�itul tutorialului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
193 Folosi�i apoi M-v repetat pentru a ajunge �napoi aici.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
194
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
195 Pute�i de asemenea s� muta�i cursorul cu tastele s�ge�i, dac�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
196 terminalul are asemenea taste. Se recomand� �ns� acomodarea cu C-b,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
197 C-f, C-n �i C-p din trei motive. �n primul r�nd, aceste taste
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
198 func�ioneaz� pe toate tipurile de terminale. �n al doilea r�nd, odat�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
199 ce v� obi�nui�i cu Emacs-ul, ve�i remarca faptul c� tastarea lor este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
200 mai rapid� dec�t cea a tastelor s�ge�i (pentru c� nu trebuie s� v�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
201 schimba�i pozi�ia m�inilor pe tastatur�). �n al treilea r�nd, odat�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
202 format obiceiul de a folosi aceste comenzi bazate pe CONTROL,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
203 comenzile avansate de mutat cursorul se �nva� foarte u�or.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
204
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
205 Majoritatea comenzilor Emacs accept� un argument numeric; pentru
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
206 majoritatea comenzilor, acest argument reprezint� un contor de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
207 repeti�ie. Contorul de repeti�ie se introduce tast�nd C-u, cifrele ce
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
208 alc�tuiesc contorul �i apoi comanda. Dac� ave�i tasta META (EDIT sau
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
209 ALT), exist� �i o alt� alternativ� pentru a introduce un argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
210 numeric: tasta�i cifrele �n timp ce �ine�i tasta META ap�sat�. Se
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
211 recomand� �ns� folosirea metodei cu C-u, deoarece func�ioneaz� pe
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
212 orice terminal.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
213
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
214 De exemplu, C-u 8 C-f avanseaz� cursorul cu opt caractere.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
215
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
216 >> �ncerca�i s� folosi�i C-n sau C-p cu un argument numeric pentru a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
217 muta cursorul dintr-o singur� comand� pe o linie apropiat� de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
218 aceasta.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
219
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
220 Majoritatea comenzilor utilizeaz� argumentul numeric ca un contor de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
221 repetitie. Anumite comenzi speciale �l folosesc �nsa �n mod diferit.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
222 C-v si M-v sunt printre aceste excep�ii. C�nd li se d� un argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
223 numeric, ele mut� ecranul mai sus sau mai jos cu numarul specificat de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
224 linii, nu de ecrane. De exemplu, C-u 4 C-v mut� ecranul cu 4 linii.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
225
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
226 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i C-u 8 C-v acum.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
227
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
228 Aceast� comand� trebuie s� mute ecranul �n sus cu 8 linii. Dac�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
229 doriti s� �l muta�i �napoi, pute�i s�-i da�i lui M-v un argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
230 numeric.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
231
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
232 Dac� folosi�i sistemul X Window, exist� probabil o zon� rectangular�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
233 numita "scroll bar" la dreapta ferestrei Emacs-ului. Pute�i deplasa
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
234 textul manipul�nd "scroll bar"-ul cu mouse-ul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
235
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
236 >> �ncerca�i s� ap�sa�i butonul din mijloc al mouse-ului la mijlocul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
237 butonului din scroll bar. Aceasta ar trebui s� mute textul la o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
238 pozi�ie determinat� de c�t de sus sau de jos a�i ap�sat pe scroll
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
239 bar.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
240
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
241 >> �ncerca�i s� muta�i mouse-ul �n sus �i �n jos �in�nd butonul din
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
242 mijloc ap�sat. Ve�i vedea c� textul se deplaseaz� �n sus �i �n jos
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
243 corespunz�tor cu mi�carea mouse-ului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
244
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
245
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
246 * C�ND EMACS-ul ESTE BLOCAT
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
247 ---------------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
248
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
249 Dac� Emacs-ul �nceteaz� s� v� raspund� la comenzi, �l pute�i opri,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
250 f�r� s� pierde�i modific�rile f�cute p�n� acum, tast�nd C-g. Pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
251 folosi C-g pentru a opri o comand� care dureaz� prea mult.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
252
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
253 Pute�i de asemenea folosi C-g pentru a opri introducerea unui argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
254 numeric sau �nceputul unei comenzi pe care nu dori�i s� o continua�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
255
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
256 >> Tasta�i C-u 100 pentru a introduce 100 ca un argument numeric, apoi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
257 tasta�i C-g. Tasta�i apoi C-f. Cursorul ar trebui s� se mute un
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
258 singur caracter, pentru c� a�i oprit introducerea argumentului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
259 numeric cu C-g.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
260
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
261 Dac� a�i tastat un <ESC> din gre�eal�, pute�i s�-l anula�i cu un C-g.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
262
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
263
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
264 * COMENZI DEZAFECTATE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
265 ---------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
266
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
267 Anumite comenzi sunt dezafectate �n Emacs, �n a�a fel �nc�t
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
268 utilizatorii s� nu le poat� folosi din neaten�ie.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
269
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
270 Dac� tasta�i una din comenzile dezafectate, Emacs-ul va afi�a un mesaj
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
271 spun�nd ce comand� a�i tastat �i �ntreb�ndu-v� dac� dori�i s�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
272 continua�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
273
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
274 Dac� �ntr-adev�r dori�i s� �ncerca�i comanda respectiv�, tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
275 SPA�IU. �n mod normal, dac� nu dori�i s� executa�i comanda
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
276 dezafectat�, r�spunde�i cu "n".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
277
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
278 >> Tasta�i <ESC> : (care este o comand� dezafectat�), apoi tasta�i n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
279 ca r�spuns la �ntrebarea pus� de Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
280
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
281
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
282 * FERESTRE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
283 ----------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
284
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
285 Emacs-ul poate avea mai multe ferestre, fiecare afi財nd propriul s�u
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
286 text. Vom explica mai t�rziu tehnicile de folosire a ferestrelor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
287 multiple. Acum vrem s� explic�m cum s� �nchide�i ferestrele care ar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
288 putea apare ca rezultat al afi冴rii unor documenta�ii sau rezultate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
289 specifice anumitor comenzi. Este simplu:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
290
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
291 C-x 1 o singur� fereastr� (adic� �nchide toate celelalte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
292 ferestre).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
293
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
294 Asta �nseamn� CONTROL-x urmat de cifra 1. C-x 1 m�re�te fereastra
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
295 care con�ine cursorul p�n� c�nd ocup� �ntregul ecran. Toate celelalte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
296 ferestre sunt distruse.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
297
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
298 >> Muta�i cursorul la aceast� linie �i tasta�i C-u 0 C-l.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
299
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
300 >> Tasta�i C-h k C-f. Observa�i cum aceast� fereastr� se mic�oreaz�,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
301 �n timp ce o nou� fereastr� apare, afi財nd documenta�ia comenzii
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
302 C-f.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
303
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
304 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 �i observa�i cum noua fereastr� dispare.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
305
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
306
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
307 * INTRODUCEREA �I �TERGEREA
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
308 ---------------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
309
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
310 Dac� vre�i s� introduce�i text, pur �i simplu tasta�i textul dorit.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
311 Caracterele pe care le pute�i vedea, cum ar fi A, 7, *, etc. sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
312 interpretate de Emacs ca text �i introduse imediat. Tasta�i <Return>
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
313 (tasta mai este etichetat� <Enter> uneori) pentru a introduce un
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
314 caracter NEWLINE.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
315
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
316 Pute�i �terge ultimul caracter pe care l-a�i introdus tast�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
317 <Delete>. <Delete> este o tast� pe tastatur� etichetat� "Del" sau
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
318 "Delete". �n unele cazuri tasta "Backspace" poate ac�iona ca
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
319 <Delete>, dar nu �ntotdeauna!
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
320
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
321 Mai general, <Delete> �terge caracterul dinaintea pozi�iei curente a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
322 cursorului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
323
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
324 >> Executa�i urm�toarele opera�ii acum - tasta�i c�teva caractere,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
325 apoi �terge�i-le tast�nd <Delete> de c�teva ori. Nu v� teme�i c�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
326 ve�i schimba acest fi�ier; nu ve�i altera versiunea principal� a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
327 tutorialului. Aceasta este copia dumneavoastr� personal�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
328
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
329 C�nd o linie de text devine prea mare pentru a putea fi reprezentat�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
330 pe o linie de ecran, linia de text este continuat� pe urm�toarea linie
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
331 de pe ecran. Un caracter backslash ("\") la marginea din dreapta
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
332 indic� o linie care a fost continuat�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
333
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
334 >> Introduce�i text p�n� c�nd dep禳i�i cu c�teva caractere marginea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
335 din dreapta a ecranului. Ve�i observa apari�ia liniei de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
336 continuare.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
337
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
338 >> Folosi�i <Delete>-uri pentru a �terge textul p�n� c�nd linia �ncape
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
339 din nou pe o linie de ecran. Linia de continuare va disp�rea.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
340
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
341 Pute�i �terge un caracter NEWLINE ca pe orice alt caracter. �tergerea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
342 unui NEWLINE dintre dou� linii concateneaza cele dou� linii. Dac�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
343 linia rezultat� este prea lung� pentru a fi afi�at� pe ecran, va fi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
344 afi�at� cu o linie de continuare.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
345
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
346 >> Muta�i cursorul la �nceputul unei linii �i tasta�i <Delete>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
347 Aceasta concateneaz� linia curent� cu cea precedent�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
348
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
349 >> Tasta�i <Return> pentru a reintroduce caracterul NEWLINE �ters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
350
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
351 A�a cum v� reaminti�i, majoritatea comenzilor Emacs pot primi un
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
352 argument numeric ce ac�ioneaz� ca un contor de repeti�ie; introducerea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
353 caracterelor ascult� acelea�i reguli. Un argument numeric dat unui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
354 caracter duce la introducerea caracterului respectiv de num�rul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
355 specificat de ori.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
356
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
357 >> �ncerca�i asta acum - tasta�i C-u 8 * pentru a introduce ********.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
358
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
359 A�i �nv筐at acum metodele elementare de tastat �i corectat erori �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
360 Emacs. Pute�i de asemenea �terge cuvinte sau linii. Acesta este un
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
361 sumar al opera�iilor de �tergere.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
362
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
363 <Delete> �terge caracterul de dinaintea cursorului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
364 C-d �terge caracterul de dup� cursor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
365
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
366 M-<Delete> �terge cuv�ntul de dinaintea cursorului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
367 M-d �terge cuv�ntul de dup� cursor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
368
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
369 C-k �terge de la pozi�ia curent� p�n� la sf�r�itul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
370 liniei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
371 M-k �terge de la pozi�ia curent� p�n� la sf�r�itul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
372 frazei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
373
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
374 De remarcat c� <Delete> �i C-d versus M-<Delete> �i M-d extind
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
375 paralela �nceput� de C-f �i M-f (<Delete> nu este cu adev�rat un
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
376 caracter bazat pe CONTROL, dar nu o s� ne ocup�m de asta acum). C-k
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
377 �i M-k sunt ca C-e �i M-e, �ntr-un fel, dac� facem o paralel� �ntre
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
378 linii �i fraze.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
379
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
380 C�nd �terge�i mai mult de un caracter la un moment dat, Emacs-ul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
381 p�streaz� intern textul distrus �n a�a fel �nc�t �l pute�i restaura.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
382 Termenul folosit de Emacs pentru opera�iunea de restaurare a textului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
383 distrus este "yanking". Pute�i restaura textul distrus fie �n acela�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
384 loc, fie �n alt loc �n fi�ier. Pute�i de asemenea restaura textul de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
385 mai multe ori pentru a face mai multe copii. Comanda de restaurare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
386 este C-y.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
387
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
388 Diferen�a dintre "distrugerea" �i "�tergerea" unei por�iuni din text
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
389 este aceea ca por�iunile de text "distruse" pot fi restaurate, �n timp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
390 ce por�iunile de text "�terse", nu. �n general, comenzile care
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
391 distrug por�iuni semnificative din text, p�streaz� intern textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
392 respectiv, �n timp ce comenzile care �terg doar un caracter, linii
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
393 goale sau spa�ii, nu fac acest lucru.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
394
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
395 >> Muta�i cursorul la �nceputul unei linii care nu este goal�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
396 Tasta�i apoi C-k pentru a distruge textul de pe linia respectiv�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
397 >> Tasta�i C-k o a doua oar�. Ve�i observa distrugerea caracterului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
398 NEWLINE de la sf�r�itul liniei.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
399
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
400 Dup� cum vede�i, un singur C-k distruge con�inutul liniei, iar un al
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
401 doilea C-k distruge linia �ns禳i, fac�nd toate celelalte linii s� se
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
402 mute �n sus. C-k trateaz� un argument numeric �n mod special:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
403 distruge num�rul specificat de linii �i con�inutul lor. Aceast�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
404 comportare nu este doar o simpl� repeti�ie. C-u 2 C-k distruge dou�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
405 linii �i NEWLINE-urile de dup� ele; tast�nd C-k de dou� ori nu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
406 ob�ine�i acela�i rezultat.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
407
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
408 Pentru a extrage ultimul text distrus �i a-l plasa la pozi�ia curent�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
409 a cursorului, tasta�i C-y.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
410
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
411 >> Tasta�i C-y pentru a restaura textul distrus anterior.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
412
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
413 G�nditi-v� la C-y ca �i cum a�i recupera ceva ce v-a fost luat.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
414 Observa�i c� dac� executa�i mai multe C-k-uri la r�nd, tot textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
415 distrus este stocat �ntr-o singur� bucat�, �n a�a fel �nc�t un singur
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
416 C-y va restaura toate liniile.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
417
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
418 >> Tasta�i acum C-k de c�teva ori.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
419
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
420 Acum �ncerca�i s� restaura�i textul distrus:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
421
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
422 >> Tasta�i C-y. Muta�i apoi cursorul c�teva linii mai jos �i tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
423 C-y din nou. Ve�i vedea cum se copiaz� por�iuni de text.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
424
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
425 Ce face�i dac� ave�i por�iuni de text pe care vre�i s� le restaura�i,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
426 dar �ntre timp distruge�i o alt� por�iune de text? C-y va restaura
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
427 por�iunea de text care a fost distrus� cel mai recent. Cu toate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
428 acestea, textul distrus anterior nu este pierdut. Pute�i s�-l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
429 restaura�i folosind comanda M-y. Dup� ce a�i executat C-y pentru a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
430 ob�ine textul cel mai recent distrus, tast�nd M-y ve�i �nlocui textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
431 ce tocmai a fost restaurat cu textul distrus �naintea lui. Tast�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
432 M-y de mai multe ori pute�i ob�ine por�iuni de text distrus din ce �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
433 ce mai vechi. Odat� ajun�i la textul care v� intereseaz�, pute�i s�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
434 continua�i editarea f�r� s� mai face�i nimic special, las�nd textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
435 restaurat �n pozi�ia �n care se g�se�te.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
436
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
437 Dac� tasta�i M-y de suficient de multe ori, ve�i ajunge �n cele din
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
438 urm� la punctul de plecare (textul distrus cel mai de cur�nd).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
439
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
440 >> Distruge�i o linie, muta�i-v� pu�in �n jurul ei, distruge�i o alt�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
441 linie. Executa�i apoi C-y pentru a ob�ine �napoi cea de-a doua
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
442 linie distrus�. Executa�i apoi M-y �i ve�i constata c� este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
443 �nlocuit� de prima linie distrus�. Executa�i mai multe M-y-uri �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444 observa�i ce ob�ine�i. Continua�i s� le executa�i p�n� c�nd a doua
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
445 linie apare din nou, etc. Dac� dori�i, pute�i �ncerca s�-i da�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446 comenzii M-y argumente numerice pozitive �i negative.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449 * ANULARE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450 ---------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452 Dac� face�i o schimbare �n text, �i apoi constata�i c� a�i gre�it,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 pute�i anula schimbarea cu comanda de anulare, C-x u.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455 �n mod normal, C-x u anuleaz� schimb�rile f�cute de o comand�; dac�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456 repeta�i C-x u de c�teva ori la r�nd, fiecare nou� repeti�ie anuleaz�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 �nc� o comand�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459 Exist� �ns� dou� excep�ii: comenzile care nu schimb� textul nu sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460 luate �n considerare (acestea includ comenzile de mutat cursorul �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461 cele de "scrolling"), iar caracterele introduse individual sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462 tratate �n grupuri de maxim 20. (Motiva�ia din spatele acestei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463 abord�ri este aceea de a reduce num�rul de C-x u-uri pe care trebuie
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 s� le tasta�i pentru anularea inser�rilor de text).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 >> Distruge�i linia aceasta cu C-k, apoi tasta�i C-x u; linia ar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467 trebui s� reapar�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469 C-_ este o alt� comand� de anulare; func�ioneaz� exact ca �i C-x u,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470 dar este mai u�or de tastat de mai multe ori la r�nd. Dezavantajul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471 lui C-_ este c� pe anumite tastaturi nu este clar cum trebuie tastat.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 Din acest motiv exist� C-x u. Pe unele terminale se poate s� tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 C-_ tast�nd "/" �n timp ce �ine�i ap�sat� tasta CONTROL.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475 Un argument numeric la C-_ sau C-x u ac�ioneaz� ca un contor de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476 repeti�ie.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479 * FI�IERE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480 ---------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482 Pentru a face permanente modific�rile din textul pe care �l edita�i,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483 trebuie s�-l stoca�i (salva�i) �ntr-un fi�ier. Altminteri,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 modific�rile se vor pierde �n momentul p�r�sirii Emacs-ului. Pune�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485 textul �ntr-un fi�ier "deschiz�nd" (sau "vizit�nd") fi�ierul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 Deschiderea unui fi�ier �nseamn� c� pute�i vedea con�inutul fi�ierului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488 �n Emacs. Este ca �i cum a�i edita chiar fi�ierul, singura diferen�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489 fiind aceea c� schimb�rile nu devin permanente p�n� c�nd nu �l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 "salva�i" ("save" �n limba englez�). Se evit� astfel existen�a �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491 sistem a unor fi�iere incomplet modificate atunci c�nd nu dori�i acest
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 lucru. Chiar �i c�nd salva�i fi�ierul, Emacs-ul p�streaz� fi�ierul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 ini�ial (cu un nume schimbat) �n a�a fel �nc�t s�-l pute�i recupera �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494 cazul �n care decide�i c� modific�rile efectuate au fost gre�ite.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 Aproape de marginea de jos a ecranului ve�i observa o linie care
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 �ncepe �i se termin� cu minusuri, �i con�ine �irul "--:-- TUTORIAL.ro"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 sau ceva �n genul acesta. Aceast� parte a ecranului arat� �ntotdeauna
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499 numele fi�ierului pe care �l vizita�i. Acum vizita�i fi�ierul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 "TUTORIAL.ro" care este copia dumneavoastr� de �ncerc�ri a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 tutorialului �n limba rom�n�. Orice fi�ier a�i edita, numele acelui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 fi�ier va ap�rea �n pozi�ia respectiv�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 Comenzile pentru g�sirea �i salvarea fi�ierelor sunt diferite de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505 celelalte comenzi pe care le-a�i �nv筐at, �n sensul c� sunt compuse
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 din dou� caractere. Am�ndou� �ncep cu caracterul C-x. Exist� o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507 �ntreag� serie de comenzi care �ncep cu C-x; multe dintre ele sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508 legate de fi�iere, buffere �i alte lucruri �nrudite. Aceste comenzi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 sunt compuse din dou�, trei sau patru caractere.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511 Comenzii de deschidere a unui fi�ier trebuie s� �i spune�i numele
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512 fi�ierului dorit. Spunem despre comand� ca "cite�te un argument de la
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
513 terminal" (�n acest caz, argumentul este numele fi�ierului). Dup� ce
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
514 tasta�i comanda
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
516 C-x C-f (deschide un fi�ier)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
517
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518 Emacs-ul v� va cere s� introduce�i numele fi�ierului. Numele pe care
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519 �l tasta�i apare pe ultima linie a ecranului. Aceast� linie se
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520 numeste "minibuffer" c�nd este folosit� pentru acest tip de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521 introducere. Comenzile normale de editare �n Emacs pot fi folosite �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522 pentru editarea numelui fi�ierului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524 �n timp ce introduce�i numele fi�ierului (sau orice alt tip de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525 introducere de date �n minibuffer), pute�i anula comanda cu C-g.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527 >> Tasta�i C-x C-f, apoi tasta�i C-g. Aceasta anuleaz� minibuffer-ul,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528 �i, de asemenea, anuleaz� comanda C-x C-f care �l folosea. �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 concluzie, nu ve�i mai deschide nici un fi�ier.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531 C�nd a�i terminat de introdus numele fi�ierului, tasta�i <Return>
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 pentru a-l �ncheia. Dup� aceasta, comanda C-x C-f �ncepe s� lucreze
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533 �i deschide fi�ierul pe care l-a�i ales. Minibuffer-ul dispare c�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 comanda C-x C-f se termin�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 Dup� c�teva momente, con�inutul fi�ierului apare pe ecran �i �l pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 edita. C�nd doriti s� face�i schimb�rile permanente, tasta�i comanda
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 C-x C-s (salveaz� fi�ierul)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541 Aceasta copiaz� textul din Emacs �ntr-un fi�ier. Prima oar� c�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542 face�i acest lucru, Emacs-ul redenume�te fi�ierul ini�ial �n a�a fel
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 �nc�t s� nu se piard�. Noul nume este creat prin ad�ugarea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 caracterului "~" la numele ini�ial.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546 C�nd opera�iunea de salvare este terminat�, Emacs-ul afi�eaz� numele
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 fi�ierului salvat. Se recomand� salvarea la intervale relativ mici,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 pentru a nu pierde prea mult� munc� �n cazul unei eventuale bloc�ri a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549 sistemului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 >> Tasta�i C-x C-s, pentru a salva copia tutorialului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 Aceasta ar trebui s� afi�eze "Wrote ...TUTORIAL.ro" la marginea de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 jos a ecranului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 OBSERVA�IE: �n unele sisteme, tastarea comenzii C-x C-s va bloca
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 ecranul �i nu ve�i mai primi nici un de r�spuns din partea Emacs-ului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 Aceasta indic� faptul c� o facilitate a sistemului de operare numit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 "controlul fluxului" ("flow control" �n limba englez�) intercepteaz�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 C-s, nelas�ndu-l s� ajung� la Emacs. Pentru deblocarea ecranului,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 tasta�i C-q. Pute�i g�si detalii referitoare la aceast� a�a-numit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 "facilitate" �n sec�iunea "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 din manualul Emacs-ului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 Pute�i deschide un fi�ier existent, pentru a-l vedea sau edita.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565 Pute�i de asemenea deschide un fi�ier care nu exist�. Aceasta este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 modalitatea �n care crea�i noi fi�iere cu Emacs-ul: deschide�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567 fi�ierul (care va fi gol ini�ial), apoi �ncepe�i s� introduce�i text
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568 �n el. C�nd �i ve�i cere s� "salveze" fi�ierul, Emacs-ul va crea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569 fi�ierul cu textul pe care l-a�i introdus. De acum �nainte pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570 considera c� edita�i un fi�ier existent.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 * BUFFERE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574 ---------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576 Dac� deschide�i un al doilea fi�ier cu C-x C-f, primul va continua s�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577 existe �n Emacs. Pute�i s� v� muta�i �napoi la el deschiz�ndu-l din
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 nou cu C-x C-f. �n acest fel pute�i avea un num�r destul de mare de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 fi�iere deschise �n Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 >> Crea�i un fi�ier numit "foo" tast�nd C-x C-f foo <Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 Introduce�i un text oarecare, edita�i-l, apoi salva�i "foo" tast�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 C-x C-s. �n cele din urm�, tasta�i C-x C-f TUTORIAL.ro <Return>
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 pentru a v� �ntoarce la tutorial.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 Emacs-ul stocheaz� textul fiec�rui fi�ier �ntr-un obiect numit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587 "buffer". Deschiderea unui fi�ier creeaz� un nou buffer �n Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 Pentru a vedea o list� a bufferelor existente �n Emacs, tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 C-x C-b (lista de buffere)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592 >> �ncerca�i C-x C-b acum.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 Observa�i cum fiecare buffer are un nume �i, uneori, un nume de fi�ier
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595 corespunz�tor fi�ierului al c�rui con�inut este men�inut �n buffer-ul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 respectiv. Unele buffere nu corespund nici unui fi�ier. De exemplu,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 buffer-ul numit "*Buffer List*" nu are nici un fi�ier asociat. Este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 buffer-ul care con�ine lista de buffere �i a fost creat de comanda C-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 C-b. Orice text pe care �l vede�i �ntr-o fereastr� a Emacs-ului este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 �ntotdeauna parte dintr-un buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 pentru a sc�pa de lista de buffere.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
603
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604 Dac� face�i schimb�ri �n textul unui fi�ier, apoi deschide�i un alt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605 fi�ier, primul fi�ier nu este salvat. Schimb�rile efectuate r�m�n �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 Emacs, �n buffer-ul asociat acelui fi�ier. Crearea sau editarea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 buffer-ului celui de-al doilea fi�ier nu are nici un efect asupra
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 buffer-ului primului fi�ier. Acest lucru este foarte util, dar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609 �nseamn� c� ave�i nevoie de o modalitate convenabil� de a salva
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 buffer-ul primului fi�ier. Ar fi obositor s� fie necesar s� v� muta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 �napoi la el cu C-x C-f pentru a-l putea salva cu C-x C-s. Din acest
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 motiv exist� comanda:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 C-x s salveaz� ni�te buffere
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 C-x s v� �ntreab� despre fiecare buffer care con�ine modific�ri (�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617 care nu a fost salvat) dac� dori�i s�-l salva�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 >> Introduce�i o linie de text, apoi tasta�i C-x s.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620 Ar trebui s� v� �ntrebe dac� s� salveze buffer-ul TUTORIAL.ro.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621 Raspunde�i "da" la �ntrebare tast�nd "y".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 * EXTINDEREA SETULUI DE COMENZI
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625 -------------------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627 Exist� mult mai multe comenzi Emacs dec�t combina�ii de taste bazate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628 pe CONTROL �i META. Solu�ia �n Emacs este folosirea comenzilor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629 eXtinse. Acestea sunt de dou� feluri:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 C-x eXtinde un caracter; urmat� de un caracter
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632 M-x eXtinde un nume; urmat� de un nume lung
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 Acestea sunt comenzi care sunt utile �n general, dar folosite mai rar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635 dec�t comenzile despre care a�i �nv筐at p�n� acum. A�i v�zut deja
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636 dou� dintre ele: comanda de deschis fi�iere (C-x C-f) �i comanda de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637 salvat fi�iere (C-x C-s). Un alt exemplu este comanda de p�r�sit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 Emacs-ul: C-x C-c. (Nu v� teme�i c� ve�i pierde schimb�ri f�cute �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 fi�iere; �nainte de a termina sesiunea curent� Emacs, C-x C-c v� va
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 �ntreba dac� dori�i s� salva�i fi�ierele modificate.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 C-z este comanda cu care pute�i ie�i din Emacs *temporar* - astfel
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 �nc�t s� pute�i s� v� �ntoarce�i la aceea�i sesiune Emacs mai t�rziu.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 Pe sistemele unde este posibil, C-z "suspend�" Emacs-ul; asta �nseamn�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 c�, de�i v� ve�i �ntoarce la prompt-ul shell-ului, Emacs-ul nu a fost
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 distrus. �n shell-urile (interpretoarele de comenzi Unix) cele mai
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 uzuale pute�i reactiva Emacs-ul cu comanda `fg' sau `%emacs'.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 Pe sistemele care nu implementeaz� mecanismele de suspendare, C-z
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 creeaz� un subshell care ruleaz� sub Emacs pentru a v� oferi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 posibilitatea de a rula alte programe �i de a v� �ntoarce la Emacs mai
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 t�rziu; pe aceste sisteme C-z nu iese cu adev�rat din Emacs - comanda
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 `exit' la promptul subshell-ului este modalitatea uzual� de a v�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 �ntoarce �n Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 �n general C-x C-c se folose�te �nainte de p�r�sirea sistemului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 Pute�i folosi aceast� comand� �i pentru a ie�i din instan�e de Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 lansate de programe de citit mail sau alte utilitare, deoarece acestea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 s-ar putea s� nu fie capabile s� foloseasc� facilita�ile de suspendare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 ale Emacs-ului. �n mod normal �ns�, dac� nu sunte�i pe cale s�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 p�r�si�i sistemul, este mai bine s� suspenda�i Emacs-ul cu C-z dec�t
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 s� ie�i�i complet cu C-x C-c.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 Emacs-ul are multe comenzi prefixate cu C-x. Aceasta este lista celor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 pe care le-a�i �nv筐at p�n� acum:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 C-x C-f deschide un fi�ier
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 C-x C-s salveaz� fi�ierul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 C-x C-b listeaz� bufferele
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 C-x C-c p�r�se�te Emacs-ul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 C-x u anuleaz�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 Comenzile eXtinse cu nume sunt comenzile care sunt folosite �i mai rar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 sau comenzile care sunt folosite numai �n anumite moduri. Un exemplu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 este comanda replace-string (�nlocuie�te-�ir) care �nlocuie�te global
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 toate apari�iile unui �ir de caractere cu alt �ir de caractere. C�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 tasta�i M-x, Emacs-ul afi�eaz� pe ultima linie de pe ecran "M-x" �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 pute�i introduce numele comenzii - �n cazul nostru "replace-string".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 Pute�i s� tasta�i doar "repl s<TAB>" �i Emacs-ul va completa numele.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 Termina�i comanda cu <Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 Comanda replace-string necesit� dou� argumente - �irul ce va fi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 �nlocuit �i �irul �nlocuitor. La sf�r�itul introducerii fiec�rui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 argument trebuie s� tasta�i <Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 >> Muta�i cursorul pe linia goal� care se g�seste dou� linii mai jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 Tasta�i apoi M-x repl s<Return>modificat<Return>alterat<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 Observa�i modul �n care aceast� linie s-a modificat: a�i �nlocuit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 toate apari�iile cuv�ntului s-c-h-i-m-b-a-t cu "alterat", dup�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 pozi�ia ini�ial� a cursorului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 * SALVARE AUTOMAT�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 ------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 Dac� a�i facut schimb�ri �ntr-un fi�ier, dar nu le-a�i salvat, aceste
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 schimb�ri se pot pierde �n cazul �n care sistemul se blocheaz�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 Pentru a v� proteja munca, Emacs-ul salveaz� periodic un fi�ier de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 "autosalvare" pentru fiecare fi�ier pe care �l edita�i. Acest fi�ier
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 are un "#" la �nceput �i unul la sf�r�it; de exemplu, dac� fi�ierul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 dumneavoastr� se numeste "hello.c", fi�ierul de autosalvare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 corespunz�tor se va numi "#hello.c#". C�nd salva�i fi�ierul �n mod
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 normal, Emacs-ul �terge fi�ierul de autosalvare.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 �n cazul unei c�deri a sistemului, pute�i s� v� recupera�i fi�ierul de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 autosalvare deschiz�nd fi�ierul �n mod normal (fi�ierul pe care �l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 edita�i, nu pe cel de autosalvare) �i tast�nd dup� aceea M-x recover
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 file<Return>. C�nd vi se cere confirmarea, tasta�i yes<Return> pentru
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 a continua �i a recupera fi�ierul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 * ZONA DE ECOU
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 --------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 Dac� Emacs-ul observ� c� tasta�i comenzile �ncet, vi le va ar�ta la
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718 marginea de jos a ecranului �ntr-o zona numit� "zona de ecou". Zona
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 de ecou con�ine cea mai de jos linie a ecranului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 * LINIA DE MOD
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 --------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 Linia de deasupra zonei de ecou se nume�te "linia de mod" ("mode line"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 �n limba englez�). Linia de mod con�ine ceva de genul:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 --**-Emacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 Aceast� linie prezint� informa�ii utile despre starea Emacs-ului �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 despre textul pe care �l edita�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 Sti�i deja ce �nseamn� numele fi�ierului - este fi�ierul pe care l-a�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 deschis. -NN%-- indic� pozi�ia curent� a cursorului �n text - NN la
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 sut� din text este deasupra primei linii de pe ecran. Dac� �nceputul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 fi�ierului este vizibil pe ecran, ve�i vedea --Top-- �n loc de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 --00%--. Dac� sf�r�itul fi�ierului este vizibil pe ecran, ve�i vedea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 --Bot-- (de la "bottom" �n limba englez�). Dac� fi�ierul este at�t de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 mic, �nc�t �ncape �n �ntregime pe ecran, pe linia de mod ve�i vedea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 --All--.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 Stelele de la �nceputul liniei de mod semnalizeaz� existen�a unor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 modific�ri nesalvate �n text. Imediat dup� deschiderea fi�ierului,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 por�iunea respectiv� din linia de mod nu con�ine nici o stea, doar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 minusuri.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 Por�iunea din�untrul parantezelor v� spune modul de editare curent.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 Modul implicit este "Fundamental", modul pe care �l folosi�i chiar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 acum. Este un exemplu de "mod major".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 Emacs-ul are multe moduri majore. Unele dintre ele sunt destinate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 edit�rii diferitelor limbaje �i/sau tipuri de text, cum ar fi modul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 Lisp, modul Text, etc. Numai un mod major poate fi activ la un moment
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 dat �i numele s�u va fi �ntotdeauna acolo unde este "Fundamental"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 acum.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 Fiecare mod major schimb� comportamentul unor comenzi. De exemplu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 exist� comenzi pentru crearea comentariilor �ntr-un program, dar, cum
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 fiecare limbaj de programare are o idee diferit� despre felul cum ar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 trebui s� arate un comentariu, fiecare mod major trebuie s� le
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 introduc� �ntr-un alt fel. Exist� c�te o comand� asociat� fiec�rui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 mod major - aceasta este modalitatea de a schimba modul major. De
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 exemplu, M-x fundamental-mode este comanda cu care poate fi ales modul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 "Fundamental".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 Dac� edita�i text �n limba rom�n�, cum ar fi de exemplu acest fi�ier,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 ar trebui probabil s� folosi�i modul Text.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 >> Tasta�i M-x text-mode<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 Nu v� temeti, nici una din comenzile pe care le-a�i �nv筐at p�n� acum
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 nu schimb� Emacs-ul prea mult. Pute�i observa acum c� M-f �i M-b
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 trateaz� apostrofurile ca parte din cuvinte. �nainte, �n modul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 Fundamental, M-f �i M-b tratau apostrofurile ca separatoare de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 cuvinte.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 Modurile majore opereaz� schimb�ri subtile, ca cea descris� mai sus.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 Majoritatea comenzilor execut� aceea�i opera�ie �n fiecare mod major,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 dar func�ioneaz� pu�in diferit.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 Pentru a vedea documenta�ia referitoare la modul major curent, tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 C-h m.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 >> Folosi�i C-u C-v o dat� sau de mai multe ori pentru a aduce aceast�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 linie aproape de �nceputul ecranului. Tasta�i C-h m ca s� afla�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 diferen�ele dintre modul Text �i modul Fundamental. Tasta�i C-x 1
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 pentru a �terge documenta�ia de pe ecran.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 Modurile majore se numesc "majore" pentru c� exist� �i moduri minore.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 Modurile minore sunt ajust�ri minore ale modurilor majore. Fiecare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 mod minor poate fi activat sau dezactivat separat, independent de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 celelalte moduri minore �i independent de modul major curent. Pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 s� nu folosi�i nici un mod minor, un mod minor sau orice combina�ie de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 moduri minore.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 Un mod minor care este foarte util, �n mod special c�nd edita�i text,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 este modul "Auto Fill". C�nd acest mod este activat, Emacs-ul sparge
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 automat liniile la spa�iul dintre cuvinte de fiecare dat� c�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 introduc�nd text crea�i o linie care este prea lung�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 Pute�i activa modul "Auto Fill" execut�nd M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 C�nd acest mod este activat, �l pute�i dezactiva execut�nd aceea�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 comand�. Dac� modul este dezactivat, aceast� comand� �l activeaz�,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 c�nd este activat, comanda �l dezactiveaz�. Se spune c� aceast�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 comand� inverseaz� modul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 >> Tasta�i M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> acum. Introduce�i apoi o linie
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 con�in�nd "asdf " de mai multe ori, p�n� c�nd linia se sparge �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 dou�. Trebuie s� pune�i spa�ii �ntre cuvinte pentru c� Auto Fill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 sparge linia numai la spa�ii.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 Marginea este stabilit� �n mod normal la 70 de caractere, dar pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 schimba aceast� valoare cu comanda C-x f. Introduce�i valoarea dorit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 ca argument numeric pentru C-x f.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 >> Tasta�i C-x f cu 20 ca argument numeric. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 Introduce�i apoi un text oarecare �i observa�i cum Emacs-ul umple
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 linii de maximum 20 de caractere. Restaura�i marginea la 70 de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 caractere folosind din nou C-x f.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 Dac� face�i schimb�ri �n mijlocul unui paragraf, modul Auto Fill nu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 rearanjeaz� paragraful. Pentru a face acest lucru, trebuie s� tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 M-q (META-q) cu cursorul pozi�ionat �n�untrul paragrafului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 >> Muta�i cursorul �n paragraful precedent �i tasta�i M-q.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 * C�UTARE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 ---------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 Emacs-ul poate caut� �iruri (grupuri continue de caractere sau
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 cuvinte) fie �nainte, fie �napoi (fa� de pozi�ia curent� a cursorului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 �n text). C�utarea unui �ir este o opera�ie ce mut� cursorul;
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 cursorul este mutat �n pozi�ia corespunz�toare urm�toarei apari�ii a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 �irului �n text.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 C�utarea este diferit� �n Emacs fa� de majoritatea editoarelor,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 deoarece este "incremental�". Asta �nseamn� c� execu�ia opera�iunii
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 de c�utare se face �n timp ce tasta�i �irul de c�utat.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 Comanda ce ini�iaz� c�utarea este C-s pentru c�utare �nainte �i C-r
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 pentru c�utare �napoi. A�TEPTA�I! Nu le �ncerca�i acum.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 C�nd tasta�i C-s ve�i remarca faptul c� �irul "I-search" apare ca
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 prompt �n zona de ecou. Aceasta v� spune c� Emacs-ul este �n modul de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 c�utare incremental�, a�tept�nd ca dumneavoastr� s� introduce�i �irul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 pe care dori�i s�-l c�uta�i. C�utarea poate fi terminat� cu <Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 >> Tasta�i acum C-s pentru a porni o c�utare. �NCET, c�te o singur�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 liter� la un moment dat, tasta�i cuv�ntul "cursor", f�c�nd o pauz�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 dup� fiecare caracter tastat ca s� observa�i ce se �ntampl� cu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 cursorul. Acum a�i terminat de c�utat prima apari�ie a cuv�ntului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 "cursor".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 >> Tasta�i C-s din nou, pentru a c�uta urm�toarea apari�ie a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 cuv�ntului "cursor".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 >> Tasta�i acum <Delete> de patru ori �i observa�i mi�carea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 cursorului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 >> Tasta�i <Return> pentru a termina c�utarea.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 A�i observat ce s-a �ntamplat? �n timpul unei c�ut�ri incrementale
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 Emacs-ul �ncearc� s� se pozi�ioneze pe prima apari�ie a �irului pe
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 care l-a�i introdus p�n� �n momentul respectiv. Dac� vre�i s� v�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 pozi�iona�i pe urm�toarea apari�ie a cuv�ntului "cursor", nu trebuie
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 dec�t s� tasta�i C-s �nc� o dat�. Dac� nu mai exist� o alt� apari�ie,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 Emacs-ul va emite un sunet �i v� va anun�a c� opera�iunea de c�utare a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 e�uat ("failed" �n limba englez�). C-g este o alt� metod� de a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 termina c�utarea.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 OBSERVA�IE: Pe unele sisteme, C-s va bloca ecranul �i nu ve�i mai
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 primi nici un r�spuns de la Emacs. Aceasta indic� faptul c� o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 "facilitate" a sistemului de operare numit� "controlul fluxului"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 ("flow control" �n limba englez�) intercepteaz� caracterul C-s �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 acesta nu mai ajunge la Emacs. Pentru deblocarea ecranului, ap�sa�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 C-q. Pute�i g�si detalii referitoare la aceast� a�a-numit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 "facilitate" �n sec�iunea "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 din manualul Emacs-ului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 Dac� sunte�i �n mijlocul unei c�ut�ri incrementale �i tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 <Delete>, ve�i observa c� ultimul caracter �n c�utarea incremental�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 este �ters �i c�utarea se �ntoarce la pozi�ia anterioar�. De exemplu,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 s� presupunem c� a�i tastat "c", pentru a c�uta prima apari�ie a lui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 "c". Dac� tasta�i "u", cursorul se va muta la prima apari�ie a lui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 "cu". Tasta�i acum <Delete>. Aceasta va �terge "u"-ul din �irul de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 c�utare �i cursorul se va muta �napoi la prima apari�ie a lui "c".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 C�utarea incremental� poate fi terminat� prin tastarea unui caracter
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 bazat pe CONTROL sau META (cu c�teva excep�ii - caracterele care sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 specifice c�ut�rii, cum ar fi C-s �i C-r).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 C-s �ncepe o c�utare care inspecteaz� textul de DUP� pozi�ia curent� a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 cursorului. Dac� dori�i s� c�uta�i �n textul dinaintea pozi�iei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 curente a cursorului, folosi�i C-r. Toat� discu�ia referitoare la C-s
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 se aplic� �i comenzii C-r, cu men�iunea c� direc�ia de c�utare este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 invers�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 * FERESTRE MULTIPLE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 -------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 Una dintre facilit筐ile importante ale Emacs-ului este aceea de a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 afi�a pe ecran mai multe ferestre simultan.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 >> Muta�i cursorul pe aceast� linie �i tasta�i C-u 0 C-l.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 >> Tasta�i acum C-x 2 pentru a �mp�r�i ecranul �n dou� ferestre.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 Am�ndou� ferestrele vor afi�a acest tutorial. Cursorul va r�mane
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 �n fereastra din partea de sus a ecranului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 >> Tasta�i C-M-v pentru a mi�ca textul din fereastra de jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 (Dac� nu ave�i o tast� META, tasta�i ESC C-v.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 >> Tasta�i C-x o ("o" de la "other" - "cealalt�" �n limba
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 englez�) pentru a muta cursorul �n fereastra de jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 >> Tasta�i C-v �i M-v �n fereastra de jos pentru a muta textul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 Continua�i s� citi�i aceste instruc�iuni �n fereastra de sus.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 >> Tasta�i C-x o din nou pentru a muta cursorul �napoi �n fereastra de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 sus. Cursorul va fi plasat �n locul unde a fost anterior.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 Pute�i continua s� folosi�i C-x o pentru a v� muta �ntre ferestre.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 Fiecare fereastr� are propria ei pozi�ie a cursorului, dar numai o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 fereastr� arat� cursorul la un moment dat. Toate opera�iile normale
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 de editare au efect �n fereastra �n care se g�se�te cursorul -
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 fereastra respectiv� se nume�te "fereastra selectat�".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 Comanda C-M-v este foarte util� c�nd edita�i text �ntr-o fereastr� �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 folosi�i cealalt� fereastr� pentru a citi documenta�ii. Pute�i �ine
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 �ntotdeauna cursorul �n fereastra �n care edita�i, �n timp ce avansa�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 textul din cealalt� fereastr� cu C-M-v.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 C-M-v este un exemplu de caracter CONTROL-META. Dac� ave�i o tast�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 META, pute�i tasta C-M-v �in�nd ap�sate �i CONTROL �i META c�nd tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 v. Nu conteaz� care dintre CONTROL sau META este ap�sat� mai �nt�i,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 pentru c� am�ndou� ac�ioneaz� prin modificarea caracterului pe care �l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 tasta�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 Dac� nu ave�i o tast� META �i folosi�i ESC �n loc, ordinea este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 important�: trebuie s� tasta�i ESC urmat de CONTROL-v; CONTROL-ESC v
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 nu va func�iona, din cauza faptului c� ESC este un caracter de sine
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 st�t�tor, nu un modificator.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 (�n fereastra de sus) ca s� renun�a�i la fereastra
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 de jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 (Dac� a�i tastat C-x 1 �n fereastra de jos, aceast� comand� va �nchide
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 fereastra de sus. G�ndi�i-v� la ea a�a "P�streaz� doar o fereastr� -
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 cea �n care sunt acum.")
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 Nu este nevoie s� afisa�i acela�i buffer �n ambele ferestre. Dac�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 folosi�i C-x C-f pentru a deschide un fi�ier �ntr-o fereastr�,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 cealalt� fereastr� nu se schimb�. Pute�i deschide un fi�ier diferit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 �n fiecare fereastr�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 O alt� modalitate de a folosi dou� ferestre ca s� afi�a�i lucruri
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 diferite:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 >> Tasta�i C-x 4 C-f apoi numele unui fi�ier. Termina�i comanda
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 cu <Return> Observa�i c� fi�ierul specificat apare �n fereastra de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 jos. Cursorul la fel.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 >> Tasta�i C-x o pentru a v� muta �n fereastra de sus, apoi tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 C-x 1 pentru a �terge fereastra de jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 * NIVELURI DE EDITARE RECURSIV�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 -------------------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 Uneori ve�i intra �n ceea ce se numeste un "nivel de editare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 recursiv�". Acesta este indicat de prezen�a unor paranteze drepte �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 linia de mod �n jurul numelui modului major. De exemplu, s-ar putea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 s� vede�i [(Fundamental)] �n loc de (Fundamental).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 Pentru a ie�i din nivelul de editare recursiv�, tasta�i ESC ESC ESC.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 Aceasta este o comand� de ie�ire de uz general. O pute�i folosi �i ca
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 s� ie�i�i din minibuffer sau ca s� elimina�i ferestrele �n plus.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 >> Tasta�i M-x pentru a intra �n minibuffer; tasta�i apoi ESC ESC ESC
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 ca s� ie�i�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 Nu pute�i folosi C-g pentru a ie�i dintr-un nivel de editare recursiv�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 deoarece comanda C-g este folosit� pentru a anula comenzi �i argumente
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 �n�untrul unui nivel de editare recursiv�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 * CUM PUTE�I OB�INE MAI MULTE INFORMA�II
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 ----------------------------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 �n acest tutorial am �ncercat s� furniz�m suficiente informa�ii pentru
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 a face primii pa�i �n Emacs. Exist� at�t de multe comenzi �n Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 �nc�t ar fi imposibil s� le explic�m pe toate aici. S-ar putea �ns�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 s� dori�i s� �nva�a�i mai multe despre Emacs, deoarece ofer� foarte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 multe facilita�i interesante. Exist� comenzi pentru a citi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 documenta�ia despre comenzile Emacs-ului. Aceste comenzi ajut�toare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 sunt prefixate cu caracterul C-h, denumit �i "caracterul de ajutor".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 Pentru a folosi aceste facilit筐i de ajutor, tasta�i caracterul C-h,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 apoi un caracter ce specific� tipul de ajutor de care ave�i nevoie.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 �n cazul �n care sunte�i nel�murit, tasta�i C-h ? �i Emacs-ul v� va
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 spune ce fel de ajutor v� poate oferi. Dac� a�i tastat C-h �i v�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 r�zg�ndi�i (nu mai dori�i ajutor) pute�i tasta C-g pentru a anula
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 comanda.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 (Anumite site-uri remapeaz� caracterul C-h. Nu ar trebui s� fac� asta
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 orbe�te pentru to�i utilizatorii - ave�i motiv s� v� pl�nge�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 administratorului de sistem. �ntre timp, dac� C-h nu afi�eaz� un
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 mesaj despre ajutor la marginea de jos a ecranului, �ncerca�i M-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 help<Return> �n loc.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 Comanda elementar� de ajutor este C-h c. Tasta�i C-h, apoi caracterul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 c �i o comand� alc�tuit� dintr-un caracter sau secven� de caractere
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 �i Emacs-ul va afi�a o scurt� descriere a comenzii.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 >> Tasta�i C-h c C-p.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 Mesajul ar trebui s� fie ceva de genul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 C-p runs the command previous-line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 Aceasta v� spune "numele func�iei". Numele de func�ii sunt folosite
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 �n principal pentru a adapta �i extinde Emacs-ul, dar, cum numele
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 func�iilor sunt alese �n a�a fel �nc�t s� indice actiunea comenzii
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 respective, ele pot servi ca o documenta�ie foarte scurt�, suficient�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 ca s� v� aminteasc� de comenzi pe care le-a�i �nv筐at deja.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 Comenzile formate din mai multe caractere (cum ar fi C-x C-s) �i (dac�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 nu ave�i o tasta META, EDIT sau ALT) <ESC> v sunt de asemenea permise
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 dup� C-h c.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 Pentru a ob�ine mai multe informa�ii despre o comand�, folosi�i C-h k
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 �n loc de C-h c.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 >> Tasta�i C-h k C-p.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 Aceast� comand� afi�eaz� documenta�ia �i numele func�iei �ntr-o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 fereastr� separat�. C�nd termina�i de citit, tasta�i q pentru a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 o elimina. Nu trebuie s� face�i acest lucru imediat. Pute�i edita
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 o vreme, citind textul din fereastra de ajutor.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 C�teva comenzi C-h utile:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 C-h f descrie o func�ie al c�rei nume trebuie s�-l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043 introduce�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i C-h f previous-line<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 Aceasta afi�eaz� toat� informa�ia pe care o are Emacs-ul despre
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 func�ia ce implementeaz� comanda C-p.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 C-h a Command Apropos. Tasta�i un cuv�nt cheie �i Emacs-ul va
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 lista toate func�iile �i variabilele ale c�ror nume
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 con�in acel cuv�nt cheie. La st�nga comenzilor care
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 pot fi invocate cu M-x va fi afi�at� o stelu�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 Pentru unele comenzi, Command Apropos va lista o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 secven� de unul sau dou� caractere ce execut� aceea�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 comand�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 >> Tasta�i C-h a fi�ier<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 Aceasta afi�eaz� �ntr-o alt� ferastr� o list� a tuturor comenzilor M-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 al c�ror nume con�ine "fi�ier". Ve�i vedea caractere-comand� de genul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061 C-x C-f listate l�ng� comanda nume corespunz�toare (find-file).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 >> Tasta�i C-M-v ca s� deplasa�i con�inutul ferestrei de ajutor.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064 Face�i acest lucru de c�teva ori.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 pentu a �terge fereastra de ajutor.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 * CONCLUZII
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070 -----------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072 �ine�i minte, pentru a ie�i permanent din Emacs, folosi�i C-x C-c.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073 Pentru a ie�i temporar �ntr-un shell (�n a�a fel �nc�t s� v� pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 �ntoarce la Emacs mai t�rziu) folosi�i C-z.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1075
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1076 Acest tutorial a fost organizat �n a�a fel �nc�t s� fie pe �n�elesul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1077 noilor utilizatori - nu v� sfii�i s� v� pl�nge�i autorilor dac� gasi�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 ceva neclar!
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081 COPIERE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082 -------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 Acest tutorial este rezultatul prelucr�rii unei serii lungi de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 tutoriale pentru Emacs derivate din cel scris de Stuart Cracraft
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086 pentru versiunea ini�ial� de Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 Cu scopul evit�rii oric�ror confuzii datorate traducerii, las �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089 continuare no�ita de copyright original� �n limba englez�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093
68640
e8a3fb527b77 Update years in copyright notice; nfc.
Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents: 65088
diff changeset
1094 Copyright (C) 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
e8a3fb527b77 Update years in copyright notice; nfc.
Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents: 65088
diff changeset
1095 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
25853
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 of this document, or of portions of it,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 under the above conditions, provided also that they
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1107
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1108 Condi�iile de copiere a Emacs-ului sunt mai complexe, dar �n acela�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 spirit. Citi�i fi�ierul COPYING �i apoi distribui�i prietenilor copii
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 ale Emacs-ului. Contribui�i la eliminarea obstruc�ionismului software
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 folosind, scriind �i distribuind free software!
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 25892
diff changeset
1112
63047
916f1679ae7e Change NBSP to space. Move coding cookie from the
Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
parents: 61221
diff changeset
1113 ;;; Local Variables:
916f1679ae7e Change NBSP to space. Move coding cookie from the
Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
parents: 61221
diff changeset
1114 ;;; coding: iso-latin-2
916f1679ae7e Change NBSP to space. Move coding cookie from the
Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
parents: 61221
diff changeset
1115 ;;; End:
916f1679ae7e Change NBSP to space. Move coding cookie from the
Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
parents: 61221
diff changeset
1116
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 25892
diff changeset
1117 ;;; arch-tag: dcf252cf-bd67-4f8d-a440-1ec4b8dbfd70