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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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4 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top
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5 @chapter International Character Set Support
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6 @cindex MULE
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7 @cindex international scripts
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8 @cindex multibyte characters
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9 @cindex encoding of characters
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10
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11 @cindex Celtic
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12 @cindex Chinese
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13 @cindex Cyrillic
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14 @cindex Czech
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15 @cindex Devanagari
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16 @cindex Hindi
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17 @cindex Marathi
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18 @cindex Ethiopic
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19 @cindex German
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20 @cindex Greek
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21 @cindex Hebrew
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22 @cindex IPA
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23 @cindex Japanese
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24 @cindex Korean
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25 @cindex Lao
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26 @cindex Latin
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27 @cindex Polish
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28 @cindex Romanian
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29 @cindex Slovak
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30 @cindex Slovenian
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31 @cindex Thai
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32 @cindex Tibetan
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33 @cindex Turkish
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34 @cindex Vietnamese
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35 @cindex Dutch
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36 @cindex Spanish
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37 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets,
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38 including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese,
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39 Cyrillic, Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, IPA,
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40 Japanese, Korean, Lao, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These features
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41 have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as MULE (for
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42 ``MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs'')
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43
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44 Emacs also supports various encodings of these characters used by
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45 other internationalized software, such as word processors and mailers.
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46
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47 Emacs allows editing text with international characters by supporting
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48 all the related activities:
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49
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50 @itemize @bullet
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51 @item
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52 You can visit files with non-ASCII characters, save non-ASCII text, and
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53 pass non-ASCII text between Emacs and programs it invokes (such as
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54 compilers, spell-checkers, and mailers). Setting your language
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55 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) takes care of setting up the
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56 coding systems and other options for a specific language or culture.
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57 Alternatively, you can specify how Emacs should encode or decode text
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58 for each command; see @ref{Specify Coding}.
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59
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60 @item
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61 You can display non-ASCII characters encoded by the various scripts.
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62 This works by using appropriate fonts on X and similar graphics
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63 displays (@pxref{Defining Fontsets}), and by sending special codes to
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64 text-only displays (@pxref{Specify Coding}). If some characters are
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65 displayed incorrectly, refer to @ref{Undisplayable Characters}, which
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66 describes possible problems and explains how to solve them.
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67
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68 @item
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69 You can insert non-ASCII characters or search for them. To do that,
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70 you can specify an input method (@pxref{Select Input Method}) suitable
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71 for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set
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72 your language environment. (Emacs input methods are part of the Leim
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73 package, which must be installed for you to be able to use them.) If
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74 your keyboard can produce non-ASCII characters, you can select an
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75 appropriate keyboard coding system (@pxref{Specify Coding}), and Emacs
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76 will accept those characters. Latin-1 characters can also be input by
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77 using the @kbd{C-x 8} prefix, see @ref{Single-Byte Character Support,
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78 C-x 8}.
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79 @end itemize
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80
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81 The rest of this chapter describes these issues in detail.
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82
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83 @menu
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84 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
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85 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
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86 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
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87 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
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88 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
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89 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte.
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90 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
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91 write files, and so on.
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92 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
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93 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
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94 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
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95 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
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96 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
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97 * Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display.
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98 * Single-Byte Character Support::
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99 You can pick one European character set
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100 to use without multibyte characters.
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101 @end menu
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102
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103 @node International Chars
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104 @section Introduction to International Character Sets
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105
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106 The users of international character sets and scripts have established
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107 many more-or-less standard coding systems for storing files. Emacs
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108 internally uses a single multibyte character encoding, so that it can
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109 intermix characters from all these scripts in a single buffer or string.
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110 This encoding represents each non-ASCII character as a sequence of bytes
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111 in the range 0200 through 0377. Emacs translates between the multibyte
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112 character encoding and various other coding systems when reading and
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113 writing files, when exchanging data with subprocesses, and (in some
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114 cases) in the @kbd{C-q} command (@pxref{Multibyte Conversion}).
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115
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116 @kindex C-h h
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117 @findex view-hello-file
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118 @cindex undisplayable characters
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119 @cindex @samp{?} in display
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120 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file
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121 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages.
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122 This illustrates various scripts. If some characters can't be
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123 displayed on your terminal, they appear as @samp{?} or as hollow boxes
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124 (@pxref{Undisplayable Characters}).
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125
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126 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used,
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127 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs
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128 supports various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or
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129 language, to make it convenient to type them.
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130
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131 @kindex C-x RET
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132 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain
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133 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods.
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134
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135 @ignore
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136 @c This is commented out because it doesn't fit here, or anywhere.
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137 @c This manual does not discuss "character sets" as they
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138 @c are used in Mule, and it makes no sense to mention these commands
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139 @c except as part of a larger discussion of the topic.
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140 @c But it is not clear that topic is worth mentioning here,
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141 @c since that is more of an implementation concept
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142 @c than a user-level concept. And when we switch to Unicode,
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143 @c character sets in the current sense may not even exist.
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144
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145 @findex list-charset-chars
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146 @cindex characters in a certain charset
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147 The command @kbd{M-x list-charset-chars} prompts for a name of a
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148 character set, and displays all the characters in that character set.
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149
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150 @findex describe-character-set
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151 @cindex character set, description
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152 The command @kbd{M-x describe-character-set} prompts for a character
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153 set name and displays information about that character set, including
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154 its internal representation within Emacs.
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155 @end ignore
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156
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157 @node Enabling Multibyte
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158 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters
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159
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160 @cindex turn multibyte support on or off
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161 You can enable or disable multibyte character support, either for
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162 Emacs as a whole, or for a single buffer. When multibyte characters are
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163 disabled in a buffer, then each byte in that buffer represents a
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164 character, even codes 0200 through 0377. The old features for
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165 supporting the European character sets, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2,
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166 work as they did in Emacs 19 and also work for the other ISO 8859
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167 character sets.
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168
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169 However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to
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170 use ISO Latin; the Emacs multibyte character set includes all the
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171 characters in these character sets, and Emacs can translate
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172 automatically to and from the ISO codes.
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173
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174 By default, Emacs starts in multibyte mode, because that allows you to
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175 use all the supported languages and scripts without limitations.
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176
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177 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using
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178 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. To convert a buffer in
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179 multibyte representation into a single-byte representation of the same
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180 characters, the easiest way is to save the contents in a file, kill the
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181 buffer, and find the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. You
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182 can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c}
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183 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} as
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184 the coding system with which to find or save a file. @xref{Specify
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185 Coding}. Finding a file as @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format
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186 conversion, uncompression and auto mode selection as
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187 @code{find-file-literally} does.
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188
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189 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters
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190 @vindex default-enable-multibyte-characters
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191 To turn off multibyte character support by default, start Emacs with
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192 the @samp{--unibyte} option (@pxref{Initial Options}), or set the
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193 environment variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}. You can also customize
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194 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} or, equivalently, directly set the
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195 variable @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in
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196 your init file to have basically the same effect as @samp{--unibyte}.
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197
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198 @findex toggle-enable-multibyte-characters
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199 To convert a unibyte session to a multibyte session, set
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200 @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{t}. Buffers which
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201 were created in the unibyte session before you turn on multibyte support
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202 will stay unibyte. You can turn on multibyte support in a specific
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203 buffer by invoking the command @code{toggle-enable-multibyte-characters}
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204 in that buffer.
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205
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206 @cindex Lisp files, and multibyte operation
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207 @cindex multibyte operation, and Lisp files
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208 @cindex unibyte operation, and Lisp files
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209 @cindex init file, and non-ASCII characters
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210 @cindex environment variables, and non-ASCII characters
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211 With @samp{--unibyte}, multibyte strings are not created during
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212 initialization from the values of environment variables,
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213 @file{/etc/passwd} entries etc.@: that contain non-ASCII 8-bit
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214 characters.
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215
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216 Emacs normally loads Lisp files as multibyte, regardless of whether
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217 you used @samp{--unibyte}. This includes the Emacs initialization
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218 file, @file{.emacs}, and the initialization files of Emacs packages
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219 such as Gnus. However, you can specify unibyte loading for a
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220 particular Lisp file, by putting @w{@samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-}} in a
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221 comment on the first line. Then that file is always loaded as unibyte
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222 text, even if you did not start Emacs with @samp{--unibyte}. The
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223 motivation for these conventions is that it is more reliable to always
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224 load any particular Lisp file in the same way. However, you can load
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225 a Lisp file as unibyte, on any one occasion, by typing @kbd{C-x
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226 @key{RET} c raw-text @key{RET}} immediately before loading it.
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227
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228 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is enabled
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229 in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more characters (most
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230 often two dashes) before the colon near the beginning of the mode line.
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231 When multibyte characters are not enabled, just one dash precedes the
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232 colon.
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233
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234 @node Language Environments
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235 @section Language Environments
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236 @cindex language environments
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237
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238 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever
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239 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a
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240 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs
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241 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language environment}
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242 in order to set various defaults. The language environment really
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243 represents a choice of preferred script (more or less) rather than a
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244 choice of language.
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245
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246 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize
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247 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files,
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248 incoming mail, netnews, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may
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249 also specify the default coding system to use when you create a file.
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250 Each language environment also specifies a default input method.
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251
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252 @findex set-language-environment
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253 @vindex current-language-environment
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254 To select a language environment, customize the option
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255 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x
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256 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is
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257 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally to
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258 the Emacs session. The supported language environments include:
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259
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260 @cindex Euro sign
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261 @quotation
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262 Chinese-BIG5, Chinese-CNS, Chinese-GB, Cyrillic-ALT, Cyrillic-ISO,
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263 Cyrillic-KOI8, Czech, Devanagari, Dutch, English, Ethiopic, German,
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264 Greek, Hebrew, IPA, Japanese, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3,
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265 Latin-4, Latin-5, Latin-8 (Celtic), Latin-9 (updated Latin-1, with the
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266 Euro sign), Polish, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Thai,
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267 Tibetan, Turkish, and Vietnamese.
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268 @end quotation
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269
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270 @cindex fonts for various scripts
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271 @cindex Intlfonts package, installation
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272 To display the script(s) used by your language environment on a
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273 graphical display, you need to have a suitable font. If some of the
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274 characters appear as empty boxes, you should install the GNU Intlfonts
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275 package, which includes fonts for all supported scripts.@footnote{If
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276 you run Emacs on X, you need to inform the X server about the location
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277 of the newly installed fonts with the following commands:
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278
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279 @example
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280 xset fp+ /usr/local/share/emacs/fonts
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281 xset fp rehash
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282 @end example
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283 }
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284 @xref{Fontsets}, for more details about setting up your fonts.
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285
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286 @findex set-locale-environment
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287 @vindex locale-language-names
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288 @vindex locale-charset-language-names
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289 @cindex locales
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290 Some operating systems let you specify the character-set locale you
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291 are using by setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL},
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292 @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}.@footnote{If more than one of these is
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293 set, the first one that is nonempty specifies your locale for this
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294 purpose.} During startup, Emacs looks up your character-set locale's
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295 name in the system locale alias table, matches its canonical name
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296 against entries in the value of the variables
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297 @code{locale-charset-language-names} and @code{locale-language-names},
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298 and selects the corresponding language environment if a match is found.
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299 (The former variable overrides the latter.) It also adjusts the display
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300 table and terminal coding system, the locale coding system, and the
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301 preferred coding system as needed for the locale.
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302
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303 If you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}
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304 environment variables while running Emacs, you may want to invoke the
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305 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards to readjust the
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306 language environment from the new locale.
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307
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308 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems
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309 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred
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310 coding system established by the language environment to decode system
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311 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable
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312 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding
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313 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK}
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314 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in
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315 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even
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316 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}.
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317
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318 You can override the language environment chosen at startup with
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319 explicit use of the command @code{set-language-environment}, or with
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320 customization of @code{current-language-environment} in your init
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321 file.
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322
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323 @kindex C-h L
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324 @findex describe-language-environment
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|
|
325 To display information about the effects of a certain language
|
|
|
326 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env}
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|
327 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you which
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|
328 languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the
|
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329 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It
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330 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this language
|
|
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331 environment. By default, this command describes the chosen language
|
|
|
332 environment.
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333
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334 @vindex set-language-environment-hook
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|
335 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook
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|
336 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command
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|
|
337 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new
|
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338 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific
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339 language environment by checking the variable
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37019
|
340 @code{current-language-environment}. This hook is where you should
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341 put non-default settings for specific language environment, such as
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342 coding systems for keyboard input and terminal output, the default
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343 input method, etc.
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344
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345 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook
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|
346 Before it starts to set up the new language environment,
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|
347 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook
|
|
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348 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing
|
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349 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}.
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350 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language
|
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|
351 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set
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352 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding
|
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353 for that key.
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354
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355 @node Input Methods
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356 @section Input Methods
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357
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358 @cindex input methods
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359 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed
|
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360 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language
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361 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same
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362 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several
|
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363 input methods.
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364
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|
365 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters
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366 into another alphabet; this allows you to use one other alphabet
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367 instead of ASCII. The Greek and Russian input methods
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368 work this way.
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369
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370 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of
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371 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition
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372 to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence that consists of a
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373 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some
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374 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter.
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375 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do
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376 is compose sequences of printing characters.
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377
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378 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed
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379 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way.
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380 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone
|
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|
381 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are
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382 mapped into one syllable sign.
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383
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384 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input
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385 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in
|
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38685
|
386 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of
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387 portions of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and
|
|
38786
|
388 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). One input sequence typically
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|
|
389 corresponds to many possible Chinese characters. You select the one
|
|
38685
|
390 you mean using keys such as @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n},
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|
|
391 @kbd{C-p}, and digits, which have special meanings in this situation.
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392
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|
393 The possible characters are conceptually arranged in several rows,
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394 with each row holding up to 10 alternatives. Normally, Emacs displays
|
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395 just one row at a time, in the echo area; @code{(@var{i}/@var{j})}
|
|
|
396 appears at the beginning, to indicate that this is the @var{i}th row
|
|
|
397 out of a total of @var{j} rows. Type @kbd{C-n} or @kbd{C-p} to
|
|
|
398 display the next row or the previous row.
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|
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|
399
|
|
38685
|
400 Type @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} to move forward and backward among
|
|
|
401 the alternatives in the current row. As you do this, Emacs highlights
|
|
|
402 the current alternative with a special color; type @code{C-@key{SPC}}
|
|
|
403 to select the current alternative and use it as input. The
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|
|
404 alternatives in the row are also numbered; the number appears before
|
|
|
405 the alternative. Typing a digit @var{n} selects the @var{n}th
|
|
|
406 alternative of the current row and uses it as input.
|
|
|
407
|
|
|
408 @key{TAB} in these Chinese input methods displays a buffer showing
|
|
|
409 all the possible characters at once; then clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on
|
|
|
410 one of them selects that alternative. The keys @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b},
|
|
38786
|
411 @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits continue to work as usual, but they
|
|
|
412 do the highlighting in the buffer showing the possible characters,
|
|
|
413 rather than in the echo area.
|
|
38685
|
414
|
|
|
415 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using
|
|
|
416 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs
|
|
|
417 converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One
|
|
|
418 phonetic spelling corresponds to a number of different Japanese words;
|
|
|
419 to select one of them, use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through
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|
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|
420 the alternatives.
|
|
|
421
|
|
|
422 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the
|
|
|
423 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent
|
|
|
424 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the
|
|
|
425 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if
|
|
|
426 you want to enter them as separate characters?
|
|
|
427
|
|
38460
|
428 One way is to type the accent twice; this is a special feature for
|
|
25829
|
429 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives
|
|
|
430 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter
|
|
|
431 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and
|
|
|
432 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL}
|
|
|
433 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}.
|
|
|
434
|
|
|
435 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use
|
|
|
436 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This
|
|
|
437 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice.
|
|
|
438 @ifinfo
|
|
|
439 @xref{Select Input Method}.
|
|
|
440 @end ifinfo
|
|
|
441
|
|
37019
|
442 @cindex incremental search, input method interference
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|
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|
443 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search,
|
|
|
444 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts
|
|
|
445 searching for what you have already entered.
|
|
|
446
|
|
|
447 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag
|
|
|
448 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag
|
|
|
449 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and
|
|
37870
|
450 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain
|
|
|
451 what is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is
|
|
|
452 non-@code{nil}, the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer (for
|
|
|
453 most input methods---some disable this feature). If
|
|
|
454 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of
|
|
|
455 possible characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but
|
|
|
456 not when you are in the minibuffer).
|
|
25829
|
457
|
|
31077
|
458 @cindex Leim package
|
|
36170
|
459 Input methods are implemented in the separate Leim package: they are
|
|
|
460 available only if the system administrator used Leim when building
|
|
|
461 Emacs. If Emacs was built without Leim, you will find that no input
|
|
|
462 methods are defined.
|
|
31077
|
463
|
|
25829
|
464 @node Select Input Method
|
|
|
465 @section Selecting an Input Method
|
|
|
466
|
|
|
467 @table @kbd
|
|
|
468 @item C-\
|
|
|
469 Enable or disable use of the selected input method.
|
|
|
470
|
|
|
471 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET}
|
|
|
472 Select a new input method for the current buffer.
|
|
|
473
|
|
|
474 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET}
|
|
|
475 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET}
|
|
|
476 @findex describe-input-method
|
|
|
477 @kindex C-h I
|
|
|
478 @kindex C-h C-\
|
|
|
479 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}).
|
|
31204
|
480 By default, it describes the current input method (if any). This
|
|
|
481 description should give you the full details of how to use any
|
|
31270
|
482 particular input method.
|
|
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|
483
|
|
|
484 @item M-x list-input-methods
|
|
|
485 Display a list of all the supported input methods.
|
|
|
486 @end table
|
|
|
487
|
|
|
488 @findex set-input-method
|
|
|
489 @vindex current-input-method
|
|
|
490 @kindex C-x RET C-\
|
|
|
491 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
492 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the
|
|
38460
|
493 input method name from the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the
|
|
25829
|
494 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable
|
|
|
495 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected.
|
|
|
496
|
|
|
497 @findex toggle-input-method
|
|
|
498 @kindex C-\
|
|
|
499 Input methods use various sequences of ASCII characters to stand for
|
|
|
500 non-ASCII characters. Sometimes it is useful to turn off the input
|
|
|
501 method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\}
|
|
|
502 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type
|
|
|
503 @kbd{C-\} again.
|
|
|
504
|
|
|
505 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method,
|
|
|
506 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using
|
|
|
507 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method.
|
|
|
508
|
|
36850
|
509 When invoked with a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u C-\},
|
|
|
510 @code{toggle-input-method} always prompts you for an input method,
|
|
|
511 suggesting the most recently selected one as the default.
|
|
|
512
|
|
25829
|
513 @vindex default-input-method
|
|
|
514 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for
|
|
|
515 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can
|
|
|
516 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable
|
|
|
517 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method
|
|
|
518 (@code{nil} means there is none).
|
|
|
519
|
|
37019
|
520 In some language environments, which support several different input
|
|
|
521 methods, you might want to use an input method different from the
|
|
|
522 default chosen by @code{set-language-environment}. You can instruct
|
|
|
523 Emacs to select a different default input method for a certain
|
|
37870
|
524 language environment, if you wish, by using
|
|
37019
|
525 @code{set-language-environment-hook} (@pxref{Language Environments,
|
|
|
526 set-language-environment-hook}). For example:
|
|
|
527
|
|
|
528 @lisp
|
|
|
529 (defun my-chinese-setup ()
|
|
|
530 "Set up my private Chinese environment."
|
|
|
531 (if (equal current-language-environment "Chinese-GB")
|
|
|
532 (setq default-input-method "chinese-tonepy")))
|
|
|
533 (add-hook 'set-language-environment-hook 'my-chinese-setup)
|
|
|
534 @end lisp
|
|
|
535
|
|
|
536 @noindent
|
|
|
537 This sets the default input method to be @code{chinese-tonepy}
|
|
|
538 whenever you choose a Chinese-GB language environment.
|
|
|
539
|
|
25829
|
540 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout
|
|
|
541 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect)
|
|
|
542 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used
|
|
|
543 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your
|
|
|
544 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use
|
|
|
545 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}.
|
|
|
546
|
|
|
547 @findex list-input-methods
|
|
|
548 To display a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x
|
|
|
549 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input
|
|
|
550 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line.
|
|
|
551
|
|
|
552 @node Multibyte Conversion
|
|
|
553 @section Unibyte and Multibyte Non-ASCII characters
|
|
|
554
|
|
|
555 When multibyte characters are enabled, character codes 0240 (octal)
|
|
|
556 through 0377 (octal) are not really legitimate in the buffer. The valid
|
|
|
557 non-ASCII printing characters have codes that start from 0400.
|
|
|
558
|
|
36170
|
559 If you type a self-inserting character in the range 0240 through
|
|
|
560 0377, or if you use @kbd{C-q} to insert one, Emacs assumes you
|
|
|
561 intended to use one of the ISO Latin-@var{n} character sets, and
|
|
|
562 converts it to the Emacs code representing that Latin-@var{n}
|
|
|
563 character. You select @emph{which} ISO Latin character set to use
|
|
|
564 through your choice of language environment
|
|
25829
|
565 @iftex
|
|
|
566 (see above).
|
|
|
567 @end iftex
|
|
|
568 @ifinfo
|
|
|
569 (@pxref{Language Environments}).
|
|
|
570 @end ifinfo
|
|
|
571 If you do not specify a choice, the default is Latin-1.
|
|
|
572
|
|
36170
|
573 If you insert a character in the range 0200 through 0237, which
|
|
|
574 forms the @code{eight-bit-control} character set, it is inserted
|
|
33745
|
575 literally. You should normally avoid doing this since buffers
|
|
|
576 containing such characters have to be written out in either the
|
|
36170
|
577 @code{emacs-mule} or @code{raw-text} coding system, which is usually
|
|
|
578 not what you want.
|
|
25829
|
579
|
|
|
580 @node Coding Systems
|
|
|
581 @section Coding Systems
|
|
|
582 @cindex coding systems
|
|
|
583
|
|
|
584 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard
|
|
|
585 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding
|
|
|
586 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to
|
|
|
587 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding
|
|
|
588 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is
|
|
|
589 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the
|
|
|
590 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses.
|
|
|
591
|
|
|
592 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are
|
|
|
593 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the
|
|
|
594 language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages;
|
|
|
595 their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also special
|
|
|
596 coding systems @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text} and
|
|
|
597 @code{emacs-mule} which do not convert printing characters at all.
|
|
|
598
|
|
37584
|
599 @cindex international files from DOS/Windows systems
|
|
32386
|
600 A special class of coding systems, collectively known as
|
|
|
601 @dfn{codepages}, is designed to support text encoded by MS-Windows and
|
|
|
602 MS-DOS software. To use any of these systems, you need to create it
|
|
37584
|
603 with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}. @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}. After
|
|
|
604 creating the coding system for the codepage, you can use it as any
|
|
|
605 other coding system. For example, to visit a file encoded in codepage
|
|
|
606 850, type @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c cp850 @key{RET} C-x C-f @var{filename}
|
|
|
607 @key{RET}}.
|
|
32386
|
608
|
|
25829
|
609 In addition to converting various representations of non-ASCII
|
|
|
610 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs
|
|
|
611 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file:
|
|
|
612 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return.
|
|
|
613
|
|
|
614 @table @kbd
|
|
|
615 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
616 Describe coding system @var{coding}.
|
|
|
617
|
|
|
618 @item C-h C @key{RET}
|
|
|
619 Describe the coding systems currently in use.
|
|
|
620
|
|
|
621 @item M-x list-coding-systems
|
|
|
622 Display a list of all the supported coding systems.
|
|
|
623 @end table
|
|
|
624
|
|
|
625 @kindex C-h C
|
|
|
626 @findex describe-coding-system
|
|
|
627 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays
|
|
|
628 information about particular coding systems. You can specify a coding
|
|
38460
|
629 system name as the argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it
|
|
25829
|
630 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes,
|
|
|
631 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list
|
|
|
632 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}).
|
|
|
633
|
|
|
634 @findex list-coding-systems
|
|
|
635 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x
|
|
|
636 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding
|
|
|
637 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line
|
|
|
638 (@pxref{Mode Line}).
|
|
|
639
|
|
|
640 @cindex end-of-line conversion
|
|
|
641 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion
|
|
|
642 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion
|
|
|
643 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for
|
|
|
644 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies
|
|
|
645 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of
|
|
|
646 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file.
|
|
|
647 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return
|
|
|
648 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used.
|
|
|
649
|
|
|
650 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify
|
|
|
651 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion:
|
|
|
652
|
|
|
653 @table @code
|
|
|
654 @item @dots{}-unix
|
|
|
655 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses
|
|
|
656 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used
|
|
|
657 on Unix and GNU systems.)
|
|
|
658
|
|
|
659 @item @dots{}-dos
|
|
|
660 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do
|
|
|
661 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on
|
|
36185
|
662 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME @samp{text/*}
|
|
25829
|
663 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different
|
|
|
664 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which
|
|
|
665 Emacs doesn't support directly.})
|
|
|
666
|
|
|
667 @item @dots{}-mac
|
|
|
668 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the
|
|
|
669 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the
|
|
|
670 Macintosh system.)
|
|
|
671 @end table
|
|
|
672
|
|
|
673 These variant coding systems are omitted from the
|
|
|
674 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely
|
|
|
675 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has
|
|
|
676 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and
|
|
|
677 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}.
|
|
|
678
|
|
|
679 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly
|
|
|
680 ASCII text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are not meant to
|
|
|
681 encode non-ASCII characters. With @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those
|
|
|
682 byte values unchanged, and sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to
|
|
|
683 @code{nil} in the current buffer so that they will be interpreted
|
|
|
684 properly. @code{raw-text} handles end-of-line conversion in the usual
|
|
|
685 way, based on the data encountered, and has the usual three variants to
|
|
|
686 specify the kind of end-of-line conversion to use.
|
|
|
687
|
|
|
688 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no
|
|
|
689 character code conversion at all---none for non-ASCII byte values and
|
|
|
690 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary
|
|
|
691 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It,
|
|
|
692 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}.
|
|
|
693
|
|
|
694 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with
|
|
|
695 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses
|
|
|
696 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that
|
|
|
697 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}.
|
|
|
698
|
|
|
699 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} means that the file contains
|
|
|
700 non-ASCII characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It
|
|
|
701 handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has
|
|
|
702 the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion.
|
|
|
703
|
|
|
704 @node Recognize Coding
|
|
|
705 @section Recognizing Coding Systems
|
|
|
706
|
|
37584
|
707 Emacs tries to recognize which coding system to use for a given text
|
|
|
708 as an integral part of reading that text. (This applies to files
|
|
|
709 being read, output from subprocesses, text from X selections, etc.)
|
|
|
710 Emacs can select the right coding system automatically most of the
|
|
|
711 time---once you have specified your preferences.
|
|
25829
|
712
|
|
|
713 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte
|
|
|
714 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that
|
|
|
715 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no
|
|
|
716 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte
|
|
|
717 values with different meanings.
|
|
|
718
|
|
|
719 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding
|
|
|
720 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding
|
|
|
721 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system,
|
|
|
722 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it
|
|
|
723 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file
|
|
|
724 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system.
|
|
|
725
|
|
|
726 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language
|
|
|
727 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use
|
|
|
728 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use
|
|
|
729 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the
|
|
|
730 reasons to specify a language environment.
|
|
|
731
|
|
|
732 @findex prefer-coding-system
|
|
|
733 However, you can alter the priority list in detail with the command
|
|
|
734 @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads the name of a coding
|
|
|
735 system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the front of the priority
|
|
|
736 list, so that it is preferred to all others. If you use this command
|
|
|
737 several times, each use adds one element to the front of the priority
|
|
|
738 list.
|
|
|
739
|
|
|
740 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion
|
|
38460
|
741 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what this means is that Emacs
|
|
25829
|
742 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should
|
|
38786
|
743 use DOS end-of-line conversion when it does recognize @code{iso-8859-1}.
|
|
25829
|
744
|
|
|
745 @vindex file-coding-system-alist
|
|
|
746 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the
|
|
|
747 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this
|
|
|
748 correspondence. There is a special function
|
|
|
749 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For
|
|
|
750 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system
|
|
|
751 @code{china-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression:
|
|
|
752
|
|
|
753 @smallexample
|
|
|
754 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'china-iso-8bit)
|
|
|
755 @end smallexample
|
|
|
756
|
|
|
757 @noindent
|
|
|
758 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be
|
|
|
759 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and
|
|
|
760 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files.
|
|
|
761
|
|
|
762 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
763 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display
|
|
25829
|
764 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on
|
|
|
765 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only
|
|
|
766 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line
|
|
|
767 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of
|
|
|
768 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion}
|
|
37019
|
769 to non-@code{nil}. If you do that, DOS-style files will be displayed
|
|
|
770 with the @samp{^M} characters visible in the buffer; some people
|
|
|
771 prefer this to the more subtle @samp{(DOS)} end-of-line type
|
|
|
772 indication near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line,
|
|
37081
|
773 eol-mnemonic}).
|
|
25829
|
774
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
775 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection
|
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
776 @cindex escape sequences in files
|
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
777 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to
|
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
778 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin
|
|
36170
|
779 with an escape character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022
|
|
|
780 code, that tells Emacs to use one of the ISO-2022 encodings to decode
|
|
|
781 the file.
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
782
|
|
36170
|
783 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences
|
|
|
784 in a file as is. In such a case, you can set the variable
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
785 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code
|
|
36170
|
786 detection ignores any escape sequences, and never uses an ISO-2022
|
|
|
787 encoding. The result is that all escape sequences become visible in
|
|
|
788 the buffer.
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
789
|
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
790 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is
|
|
36170
|
791 @code{nil}. We recommend that you not change it permanently, only for
|
|
|
792 one specific operation. That's because many Emacs Lisp source files
|
|
38460
|
793 in the Emacs distribution contain non-ASCII characters encoded in the
|
|
|
794 coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit}, and they won't be
|
|
36170
|
795 decoded correctly when you visit those files if you suppress the
|
|
|
796 escape sequence detection.
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
797
|
|
25829
|
798 @vindex coding
|
|
|
799 You can specify the coding system for a particular file using the
|
|
38460
|
800 @w{@samp{-*-@dots{}-*-}} construct at the beginning of a file, or a
|
|
|
801 local variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do this
|
|
|
802 by defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. Emacs
|
|
|
803 does not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of setting a
|
|
38786
|
804 variable, this uses the specified coding system for the file. For
|
|
38460
|
805 example, @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies use of the
|
|
38786
|
806 Latin-1 coding system, as well as C mode. When you specify the coding
|
|
38460
|
807 explicitly in the file, that overrides
|
|
|
808 @code{file-coding-system-alist}.
|
|
25829
|
809
|
|
|
810 @vindex auto-coding-alist
|
|
37766
|
811 @vindex auto-coding-regexp-alist
|
|
|
812 The variables @code{auto-coding-alist} and
|
|
|
813 @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} are the strongest way to specify the
|
|
|
814 coding system for certain patterns of file names, or for files
|
|
|
815 containing certain patterns; these variables even override
|
|
|
816 @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs uses
|
38050
89031b4b9a28
Proofreading fixes from Tim Sanders <tim@timsanders.freeserve.co.uk>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
817 @code{auto-coding-alist} for tar and archive files, to prevent it
|
|
37766
|
818 from being confused by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the
|
|
|
819 archive and thinking it applies to the archive file as a whole.
|
|
|
820 Likewise, Emacs uses @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} to ensure that
|
|
|
821 RMAIL files, whose names in general don't match any particular pattern,
|
|
|
822 are decoded correctly.
|
|
25829
|
823
|
|
37584
|
824 If Emacs recognizes the encoding of a file incorrectly, you can
|
|
|
825 reread the file using the correct coding system by typing @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
826 @key{RET} c @var{coding-system} @key{RET} M-x revert-buffer
|
|
38133
|
827 @key{RET}}. To see what coding system Emacs actually used to decode
|
|
|
828 the file, look at the coding system mnemonic letter near the left edge
|
|
|
829 of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line}), or type @kbd{C-h C @key{RET}}.
|
|
37584
|
830
|
|
25829
|
831 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system
|
|
|
832 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that
|
|
|
833 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system} and uses that coding
|
|
|
834 system, by default, for operations that write from this buffer into a
|
|
|
835 file. This includes the commands @code{save-buffer} and
|
|
|
836 @code{write-region}. If you want to write files from this buffer using
|
|
|
837 a different coding system, you can specify a different coding system for
|
|
|
838 the buffer using @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Specify
|
|
|
839 Coding}).
|
|
|
840
|
|
36170
|
841 You can insert any possible character into any Emacs buffer, but
|
|
|
842 most coding systems can only handle some of the possible characters.
|
|
38460
|
843 This means that it is possible for you to insert characters that
|
|
|
844 cannot be encoded with the coding system that will be used to save the
|
|
|
845 buffer. For example, you could start with an ASCII file and insert a
|
|
|
846 few Latin-1 characters into it, or you could edit a text file in
|
|
38786
|
847 Polish encoded in @code{iso-8859-2} and add some Russian words to it.
|
|
|
848 When you save the buffer, Emacs cannot use the current value of
|
|
|
849 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, because the characters you added
|
|
|
850 cannot be encoded by that coding system.
|
|
31021
|
851
|
|
|
852 When that happens, Emacs tries the most-preferred coding system (set
|
|
|
853 by @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system} or @kbd{M-x
|
|
36170
|
854 set-language-environment}), and if that coding system can safely
|
|
|
855 encode all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs uses it, and stores
|
|
|
856 its value in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. Otherwise, Emacs
|
|
|
857 displays a list of coding systems suitable for encoding the buffer's
|
38050
89031b4b9a28
Proofreading fixes from Tim Sanders <tim@timsanders.freeserve.co.uk>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
858 contents, and asks you to choose one of those coding systems.
|
|
31021
|
859
|
|
36170
|
860 If you insert the unsuitable characters in a mail message, Emacs
|
|
|
861 behaves a bit differently. It additionally checks whether the
|
|
|
862 most-preferred coding system is recommended for use in MIME messages;
|
|
38863
|
863 if not, Emacs tells you that the most-preferred coding system is
|
|
36170
|
864 not recommended and prompts you for another coding system. This is so
|
|
|
865 you won't inadvertently send a message encoded in a way that your
|
|
|
866 recipient's mail software will have difficulty decoding. (If you do
|
38050
89031b4b9a28
Proofreading fixes from Tim Sanders <tim@timsanders.freeserve.co.uk>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
867 want to use the most-preferred coding system, you can still type its
|
|
38133
|
868 name in response to the question.)
|
|
31021
|
869
|
|
25829
|
870 @vindex sendmail-coding-system
|
|
|
871 When you send a message with Mail mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), Emacs has
|
|
|
872 four different ways to determine the coding system to use for encoding
|
|
|
873 the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of
|
|
|
874 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise,
|
|
|
875 it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that is
|
|
|
876 non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system for
|
|
|
877 new files, which is controlled by your choice of language environment,
|
|
|
878 if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values are @code{nil},
|
|
|
879 Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding system.
|
|
|
880
|
|
|
881 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset
|
|
|
882 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated
|
|
38460
|
883 automatically from the coding system it is written in, as if it were a
|
|
25829
|
884 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you
|
|
|
885 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail
|
|
|
886 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is
|
|
|
887 @code{nil}.
|
|
|
888
|
|
|
889 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system
|
|
|
890 For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses the coding
|
|
|
891 system specified by the variable @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The
|
|
|
892 default value is @code{nil}, which means that Rmail files are not
|
|
|
893 translated (they are read and written in the Emacs internal character
|
|
|
894 code).
|
|
|
895
|
|
|
896 @node Specify Coding
|
|
|
897 @section Specifying a Coding System
|
|
|
898
|
|
|
899 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding
|
|
|
900 system, you can use these commands to specify one:
|
|
|
901
|
|
|
902 @table @kbd
|
|
|
903 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
904 Use coding system @var{coding} for the visited file
|
|
|
905 in the current buffer.
|
|
|
906
|
|
|
907 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
908 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following
|
|
|
909 command.
|
|
|
910
|
|
|
911 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
912 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input.
|
|
|
913
|
|
|
914 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
915 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output.
|
|
|
916
|
|
|
917 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
918 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for
|
|
|
919 subprocess input and output in the current buffer.
|
|
|
920
|
|
|
921 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
922 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from
|
|
|
923 other programs through the window system.
|
|
|
924
|
|
|
925 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
926 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one}
|
|
|
927 selection---the next one---to or from the window system.
|
|
|
928 @end table
|
|
|
929
|
|
|
930 @kindex C-x RET f
|
|
|
931 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system
|
|
|
932 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system})
|
|
|
933 specifies the file coding system for the current buffer---in other
|
|
|
934 words, which coding system to use when saving or rereading the visited
|
|
|
935 file. You specify which coding system using the minibuffer. Since this
|
|
|
936 command applies to a file you have already visited, it affects only the
|
|
|
937 way the file is saved.
|
|
|
938
|
|
|
939 @kindex C-x RET c
|
|
|
940 @findex universal-coding-system-argument
|
|
|
941 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit
|
|
|
942 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c}
|
|
|
943 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the
|
|
|
944 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer,
|
|
|
945 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following
|
|
|
946 command}.
|
|
|
947
|
|
|
948 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example,
|
|
|
949 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding
|
|
|
950 system for when the file is saved). Or if the immediately following
|
|
|
951 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system.
|
|
|
952 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include
|
|
|
953 @kbd{C-x C-i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants of
|
|
|
954 @kbd{C-x C-f}.
|
|
|
955
|
|
|
956 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that start subprocesses,
|
|
|
957 including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}).
|
|
|
958
|
|
|
959 However, if the immediately following command does not use the coding
|
|
|
960 system, then @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect.
|
|
|
961
|
|
|
962 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x
|
|
|
963 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}.
|
|
|
964
|
|
|
965 @vindex default-buffer-file-coding-system
|
|
|
966 The variable @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} specifies the
|
|
|
967 choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies
|
|
|
968 when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it
|
|
|
969 in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this
|
|
|
970 variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language
|
|
|
971 environment.
|
|
|
972
|
|
|
973 @kindex C-x RET t
|
|
|
974 @findex set-terminal-coding-system
|
|
|
975 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system})
|
|
|
976 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a
|
|
|
977 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the
|
|
|
978 terminal are translated into that coding system.
|
|
|
979
|
|
|
980 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to
|
|
|
981 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European
|
|
|
982 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to
|
|
|
983 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that
|
|
|
984 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle.
|
|
|
985
|
|
|
986 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless
|
|
33745
|
987 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type or
|
|
|
988 your locale specification (@pxref{Language Environments}).
|
|
25829
|
989
|
|
|
990 @kindex C-x RET k
|
|
|
991 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system
|
|
34691
|
992 @vindex keyboard-coding-system
|
|
25829
|
993 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system})
|
|
34691
|
994 or the Custom option @code{keyboard-coding-system}
|
|
25829
|
995 specifies the coding system for keyboard input. Character-code
|
|
|
996 translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals with keys that
|
|
|
997 send non-ASCII graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed
|
|
|
998 for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it.
|
|
|
999
|
|
|
1000 By default, keyboard input is not translated at all.
|
|
|
1001
|
|
|
1002 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for
|
|
|
1003 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of
|
|
|
1004 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input
|
|
|
1005 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and
|
|
|
1006 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of ASCII
|
|
|
1007 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of
|
|
|
1008 non-graphic characters.
|
|
|
1009
|
|
|
1010 @kindex C-x RET x
|
|
|
1011 @kindex C-x RET X
|
|
|
1012 @findex set-selection-coding-system
|
|
|
1013 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system
|
|
|
1014 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system})
|
|
|
1015 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to the window
|
|
|
1016 system, and for receiving the text of selections made in other
|
|
|
1017 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until
|
|
|
1018 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
1019 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the
|
|
|
1020 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs.
|
|
|
1021
|
|
|
1022 @kindex C-x RET p
|
|
|
1023 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system
|
|
|
1024 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system})
|
|
|
1025 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This
|
|
|
1026 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its
|
|
|
1027 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to
|
|
|
1028 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the
|
|
|
1029 corresponding buffer.
|
|
|
1030
|
|
29826
|
1031 The default for translation of process input and output depends on the
|
|
|
1032 current language environment.
|
|
25829
|
1033
|
|
|
1034 @vindex file-name-coding-system
|
|
37019
|
1035 @cindex file names with non-ASCII characters
|
|
25829
|
1036 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding system
|
|
|
1037 to use for encoding file names. If you set the variable to a coding
|
|
|
1038 system name (as a Lisp symbol or a string), Emacs encodes file names
|
|
|
1039 using that coding system for all file operations. This makes it
|
|
|
1040 possible to use non-ASCII characters in file names---or, at least, those
|
|
|
1041 non-ASCII characters which the specified coding system can encode.
|
|
|
1042
|
|
|
1043 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default
|
|
|
1044 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the
|
|
|
1045 default language environment, any non-ASCII characters in file names are
|
|
|
1046 not encoded specially; they appear in the file system using the internal
|
|
|
1047 Emacs representation.
|
|
|
1048
|
|
|
1049 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the
|
|
|
1050 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can
|
|
|
1051 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using
|
|
|
1052 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded
|
|
|
1053 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of
|
|
|
1054 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file
|
|
|
1055 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
1056 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer.
|
|
|
1057
|
|
26140
|
1058 @vindex locale-coding-system
|
|
36170
|
1059 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system
|
|
|
1060 to use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error
|
|
|
1061 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. You
|
|
|
1062 should choose a coding system that is compatible with the underlying
|
|
|
1063 system's text representation, which is normally specified by one of
|
|
|
1064 the environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, and
|
|
38460
|
1065 @env{LANG}. (The first one, in the order specified above, whose value
|
|
|
1066 is nonempty is the one that determines the text representation.)
|
|
26140
|
1067
|
|
25829
|
1068 @node Fontsets
|
|
|
1069 @section Fontsets
|
|
|
1070 @cindex fontsets
|
|
|
1071
|
|
38460
|
1072 A font for X typically defines shapes for a single alphabet or script.
|
35188
94d46968a93f
Don't say "X Windows". From Colin Walters <walters@cis.ohio-state.edu>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
1073 Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs supports
|
94d46968a93f
Don't say "X Windows". From Colin Walters <walters@cis.ohio-state.edu>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
1074 requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a collection is
|
94d46968a93f
Don't say "X Windows". From Colin Walters <walters@cis.ohio-state.edu>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
1075 called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of fonts, each
|
94d46968a93f
Don't say "X Windows". From Colin Walters <walters@cis.ohio-state.edu>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
1076 assigned to handle a range of character codes.
|
|
25829
|
1077
|
|
|
1078 Each fontset has a name, like a font. The available X fonts are
|
|
|
1079 defined by the X server; fontsets, however, are defined within Emacs
|
|
|
1080 itself. Once you have defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by
|
|
|
1081 specifying its name, anywhere that you could use a single font. Of
|
|
|
1082 course, Emacs fontsets can use only the fonts that the X server
|
|
|
1083 supports; if certain characters appear on the screen as hollow boxes,
|
|
|
1084 this means that the fontset in use for them has no font for those
|
|
36170
|
1085 characters.@footnote{The Emacs installation instructions have information on
|
|
33745
|
1086 additional font support.}
|
|
25829
|
1087
|
|
|
1088 Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset}
|
|
|
1089 and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to
|
|
|
1090 have fonts for a wide variety of non-ASCII characters; however, this is
|
|
|
1091 not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs tries to find a
|
|
38460
|
1092 font that has bold and italic variants.) You can specify use of the
|
|
25829
|
1093 standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option, or with the @samp{Font} X
|
|
|
1094 resource (@pxref{Font X}). For example,
|
|
|
1095
|
|
|
1096 @example
|
|
|
1097 emacs -fn fontset-standard
|
|
|
1098 @end example
|
|
|
1099
|
|
|
1100 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character
|
|
|
1101 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it
|
|
|
1102 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot
|
|
|
1103 display that character properly. It will display that character as an
|
|
|
1104 empty box instead.
|
|
|
1105
|
|
|
1106 @node Defining Fontsets
|
|
|
1107 @section Defining fontsets
|
|
|
1108
|
|
|
1109 @vindex standard-fontset-spec
|
|
|
1110 @cindex standard fontset
|
|
|
1111 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value
|
|
|
1112 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is
|
|
|
1113
|
|
|
1114 @example
|
|
|
1115 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard
|
|
|
1116 @end example
|
|
|
1117
|
|
|
1118 @noindent
|
|
|
1119 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short.
|
|
|
1120
|
|
|
1121 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are
|
|
|
1122 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of
|
|
|
1123 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both.
|
|
|
1124
|
|
|
1125 @cindex startup fontset
|
|
|
1126 If you specify a default ASCII font with the @samp{Font} resource or
|
|
|
1127 the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it
|
|
|
1128 automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is
|
|
|
1129 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry},
|
|
|
1130 @var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the
|
|
|
1131 font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with
|
|
|
1132 @samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with
|
|
|
1133 @samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset.
|
|
|
1134
|
|
|
1135 For instance, if you start Emacs this way,
|
|
|
1136
|
|
|
1137 @example
|
|
|
1138 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1"
|
|
|
1139 @end example
|
|
|
1140
|
|
|
1141 @noindent
|
|
|
1142 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X
|
|
|
1143 window frame:
|
|
|
1144
|
|
|
1145 @example
|
|
|
1146 -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup
|
|
|
1147 @end example
|
|
|
1148
|
|
|
1149 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name
|
|
|
1150 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset
|
|
|
1151 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard
|
|
38495
|
1152 specification matches various other resources, such as for menus, and
|
|
25829
|
1153 menus cannot handle fontsets.
|
|
|
1154
|
|
|
1155 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named
|
|
|
1156 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0.
|
|
|
1157 The resource value should have this form:
|
|
|
1158
|
|
|
1159 @smallexample
|
|
|
1160 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charsetname}:@var{fontname}@r{]@dots{}}
|
|
|
1161 @end smallexample
|
|
|
1162
|
|
|
1163 @noindent
|
|
|
1164 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except
|
|
|
1165 for the last two fields. They should have the form
|
|
|
1166 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}.
|
|
|
1167
|
|
|
1168 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is
|
|
|
1169 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You
|
|
|
1170 can refer to the fontset by either name.
|
|
|
1171
|
|
|
1172 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to
|
|
|
1173 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here,
|
|
|
1174 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the
|
|
|
1175 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any
|
|
|
1176 number of times in defining one fontset.
|
|
|
1177
|
|
|
1178 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on
|
|
|
1179 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values
|
|
|
1180 that describe the character set. For the ASCII character font,
|
|
|
1181 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}.
|
|
|
1182
|
|
|
1183 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs
|
|
|
1184 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of
|
|
|
1185 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable
|
|
|
1186 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is
|
|
38460
|
1187 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which is what Emacs
|
|
|
1188 does.
|
|
25829
|
1189
|
|
|
1190 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this,
|
|
|
1191
|
|
|
1192 @example
|
|
|
1193 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24
|
|
|
1194 @end example
|
|
|
1195
|
|
|
1196 @noindent
|
|
|
1197 the font specification for ASCII characters would be this:
|
|
|
1198
|
|
|
1199 @example
|
|
|
1200 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1
|
|
|
1201 @end example
|
|
|
1202
|
|
|
1203 @noindent
|
|
|
1204 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this:
|
|
|
1205
|
|
|
1206 @example
|
|
|
1207 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-*
|
|
|
1208 @end example
|
|
|
1209
|
|
|
1210 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font
|
|
|
1211 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that
|
|
|
1212 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In
|
|
|
1213 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below:
|
|
|
1214
|
|
|
1215 @smallexample
|
|
|
1216 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\
|
|
|
1217 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-*
|
|
|
1218 @end smallexample
|
|
|
1219
|
|
|
1220 @noindent
|
|
|
1221 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have
|
|
|
1222 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for
|
|
|
1223 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family}
|
|
|
1224 field.
|
|
|
1225
|
|
|
1226 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec
|
|
|
1227 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the
|
|
|
1228 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also
|
|
|
1229 call this function explicitly to create a fontset.
|
|
|
1230
|
|
|
1231 @xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X.
|
|
|
1232
|
|
33745
|
1233 @node Undisplayable Characters
|
|
|
1234 @section Undisplayable Characters
|
|
|
1235
|
|
39266
|
1236 Your terminal may be unable to display some non-ASCII
|
|
36170
|
1237 characters. Most non-windowing terminals can only use a single
|
|
|
1238 character set (use the variable @code{default-terminal-coding-system}
|
|
|
1239 (@pxref{Specify Coding}) to tell Emacs which one); characters which
|
|
|
1240 can't be encoded in that coding system are displayed as @samp{?} by
|
|
|
1241 default.
|
|
|
1242
|
|
|
1243 Windowing terminals can display a broader range of characters, but
|
|
|
1244 you may not have fonts installed for all of them; characters that have
|
|
|
1245 no font appear as a hollow box.
|
|
33745
|
1246
|
|
36170
|
1247 If you use Latin-1 characters but your terminal can't display
|
|
39266
|
1248 Latin-1, you can arrange to display mnemonic ASCII sequences
|
|
36170
|
1249 instead, e.g.@: @samp{"o} for o-umlaut. Load the library
|
|
|
1250 @file{iso-ascii} to do this.
|
|
33745
|
1251
|
|
36875
|
1252 @vindex latin1-display
|
|
36170
|
1253 If your terminal can display Latin-1, you can display characters
|
|
|
1254 from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent
|
|
38945
|
1255 Latin-1 characters and ASCII mnemonics. Use the Custom option
|
|
|
1256 @code{latin1-display} to enable this. The mnemonic ASCII
|
|
36170
|
1257 sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods.
|
|
33745
|
1258
|
|
27211
|
1259 @node Single-Byte Character Support
|
|
|
1260 @section Single-byte Character Set Support
|
|
25829
|
1261
|
|
|
1262 @cindex European character sets
|
|
|
1263 @cindex accented characters
|
|
|
1264 @cindex ISO Latin character sets
|
|
|
1265 @cindex Unibyte operation
|
|
|
1266 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in
|
|
38460
|
1267 the range 0240 to 0377 octal (160 to 255 decimal) to handle the
|
|
|
1268 accented letters and punctuation needed by various European languages
|
|
|
1269 (and some non-European ones). If you disable multibyte characters,
|
|
|
1270 Emacs can still handle @emph{one} of these character codes at a time.
|
|
|
1271 To specify @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke @kbd{M-x
|
|
|
1272 set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language environment
|
|
|
1273 such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}.
|
|
25829
|
1274
|
|
|
1275 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling
|
|
|
1276 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that
|
|
|
1277 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain non-ASCII
|
|
|
1278 characters.
|
|
|
1279
|
|
|
1280 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment
|
|
|
1281 Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font
|
|
|
1282 in use supports them. This works automatically. Alternatively, if you
|
|
|
1283 are using a window system, Emacs can also display single-byte characters
|
|
|
1284 through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte
|
|
|
1285 characters according to the current language environment. To request
|
|
|
1286 this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment}
|
|
|
1287 to a non-@code{nil} value.
|
|
|
1288
|
|
|
1289 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library
|
|
|
1290 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character
|
|
|
1291 set, Emacs can display these characters as ASCII sequences which at
|
|
|
1292 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this,
|
|
|
1293 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other
|
|
|
1294 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have
|
|
|
1295 them yet.
|
|
|
1296
|
|
|
1297 @findex standard-display-8bit
|
|
|
1298 @cindex 8-bit display
|
|
38460
|
1299 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (decimal codes between 128 and 159
|
|
25829
|
1300 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for
|
|
36185
|
1301 non-standard ``extended'' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the
|
|
25829
|
1302 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library.
|
|
|
1303
|
|
28552
|
1304 There are several ways you can input single-byte non-ASCII
|
|
25829
|
1305 characters:
|
|
|
1306
|
|
|
1307 @itemize @bullet
|
|
27211
|
1308 @cindex 8-bit input
|
|
25829
|
1309 @item
|
|
38460
|
1310 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 (decimal) and up,
|
|
|
1311 representing non-ASCII characters, you can type those character codes
|
|
|
1312 directly.
|
|
25829
|
1313
|
|
36170
|
1314 On a windowing terminal, you should not need to do anything special to
|
|
|
1315 use these keys; they should simply work. On a text-only terminal, you
|
|
|
1316 should use the command @code{M-x set-keyboard-coding-system} or the
|
|
|
1317 Custom option @code{keyboard-coding-system} to specify which coding
|
|
|
1318 system your keyboard uses (@pxref{Specify Coding}). Enabling this
|
|
|
1319 feature will probably require you to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta
|
|
|
1320 characters; however, on a Linux console or in @code{xterm}, you can
|
|
|
1321 arrange for Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and still be able type
|
|
|
1322 8-bit characters present directly on the keyboard or using
|
|
|
1323 @kbd{Compose} or @kbd{AltGr} keys. @xref{User Input}.
|
|
27211
|
1324
|
|
25829
|
1325 @item
|
|
|
1326 You can use an input method for the selected language environment.
|
|
|
1327 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer,
|
|
|
1328 the non-ASCII character you specify with it is converted to unibyte.
|
|
|
1329
|
|
|
1330 @kindex C-x 8
|
|
|
1331 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library
|
|
31077
|
1332 @cindex compose character
|
|
|
1333 @cindex dead character
|
|
25829
|
1334 @item
|
|
|
1335 For Latin-1 only, you can use the
|
|
|
1336 key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose character'' prefix for entry of
|
|
|
1337 non-ASCII Latin-1 printing characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for
|
|
|
1338 insertion (in the minibuffer as well as other buffers), for searching,
|
|
|
1339 and in any other context where a key sequence is allowed.
|
|
|
1340
|
|
|
1341 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that
|
|
|
1342 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if you have one, serves
|
|
|
1343 the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}; use @key{ALT} together with an accent
|
|
|
1344 character to modify the following letter. In addition, if you have keys
|
|
36170
|
1345 for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters,'' they too are defined to
|
|
25829
|
1346 compose with the following character, once @code{iso-transl} is loaded.
|
|
28552
|
1347 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list the available translations as mnemonic
|
|
|
1348 command names.
|
|
|
1349
|
|
31077
|
1350 @item
|
|
28552
|
1351 @cindex @code{iso-acc} library
|
|
31077
|
1352 @cindex ISO Accents mode
|
|
|
1353 @findex iso-accents-mode
|
31280
55ce1d116cc7
(Single-Byte Character Support): Modify iso-accents-mode index entry.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
1354 @cindex Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3 input mode
|
|
38133
|
1355 For Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3, @kbd{M-x iso-accents-mode} enables
|
|
|
1356 a minor mode that works much like the @code{latin-1-prefix} input
|
38050
89031b4b9a28
Proofreading fixes from Tim Sanders <tim@timsanders.freeserve.co.uk>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
1357 method, but does not depend on having the input methods installed. This
|
|
36170
|
1358 mode is buffer-local. It can be customized for various languages with
|
|
|
1359 @kbd{M-x iso-accents-customize}.
|
|
25829
|
1360 @end itemize
|
