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annotate lispref/modes.texi @ 61931:f3e1b2ceffd2
Improve commentary section.
(define-generic-mode): Improve docstring.
author | Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 29 Apr 2005 13:12:26 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, |
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4 @c 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/modes | |
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7 @node Modes, Documentation, Keymaps, Top |
6451 | 8 @chapter Major and Minor Modes |
9 @cindex mode | |
10 | |
11 A @dfn{mode} is a set of definitions that customize Emacs and can be | |
12 turned on and off while you edit. There are two varieties of modes: | |
13 @dfn{major modes}, which are mutually exclusive and used for editing | |
14 particular kinds of text, and @dfn{minor modes}, which provide features | |
15 that users can enable individually. | |
16 | |
17 This chapter describes how to write both major and minor modes, how to | |
18 indicate them in the mode line, and how they run hooks supplied by the | |
19 user. For related topics such as keymaps and syntax tables, see | |
20 @ref{Keymaps}, and @ref{Syntax Tables}. | |
21 | |
22 @menu | |
23 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | |
24 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
25 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
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26 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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27 of definitions in the buffer. |
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28 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
55414 | 29 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
30 Emacs sessions. | |
6451 | 31 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks. |
32 @end menu | |
33 | |
34 @node Major Modes | |
35 @section Major Modes | |
36 @cindex major mode | |
37 @cindex Fundamental mode | |
38 | |
39 Major modes specialize Emacs for editing particular kinds of text. | |
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40 Each buffer has only one major mode at a time. For each major mode |
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41 there is a function to switch to that mode in the current buffer; its |
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42 name should end in @samp{-mode}. These functions work by setting |
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43 buffer-local variable bindings and other data associated with the |
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44 buffer, such as a local keymap. The effect lasts until you switch |
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45 to another major mode in the same buffer. |
6451 | 46 |
47 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}. | |
48 This mode has no mode-specific definitions or variable settings, so each | |
49 Emacs command behaves in its default manner, and each option is in its | |
50 default state. All other major modes redefine various keys and options. | |
51 For example, Lisp Interaction mode provides special key bindings for | |
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52 @kbd{C-j} (@code{eval-print-last-sexp}), @key{TAB} |
6451 | 53 (@code{lisp-indent-line}), and other keys. |
54 | |
55 When you need to write several editing commands to help you perform a | |
56 specialized editing task, creating a new major mode is usually a good | |
57 idea. In practice, writing a major mode is easy (in contrast to | |
58 writing a minor mode, which is often difficult). | |
59 | |
60 If the new mode is similar to an old one, it is often unwise to modify | |
61 the old one to serve two purposes, since it may become harder to use and | |
62 maintain. Instead, copy and rename an existing major mode definition | |
63 and alter the copy---or define a @dfn{derived mode} (@pxref{Derived | |
64 Modes}). For example, Rmail Edit mode, which is in | |
25875 | 65 @file{emacs/lisp/mail/rmailedit.el}, is a major mode that is very similar to |
66 Text mode except that it provides two additional commands. Its | |
67 definition is distinct from that of Text mode, but uses that of Text mode. | |
6451 | 68 |
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69 Even if the new mode is not an obvious derivative of any other mode, |
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70 it is convenient to use @code{define-derived-mode} with a @code{nil} |
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71 parent argument, since it automatically enforces the most important |
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72 coding conventions for you. |
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73 |
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74 @findex define-generic-mode |
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75 For a very simple programming language major mode that handles |
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76 comments and fontification, you can use @code{define-generic-mode} |
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77 in @file{generic.el}. |
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78 |
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79 Rmail Edit mode offers an example of changing the major mode |
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80 temporarily for a buffer, so it can be edited in a different way (with |
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81 ordinary Emacs commands rather than Rmail commands). In such cases, the |
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82 temporary major mode usually provides a command to switch back to the |
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83 buffer's usual mode (Rmail mode, in this case). You might be tempted to |
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84 present the temporary redefinitions inside a recursive edit and restore |
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85 the usual ones when the user exits; but this is a bad idea because it |
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86 constrains the user's options when it is done in more than one buffer: |
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87 recursive edits must be exited most-recently-entered first. Using an |
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88 alternative major mode avoids this limitation. @xref{Recursive |
6451 | 89 Editing}. |
90 | |
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91 The standard GNU Emacs Lisp library directory tree contains the code |
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92 for several major modes, in files such as @file{text-mode.el}, |
6451 | 93 @file{texinfo.el}, @file{lisp-mode.el}, @file{c-mode.el}, and |
25875 | 94 @file{rmail.el}. They are found in various subdirectories of the |
95 @file{lisp} directory. You can study these libraries to see how modes | |
96 are written. Text mode is perhaps the simplest major mode aside from | |
6451 | 97 Fundamental mode. Rmail mode is a complicated and specialized mode. |
98 | |
99 @menu | |
100 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | |
101 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
102 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
103 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
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104 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major |
6451 | 105 mode. |
61930 | 106 * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports |
107 comment syntax and Font Lock mode. | |
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108 * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions. |
6451 | 109 @end menu |
110 | |
111 @node Major Mode Conventions | |
112 @subsection Major Mode Conventions | |
113 | |
114 The code for existing major modes follows various coding conventions, | |
115 including conventions for local keymap and syntax table initialization, | |
116 global names, and hooks. Please follow these conventions when you | |
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117 define a new major mode. |
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118 |
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119 This list of conventions is only partial, because each major mode |
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120 should aim for consistency in general with other Emacs major modes. |
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121 This makes Emacs as a whole more coherent. It is impossible to list |
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122 here all the possible points where this issue might come up; if the |
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123 Emacs developers point out an area where your major mode deviates from |
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124 the usual conventions, please make it compatible. |
6451 | 125 |
126 @itemize @bullet | |
127 @item | |
128 Define a command whose name ends in @samp{-mode}, with no arguments, | |
129 that switches to the new mode in the current buffer. This command | |
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130 should set up the keymap, syntax table, and buffer-local variables in an |
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131 existing buffer, without changing the buffer's contents. |
6451 | 132 |
133 @item | |
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134 Write a documentation string for this command that describes the |
6451 | 135 special commands available in this mode. @kbd{C-h m} |
136 (@code{describe-mode}) in your mode will display this string. | |
137 | |
138 The documentation string may include the special documentation | |
139 substrings, @samp{\[@var{command}]}, @samp{\@{@var{keymap}@}}, and | |
24934 | 140 @samp{\<@var{keymap}>}, which enable the documentation to adapt |
6451 | 141 automatically to the user's own key bindings. @xref{Keys in |
142 Documentation}. | |
143 | |
144 @item | |
145 The major mode command should start by calling | |
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146 @code{kill-all-local-variables}. This is what gets rid of the |
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147 buffer-local variables of the major mode previously in effect. |
6451 | 148 |
149 @item | |
150 The major mode command should set the variable @code{major-mode} to the | |
151 major mode command symbol. This is how @code{describe-mode} discovers | |
152 which documentation to print. | |
153 | |
154 @item | |
155 The major mode command should set the variable @code{mode-name} to the | |
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156 ``pretty'' name of the mode, as a string. This string appears in the |
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157 mode line. |
6451 | 158 |
159 @item | |
160 @cindex functions in modes | |
161 Since all global names are in the same name space, all the global | |
162 variables, constants, and functions that are part of the mode should | |
163 have names that start with the major mode name (or with an abbreviation | |
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164 of it if the name is long). @xref{Coding Conventions}. |
6451 | 165 |
166 @item | |
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167 In a major mode for editing some kind of structured text, such as a |
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168 programming language, indentation of text according to structure is |
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169 probably useful. So the mode should set @code{indent-line-function} |
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170 to a suitable function, and probably customize other variables |
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171 for indentation. |
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172 |
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173 @item |
6451 | 174 @cindex keymaps in modes |
175 The major mode should usually have its own keymap, which is used as the | |
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176 local keymap in all buffers in that mode. The major mode command should |
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177 call @code{use-local-map} to install this local map. @xref{Active |
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178 Keymaps}, for more information. |
6451 | 179 |
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180 This keymap should be stored permanently in a global variable named |
6451 | 181 @code{@var{modename}-mode-map}. Normally the library that defines the |
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182 mode sets this variable. |
6451 | 183 |
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184 @xref{Tips for Defining}, for advice about how to write the code to set |
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185 up the mode's keymap variable. |
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186 |
6451 | 187 @item |
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188 The key sequences bound in a major mode keymap should usually start with |
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189 @kbd{C-c}, followed by a control character, a digit, or @kbd{@{}, |
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190 @kbd{@}}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:} or @kbd{;}. The other punctuation |
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191 characters are reserved for minor modes, and ordinary letters are |
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192 reserved for users. |
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193 |
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194 A major mode can also rebind the keys @kbd{M-n}, @kbd{M-p} and |
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195 @kbd{M-s}. The bindings for @kbd{M-n} and @kbd{M-p} should normally |
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196 be some kind of ``moving forward and backward,'' but this does not |
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197 necessarily mean cursor motion. |
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198 |
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199 It is legitimate for a major mode to rebind a standard key sequence if |
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200 it provides a command that does ``the same job'' in a way better |
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201 suited to the text this mode is used for. For example, a major mode |
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202 for editing a programming language might redefine @kbd{C-M-a} to |
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203 ``move to the beginning of a function'' in a way that works better for |
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204 that language. |
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205 |
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206 It is also legitimate for a major mode to rebind a standard key |
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207 sequence whose standard meaning is rarely useful in that mode. For |
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208 instance, minibuffer modes rebind @kbd{M-r}, whose standard meaning is |
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209 rarely of any use in the minibuffer. Major modes such as Dired or |
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210 Rmail that do not allow self-insertion of text can reasonably redefine |
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211 letters and other printing characters as special commands. |
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212 |
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213 @item |
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214 Major modes must not define @key{RET} to do anything other than insert |
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215 a newline. The command to insert a newline and then indent is |
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216 @kbd{C-j}. Please keep this distinction uniform for all major modes. |
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217 |
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218 @item |
54041 | 219 Major modes should not alter options that are primarily a matter of user |
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220 preference, such as whether Auto-Fill mode is enabled. Leave this to |
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221 each user to decide. However, a major mode should customize other |
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222 variables so that Auto-Fill mode will work usefully @emph{if} the user |
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223 decides to use it. |
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224 |
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225 @item |
6451 | 226 @cindex syntax tables in modes |
227 The mode may have its own syntax table or may share one with other | |
228 related modes. If it has its own syntax table, it should store this in | |
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229 a variable named @code{@var{modename}-mode-syntax-table}. @xref{Syntax |
6451 | 230 Tables}. |
231 | |
232 @item | |
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233 If the mode handles a language that has a syntax for comments, it should |
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234 set the variables that define the comment syntax. @xref{Options for |
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235 Comments,, Options Controlling Comments, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
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236 |
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237 @item |
6451 | 238 @cindex abbrev tables in modes |
239 The mode may have its own abbrev table or may share one with other | |
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240 related modes. If it has its own abbrev table, it should store this |
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241 in a variable named @code{@var{modename}-mode-abbrev-table}. If the |
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242 major mode command defines any abbrevs itself, it should pass @code{t} |
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243 for the @var{system-flag} argument to @code{define-abbrev}. |
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244 @xref{Abbrev Tables}. |
6451 | 245 |
246 @item | |
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247 The mode should specify how to do highlighting for Font Lock mode, by |
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248 setting up a buffer-local value for the variable |
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249 @code{font-lock-defaults} (@pxref{Font Lock Mode}). |
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250 |
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251 @item |
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252 The mode should specify how Imenu should find the definitions or |
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253 sections of a buffer, by setting up a buffer-local value for the |
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254 variable @code{imenu-generic-expression}, for the pair of variables |
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255 @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} and |
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256 @code{imenu-extract-index-name-function}, or for the variable |
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257 @code{imenu-create-index-function} (@pxref{Imenu}). |
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258 |
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259 @item |
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260 The mode can specify a local value for |
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261 @code{eldoc-documentation-function} to tell ElDoc mode how to handle |
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262 this mode. |
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263 |
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264 @item |
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265 Use @code{defvar} or @code{defcustom} to set mode-related variables, so |
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266 that they are not reinitialized if they already have a value. (Such |
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267 reinitialization could discard customizations made by the user.) |
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268 |
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269 @item |
6451 | 270 @cindex buffer-local variables in modes |
271 To make a buffer-local binding for an Emacs customization variable, use | |
272 @code{make-local-variable} in the major mode command, not | |
273 @code{make-variable-buffer-local}. The latter function would make the | |
274 variable local to every buffer in which it is subsequently set, which | |
275 would affect buffers that do not use this mode. It is undesirable for a | |
276 mode to have such global effects. @xref{Buffer-Local Variables}. | |
277 | |
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278 With rare exceptions, the only reasonable way to use |
25875 | 279 @code{make-variable-buffer-local} in a Lisp package is for a variable |
280 which is used only within that package. Using it on a variable used by | |
281 other packages would interfere with them. | |
6451 | 282 |
283 @item | |
284 @cindex mode hook | |
285 @cindex major mode hook | |
286 Each major mode should have a @dfn{mode hook} named | |
287 @code{@var{modename}-mode-hook}. The major mode command should run that | |
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288 hook, with @code{run-mode-hooks}, as the very last thing it |
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289 does. @xref{Mode Hooks}. |
6451 | 290 |
291 @item | |
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292 The major mode command may start by calling some other major mode |
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293 command (called the @dfn{parent mode}) and then alter some of its |
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294 settings. A mode that does this is called a @dfn{derived mode}. The |
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295 recommended way to define one is to use @code{define-derived-mode}, |
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296 but this is not required. Such a mode should use |
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297 @code{delay-mode-hooks} around its entire body (including the call to |
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298 the parent mode command) @emph{except} for the final call to |
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299 @code{run-mode-hooks}, which runs the derived mode's hook. (Using |
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300 @code{define-derived-mode} does this automatically.) @xref{Derived |
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301 Modes}, and @ref{Mode Hooks}. |
6451 | 302 |
303 @item | |
304 If something special should be done if the user switches a buffer from | |
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305 this mode to any other major mode, this mode can set up a buffer-local |
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306 value for @code{change-major-mode-hook} (@pxref{Creating Buffer-Local}). |
6451 | 307 |
308 @item | |
309 If this mode is appropriate only for specially-prepared text, then the | |
310 major mode command symbol should have a property named @code{mode-class} | |
311 with value @code{special}, put on as follows: | |
312 | |
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313 @kindex mode-class @r{(property)} |
6451 | 314 @cindex @code{special} |
315 @example | |
316 (put 'funny-mode 'mode-class 'special) | |
317 @end example | |
318 | |
319 @noindent | |
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320 This tells Emacs that new buffers created while the current buffer is |
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321 in Funny mode should not inherit Funny mode, in case |
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322 @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}. Modes such as Dired, Rmail, |
6451 | 323 and Buffer List use this feature. |
324 | |
325 @item | |
326 If you want to make the new mode the default for files with certain | |
327 recognizable names, add an element to @code{auto-mode-alist} to select | |
328 the mode for those file names. If you define the mode command to | |
329 autoload, you should add this element in the same file that calls | |
330 @code{autoload}. Otherwise, it is sufficient to add the element in the | |
331 file that contains the mode definition. @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
332 | |
333 @item | |
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334 In the comments that document the file, you should provide a sample |
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335 @code{autoload} form and an example of how to add to |
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336 @code{auto-mode-alist}, that users can include in their init files |
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337 (@pxref{Init File}). |
6451 | 338 |
339 @item | |
340 @cindex mode loading | |
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341 The top-level forms in the file defining the mode should be written so |
6451 | 342 that they may be evaluated more than once without adverse consequences. |
343 Even if you never load the file more than once, someone else will. | |
344 @end itemize | |
345 | |
346 @node Example Major Modes | |
347 @subsection Major Mode Examples | |
348 | |
349 Text mode is perhaps the simplest mode besides Fundamental mode. | |
350 Here are excerpts from @file{text-mode.el} that illustrate many of | |
351 the conventions listed above: | |
352 | |
353 @smallexample | |
354 @group | |
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355 ;; @r{Create the syntax table for this mode.} |
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356 (defvar text-mode-syntax-table |
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357 (let ((st (make-syntax-table))) |
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358 (modify-syntax-entry ?\" ". " st) |
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359 (modify-syntax-entry ?\\ ". " st) |
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360 ;; We add `p' so that M-c on 'hello' leads to 'Hello' rather than 'hello'. |
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361 (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w p" st) |
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362 st) |
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363 "Syntax table used while in `text-mode'.") |
6451 | 364 @end group |
365 | |
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366 ;; @r{Create the keymap for this mode.} |
6451 | 367 @group |
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368 (defvar text-mode-map |
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369 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
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370 (define-key map "\e\t" 'ispell-complete-word) |
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371 (define-key map "\es" 'center-line) |
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372 (define-key map "\eS" 'center-paragraph) |
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373 map) |
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374 "Keymap for `text-mode'. |
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375 Many other modes, such as `mail-mode', `outline-mode' and `indented-text-mode', |
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376 inherit all the commands defined in this map.") |
6451 | 377 @end group |
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378 @end smallexample |
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379 |
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380 Here is how the actual mode command is defined now: |
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381 |
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382 @smallexample |
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383 @group |
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384 (define-derived-mode text-mode nil "Text" |
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385 "Major mode for editing text written for humans to read. |
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386 In this mode, paragraphs are delimited only by blank or white lines. |
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387 You can thus get the full benefit of adaptive filling |
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388 (see the variable `adaptive-fill-mode'). |
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389 \\@{text-mode-map@} |
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390 Turning on Text mode runs the normal hook `text-mode-hook'." |
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391 @end group |
6451 | 392 @group |
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393 (make-local-variable 'text-mode-variant) |
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394 (setq text-mode-variant t) |
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395 ;; @r{These two lines are a feature added recently.} |
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396 (set (make-local-variable 'require-final-newline) |
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397 mode-require-final-newline) |
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398 (set (make-local-variable 'indent-line-function) 'indent-relative)) |
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399 @end group |
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400 @end smallexample |
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401 |
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402 But here is how it was defined formerly, before |
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403 @code{define-derived-mode} existed: |
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404 |
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405 @smallexample |
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406 @group |
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407 ;; @r{This isn't needed nowadays, since @code{define-derived-mode} does it.} |
6451 | 408 (defvar text-mode-abbrev-table nil |
409 "Abbrev table used while in text mode.") | |
410 (define-abbrev-table 'text-mode-abbrev-table ()) | |
411 @end group | |
412 | |
413 @group | |
414 (defun text-mode () | |
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415 "Major mode for editing text intended for humans to read... |
6451 | 416 Special commands: \\@{text-mode-map@} |
417 @end group | |
418 @group | |
419 Turning on text-mode runs the hook `text-mode-hook'." | |
420 (interactive) | |
421 (kill-all-local-variables) | |
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422 (use-local-map text-mode-map) |
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423 @end group |
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424 @group |
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425 (setq local-abbrev-table text-mode-abbrev-table) |
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426 (set-syntax-table text-mode-syntax-table) |
6451 | 427 @end group |
428 @group | |
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429 ;; @r{These four lines are absent from the current version} |
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430 ;; @r{not because this is done some other way, but rather} |
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431 ;; @r{because nowadays Text mode uses the normal definition of paragraphs.} |
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432 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) |
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433 (setq paragraph-start (concat "[ \t]*$\\|" page-delimiter)) |
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434 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) |
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435 (setq paragraph-separate paragraph-start) |
25875 | 436 (make-local-variable 'indent-line-function) |
437 (setq indent-line-function 'indent-relative-maybe) | |
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438 @end group |
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439 @group |
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440 (setq mode-name "Text") |
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441 (setq major-mode 'text-mode) |
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442 (run-mode-hooks 'text-mode-hook)) ; @r{Finally, this permits the user to} |
6451 | 443 ; @r{customize the mode with a hook.} |
444 @end group | |
445 @end smallexample | |
446 | |
447 @cindex @file{lisp-mode.el} | |
448 The three Lisp modes (Lisp mode, Emacs Lisp mode, and Lisp | |
449 Interaction mode) have more features than Text mode and the code is | |
450 correspondingly more complicated. Here are excerpts from | |
451 @file{lisp-mode.el} that illustrate how these modes are written. | |
452 | |
453 @cindex syntax table example | |
454 @smallexample | |
455 @group | |
456 ;; @r{Create mode-specific table variables.} | |
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457 (defvar lisp-mode-syntax-table nil "") |
6451 | 458 (defvar lisp-mode-abbrev-table nil "") |
459 @end group | |
460 | |
461 @group | |
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462 (defvar emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table |
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463 (let ((table (make-syntax-table))) |
6451 | 464 (let ((i 0)) |
465 @end group | |
466 | |
467 @group | |
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468 ;; @r{Set syntax of chars up to @samp{0} to say they are} |
6451 | 469 ;; @r{part of symbol names but not words.} |
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470 ;; @r{(The digit @samp{0} is @code{48} in the @acronym{ASCII} character set.)} |
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471 (while (< i ?0) |
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472 (modify-syntax-entry i "_ " table) |
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473 (setq i (1+ i))) |
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474 ;; @r{@dots{} similar code follows for other character ranges.} |
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475 @end group |
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476 @group |
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477 ;; @r{Then set the syntax codes for characters that are special in Lisp.} |
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478 (modify-syntax-entry ? " " table) |
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479 (modify-syntax-entry ?\t " " table) |
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480 (modify-syntax-entry ?\f " " table) |
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481 (modify-syntax-entry ?\n "> " table) |
6451 | 482 @end group |
483 @group | |
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484 ;; @r{Give CR the same syntax as newline, for selective-display.} |
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485 (modify-syntax-entry ?\^m "> " table) |
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486 (modify-syntax-entry ?\; "< " table) |
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487 (modify-syntax-entry ?` "' " table) |
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488 (modify-syntax-entry ?' "' " table) |
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489 (modify-syntax-entry ?, "' " table) |
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490 @end group |
6451 | 491 @group |
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492 ;; @r{@dots{}likewise for many other characters@dots{}} |
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493 (modify-syntax-entry ?\( "() " table) |
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494 (modify-syntax-entry ?\) ")( " table) |
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495 (modify-syntax-entry ?\[ "(] " table) |
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496 (modify-syntax-entry ?\] ")[ " table)) |
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497 table)) |
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498 @end group |
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499 @group |
6451 | 500 ;; @r{Create an abbrev table for lisp-mode.} |
501 (define-abbrev-table 'lisp-mode-abbrev-table ()) | |
502 @end group | |
503 @end smallexample | |
504 | |
505 Much code is shared among the three Lisp modes. The following | |
506 function sets various variables; it is called by each of the major Lisp | |
507 mode functions: | |
508 | |
509 @smallexample | |
510 @group | |
511 (defun lisp-mode-variables (lisp-syntax) | |
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512 (when lisp-syntax |
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513 (set-syntax-table lisp-mode-syntax-table)) |
6451 | 514 (setq local-abbrev-table lisp-mode-abbrev-table) |
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515 @dots{} |
6451 | 516 @end group |
517 @end smallexample | |
518 | |
519 Functions such as @code{forward-paragraph} use the value of the | |
520 @code{paragraph-start} variable. Since Lisp code is different from | |
521 ordinary text, the @code{paragraph-start} variable needs to be set | |
522 specially to handle Lisp. Also, comments are indented in a special | |
523 fashion in Lisp and the Lisp modes need their own mode-specific | |
524 @code{comment-indent-function}. The code to set these variables is the | |
525 rest of @code{lisp-mode-variables}. | |
526 | |
527 @smallexample | |
528 @group | |
529 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) | |
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530 (setq paragraph-start (concat page-delimiter "\\|$" )) |
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531 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) |
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532 (setq paragraph-separate paragraph-start) |
6451 | 533 @dots{} |
534 @end group | |
535 @group | |
536 (make-local-variable 'comment-indent-function) | |
537 (setq comment-indent-function 'lisp-comment-indent)) | |
25875 | 538 @dots{} |
6451 | 539 @end group |
540 @end smallexample | |
541 | |
542 Each of the different Lisp modes has a slightly different keymap. For | |
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543 example, Lisp mode binds @kbd{C-c C-z} to @code{run-lisp}, but the other |
6451 | 544 Lisp modes do not. However, all Lisp modes have some commands in |
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545 common. The following code sets up the common commands: |
6451 | 546 |
547 @smallexample | |
548 @group | |
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549 (defvar shared-lisp-mode-map () |
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550 "Keymap for commands shared by all sorts of Lisp modes.") |
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551 |
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552 ;; @r{Putting this @code{if} after the @code{defvar} is an older style.} |
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553 (if shared-lisp-mode-map |
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554 () |
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555 (setq shared-lisp-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) |
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556 (define-key shared-lisp-mode-map "\e\C-q" 'indent-sexp) |
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557 (define-key shared-lisp-mode-map "\177" |
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558 'backward-delete-char-untabify)) |
6451 | 559 @end group |
560 @end smallexample | |
561 | |
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562 @noindent |
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563 And here is the code to set up the keymap for Lisp mode: |
6451 | 564 |
565 @smallexample | |
566 @group | |
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567 (defvar lisp-mode-map () |
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568 "Keymap for ordinary Lisp mode...") |
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569 |
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570 (if lisp-mode-map |
6451 | 571 () |
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572 (setq lisp-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) |
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573 (set-keymap-parent lisp-mode-map shared-lisp-mode-map) |
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574 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\e\C-x" 'lisp-eval-defun) |
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575 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-c\C-z" 'run-lisp)) |
6451 | 576 @end group |
577 @end smallexample | |
578 | |
579 Finally, here is the complete major mode function definition for | |
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580 Lisp mode. |
6451 | 581 |
582 @smallexample | |
583 @group | |
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584 (defun lisp-mode () |
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585 "Major mode for editing Lisp code for Lisps other than GNU Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 586 Commands: |
587 Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back. | |
588 Blank lines separate paragraphs. Semicolons start comments. | |
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589 \\@{lisp-mode-map@} |
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590 Note that `run-lisp' may be used either to start an inferior Lisp job |
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591 or to switch back to an existing one. |
6451 | 592 @end group |
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593 |
6451 | 594 @group |
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595 Entry to this mode calls the value of `lisp-mode-hook' |
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596 if that value is non-nil." |
6451 | 597 (interactive) |
598 (kill-all-local-variables) | |
599 @end group | |
600 @group | |
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601 (use-local-map lisp-mode-map) ; @r{Select the mode's keymap.} |
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602 (setq major-mode 'lisp-mode) ; @r{This is how @code{describe-mode}} |
6451 | 603 ; @r{finds out what to describe.} |
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604 (setq mode-name "Lisp") ; @r{This goes into the mode line.} |
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605 (lisp-mode-variables t) ; @r{This defines various variables.} |
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606 (make-local-variable 'comment-start-skip) |
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607 (setq comment-start-skip |
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608 "\\(\\(^\\|[^\\\\\n]\\)\\(\\\\\\\\\\)*\\)\\(;+\\|#|\\) *") |
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609 (make-local-variable 'font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search) |
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610 (setq font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search t) |
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611 @end group |
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612 @group |
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613 (setq imenu-case-fold-search t) |
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614 (set-syntax-table lisp-mode-syntax-table) |
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615 (run-mode-hooks 'lisp-mode-hook)) ; @r{This permits the user to use a} |
6451 | 616 ; @r{hook to customize the mode.} |
617 @end group | |
618 @end smallexample | |
619 | |
620 @node Auto Major Mode | |
621 @subsection How Emacs Chooses a Major Mode | |
622 | |
623 Based on information in the file name or in the file itself, Emacs | |
624 automatically selects a major mode for the new buffer when a file is | |
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625 visited. It also processes local variables specified in the file text. |
6451 | 626 |
627 @deffn Command fundamental-mode | |
628 Fundamental mode is a major mode that is not specialized for anything | |
629 in particular. Other major modes are defined in effect by comparison | |
630 with this one---their definitions say what to change, starting from | |
631 Fundamental mode. The @code{fundamental-mode} function does @emph{not} | |
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632 run any mode hooks; you're not supposed to customize it. (If you want Emacs |
6451 | 633 to behave differently in Fundamental mode, change the @emph{global} |
634 state of Emacs.) | |
635 @end deffn | |
636 | |
637 @deffn Command normal-mode &optional find-file | |
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638 This function establishes the proper major mode and buffer-local variable |
6451 | 639 bindings for the current buffer. First it calls @code{set-auto-mode}, |
640 then it runs @code{hack-local-variables} to parse, and bind or | |
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641 evaluate as appropriate, the file's local variables. |
6451 | 642 |
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643 If the @var{find-file} argument to @code{normal-mode} is non-@code{nil}, |
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644 @code{normal-mode} assumes that the @code{find-file} function is calling |
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645 it. In this case, it may process a local variables list at the end of |
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646 the file and in the @samp{-*-} line. The variable |
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647 @code{enable-local-variables} controls whether to do so. @xref{File |
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648 variables, , Local Variables in Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for |
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649 the syntax of the local variables section of a file. |
6451 | 650 |
12098 | 651 If you run @code{normal-mode} interactively, the argument |
6451 | 652 @var{find-file} is normally @code{nil}. In this case, |
653 @code{normal-mode} unconditionally processes any local variables list. | |
654 | |
655 @cindex file mode specification error | |
12098 | 656 @code{normal-mode} uses @code{condition-case} around the call to the |
6451 | 657 major mode function, so errors are caught and reported as a @samp{File |
658 mode specification error}, followed by the original error message. | |
659 @end deffn | |
660 | |
661 @defun set-auto-mode | |
662 @cindex visited file mode | |
663 This function selects the major mode that is appropriate for the | |
664 current buffer. It may base its decision on the value of the @w{@samp{-*-}} | |
12888 | 665 line, on the visited file name (using @code{auto-mode-alist}), on the |
666 @w{@samp{#!}} line (using @code{interpreter-mode-alist}), or on the | |
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667 file's local variables list. However, this function does not look for |
6451 | 668 the @samp{mode:} local variable near the end of a file; the |
669 @code{hack-local-variables} function does that. @xref{Choosing Modes, , | |
670 How Major Modes are Chosen, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. | |
671 @end defun | |
672 | |
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673 @defopt default-major-mode |
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674 This variable holds the default major mode for new buffers. The |
6451 | 675 standard value is @code{fundamental-mode}. |
676 | |
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677 If the value of @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses |
6451 | 678 the (previously) current buffer's major mode for the major mode of a new |
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679 buffer. However, if that major mode symbol has a @code{mode-class} |
6451 | 680 property with value @code{special}, then it is not used for new buffers; |
681 Fundamental mode is used instead. The modes that have this property are | |
682 those such as Dired and Rmail that are useful only with text that has | |
683 been specially prepared. | |
684 @end defopt | |
685 | |
12067 | 686 @defun set-buffer-major-mode buffer |
687 This function sets the major mode of @var{buffer} to the value of | |
688 @code{default-major-mode}. If that variable is @code{nil}, it uses | |
689 the current buffer's major mode (if that is suitable). | |
690 | |
691 The low-level primitives for creating buffers do not use this function, | |
12098 | 692 but medium-level commands such as @code{switch-to-buffer} and |
693 @code{find-file-noselect} use it whenever they create buffers. | |
12067 | 694 @end defun |
695 | |
6451 | 696 @defvar initial-major-mode |
697 @cindex @samp{*scratch*} | |
698 The value of this variable determines the major mode of the initial | |
699 @samp{*scratch*} buffer. The value should be a symbol that is a major | |
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700 mode command. The default value is @code{lisp-interaction-mode}. |
6451 | 701 @end defvar |
702 | |
703 @defvar auto-mode-alist | |
704 This variable contains an association list of file name patterns | |
705 (regular expressions; @pxref{Regular Expressions}) and corresponding | |
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706 major mode commands. Usually, the file name patterns test for suffixes, |
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707 such as @samp{.el} and @samp{.c}, but this need not be the case. An |
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708 ordinary element of the alist looks like @code{(@var{regexp} . |
6451 | 709 @var{mode-function})}. |
710 | |
711 For example, | |
712 | |
713 @smallexample | |
714 @group | |
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715 (("\\`/tmp/fol/" . text-mode) |
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716 ("\\.texinfo\\'" . texinfo-mode) |
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717 ("\\.texi\\'" . texinfo-mode) |
6451 | 718 @end group |
719 @group | |
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720 ("\\.el\\'" . emacs-lisp-mode) |
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721 ("\\.c\\'" . c-mode) |
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722 ("\\.h\\'" . c-mode) |
6451 | 723 @dots{}) |
724 @end group | |
725 @end smallexample | |
726 | |
727 When you visit a file whose expanded file name (@pxref{File Name | |
728 Expansion}) matches a @var{regexp}, @code{set-auto-mode} calls the | |
729 corresponding @var{mode-function}. This feature enables Emacs to select | |
730 the proper major mode for most files. | |
731 | |
732 If an element of @code{auto-mode-alist} has the form @code{(@var{regexp} | |
733 @var{function} t)}, then after calling @var{function}, Emacs searches | |
734 @code{auto-mode-alist} again for a match against the portion of the file | |
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735 name that did not match before. This feature is useful for |
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736 uncompression packages: an entry of the form @code{("\\.gz\\'" |
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737 @var{function} t)} can uncompress the file and then put the uncompressed |
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738 file in the proper mode according to the name sans @samp{.gz}. |
6451 | 739 |
740 Here is an example of how to prepend several pattern pairs to | |
741 @code{auto-mode-alist}. (You might use this sort of expression in your | |
25875 | 742 init file.) |
6451 | 743 |
744 @smallexample | |
745 @group | |
746 (setq auto-mode-alist | |
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747 (append |
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748 ;; @r{File name (within directory) starts with a dot.} |
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749 '(("/\\.[^/]*\\'" . fundamental-mode) |
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750 ;; @r{File name has no dot.} |
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751 ("[^\\./]*\\'" . fundamental-mode) |
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752 ;; @r{File name ends in @samp{.C}.} |
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753 ("\\.C\\'" . c++-mode)) |
6451 | 754 auto-mode-alist)) |
755 @end group | |
756 @end smallexample | |
757 @end defvar | |
758 | |
759 @defvar interpreter-mode-alist | |
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760 This variable specifies major modes to use for scripts that specify a |
24934 | 761 command interpreter in a @samp{#!} line. Its value is a list of |
6451 | 762 elements of the form @code{(@var{interpreter} . @var{mode})}; for |
763 example, @code{("perl" . perl-mode)} is one element present by default. | |
764 The element says to use mode @var{mode} if the file specifies | |
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765 an interpreter which matches @var{interpreter}. The value of |
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766 @var{interpreter} is actually a regular expression. |
6451 | 767 |
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768 This variable is applicable only when the @code{auto-mode-alist} does |
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769 not indicate which major mode to use. |
6451 | 770 @end defvar |
771 | |
772 @node Mode Help | |
773 @subsection Getting Help about a Major Mode | |
774 @cindex mode help | |
775 @cindex help for major mode | |
776 @cindex documentation for major mode | |
777 | |
778 The @code{describe-mode} function is used to provide information | |
779 about major modes. It is normally called with @kbd{C-h m}. The | |
780 @code{describe-mode} function uses the value of @code{major-mode}, | |
781 which is why every major mode function needs to set the | |
782 @code{major-mode} variable. | |
783 | |
784 @deffn Command describe-mode | |
785 This function displays the documentation of the current major mode. | |
786 | |
787 The @code{describe-mode} function calls the @code{documentation} | |
788 function using the value of @code{major-mode} as an argument. Thus, it | |
789 displays the documentation string of the major mode function. | |
790 (@xref{Accessing Documentation}.) | |
791 @end deffn | |
792 | |
793 @defvar major-mode | |
794 This variable holds the symbol for the current buffer's major mode. | |
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795 This symbol should have a function definition that is the command to |
6451 | 796 switch to that major mode. The @code{describe-mode} function uses the |
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797 documentation string of the function as the documentation of the major |
6451 | 798 mode. |
799 @end defvar | |
800 | |
801 @node Derived Modes | |
802 @subsection Defining Derived Modes | |
61930 | 803 @cindex derived mode |
6451 | 804 |
805 It's often useful to define a new major mode in terms of an existing | |
806 one. An easy way to do this is to use @code{define-derived-mode}. | |
807 | |
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808 @defmac define-derived-mode variant parent name docstring body@dots{} |
6451 | 809 This construct defines @var{variant} as a major mode command, using |
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810 @var{name} as the string form of the mode name. |
6451 | 811 |
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812 The new command @var{variant} is defined to call the function |
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813 @var{parent}, then override certain aspects of that parent mode: |
6451 | 814 |
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815 @itemize @bullet |
6451 | 816 @item |
817 The new mode has its own keymap, named @code{@var{variant}-map}. | |
818 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this map to inherit from | |
819 @code{@var{parent}-map}, if it is not already set. | |
820 | |
821 @item | |
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822 The new mode has its own syntax table, kept in the variable |
6451 | 823 @code{@var{variant}-syntax-table}. |
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824 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this variable by copying |
6451 | 825 @code{@var{parent}-syntax-table}, if it is not already set. |
826 | |
827 @item | |
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828 The new mode has its own abbrev table, kept in the variable |
6451 | 829 @code{@var{variant}-abbrev-table}. |
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830 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this variable by copying |
6451 | 831 @code{@var{parent}-abbrev-table}, if it is not already set. |
832 | |
833 @item | |
834 The new mode has its own mode hook, @code{@var{variant}-hook}, | |
835 which it runs in standard fashion as the very last thing that it does. | |
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836 (The new mode also runs the mode hook of @var{parent} as part |
6451 | 837 of calling @var{parent}.) |
838 @end itemize | |
839 | |
840 In addition, you can specify how to override other aspects of | |
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841 @var{parent} with @var{body}. The command @var{variant} |
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842 evaluates the forms in @var{body} after setting up all its usual |
6451 | 843 overrides, just before running @code{@var{variant}-hook}. |
844 | |
845 The argument @var{docstring} specifies the documentation string for the | |
846 new mode. If you omit @var{docstring}, @code{define-derived-mode} | |
847 generates a documentation string. | |
848 | |
849 Here is a hypothetical example: | |
850 | |
851 @example | |
852 (define-derived-mode hypertext-mode | |
853 text-mode "Hypertext" | |
854 "Major mode for hypertext. | |
855 \\@{hypertext-mode-map@}" | |
856 (setq case-fold-search nil)) | |
857 | |
858 (define-key hypertext-mode-map | |
859 [down-mouse-3] 'do-hyper-link) | |
860 @end example | |
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861 |
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862 Do not write an @code{interactive} spec in the definition; |
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863 @code{define-derived-mode} does that automatically. |
6451 | 864 @end defmac |
865 | |
61930 | 866 @node Generic Modes |
867 @subsection Generic Modes | |
868 @cindex generic mode | |
869 | |
870 @dfn{Generic modes} are simple major modes with basic support for | |
871 comment syntax and Font Lock mode. They are primarily useful for | |
872 configuration files. To define a generic mode, use the macro | |
873 @code{define-generic-mode}. See the file @file{generic-x.el} for some | |
874 examples of the use of @code{define-generic-mode}. | |
875 | |
876 @defmac define-generic-mode mode comment-list keyword-list font-lock-list auto-mode-list function-list &optional docstring &rest custom-keyword-args | |
877 This macro creates a new generic mode. The argument @var{mode} (an | |
878 unquoted symbol) is the major mode command. The optional argument | |
879 @var{docstring} is the documentation for the mode command. If you do | |
880 not supply it, @code{define-generic-mode} uses a default documentation | |
881 string instead. | |
882 | |
883 @var{comment-list} is a list in which each element is either a | |
884 character, a string of one or two characters, or a cons cell. A | |
885 character or a string is set up in the mode's syntax table as a | |
886 ``comment starter.'' If the entry is a cons cell, the @sc{car} is set | |
887 up as a ``comment starter'' and the @sc{cdr} as a ``comment ender.'' | |
888 (Use @code{nil} for the latter if you want comments to end at the end | |
889 of the line.) Note that the syntax table has limitations about what | |
890 comment starters and enders are actually possible. @xref{Syntax | |
891 Tables}. | |
892 | |
893 @var{keyword-list} is a list of keywords to highlight with | |
894 @code{font-lock-keyword-face}. Each keyword should be a string. | |
895 @var{font-lock-list} is a list of additional expressions to highlight. | |
896 Each element of this list should have the same form as an element of | |
897 @code{font-lock-keywords}. @xref{Search-based Fontification}. | |
898 | |
899 @var{auto-mode-list} is a list of regular expressions to add to the | |
900 variable @code{auto-mode-alist}. These regular expressions are added | |
901 when Emacs runs the macro expansion. | |
902 | |
903 @var{function-list} is a list of functions to call to do some | |
904 additional setup. The mode command calls these functions just before | |
905 it runs the mode hook. | |
906 | |
907 The optional @var{custom-keyword-args} are pairs of keywords and | |
908 values to include in the generated @code{defcustom} form for the mode | |
909 hook variable @code{@var{mode}-hook}. The default value for the | |
910 @samp{:group} keyword is @var{mode} with the final @samp{-mode} (if | |
911 any) removed. Don't use this default group name unless you have | |
912 written a @code{defgroup} to define that group properly (@pxref{Group | |
913 Definitions}). You can specify keyword arguments without specifying a | |
914 docstring. | |
915 @end defmac | |
916 | |
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917 @node Mode Hooks |
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918 @subsection Mode Hooks |
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919 |
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920 The two last things a major mode function does is to run its mode |
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921 hook and finally the mode independent normal hook |
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922 @code{after-change-major-mode-hook}. If the major mode is a derived |
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923 mode, that is if it calls another major mode (the parent mode) in its |
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924 body, then the parent's mode hook is run just before the derived |
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925 mode's hook. Neither the parent's mode hook nor |
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926 @code{after-change-major-mode-hook} are run at the end of the actual |
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927 call to the parent mode. This applies recursively if the parent mode |
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928 has itself a parent. That is, the mode hooks of all major modes called |
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929 directly or indirectly by the major mode function are all run in |
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930 sequence at the end, just before @code{after-change-major-mode-hook}. |
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931 |
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932 If you are customizing a major mode, rather than defining one, the |
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933 above is all you need to know about the hooks run at the end of a |
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934 major mode. This also applies if you use @code{define-derived-mode} |
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935 to define a major mode, because that macro will automatically |
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936 implement the above for you. |
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937 |
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938 Programmers wishing to define a major mode without using |
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939 @code{define-derived-mode}, should make sure that their major mode |
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940 follows the above conventions. @xref{Major Mode Conventions}, for how |
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941 this should be accomplished. Below, we give some implementation |
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942 details. |
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943 |
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944 @defun run-mode-hooks &rest hookvars |
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945 Major modes should run their mode hook using this function. It is |
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946 similar to @code{run-hooks} (@pxref{Hooks}), but if run inside a |
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947 @code{delay-mode-hooks} form, this function does not run any hooks. |
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948 Instead, it arranges for @var{hookvars} to be run at a later call to |
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949 the function. Otherwise, @code{run-mode-hooks} runs any delayed hooks |
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950 in order, then @var{hookvars} and finally |
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951 @code{after-change-major-mode-hook}. |
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952 @end defun |
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953 |
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954 @defmac delay-mode-hooks body... |
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955 This macro executes @var{body} like @code{progn}, but all calls to |
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956 @code{run-mode-hooks} inside @var{body} delay running their hooks. |
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957 They will be run by the first call to @code{run-mode-hooks} after exit |
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958 from @code{delay-mode-hooks}. |
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959 @end defmac |
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960 |
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961 @defvar after-change-major-mode-hook |
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962 Every major mode function should run this normal hook at its very end. |
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963 It normally does not need to do so explicitly. Indeed, a major mode |
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964 function should normally run its mode hook with @code{run-mode-hooks} |
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965 as the very last thing it does and @code{run-mode-hooks} runs |
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966 @code{after-change-major-mode-hook} at its very end. |
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967 @end defvar |
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968 |
6451 | 969 @node Minor Modes |
970 @section Minor Modes | |
971 @cindex minor mode | |
972 | |
973 A @dfn{minor mode} provides features that users may enable or disable | |
974 independently of the choice of major mode. Minor modes can be enabled | |
975 individually or in combination. Minor modes would be better named | |
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976 ``generally available, optional feature modes,'' except that such a name |
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977 would be unwieldy. |
6451 | 978 |
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979 A minor mode is not usually meant as a variation of a single major mode. |
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980 Usually they are general and can apply to many major modes. For |
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981 example, Auto Fill mode works with any major mode that permits text |
6451 | 982 insertion. To be general, a minor mode must be effectively independent |
983 of the things major modes do. | |
984 | |
985 A minor mode is often much more difficult to implement than a major | |
986 mode. One reason is that you should be able to activate and deactivate | |
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987 minor modes in any order. A minor mode should be able to have its |
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988 desired effect regardless of the major mode and regardless of the other |
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989 minor modes in effect. |
6451 | 990 |
991 Often the biggest problem in implementing a minor mode is finding a | |
992 way to insert the necessary hook into the rest of Emacs. Minor mode | |
12098 | 993 keymaps make this easier than it used to be. |
6451 | 994 |
51917
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995 @defvar minor-mode-list |
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996 The value of this variable is a list of all minor mode commands. |
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997 @end defvar |
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998 |
6451 | 999 @menu |
1000 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
1001 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
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1002 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
6451 | 1003 @end menu |
1004 | |
1005 @node Minor Mode Conventions | |
1006 @subsection Conventions for Writing Minor Modes | |
1007 @cindex minor mode conventions | |
1008 @cindex conventions for writing minor modes | |
1009 | |
1010 There are conventions for writing minor modes just as there are for | |
1011 major modes. Several of the major mode conventions apply to minor | |
1012 modes as well: those regarding the name of the mode initialization | |
1013 function, the names of global symbols, and the use of keymaps and | |
1014 other tables. | |
1015 | |
1016 In addition, there are several conventions that are specific to | |
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1017 minor modes. (The easiest way to follow all the conventions is to use |
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1018 the macro @code{define-minor-mode}; @ref{Defining Minor Modes}.) |
6451 | 1019 |
1020 @itemize @bullet | |
1021 @item | |
1022 @cindex mode variable | |
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1023 Make a variable whose name ends in @samp{-mode} to control the minor |
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1024 mode. We call this the @dfn{mode variable}. The minor mode command |
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1025 should set this variable (@code{nil} to disable; anything else to |
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1026 enable). |
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1027 |
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1028 If possible, implement the mode so that setting the variable |
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1029 automatically enables or disables the mode. Then the minor mode command |
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1030 does not need to do anything except set the variable. |
6451 | 1031 |
1032 This variable is used in conjunction with the @code{minor-mode-alist} to | |
1033 display the minor mode name in the mode line. It can also enable | |
1034 or disable a minor mode keymap. Individual commands or hooks can also | |
1035 check the variable's value. | |
1036 | |
1037 If you want the minor mode to be enabled separately in each buffer, | |
1038 make the variable buffer-local. | |
1039 | |
1040 @item | |
1041 Define a command whose name is the same as the mode variable. | |
1042 Its job is to enable and disable the mode by setting the variable. | |
1043 | |
1044 The command should accept one optional argument. If the argument is | |
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1045 @code{nil}, it should toggle the mode (turn it on if it is off, and |
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1046 off if it is on). It should turn the mode on if the argument is a |
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1047 positive integer, the symbol @code{t}, or a list whose @sc{car} is one |
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1048 of those. It should turn the mode off if the argument is a negative |
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1049 integer or zero, the symbol @code{-}, or a list whose @sc{car} is a |
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1050 negative integer or zero. The meaning of other arguments is not |
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1051 specified. |
6451 | 1052 |
12098 | 1053 Here is an example taken from the definition of @code{transient-mark-mode}. |
1054 It shows the use of @code{transient-mark-mode} as a variable that enables or | |
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1055 disables the mode's behavior, and also shows the proper way to toggle, |
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1056 enable or disable the minor mode based on the raw prefix argument value. |
6451 | 1057 |
1058 @smallexample | |
1059 @group | |
12098 | 1060 (setq transient-mark-mode |
1061 (if (null arg) (not transient-mark-mode) | |
6451 | 1062 (> (prefix-numeric-value arg) 0))) |
1063 @end group | |
1064 @end smallexample | |
1065 | |
1066 @item | |
1067 Add an element to @code{minor-mode-alist} for each minor mode | |
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1068 (@pxref{Mode Line Variables}), if you want to indicate the minor mode in |
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1069 the mode line. This element should be a list of the following form: |
6451 | 1070 |
1071 @smallexample | |
1072 (@var{mode-variable} @var{string}) | |
1073 @end smallexample | |
1074 | |
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1075 Here @var{mode-variable} is the variable that controls enabling of the |
6451 | 1076 minor mode, and @var{string} is a short string, starting with a space, |
1077 to represent the mode in the mode line. These strings must be short so | |
1078 that there is room for several of them at once. | |
1079 | |
1080 When you add an element to @code{minor-mode-alist}, use @code{assq} to | |
1081 check for an existing element, to avoid duplication. For example: | |
1082 | |
1083 @smallexample | |
1084 @group | |
25875 | 1085 (unless (assq 'leif-mode minor-mode-alist) |
1086 (setq minor-mode-alist | |
1087 (cons '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist))) | |
1088 @end group | |
1089 @end smallexample | |
1090 | |
1091 @noindent | |
1092 or like this, using @code{add-to-list} (@pxref{Setting Variables}): | |
1093 | |
1094 @smallexample | |
1095 @group | |
1096 (add-to-list 'minor-mode-alist '(leif-mode " Leif")) | |
6451 | 1097 @end group |
1098 @end smallexample | |
1099 @end itemize | |
1100 | |
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1101 Global minor modes distributed with Emacs should if possible support |
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1102 enabling and disabling via Custom (@pxref{Customization}). To do this, |
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1103 the first step is to define the mode variable with @code{defcustom}, and |
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1104 specify @code{:type boolean}. |
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1105 |
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1106 If just setting the variable is not sufficient to enable the mode, you |
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1107 should also specify a @code{:set} method which enables the mode by |
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1108 invoking the mode command. Note in the variable's documentation string that |
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1109 setting the variable other than via Custom may not take effect. |
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1110 |
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1111 Also mark the definition with an autoload cookie (@pxref{Autoload}), |
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1112 and specify a @code{:require} so that customizing the variable will load |
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1113 the library that defines the mode. This will copy suitable definitions |
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1114 into @file{loaddefs.el} so that users can use @code{customize-option} to |
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1115 enable the mode. For example: |
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1116 |
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1117 @smallexample |
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1118 @group |
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1119 |
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1120 ;;;###autoload |
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1121 (defcustom msb-mode nil |
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1122 "Toggle msb-mode. |
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1123 Setting this variable directly does not take effect; |
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1124 use either \\[customize] or the function `msb-mode'." |
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1125 :set (lambda (symbol value) |
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1126 (msb-mode (or value 0))) |
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1127 :initialize 'custom-initialize-default |
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1128 :version "20.4" |
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1129 :type 'boolean |
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1130 :group 'msb |
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1131 :require 'msb) |
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1132 @end group |
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1133 @end smallexample |
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1134 |
6451 | 1135 @node Keymaps and Minor Modes |
1136 @subsection Keymaps and Minor Modes | |
1137 | |
12098 | 1138 Each minor mode can have its own keymap, which is active when the mode |
1139 is enabled. To set up a keymap for a minor mode, add an element to the | |
1140 alist @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
6451 | 1141 |
1142 @cindex @code{self-insert-command}, minor modes | |
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1143 One use of minor mode keymaps is to modify the behavior of certain |
6451 | 1144 self-inserting characters so that they do something else as well as |
1145 self-insert. In general, this is the only way to do that, since the | |
1146 facilities for customizing @code{self-insert-command} are limited to | |
1147 special cases (designed for abbrevs and Auto Fill mode). (Do not try | |
1148 substituting your own definition of @code{self-insert-command} for the | |
1149 standard one. The editor command loop handles this function specially.) | |
1150 | |
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1151 The key sequences bound in a minor mode should consist of @kbd{C-c} |
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1152 followed by a punctuation character @emph{other than} @kbd{@{}, |
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1153 @kbd{@}}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:}, and @kbd{;}. (Those few punctuation |
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1154 characters are reserved for major modes.) |
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1155 |
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1156 @node Defining Minor Modes |
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1157 @subsection Defining Minor Modes |
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1158 |
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1159 The macro @code{define-minor-mode} offers a convenient way of |
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1160 implementing a mode in one self-contained definition. |
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1161 |
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1162 @defmac define-minor-mode mode doc [init-value [lighter [keymap]]] keyword-args... body... |
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1163 @tindex define-minor-mode |
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1164 This macro defines a new minor mode whose name is @var{mode} (a |
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1165 symbol). It defines a command named @var{mode} to toggle the minor |
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1166 mode, with @var{doc} as its documentation string. It also defines a |
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1167 variable named @var{mode}, which is set to @code{t} or @code{nil} by |
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1168 enabling or disabling the mode. The variable is initialized to |
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1169 @var{init-value}. |
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1170 |
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1171 The string @var{lighter} says what to display in the mode line |
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1172 when the mode is enabled; if it is @code{nil}, the mode is not displayed |
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1173 in the mode line. |
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1174 |
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1175 The optional argument @var{keymap} specifies the keymap for the minor mode. |
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1176 It can be a variable name, whose value is the keymap, or it can be an alist |
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1177 specifying bindings in this form: |
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1178 |
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1179 @example |
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1180 (@var{key-sequence} . @var{definition}) |
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1181 @end example |
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1182 |
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1183 The above three arguments @var{init-value}, @var{lighter}, and |
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1184 @var{keymap} can be (partially) omitted when @var{keyword-args} are |
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1185 used. The @var{keyword-args} consist of keywords followed by |
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1186 corresponding values. A few keywords have special meanings: |
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1187 |
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1188 @table @code |
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1189 @item :group @var{group} |
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1190 Custom group name to use in all generated @code{defcustom} forms. |
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1191 Defaults to @var{mode} without the possible trailing @samp{-mode}. |
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1192 @strong{Warning:} don't use this default group name unless you have |
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1193 written a @code{defgroup} to define that group properly. @xref{Group |
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1194 Definitions}. |
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1195 |
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1196 @item :global @var{global} |
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1197 If non-@code{nil} specifies that the minor mode should be global. |
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1198 By default, minor modes are buffer-local. |
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1199 |
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1200 @item :init-value @var{init-value} |
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1201 This is equivalent to specifying @var{init-value} positionally. |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1202 |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1203 @item :lighter @var{lighter} |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1204 This is equivalent to specifying @var{lighter} positionally. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1205 |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1206 @item :keymap @var{keymap} |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1207 This is equivalent to specifying @var{keymap} positionally. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1208 @end table |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1209 |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1210 Any other keyword arguments are passed passed directly to the |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1211 @code{defcustom} generated for the variable @var{mode}. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1212 |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1213 The command named @var{mode} finishes by executing the @var{body} forms, |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1214 if any, after it has performed the standard actions such as setting |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1215 the variable named @var{mode}. |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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|
1216 @end defmac |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1217 |
51917
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(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1218 @findex easy-mmode-define-minor-mode |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1219 The name @code{easy-mmode-define-minor-mode} is an alias |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1220 for this macro. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1221 |
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26211
diff
changeset
|
1222 Here is an example of using @code{define-minor-mode}: |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1223 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1224 @smallexample |
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26211
diff
changeset
|
1225 (define-minor-mode hungry-mode |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
1226 "Toggle Hungry mode. |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
48700
diff
changeset
|
1227 With no argument, this command toggles the mode. |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
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changeset
|
1228 Non-null prefix argument turns on the mode. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1229 Null prefix argument turns off the mode. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1230 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1231 When Hungry mode is enabled, the control delete key |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1232 gobbles all preceding whitespace except the last. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1233 See the command \\[hungry-electric-delete]." |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1234 ;; The initial value. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1235 nil |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1236 ;; The indicator for the mode line. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1237 " Hungry" |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1238 ;; The minor mode bindings. |
59942
1f6a9cf44999
(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59516
diff
changeset
|
1239 '(("\C-\^?" . hungry-electric-delete)) |
51917
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1240 :group 'hunger) |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1241 @end smallexample |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1242 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1243 @noindent |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1244 This defines a minor mode named ``Hungry mode'', a command named |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1245 @code{hungry-mode} to toggle it, a variable named @code{hungry-mode} |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1246 which indicates whether the mode is enabled, and a variable named |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
1247 @code{hungry-mode-map} which holds the keymap that is active when the |
59942
1f6a9cf44999
(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59516
diff
changeset
|
1248 mode is enabled. It initializes the keymap with a key binding for |
1f6a9cf44999
(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59516
diff
changeset
|
1249 @kbd{C-@key{DEL}}. It puts the variable @code{hungry-mode} into |
1f6a9cf44999
(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59516
diff
changeset
|
1250 custom group @code{hunger}. There are no @var{body} forms---many |
1f6a9cf44999
(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59516
diff
changeset
|
1251 minor modes don't need any. |
51917
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1252 |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1253 Here's an equivalent way to write it: |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1254 |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1255 @smallexample |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1256 (define-minor-mode hungry-mode |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1257 "Toggle Hungry mode. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1258 With no argument, this command toggles the mode. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1259 Non-null prefix argument turns on the mode. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1260 Null prefix argument turns off the mode. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1261 |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1262 When Hungry mode is enabled, the control delete key |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1263 gobbles all preceding whitespace except the last. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1264 See the command \\[hungry-electric-delete]." |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1265 ;; The initial value. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1266 :initial-value nil |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1267 ;; The indicator for the mode line. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1268 :lighter " Hungry" |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1269 ;; The minor mode bindings. |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1270 :keymap |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1271 '(("\C-\^?" . hungry-electric-delete) |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1272 ("\C-\M-\^?" |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1273 . (lambda () |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1274 (interactive) |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1275 (hungry-electric-delete t)))) |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1276 :group 'hunger) |
3039afbb0746
(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
diff
changeset
|
1277 @end smallexample |
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26211
diff
changeset
|
1278 |
6451 | 1279 @node Mode Line Format |
52628
74d358d76ea8
(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52463
diff
changeset
|
1280 @section Mode-Line Format |
6451 | 1281 @cindex mode line |
1282 | |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1283 Each Emacs window (aside from minibuffer windows) typically has a mode |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1284 line at the bottom, which displays status information about the buffer |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1285 displayed in the window. The mode line contains information about the |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1286 buffer, such as its name, associated file, depth of recursive editing, |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1287 and major and minor modes. A window can also have a @dfn{header |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1288 line}, which is much like the mode line but appears at the top of the |
60450
abf7b131c9ab
(Mode Line Format): Get rid of "Emacs 21".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60230
diff
changeset
|
1289 window. |
6451 | 1290 |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1291 This section describes how to control the contents of the mode line |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1292 and header line. We include it in this chapter because much of the |
6451 | 1293 information displayed in the mode line relates to the enabled major and |
1294 minor modes. | |
1295 | |
1296 @code{mode-line-format} is a buffer-local variable that holds a | |
1297 template used to display the mode line of the current buffer. All | |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1298 windows for the same buffer use the same @code{mode-line-format}, so |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1299 their mode lines appear the same---except for scrolling percentages, and |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1300 line and column numbers, since those depend on point and on how the |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1301 window is scrolled. @code{header-line-format} is used likewise for |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1302 header lines. |
6451 | 1303 |
42296
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1304 For efficiency, Emacs does not recompute the mode line and header |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1305 line of a window in every redisplay. It does so when circumstances |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1306 appear to call for it---for instance, if you change the window |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1307 configuration, switch buffers, narrow or widen the buffer, scroll, or |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1308 change the buffer's modification status. If you modify any of the |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1309 variables referenced by @code{mode-line-format} (@pxref{Mode Line |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1310 Variables}), or any other variables and data structures that affect |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1311 how text is displayed (@pxref{Display}), you may want to force an |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1312 update of the mode line so as to display the new information or |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1313 display it in the new way. |
6451 | 1314 |
1315 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
52859
bc7fbf233421
(Mode Line Format): Mention force-mode-line-update's argument.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52841
diff
changeset
|
1316 @defun force-mode-line-update &optional all |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
24934
diff
changeset
|
1317 Force redisplay of the current buffer's mode line and header line. |
42296
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Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1318 The next redisplay will update the mode line and header line based on |
52859
bc7fbf233421
(Mode Line Format): Mention force-mode-line-update's argument.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52841
diff
changeset
|
1319 the latest values of all relevant variables. With optional |
bc7fbf233421
(Mode Line Format): Mention force-mode-line-update's argument.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52841
diff
changeset
|
1320 non-@code{nil} @var{all}, force redisplay of all mode lines and header |
bc7fbf233421
(Mode Line Format): Mention force-mode-line-update's argument.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52841
diff
changeset
|
1321 lines. |
42296
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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41938
diff
changeset
|
1322 |
7b9a0bcca3c2
Explain mode line redisplay better.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41938
diff
changeset
|
1323 This function also forces recomputation of the menu bar menus |
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1324 and the frame title. |
6451 | 1325 @end defun |
1326 | |
59942
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1327 The selected window's mode line is usually displayed in a different |
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1328 color using the face @code{mode-line}. Other windows' mode lines |
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1329 appear in the face @code{mode-line-inactive} instead. @xref{Faces}. |
6451 | 1330 |
42866
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1331 A window that is just one line tall does not display either a mode |
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1332 line or a header line, even if the variables call for one. A window |
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1333 that is two lines tall cannot display both a mode line and a header |
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1334 line at once; if the variables call for both, only the mode line |
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1335 actually appears. |
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|
1336 |
6451 | 1337 @menu |
1338 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. | |
1339 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
1340 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
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1341 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
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1342 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. |
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1343 * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would. |
6451 | 1344 @end menu |
1345 | |
1346 @node Mode Line Data | |
1347 @subsection The Data Structure of the Mode Line | |
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1348 @cindex mode-line construct |
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1349 |
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1350 The mode-line contents are controlled by a data structure of lists, |
25875 | 1351 strings, symbols, and numbers kept in buffer-local variables. The data |
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1352 structure is called a @dfn{mode-line construct}, and it is built in |
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1353 recursive fashion out of simpler mode-line constructs. The same data |
25875 | 1354 structure is used for constructing frame titles (@pxref{Frame Titles}) |
1355 and header lines (@pxref{Header Lines}). | |
6451 | 1356 |
1357 @defvar mode-line-format | |
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1358 The value of this variable is a mode-line construct with overall |
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|
1359 responsibility for the mode-line format. The value of this variable |
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1360 controls which other variables are used to form the mode-line text, and |
6451 | 1361 where they appear. |
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1362 |
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1363 If you set this variable to @code{nil} in a buffer, that buffer does not |
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1364 have a mode line. |
6451 | 1365 @end defvar |
1366 | |
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1367 A mode-line construct may be as simple as a fixed string of text, but |
6451 | 1368 it usually specifies how to use other variables to construct the text. |
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1369 Many of these variables are themselves defined to have mode-line |
6451 | 1370 constructs as their values. |
1371 | |
1372 The default value of @code{mode-line-format} incorporates the values | |
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1373 of variables such as @code{mode-line-position} and |
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1374 @code{mode-line-modes} (which in turn incorporates the values of the |
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1375 variables @code{mode-name} and @code{minor-mode-alist}). Because of |
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|
1376 this, very few modes need to alter @code{mode-line-format} itself. For |
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1377 most purposes, it is sufficient to alter some of the variables that |
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|
1378 @code{mode-line-format} either directly or indirectly refers to. |
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1379 |
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|
1380 A mode-line construct may be a list, a symbol, or a string. If the |
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1381 value is a list, each element may be a list, a symbol, or a string. |
6451 | 1382 |
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1383 The mode line can display various faces, if the strings that control |
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1384 it have the @code{face} property. @xref{Properties in Mode}. In |
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1385 addition, the face @code{mode-line} is used as a default for the whole |
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1386 mode line (@pxref{Standard Faces}). |
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1387 |
6451 | 1388 @table @code |
1389 @cindex percent symbol in mode line | |
1390 @item @var{string} | |
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1391 A string as a mode-line construct is displayed verbatim in the mode line |
12098 | 1392 except for @dfn{@code{%}-constructs}. Decimal digits after the @samp{%} |
6451 | 1393 specify the field width for space filling on the right (i.e., the data |
1394 is left justified). @xref{%-Constructs}. | |
1395 | |
1396 @item @var{symbol} | |
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1397 A symbol as a mode-line construct stands for its value. The value of |
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1398 @var{symbol} is used as a mode-line construct, in place of @var{symbol}. |
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1399 However, the symbols @code{t} and @code{nil} are ignored, as is any |
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1400 symbol whose value is void. |
6451 | 1401 |
1402 There is one exception: if the value of @var{symbol} is a string, it is | |
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1403 displayed verbatim: the @code{%}-constructs are not recognized. |
6451 | 1404 |
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1405 Unless @var{symbol} is marked as ``risky'' (i.e., it has a |
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1406 non-@code{nil} @code{risky-local-variable} property), all properties in |
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1407 any strings, as well as all @code{:eval} and @code{:propertize} forms in |
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1408 the value of that symbol will be ignored. |
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1409 |
6451 | 1410 @item (@var{string} @var{rest}@dots{}) @r{or} (@var{list} @var{rest}@dots{}) |
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1411 A list whose first element is a string or list means to process all the |
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1412 elements recursively and concatenate the results. This is the most |
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1413 common form of mode-line construct. |
6451 | 1414 |
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1415 @item (:eval @var{form}) |
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1416 A list whose first element is the symbol @code{:eval} says to evaluate |
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1417 @var{form}, and use the result as a string to display. |
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1418 |
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1419 @item (:propertize @var{elt} @var{props}@dots{}) |
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1420 A list whose first element is the symbol @code{:propertize} says to |
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1421 process the mode-line construct @var{elt} recursively and add the text |
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1422 properties specified by @var{props} to the result. The argument |
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|
1423 @var{props} should consist of zero or more pairs @var{text-property} |
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1424 @var{value}. (This feature is new as of Emacs 22.1.) |
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1425 |
6451 | 1426 @item (@var{symbol} @var{then} @var{else}) |
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1427 A list whose first element is a symbol that is not a keyword specifies a |
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1428 conditional. Its meaning depends on the value of @var{symbol}. If the |
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1429 value is non-@code{nil}, the second element, @var{then}, is processed |
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1430 recursively as a mode-line element. But if the value of @var{symbol} is |
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1431 @code{nil}, the third element, @var{else}, is processed recursively. |
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1432 You may omit @var{else}; then the mode-line element displays nothing if |
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1433 the value of @var{symbol} is @code{nil}. |
6451 | 1434 |
1435 @item (@var{width} @var{rest}@dots{}) | |
1436 A list whose first element is an integer specifies truncation or | |
1437 padding of the results of @var{rest}. The remaining elements | |
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1438 @var{rest} are processed recursively as mode-line constructs and |
6451 | 1439 concatenated together. Then the result is space filled (if |
1440 @var{width} is positive) or truncated (to @minus{}@var{width} columns, | |
1441 if @var{width} is negative) on the right. | |
1442 | |
1443 For example, the usual way to show what percentage of a buffer is above | |
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1444 the top of the window is to use a list like this: @code{(-3 "%p")}. |
6451 | 1445 @end table |
1446 | |
1447 If you do alter @code{mode-line-format} itself, the new value should | |
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1448 use the same variables that appear in the default value (@pxref{Mode |
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1449 Line Variables}), rather than duplicating their contents or displaying |
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1450 the information in another fashion. This way, customizations made by |
12098 | 1451 the user or by Lisp programs (such as @code{display-time} and major |
1452 modes) via changes to those variables remain effective. | |
6451 | 1453 |
1454 @cindex Shell mode @code{mode-line-format} | |
1455 Here is an example of a @code{mode-line-format} that might be | |
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1456 useful for @code{shell-mode}, since it contains the host name and default |
6451 | 1457 directory. |
1458 | |
1459 @example | |
1460 @group | |
1461 (setq mode-line-format | |
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1462 (list "-" |
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1463 'mode-line-mule-info |
6451 | 1464 'mode-line-modified |
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1465 'mode-line-frame-identification |
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1466 "%b--" |
6451 | 1467 @end group |
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1468 @group |
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1469 ;; @r{Note that this is evaluated while making the list.} |
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1470 ;; @r{It makes a mode-line construct which is just a string.} |
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1471 (getenv "HOST") |
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1472 @end group |
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1473 ":" |
6451 | 1474 'default-directory |
1475 " " | |
1476 'global-mode-string | |
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1477 " %[(" |
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1478 '(:eval (mode-line-mode-name)) |
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1479 'mode-line-process |
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1480 'minor-mode-alist |
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1481 "%n" |
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1482 ")%]--" |
6451 | 1483 @group |
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1484 '(which-func-mode ("" which-func-format "--")) |
12098 | 1485 '(line-number-mode "L%l--") |
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1486 '(column-number-mode "C%c--") |
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1487 '(-3 "%p") |
6451 | 1488 "-%-")) |
1489 @end group | |
1490 @end example | |
1491 | |
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1492 @noindent |
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1493 (The variables @code{line-number-mode}, @code{column-number-mode} |
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1494 and @code{which-func-mode} enable particular minor modes; as usual, |
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1495 these variable names are also the minor mode command names.) |
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1496 |
6451 | 1497 @node Mode Line Variables |
1498 @subsection Variables Used in the Mode Line | |
1499 | |
1500 This section describes variables incorporated by the | |
1501 standard value of @code{mode-line-format} into the text of the mode | |
1502 line. There is nothing inherently special about these variables; any | |
1503 other variables could have the same effects on the mode line if | |
1504 @code{mode-line-format} were changed to use them. | |
1505 | |
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1506 @defvar mode-line-mule-info |
21682
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1507 This variable holds the value of the mode-line construct that displays |
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|
1508 information about the language environment, buffer coding system, and |
22138
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1509 current input method. @xref{Non-ASCII Characters}. |
21682
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1510 @end defvar |
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1511 |
6451 | 1512 @defvar mode-line-modified |
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1513 This variable holds the value of the mode-line construct that displays |
6451 | 1514 whether the current buffer is modified. |
1515 | |
21682
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1516 The default value of @code{mode-line-modified} is @code{("%1*%1+")}. |
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1517 This means that the mode line displays @samp{**} if the buffer is |
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1518 modified, @samp{--} if the buffer is not modified, @samp{%%} if the |
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1519 buffer is read only, and @samp{%*} if the buffer is read only and |
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1520 modified. |
6451 | 1521 |
1522 Changing this variable does not force an update of the mode line. | |
1523 @end defvar | |
1524 | |
22138
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1525 @defvar mode-line-frame-identification |
21682
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|
1526 This variable identifies the current frame. The default value is |
52628
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1527 @code{" "} if you are using a window system which can show multiple |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1528 frames, or @code{"-%F "} on an ordinary terminal which shows only one |
21682
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1529 frame at a time. |
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1530 @end defvar |
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1531 |
6451 | 1532 @defvar mode-line-buffer-identification |
7253
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|
1533 This variable identifies the buffer being displayed in the window. Its |
22267
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|
1534 default value is @code{("%12b")}, which displays the buffer name, padded |
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1535 with spaces to at least 12 columns. |
6451 | 1536 @end defvar |
1537 | |
52628
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|
1538 @defvar mode-line-position |
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|
1539 This variable indicates the position in the buffer. Here is a |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1540 simplified version of its default value. The actual default value |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1541 also specifies addition of the @code{help-echo} text property. |
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|
1542 |
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|
1543 @example |
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|
1544 @group |
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(Mode Line Data): Explain when symbols in mode-line
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|
1545 ((-3 "%p") |
52628
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1546 (size-indication-mode (8 " of %I")) |
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|
1547 @end group |
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|
1548 @group |
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|
1549 (line-number-mode |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1550 ((column-number-mode |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1551 (10 " (%l,%c)") |
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|
1552 (6 " L%l"))) |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1553 ((column-number-mode |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1554 (5 " C%c"))))) |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1555 @end group |
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|
1556 @end example |
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|
1557 |
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|
1558 This means that @code{mode-line-position} displays at least the buffer |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1559 percentage and possibly the buffer size, the line number and the column |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1560 number. |
6451 | 1561 @end defvar |
1562 | |
52628
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1563 @defvar vc-mode |
74d358d76ea8
(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1564 The variable @code{vc-mode}, buffer-local in each buffer, records |
74d358d76ea8
(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
1565 whether the buffer's visited file is maintained with version control, |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1566 and, if so, which kind. Its value is a string that appears in the mode |
74d358d76ea8
(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1567 line, or @code{nil} for no version control. |
74d358d76ea8
(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1568 @end defvar |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1569 |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1570 @defvar mode-line-modes |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1571 This variable displays the buffer's major and minor modes. Here is a |
74d358d76ea8
(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1572 simplified version of its default value. The real default value also |
74d358d76ea8
(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1573 specifies addition of text properties. |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1574 |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1575 @example |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1576 @group |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1577 ("%[(" mode-name |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1578 mode-line-process minor-mode-alist |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1579 "%n" ")%]--") |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1580 @end group |
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|
1581 @end example |
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|
1582 |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1583 So @code{mode-line-modes} normally also displays the recursive editing |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1584 level, information on the process status and whether narrowing is in |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1585 effect. |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1586 @end defvar |
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|
1587 |
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|
1588 The following three variables are used in @code{mode-line-modes}: |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1589 |
6451 | 1590 @defvar mode-name |
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|
1591 This buffer-local variable holds the ``pretty'' name of the current |
6451 | 1592 buffer's major mode. Each major mode should set this variable so that the |
1593 mode name will appear in the mode line. | |
1594 @end defvar | |
1595 | |
52628
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|
1596 @defvar mode-line-process |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1597 This buffer-local variable contains the mode-line information on process |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1598 status in modes used for communicating with subprocesses. It is |
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|
1599 displayed immediately following the major mode name, with no intervening |
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1600 space. For example, its value in the @samp{*shell*} buffer is |
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|
1601 @code{(":%s")}, which allows the shell to display its status along |
74d358d76ea8
(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
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|
1602 with the major mode as: @samp{(Shell:run)}. Normally this variable |
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|
1603 is @code{nil}. |
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|
1604 @end defvar |
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|
1605 |
6451 | 1606 @defvar minor-mode-alist |
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1607 This variable holds an association list whose elements specify how the |
6451 | 1608 mode line should indicate that a minor mode is active. Each element of |
1609 the @code{minor-mode-alist} should be a two-element list: | |
1610 | |
1611 @example | |
1612 (@var{minor-mode-variable} @var{mode-line-string}) | |
1613 @end example | |
1614 | |
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1615 More generally, @var{mode-line-string} can be any mode-line spec. It |
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1616 appears in the mode line when the value of @var{minor-mode-variable} |
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|
1617 is non-@code{nil}, and not otherwise. These strings should begin with |
6451 | 1618 spaces so that they don't run together. Conventionally, the |
52628
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|
1619 @var{minor-mode-variable} for a specific mode is set to a |
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|
1620 non-@code{nil} value when that minor mode is activated. |
6451 | 1621 |
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1622 @code{minor-mode-alist} itself is not buffer-local. Each variable |
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1623 mentioned in the alist should be buffer-local if its minor mode can be |
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1624 enabled separately in each buffer. |
6451 | 1625 @end defvar |
1626 | |
52628
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|
1627 @defvar global-mode-string |
55508
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|
1628 This variable holds a mode-line spec that, by default, appears in the |
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|
1629 mode line just after the @code{which-func-mode} minor mode if set, |
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|
1630 else after @code{mode-line-modes}. The command @code{display-time} |
52628
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|
1631 sets @code{global-mode-string} to refer to the variable |
55508
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|
1632 @code{display-time-string}, which holds a string containing the time |
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|
1633 and load information. |
52628
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|
1634 |
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|
1635 The @samp{%M} construct substitutes the value of |
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|
1636 @code{global-mode-string}, but that is obsolete, since the variable is |
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|
1637 included in the mode line from @code{mode-line-format}. |
25875 | 1638 @end defvar |
1639 | |
1640 The variable @code{default-mode-line-format} is where | |
1641 @code{mode-line-format} usually gets its value: | |
1642 | |
6451 | 1643 @defvar default-mode-line-format |
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1644 This variable holds the default @code{mode-line-format} for buffers |
6451 | 1645 that do not override it. This is the same as @code{(default-value |
1646 'mode-line-format)}. | |
1647 | |
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1648 Here is a simplified version of the default value of |
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1649 @code{default-mode-line-format}. The real default value also |
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1650 specifies addition of text properties. |
6451 | 1651 |
1652 @example | |
1653 @group | |
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1654 ("-" |
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1655 mode-line-mule-info |
6451 | 1656 mode-line-modified |
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1657 mode-line-frame-identification |
6451 | 1658 mode-line-buffer-identification |
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1659 @end group |
6451 | 1660 " " |
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1661 mode-line-position |
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1662 (vc-mode vc-mode) |
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1663 " " |
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1664 @group |
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1665 mode-line-modes |
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1666 (which-func-mode ("" which-func-format "--")) |
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1667 (global-mode-string ("--" global-mode-string)) |
6451 | 1668 "-%-") |
1669 @end group | |
1670 @end example | |
1671 @end defvar | |
1672 | |
1673 @node %-Constructs | |
1674 @subsection @code{%}-Constructs in the Mode Line | |
1675 | |
1676 The following table lists the recognized @code{%}-constructs and what | |
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1677 they mean. In any construct except @samp{%%}, you can add a decimal |
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1678 integer after the @samp{%} to specify how many characters to display. |
6451 | 1679 |
1680 @table @code | |
1681 @item %b | |
1682 The current buffer name, obtained with the @code{buffer-name} function. | |
1683 @xref{Buffer Names}. | |
1684 | |
25875 | 1685 @item %c |
1686 The current column number of point. | |
1687 | |
6451 | 1688 @item %f |
1689 The visited file name, obtained with the @code{buffer-file-name} | |
1690 function. @xref{Buffer File Name}. | |
1691 | |
12067 | 1692 @item %F |
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1693 The title (only on a window system) or the name of the selected frame. |
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1694 @xref{Window Frame Parameters}. |
12067 | 1695 |
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1696 @item %i |
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1697 The size of the accessible part of the current buffer; basically |
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1698 @code{(- (point-max) (point-min))}. |
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1699 |
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1700 @item %I |
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1701 Like @samp{%i}, but the size is printed in a more readable way by using |
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1702 @samp{k} for 10^3, @samp{M} for 10^6, @samp{G} for 10^9, etc., to |
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1703 abbreviate. |
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1704 |
12067 | 1705 @item %l |
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1706 The current line number of point, counting within the accessible portion |
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1707 of the buffer. |
12067 | 1708 |
25875 | 1709 @item %n |
1710 @samp{Narrow} when narrowing is in effect; nothing otherwise (see | |
1711 @code{narrow-to-region} in @ref{Narrowing}). | |
1712 | |
1713 @item %p | |
1714 The percentage of the buffer text above the @strong{top} of window, or | |
1715 @samp{Top}, @samp{Bottom} or @samp{All}. Note that the default | |
1716 mode-line specification truncates this to three characters. | |
1717 | |
1718 @item %P | |
1719 The percentage of the buffer text that is above the @strong{bottom} of | |
1720 the window (which includes the text visible in the window, as well as | |
1721 the text above the top), plus @samp{Top} if the top of the buffer is | |
1722 visible on screen; or @samp{Bottom} or @samp{All}. | |
1723 | |
1724 @item %s | |
1725 The status of the subprocess belonging to the current buffer, obtained with | |
1726 @code{process-status}. @xref{Process Information}. | |
1727 | |
1728 @item %t | |
1729 Whether the visited file is a text file or a binary file. This is a | |
1730 meaningful distinction only on certain operating systems (@pxref{MS-DOS | |
1731 File Types}). | |
1732 | |
6451 | 1733 @item %* |
1734 @samp{%} if the buffer is read only (see @code{buffer-read-only}); @* | |
1735 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified (see @code{buffer-modified-p}); @* | |
1736 @samp{-} otherwise. @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
1737 | |
1738 @item %+ | |
12067 | 1739 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified (see @code{buffer-modified-p}); @* |
1740 @samp{%} if the buffer is read only (see @code{buffer-read-only}); @* | |
1741 @samp{-} otherwise. This differs from @samp{%*} only for a modified | |
1742 read-only buffer. @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
1743 | |
1744 @item %& | |
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1745 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified, and @samp{-} otherwise. |
6451 | 1746 |
1747 @item %[ | |
1748 An indication of the depth of recursive editing levels (not counting | |
1749 minibuffer levels): one @samp{[} for each editing level. | |
1750 @xref{Recursive Editing}. | |
1751 | |
1752 @item %] | |
1753 One @samp{]} for each recursive editing level (not counting minibuffer | |
1754 levels). | |
1755 | |
25875 | 1756 @item %- |
1757 Dashes sufficient to fill the remainder of the mode line. | |
1758 | |
6451 | 1759 @item %% |
1760 The character @samp{%}---this is how to include a literal @samp{%} in a | |
1761 string in which @code{%}-constructs are allowed. | |
1762 @end table | |
1763 | |
1764 The following two @code{%}-constructs are still supported, but they are | |
1765 obsolete, since you can get the same results with the variables | |
1766 @code{mode-name} and @code{global-mode-string}. | |
1767 | |
1768 @table @code | |
1769 @item %m | |
1770 The value of @code{mode-name}. | |
1771 | |
1772 @item %M | |
1773 The value of @code{global-mode-string}. Currently, only | |
1774 @code{display-time} modifies the value of @code{global-mode-string}. | |
1775 @end table | |
1776 | |
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1777 @node Properties in Mode |
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1778 @subsection Properties in the Mode Line |
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1779 @cindex text properties in the mode line |
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1780 |
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1781 Certain text properties are meaningful in the |
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1782 mode line. The @code{face} property affects the appearance of text; the |
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1783 @code{help-echo} property associate help strings with the text, and |
29102 | 1784 @code{local-map} can make the text mouse-sensitive. |
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1785 |
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1786 There are four ways to specify text properties for text in the mode |
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1787 line: |
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1788 |
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1789 @enumerate |
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1790 @item |
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1791 Put a string with a text property directly into the mode-line data |
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1792 structure. |
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1793 |
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1794 @item |
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1795 Put a text property on a mode-line %-construct such as @samp{%12b}; then |
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1796 the expansion of the %-construct will have that same text property. |
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1797 |
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1798 @item |
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1799 Use a @code{(:propertize @var{elt} @var{props}@dots{})} construct to |
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1800 give @var{elt} a text property specified by @var{props}. |
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1801 |
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1802 @item |
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1803 Use a list containing @code{:eval @var{form}} in the mode-line data |
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1804 structure, and make @var{form} evaluate to a string that has a text |
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1805 property. |
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1806 @end enumerate |
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1807 |
29102 | 1808 You use the @code{local-map} property to specify a keymap. Like any |
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1809 keymap, it can bind character keys and function keys; but that has no |
25875 | 1810 effect, since it is impossible to move point into the mode line. This |
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1811 keymap can only take real effect for mouse clicks. |
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1812 |
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1813 When the mode line refers to a variable which does not have a |
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1814 non-@code{nil} @code{risky-local-variable} property, any text |
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1815 properties given or specified within that variable's values are |
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1816 ignored. This is because such properties could otherwise specify |
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1817 functions to be called, and those functions could come from file |
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1818 local variables. |
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1819 |
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1820 @node Header Lines |
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1821 @subsection Window Header Lines |
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1822 @cindex header line (of a window) |
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1823 @cindex window header line |
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1824 |
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1825 A window can have a @dfn{header line} at the |
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1826 top, just as it can have a mode line at the bottom. The header line |
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1827 feature works just like the mode-line feature, except that it's |
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1828 controlled by different variables. |
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1829 |
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1830 @tindex header-line-format |
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1831 @defvar header-line-format |
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1832 This variable, local in every buffer, specifies how to display the |
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1833 header line, for windows displaying the buffer. The format of the value |
26783 | 1834 is the same as for @code{mode-line-format} (@pxref{Mode Line Data}). |
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1835 @end defvar |
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1836 |
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1837 @tindex default-header-line-format |
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1838 @defvar default-header-line-format |
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1839 This variable holds the default @code{header-line-format} for buffers |
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1840 that do not override it. This is the same as @code{(default-value |
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1841 'header-line-format)}. |
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1842 |
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1843 It is normally @code{nil}, so that ordinary buffers have no header line. |
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1844 @end defvar |
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1845 |
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1846 @node Emulating Mode Line |
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1847 @subsection Emulating Mode-Line Formatting |
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1848 |
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(Emulating Mode Line): New node.
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1849 You can use the function @code{format-mode-line} to compute |
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|
1850 the text that would appear in a mode line or header line |
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1851 based on certain mode-line specification. |
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1852 |
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1853 @defun format-mode-line format &optional face window buffer |
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diff
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|
1854 This function formats a line of text according to @var{format} as if |
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|
1855 it were generating the mode line for @var{window}, but instead of |
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|
1856 displaying the text in the mode line or the header line, it returns |
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|
1857 the text as a string. The argument @var{window} defaults to the |
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|
1858 selected window. If @var{buffer} is non-@code{nil}, all the |
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(Emulating Mode Line): format-mode-line requires 1 arg.
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|
1859 information used is taken from @var{buffer}; by default, it comes from |
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|
1860 @var{window}'s buffer. |
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1861 |
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1862 The value string normally has text properties that correspond to the |
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(Emulating Mode Line): Doc FACE arg in format-header-line.
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|
1863 faces, keymaps, etc., that the mode line would have. And any character |
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|
1864 for which no @code{face} property is specified gets a default |
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(Emulating Mode Line): Doc FACE arg in format-header-line.
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|
1865 value which is usually @var{face}. (If @var{face} is @code{t}, |
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|
1866 that stands for either @code{mode-line} if @var{window} is selected, |
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|
1867 otherwise @code{mode-line-inactive}.) |
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|
1868 |
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|
1869 However, if @var{face} is an integer, the value has no text properties. |
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|
1870 |
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|
1871 For example, @code{(format-mode-line header-line-format)} returns the |
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|
1872 text that would appear in the selected window's header line (@code{""} |
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|
1873 if it has no header line). @code{(format-mode-line header-line-format |
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|
1874 'header-line)} returns the same text, with each character |
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|
1875 carrying the face that it will have in the header line itself. |
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1876 @end defun |
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1877 |
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1878 @node Imenu |
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1879 @section Imenu |
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1880 |
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1881 @cindex Imenu |
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1882 @dfn{Imenu} is a feature that lets users select a definition or |
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1883 section in the buffer, from a menu which lists all of them, to go |
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|
1884 directly to that location in the buffer. Imenu works by constructing |
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|
1885 a buffer index which lists the names and buffer positions of the |
25875 | 1886 definitions, or other named portions of the buffer; then the user can |
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1887 choose one of them and move point to it. Major modes can add a menu |
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1888 bar item to use Imenu using @code{imenu-add-to-menubar}. |
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1889 |
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1890 @defun imenu-add-to-menubar name |
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1891 This function defines a local menu bar item named @var{name} |
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1892 to run Imenu. |
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|
1893 @end defun |
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1894 |
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|
1895 The user-level commands for using Imenu are described in the Emacs |
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1896 Manual (@pxref{Imenu,, Imenu, emacs, the Emacs Manual}). This section |
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1897 explains how to customize Imenu's method of finding definitions or |
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1898 buffer portions for a particular major mode. |
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1899 |
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1900 The usual and simplest way is to set the variable |
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1901 @code{imenu-generic-expression}: |
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1902 |
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1903 @defvar imenu-generic-expression |
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1904 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, is a list that specifies regular |
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1905 expressions for finding definitions for Imenu. Simple elements of |
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1906 @code{imenu-generic-expression} look like this: |
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1907 |
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1908 @example |
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1909 (@var{menu-title} @var{regexp} @var{index}) |
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1910 @end example |
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1911 |
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1912 Here, if @var{menu-title} is non-@code{nil}, it says that the matches |
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1913 for this element should go in a submenu of the buffer index; |
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1914 @var{menu-title} itself specifies the name for the submenu. If |
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1915 @var{menu-title} is @code{nil}, the matches for this element go directly |
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1916 in the top level of the buffer index. |
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1917 |
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1918 The second item in the list, @var{regexp}, is a regular expression |
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1919 (@pxref{Regular Expressions}); anything in the buffer that it matches |
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1920 is considered a definition, something to mention in the buffer index. |
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1921 The third item, @var{index}, is a non-negative integer that indicates |
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1922 which subexpression in @var{regexp} matches the definition's name. |
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1923 |
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1924 An element can also look like this: |
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1925 |
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1926 @example |
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1927 (@var{menu-title} @var{regexp} @var{index} @var{function} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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1928 @end example |
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1929 |
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1930 Like in the previous case, each match for this element creates an |
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1931 index item. However, if this index item is selected by the user, it |
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1932 calls @var{function} with arguments consisting of the item name, the |
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1933 buffer position, and @var{arguments}. |
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1934 |
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1935 For Emacs Lisp mode, @code{imenu-generic-expression} could look like |
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1936 this: |
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1937 |
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1938 @c should probably use imenu-syntax-alist and \\sw rather than [-A-Za-z0-9+] |
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1939 @example |
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1940 @group |
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1941 ((nil "^\\s-*(def\\(un\\|subst\\|macro\\|advice\\)\ |
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1942 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2) |
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1943 @end group |
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1944 @group |
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1945 ("*Vars*" "^\\s-*(def\\(var\\|const\\)\ |
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1946 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2) |
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1947 @end group |
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1948 @group |
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1949 ("*Types*" |
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1950 "^\\s-*\ |
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1951 (def\\(type\\|struct\\|class\\|ine-condition\\)\ |
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1952 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2)) |
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1953 @end group |
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1954 @end example |
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1955 |
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1956 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1957 @end defvar |
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1958 |
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1959 @defvar imenu-case-fold-search |
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1960 This variable controls whether matching against the regular |
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1961 expressions in the value of @code{imenu-generic-expression} is |
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1962 case-sensitive: @code{t}, the default, means matching should ignore |
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1963 case. |
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1964 |
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1965 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1966 @end defvar |
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1967 |
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1968 @defvar imenu-syntax-alist |
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1969 This variable is an alist of syntax table modifiers to use while |
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1970 processing @code{imenu-generic-expression}, to override the syntax table |
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1971 of the current buffer. Each element should have this form: |
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1972 |
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1973 @example |
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1974 (@var{characters} . @var{syntax-description}) |
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1975 @end example |
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1976 |
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1977 The @sc{car}, @var{characters}, can be either a character or a string. |
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1978 The element says to give that character or characters the syntax |
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1979 specified by @var{syntax-description}, which is passed to |
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1980 @code{modify-syntax-entry} (@pxref{Syntax Table Functions}). |
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1981 |
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1982 This feature is typically used to give word syntax to characters which |
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1983 normally have symbol syntax, and thus to simplify |
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1984 @code{imenu-generic-expression} and speed up matching. |
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1985 For example, Fortran mode uses it this way: |
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1986 |
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1987 @example |
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1988 (setq imenu-syntax-alist '(("_$" . "w"))) |
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1989 @end example |
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1990 |
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1991 The @code{imenu-generic-expression} regular expressions can then use |
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1992 @samp{\\sw+} instead of @samp{\\(\\sw\\|\\s_\\)+}. Note that this |
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1993 technique may be inconvenient when the mode needs to limit the initial |
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1994 character of a name to a smaller set of characters than are allowed in |
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1995 the rest of a name. |
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1996 |
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1997 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1998 @end defvar |
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1999 |
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2000 Another way to customize Imenu for a major mode is to set the |
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2001 variables @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} and |
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2002 @code{imenu-extract-index-name-function}: |
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2003 |
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2004 @defvar imenu-prev-index-position-function |
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2005 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, its value should be a function that |
25875 | 2006 finds the next ``definition'' to put in the buffer index, scanning |
2007 backward in the buffer from point. It should return @code{nil} if it | |
48700 | 2008 doesn't find another ``definition'' before point. Otherwise it should |
25875 | 2009 leave point at the place it finds a ``definition,'' and return any |
2010 non-@code{nil} value. | |
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2011 |
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2012 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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2013 @end defvar |
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2014 |
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2015 @defvar imenu-extract-index-name-function |
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2016 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, its value should be a function to |
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2017 return the name for a definition, assuming point is in that definition |
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2018 as the @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} function would leave |
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2019 it. |
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2020 |
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2021 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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2022 @end defvar |
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2023 |
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2024 The last way to customize Imenu for a major mode is to set the |
25875 | 2025 variable @code{imenu-create-index-function}: |
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2026 |
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2027 @defvar imenu-create-index-function |
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2028 This variable specifies the function to use for creating a buffer |
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2029 index. The function should take no arguments, and return an index |
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2030 alist for the current buffer. It is called within |
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2031 @code{save-excursion}, so where it leaves point makes no difference. |
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2032 |
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2033 The index alist can have three types of elements. Simple elements |
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2034 look like this: |
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2035 |
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2036 @example |
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|
2037 (@var{index-name} . @var{index-position}) |
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2038 @end example |
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2039 |
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2040 Selecting a simple element has the effect of moving to position |
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2041 @var{index-position} in the buffer. Special elements look like this: |
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2042 |
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2043 @example |
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|
2044 (@var{index-name} @var{index-position} @var{function} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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2045 @end example |
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2046 |
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2047 Selecting a special element performs: |
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2048 |
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2049 @example |
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2050 (funcall @var{function} |
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2051 @var{index-name} @var{index-position} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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2052 @end example |
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2053 |
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|
2054 A nested sub-alist element looks like this: |
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2055 |
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2056 @example |
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2057 (@var{menu-title} @var{sub-alist}) |
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2058 @end example |
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|
2059 |
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|
2060 It creates the submenu @var{menu-title} specified by @var{sub-alist}. |
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2061 |
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|
2062 The default value of @code{imenu-create-index-function} is |
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|
2063 @code{imenu-default-create-index-function}. This function uses |
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2064 @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} and |
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2065 @code{imenu-extract-index-name-function} to produce the index alist. |
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2066 However, if either of these two variables is @code{nil}, the default |
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|
2067 function uses @code{imenu-generic-expression} instead. |
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2068 |
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2069 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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2070 @end defvar |
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2071 |
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2072 @node Font Lock Mode |
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2073 @section Font Lock Mode |
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2074 @cindex Font Lock Mode |
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2075 |
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2076 @dfn{Font Lock mode} is a feature that automatically attaches |
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2077 @code{face} properties to certain parts of the buffer based on their |
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2078 syntactic role. How it parses the buffer depends on the major mode; |
25875 | 2079 most major modes define syntactic criteria for which faces to use in |
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2080 which contexts. This section explains how to customize Font Lock for a |
25875 | 2081 particular major mode. |
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2082 |
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2083 Font Lock mode finds text to highlight in two ways: through |
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|
2084 syntactic parsing based on the syntax table, and through searching |
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2085 (usually for regular expressions). Syntactic fontification happens |
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|
2086 first; it finds comments and string constants and highlights them. |
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2087 Search-based fontification happens second. |
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2088 |
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2089 @menu |
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2090 * Font Lock Basics:: Overview of customizing Font Lock. |
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2091 * Search-based Fontification:: Fontification based on regexps. |
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2092 * Other Font Lock Variables:: Additional customization facilities. |
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2093 * Levels of Font Lock:: Each mode can define alternative levels |
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2094 so that the user can select more or less. |
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2095 * Precalculated Fontification:: How Lisp programs that produce the buffer |
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2096 contents can also specify how to fontify it. |
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2097 * Faces for Font Lock:: Special faces specifically for Font Lock. |
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2098 * Syntactic Font Lock:: Fontification based on syntax tables. |
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2099 * Setting Syntax Properties:: Defining character syntax based on context |
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2100 using the Font Lock mechanism. |
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2101 @end menu |
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2102 |
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2103 @node Font Lock Basics |
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2104 @subsection Font Lock Basics |
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2105 |
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2106 There are several variables that control how Font Lock mode highlights |
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2107 text. But major modes should not set any of these variables directly. |
24934 | 2108 Instead, they should set @code{font-lock-defaults} as a buffer-local |
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2109 variable. The value assigned to this variable is used, if and when Font |
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2110 Lock mode is enabled, to set all the other variables. |
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2111 |
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2112 @defvar font-lock-defaults |
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2113 This variable is set by major modes, as a buffer-local variable, to |
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2114 specify how to fontify text in that mode. It automatically becomes |
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2115 buffer-local when you set it. The value should look like this: |
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2116 |
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2117 @example |
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2118 (@var{keywords} [@var{keywords-only} [@var{case-fold} |
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2119 [@var{syntax-alist} [@var{syntax-begin} @var{other-vars}@dots{}]]]]) |
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2120 @end example |
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2121 |
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2122 The first element, @var{keywords}, indirectly specifies the value of |
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2123 @code{font-lock-keywords} which directs search-based fontification. |
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2124 It can be a symbol, a variable or a function whose value is the list |
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2125 to use for @code{font-lock-keywords}. It can also be a list of |
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2126 several such symbols, one for each possible level of fontification. |
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2127 The first symbol specifies how to do level 1 fontification, the second |
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2128 symbol how to do level 2, and so on. @xref{Levels of Font Lock}. |
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2129 |
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2130 The second element, @var{keywords-only}, specifies the value of the |
22138
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2131 variable @code{font-lock-keywords-only}. If this is non-@code{nil}, |
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2132 syntactic fontification (of strings and comments) is not performed. |
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2133 @xref{Syntactic Font Lock}. |
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2134 |
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2135 The third element, @var{case-fold}, specifies the value of |
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2136 @code{font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search}. If it is non-@code{nil}, |
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2137 Font Lock mode ignores case when searching as directed by |
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2138 @code{font-lock-keywords}. |
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2139 |
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2140 If the fourth element, @var{syntax-alist}, is non-@code{nil}, it |
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2141 should be a list of cons cells of the form @code{(@var{char-or-string} |
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2142 . @var{string})}. These are used to set up a syntax table for |
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2143 syntactic fontification (@pxref{Syntax Table Functions}). The |
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2144 resulting syntax table is stored in @code{font-lock-syntax-table}. |
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2145 |
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2146 The fifth element, @var{syntax-begin}, specifies the value of |
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2147 @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function}. |
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2148 |
25875 | 2149 All the remaining elements (if any) are collectively called |
2150 @var{other-vars}. Each of these elements should have the form | |
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2151 @code{(@var{variable} . @var{value})}---which means, make |
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2152 @var{variable} buffer-local and then set it to @var{value}. You can |
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2153 use these @var{other-vars} to set other variables that affect |
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2154 fontification, aside from those you can control with the first five |
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2155 elements. @xref{Other Font Lock Variables}. |
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2156 @end defvar |
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2157 |
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2158 @node Search-based Fontification |
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2159 @subsection Search-based Fontification |
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2160 |
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2161 The most important variable for customizing Font Lock mode is |
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2162 @code{font-lock-keywords}. It specifies the search criteria for |
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2163 search-based fontification. You should specify the value of this |
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2164 variable with @var{keywords} in @code{font-lock-defaults}. |
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2165 |
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2166 @defvar font-lock-keywords |
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2167 This variable's value is a list of the keywords to highlight. Be |
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2168 careful when composing regular expressions for this list; a poorly |
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2169 written pattern can dramatically slow things down! |
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2170 @end defvar |
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2171 |
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2172 Each element of @code{font-lock-keywords} specifies how to find |
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2173 certain cases of text, and how to highlight those cases. Font Lock mode |
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2174 processes the elements of @code{font-lock-keywords} one by one, and for |
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2175 each element, it finds and handles all matches. Ordinarily, once |
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2176 part of the text has been fontified already, this cannot be overridden |
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2177 by a subsequent match in the same text; but you can specify different |
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2178 behavior using the @var{override} element of a @var{subexp-highlighter}. |
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2179 |
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2180 Each element of @code{font-lock-keywords} should have one of these |
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2181 forms: |
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2182 |
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2183 @table @code |
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2184 @item @var{regexp} |
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2185 Highlight all matches for @var{regexp} using |
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2186 @code{font-lock-keyword-face}. For example, |
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2187 |
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2188 @example |
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2189 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of the word @samp{foo}} |
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2190 ;; @r{using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}.} |
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2191 "\\<foo\\>" |
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2192 @end example |
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2193 |
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2194 The function @code{regexp-opt} (@pxref{Regexp Functions}) is useful |
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2195 for calculating optimal regular expressions to match a number of |
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2196 different keywords. |
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2197 |
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2198 @item @var{function} |
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2199 Find text by calling @var{function}, and highlight the matches |
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2200 it finds using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}. |
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2201 |
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2202 When @var{function} is called, it receives one argument, the limit of |
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2203 the search; it should begin searching at point, and not search beyond the |
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2204 limit. It should return non-@code{nil} if it succeeds, and set the |
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2205 match data to describe the match that was found. Returning @code{nil} |
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2206 indicates failure of the search. |
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2207 |
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|
2208 Fontification will call @var{function} repeatedly with the same limit, |
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|
2209 and with point where the previous invocation left it, until |
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2210 @var{function} fails. On failure, @var{function} need not reset point |
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2211 in any particular way. |
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2212 |
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2213 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{subexp}) |
24934 | 2214 In this kind of element, @var{matcher} is either a regular |
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2215 expression or a function, as described above. The @sc{cdr}, |
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2216 @var{subexp}, specifies which subexpression of @var{matcher} should be |
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2217 highlighted (instead of the entire text that @var{matcher} matched). |
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2218 |
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2219 @example |
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2220 ;; @r{Highlight the @samp{bar} in each occurrence of @samp{fubar},} |
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2221 ;; @r{using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}.} |
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2222 ("fu\\(bar\\)" . 1) |
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2223 @end example |
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2224 |
21682
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2225 If you use @code{regexp-opt} to produce the regular expression |
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2226 @var{matcher}, then you can use @code{regexp-opt-depth} (@pxref{Regexp |
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2227 Functions}) to calculate the value for @var{subexp}. |
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2228 |
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2229 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{facespec}) |
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2230 In this kind of element, @var{facespec} is an expression whose value |
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2231 specifies the face to use for highlighting. In the simplest case, |
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2232 @var{facespec} is a Lisp variable (a symbol) whose value is a face |
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2233 name. |
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2234 |
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2235 @example |
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2236 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of @samp{fubar},} |
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2237 ;; @r{using the face which is the value of @code{fubar-face}.} |
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2238 ("fubar" . fubar-face) |
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2239 @end example |
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2240 |
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2241 However, @var{facespec} can also evaluate to a list of this form: |
51917
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2242 |
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2243 @example |
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2244 (face @var{face} @var{prop1} @var{val1} @var{prop2} @var{val2}@dots{}) |
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2245 @end example |
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2246 |
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2247 @noindent |
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2248 to specify the face @var{face} and various additional text properties |
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2249 to put on the text that matches. If you do this, be sure to add the |
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2250 other text property names that you set in this way to the value of |
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2251 @code{font-lock-extra-managed-props} so that the properties will also |
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2252 be cleared out when they are no longer appropriate. Alternatively, |
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2253 you can set the variable @code{font-lock-unfontify-region-function} to |
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2254 a function that clears these properties. @xref{Other Font Lock |
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2255 Variables}. |
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2256 |
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2257 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{subexp-highlighter}) |
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2258 In this kind of element, @var{subexp-highlighter} is a list |
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2259 which specifies how to highlight matches found by @var{matcher}. |
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2260 It has the form: |
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2261 |
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2262 @example |
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2263 (@var{subexp} @var{facespec} [[@var{override} [@var{laxmatch}]]) |
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2264 @end example |
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2265 |
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2266 The @sc{car}, @var{subexp}, is an integer specifying which subexpression |
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2267 of the match to fontify (0 means the entire matching text). The second |
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2268 subelement, @var{facespec}, is an expression whose value specifies the |
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2269 face, as described above. |
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2270 |
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2271 The last two values in @var{subexp-highlighter}, @var{override} and |
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2272 @var{laxmatch}, are optional flags. If @var{override} is @code{t}, |
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2273 this element can override existing fontification made by previous |
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2274 elements of @code{font-lock-keywords}. If it is @code{keep}, then |
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2275 each character is fontified if it has not been fontified already by |
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2276 some other element. If it is @code{prepend}, the face specified by |
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2277 @var{facespec} is added to the beginning of the @code{font-lock-face} |
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2278 property. If it is @code{append}, the face is added to the end of the |
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(Emulating Mode Line): New node.
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2279 @code{font-lock-face} property. |
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2280 |
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2281 If @var{laxmatch} is non-@code{nil}, it means there should be no error |
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2282 if there is no subexpression numbered @var{subexp} in @var{matcher}. |
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2283 Obviously, fontification of the subexpression numbered @var{subexp} will |
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2284 not occur. However, fontification of other subexpressions (and other |
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2285 regexps) will continue. If @var{laxmatch} is @code{nil}, and the |
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2286 specified subexpression is missing, then an error is signaled which |
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2287 terminates search-based fontification. |
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2288 |
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2289 Here are some examples of elements of this kind, and what they do: |
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2290 |
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2291 @smallexample |
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2292 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of either @samp{foo} or @samp{bar}, using} |
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2293 ;; @r{@code{foo-bar-face}, even if they have already been highlighted.} |
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2294 ;; @r{@code{foo-bar-face} should be a variable whose value is a face.} |
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2295 ("foo\\|bar" 0 foo-bar-face t) |
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2296 |
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2297 ;; @r{Highlight the first subexpression within each occurrence} |
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2298 ;; @r{that the function @code{fubar-match} finds,} |
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2299 ;; @r{using the face which is the value of @code{fubar-face}.} |
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2300 (fubar-match 1 fubar-face) |
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2301 @end smallexample |
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2302 |
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2303 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{anchored-highlighter}) |
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2304 In this kind of element, @var{anchored-highlighter} specifies how to |
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2305 highlight text that follows a match found by @var{matcher}. So a |
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2306 match found by @var{matcher} acts as the anchor for further searches |
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2307 specified by @var{anchored-highlighter}. @var{anchored-highlighter} |
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2308 is a list of the following form: |
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2309 |
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2310 @example |
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2311 (@var{anchored-matcher} @var{pre-form} @var{post-form} |
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2312 @var{subexp-highlighters}@dots{}) |
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2313 @end example |
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2314 |
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2315 Here, @var{anchored-matcher}, like @var{matcher}, is either a regular |
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2316 expression or a function. After a match of @var{matcher} is found, |
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2317 point is at the end of the match. Now, Font Lock evaluates the form |
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2318 @var{pre-form}. Then it searches for matches of |
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2319 @var{anchored-matcher} and uses @var{subexp-highlighters} to highlight |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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61322
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|
2320 these. A @var{subexp-highlighter} is as described above. Finally, |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
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parents:
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diff
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|
2321 Font Lock evaluates @var{post-form}. |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2322 |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2323 The forms @var{pre-form} and @var{post-form} can be used to initialize |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2324 before, and cleanup after, @var{anchored-matcher} is used. Typically, |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61322
diff
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|
2325 @var{pre-form} is used to move point to some position relative to the |
d719a3a92aa5
(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61322
diff
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|
2326 match of @var{matcher}, before starting with @var{anchored-matcher}. |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61322
diff
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|
2327 @var{post-form} might be used to move back, before resuming with |
d719a3a92aa5
(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2328 @var{matcher}. |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
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|
2329 |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2330 After Font Lock evaluates @var{pre-form}, it does not search for |
d719a3a92aa5
(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2331 @var{anchored-matcher} beyond the end of the line. However, if |
d719a3a92aa5
(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2332 @var{pre-form} returns a buffer position that is greater than the |
d719a3a92aa5
(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2333 position of point after @var{pre-form} is evaluated, then the position |
d719a3a92aa5
(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2334 returned by @var{pre-form} is used as the limit of the search instead. |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2335 It is generally a bad idea to return a position greater than the end |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61322
diff
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|
2336 of the line; in other words, the @var{anchored-matcher} search should |
d719a3a92aa5
(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2337 not span lines. |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2338 |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2339 For example, |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2340 |
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|
2341 @smallexample |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2342 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of the word @samp{item} following} |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2343 ;; @r{an occurrence of the word @samp{anchor} (on the same line)} |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2344 ;; @r{in the value of @code{item-face}.} |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2345 ("\\<anchor\\>" "\\<item\\>" nil nil (0 item-face)) |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2346 @end smallexample |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2347 |
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2348 Here, @var{pre-form} and @var{post-form} are @code{nil}. Therefore |
d719a3a92aa5
(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2349 searching for @samp{item} starts at the end of the match of |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2350 @samp{anchor}, and searching for subsequent instances of @samp{anchor} |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2351 resumes from where searching for @samp{item} concluded. |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2352 |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2353 @item (@var{matcher} @var{highlighters}@dots{}) |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2354 This sort of element specifies several @var{highlighter} lists for a |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2355 single @var{matcher}. A @var{highlighter} list can be of the type |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2356 @var{subexp-highlighter} or @var{anchored-highlighter} as described |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2357 above. |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
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|
2358 |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2359 For example, |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
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|
2360 |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2361 @smallexample |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2362 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of the word @samp{anchor} in the value} |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2363 ;; @r{of @code{anchor-face}, and subsequent occurrences of the word} |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2364 ;; @r{@samp{item} (on the same line) in the value of @code{item-face}.} |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2365 ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face) |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2366 ("\\<item\\>" nil nil (0 item-face))) |
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
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|
2367 @end smallexample |
21007
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|
2368 |
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|
2369 @item (eval . @var{form}) |
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*** empty log message ***
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|
2370 Here @var{form} is an expression to be evaluated the first time |
21007
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*** empty log message ***
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|
2371 this value of @code{font-lock-keywords} is used in a buffer. |
21682
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*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2372 Its value should have one of the forms described in this table. |
21007
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*** empty log message ***
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|
2373 @end table |
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|
2374 |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
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|
2375 @vindex font-lock-multiline |
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|
2376 @strong{Warning:} Do not design an element of @code{font-lock-keywords} |
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|
2377 to match text which spans lines; this does not work reliably. While |
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*** empty log message ***
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|
2378 @code{font-lock-fontify-buffer} handles multi-line patterns correctly, |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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17278
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|
2379 updating when you edit the buffer does not, since it considers text one |
52956
667459455d3c
Document the existance of font-lock-syntactic-face-function and
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
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diff
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|
2380 line at a time. If you have patterns that typically only span one |
667459455d3c
Document the existance of font-lock-syntactic-face-function and
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
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|
2381 line but can occasionally span two or three, such as |
61377
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(Search-based Fontification): Fix cross references.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2382 @samp{<title>...</title>}, you can ask Font Lock to be more careful by |
52956
667459455d3c
Document the existance of font-lock-syntactic-face-function and
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
52859
diff
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|
2383 setting @code{font-lock-multiline} to @code{t}. But it still will not |
667459455d3c
Document the existance of font-lock-syntactic-face-function and
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
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|
2384 work in all cases. |
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*** empty log message ***
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|
2385 |
61906
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|
2386 You can use @var{case-fold} in @code{font-lock-defaults} to specify |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
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|
2387 the value of @code{font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search} which says |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
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|
2388 whether search-based fontification should be case-insensitive. |
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|
2389 |
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|
2390 @defvar font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search |
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|
2391 Non-@code{nil} means that regular expression matching for the sake of |
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|
2392 @code{font-lock-keywords} should be case-insensitive. |
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*** empty log message ***
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|
2393 @end defvar |
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|
2394 |
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|
2395 You can use @code{font-lock-add-keywords} to add additional |
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|
2396 search-based fontification rules to a major mode, and |
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|
2397 @code{font-lock-remove-keywords} to removes rules. |
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|
2398 |
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|
2399 @defun font-lock-add-keywords mode keywords &optional append |
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|
2400 This function adds highlighting @var{keywords} for @var{mode}. The |
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|
2401 argument @var{keywords} should be a list with the same format as the |
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|
2402 variable @code{font-lock-keywords}. @var{mode} should be a symbol, |
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|
2403 the major mode command name, such as @code{c-mode}. When Font Lock |
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|
2404 mode is turned on in @var{mode}, it adds @var{keywords} to |
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|
2405 @code{font-lock-keywords}. @var{mode} can also be @code{nil}; the |
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|
2406 highlighting @var{keywords} are immediately added to |
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|
2407 @code{font-lock-keywords} in the current buffer in that case. |
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|
2408 |
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|
2409 By default, @var{keywords} are added at the beginning of |
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|
2410 @code{font-lock-keywords}. If the optional argument @var{append} is |
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|
2411 @code{set}, they are used to replace the value of |
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|
2412 @code{font-lock-keywords}. If @var{append} is any other |
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|
2413 non-@code{nil} value, they are added at the end of |
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|
2414 @code{font-lock-keywords}. |
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|
2415 |
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|
2416 For example: |
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|
2417 |
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2418 @smallexample |
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|
2419 (font-lock-add-keywords 'c-mode |
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2420 '(("\\<\\(FIXME\\):" 1 font-lock-warning-face prepend) |
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2421 ("\\<\\(and\\|or\\|not\\)\\>" . font-lock-keyword-face))) |
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2422 @end smallexample |
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|
2423 |
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2424 adds two fontification patterns for C mode: one to fontify the word |
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2425 @samp{FIXME}, even in comments, and another to fontify the words |
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2426 @samp{and}, @samp{or} and @samp{not} as keywords. |
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|
2427 |
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|
2428 Some modes have specialized support for additional patterns. See the |
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|
2429 variables @code{c-font-lock-extra-types}, |
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|
2430 @code{c++-font-lock-extra-types}, @code{objc-font-lock-extra-types} |
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|
2431 and @code{java-font-lock-extra-types}, for example. |
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|
2432 @end defun |
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|
2433 |
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|
2434 @defun font-lock-remove-keywords mode keywords |
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|
2435 This function removes highlighting @var{keywords} for @var{mode}. As |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2436 in @code{font-lock-add-keywords}, @var{mode} should be a major mode |
1210b12b4089
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parents:
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|
2437 command name or @code{nil}. If @code{nil}, the highlighting |
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2438 @var{keywords} are immediately removed in the current buffer. |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2439 @end defun |
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|
2440 |
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|
2441 @strong{Warning:} Only use a non-@code{nil} @var{mode} argument when |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
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|
2442 you use @code{font-lock-add-keywords} or |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2443 @code{font-lock-remove-keywords} in your @file{.emacs} file. When you |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2444 use these functions from a Lisp program (such as a minor mode), we |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2445 recommend that you use @code{nil} for @var{mode} (and place the call |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2446 on a hook) to avoid subtle problems due to the details of the |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
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|
2447 implementation. |
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|
2448 |
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|
2449 @node Other Font Lock Variables |
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|
2450 @subsection Other Font Lock Variables |
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|
2451 |
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|
2452 This section describes additional variables that a major mode can |
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2453 set by means of @var{other-vars} in @code{font-lock-defaults} |
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|
2454 (@pxref{Font Lock Basics}). |
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2455 |
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|
2456 @defvar font-lock-mark-block-function |
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2457 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function that is |
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|
2458 called with no arguments, to choose an enclosing range of text for |
61034
38d95bf39f6e
(Other Font Lock Variables): font-lock-fontify-block is now bound to M-o M-o.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
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|
2459 refontification for the command @kbd{M-o M-o} |
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2460 (@code{font-lock-fontify-block}). |
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2461 |
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2462 The function should report its choice by placing the region around it. |
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2463 A good choice is a range of text large enough to give proper results, |
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2464 but not too large so that refontification becomes slow. Typical values |
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2465 are @code{mark-defun} for programming modes or @code{mark-paragraph} for |
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|
2466 textual modes. |
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|
2467 @end defvar |
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|
2468 |
51917
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(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2469 @defvar font-lock-extra-managed-props |
61906
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2470 This variable specifies additional properties (other than |
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parents:
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|
2471 @code{font-lock-face}) that are being managed by Font Lock mode. It |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
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parents:
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|
2472 is used by @code{font-lock-default-unfontify-region}, which normally |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
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parents:
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|
2473 only manages the @code{font-lock-face} property. If you want Font |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
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parents:
61853
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|
2474 Lock to manage other properties as well, you must specify them in a |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
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|
2475 @var{facespec} in @code{font-lock-keywords} as well as add them to |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2476 this list. @xref{Search-based Fontification}. |
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|
2477 @end defvar |
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|
2478 |
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|
2479 @defvar font-lock-fontify-buffer-function |
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parents:
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|
2480 Function to use for fontifying the buffer. The default value is |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
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|
2481 @code{font-lock-default-fontify-buffer}. |
51917
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(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51794
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|
2482 @end defvar |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2483 |
61906
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|
2484 @defvar font-lock-unfontify-buffer-function |
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|
2485 Function to use for unfontifying the buffer. This is used when |
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parents:
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|
2486 turning off Font Lock mode. The default value is |
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|
2487 @code{font-lock-default-unfontify-buffer}. |
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parents:
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|
2488 @end defvar |
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|
2489 |
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changeset
|
2490 @defvar font-lock-fontify-region-function |
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parents:
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|
2491 Function to use for fontifying a region. It should take two |
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2492 arguments, the beginning and end of the region, and an optional third |
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parents:
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|
2493 argument @var{verbose}. If @var{verbose} is non-@code{nil}, the |
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parents:
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|
2494 function should print status messages. The default value is |
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
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changeset
|
2495 @code{font-lock-default-fontify-region}. |
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parents:
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|
2496 @end defvar |
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|
2497 |
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|
2498 @defvar font-lock-unfontify-region-function |
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
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|
2499 Function to use for unfontifying a region. It should take two |
1210b12b4089
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
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|
2500 arguments, the beginning and end of the region. The default value is |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2501 @code{font-lock-default-unfontify-region}. |
52956
667459455d3c
Document the existance of font-lock-syntactic-face-function and
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
52859
diff
changeset
|
2502 @end defvar |
667459455d3c
Document the existance of font-lock-syntactic-face-function and
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
52859
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|
2503 |
60784
569b1f95bbe0
(Other Font Lock Variables): Document font-lock-lines-before.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60450
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changeset
|
2504 @defvar font-lock-lines-before |
569b1f95bbe0
(Other Font Lock Variables): Document font-lock-lines-before.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60450
diff
changeset
|
2505 This variable specifies the number of extra lines to consider when |
569b1f95bbe0
(Other Font Lock Variables): Document font-lock-lines-before.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60450
diff
changeset
|
2506 refontifying the buffer after each text change. Font lock begins |
569b1f95bbe0
(Other Font Lock Variables): Document font-lock-lines-before.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60450
diff
changeset
|
2507 refontifying from that number of lines before the changed region. The |
569b1f95bbe0
(Other Font Lock Variables): Document font-lock-lines-before.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60450
diff
changeset
|
2508 default is 1, but using a larger value can be useful for coping with |
569b1f95bbe0
(Other Font Lock Variables): Document font-lock-lines-before.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60450
diff
changeset
|
2509 multi-line patterns. |
569b1f95bbe0
(Other Font Lock Variables): Document font-lock-lines-before.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60450
diff
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|
2510 @end defvar |
569b1f95bbe0
(Other Font Lock Variables): Document font-lock-lines-before.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2511 |
61906
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|
2512 @ignore |
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|
2513 @defvar font-lock-inhibit-thing-lock |
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2514 List of Font Lock mode related modes that should not be turned on. |
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2515 Currently, valid mode names are @code{fast-lock-mode}, |
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parents:
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|
2516 @code{jit-lock-mode} and @code{lazy-lock-mode}. |
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|
2517 @end defvar |
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|
2518 @end ignore |
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|
2519 |
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|
2520 @node Levels of Font Lock |
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|
2521 @subsection Levels of Font Lock |
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|
2522 |
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|
2523 Many major modes offer three different levels of fontification. You |
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|
2524 can define multiple levels by using a list of symbols for @var{keywords} |
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|
2525 in @code{font-lock-defaults}. Each symbol specifies one level of |
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|
2526 fontification; it is up to the user to choose one of these levels. The |
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2527 chosen level's symbol value is used to initialize |
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|
2528 @code{font-lock-keywords}. |
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|
2529 |
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|
2530 Here are the conventions for how to define the levels of |
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|
2531 fontification: |
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|
2532 |
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|
2533 @itemize @bullet |
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|
2534 @item |
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|
2535 Level 1: highlight function declarations, file directives (such as include or |
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|
2536 import directives), strings and comments. The idea is speed, so only |
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2537 the most important and top-level components are fontified. |
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2538 |
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2539 @item |
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2540 Level 2: in addition to level 1, highlight all language keywords, |
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2541 including type names that act like keywords, as well as named constant |
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2542 values. The idea is that all keywords (either syntactic or semantic) |
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2543 should be fontified appropriately. |
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2544 |
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|
2545 @item |
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2546 Level 3: in addition to level 2, highlight the symbols being defined in |
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2547 function and variable declarations, and all builtin function names, |
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|
2548 wherever they appear. |
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|
2549 @end itemize |
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|
2550 |
45684
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(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2551 @node Precalculated Fontification |
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(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
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diff
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|
2552 @subsection Precalculated Fontification |
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(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
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|
2553 |
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(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
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|
2554 In addition to using @code{font-lock-defaults} for search-based |
45684
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(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2555 fontification, you may use the special character property |
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(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2556 @code{font-lock-face} (@pxref{Special Properties}). This property |
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(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2557 acts just like the explicit @code{face} property, but its activation |
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(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2558 is toggled when the user calls @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode}. Using |
52628
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(Mode Line Data): Document the :propertize construct.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2559 @code{font-lock-face} is especially convenient for special modes |
45684
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(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2560 which construct their text programmatically, such as |
6f73f208b4ce
(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2561 @code{list-buffers} and @code{occur}. |
6f73f208b4ce
(Precalcuated Fontification): New node, describing `font-lock-face'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2562 |
45714
7057566fa4c1
(Precalcuated Fontification): Note how to use `font-lock-core-only'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45684
diff
changeset
|
2563 If your mode does not use any of the other machinery of Font Lock |
61906
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
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|
2564 (i.e. it only uses the @code{font-lock-face} property), it should not |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
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|
2565 set the variable @code{font-lock-defaults}. That way, it will not |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
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|
2566 cause loading of the @file{font-lock} library. |
45714
7057566fa4c1
(Precalcuated Fontification): Note how to use `font-lock-core-only'.
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2567 |
21007
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|
2568 @node Faces for Font Lock |
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|
2569 @subsection Faces for Font Lock |
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|
2570 |
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|
2571 You can make Font Lock mode use any face, but several faces are |
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|
2572 defined specifically for Font Lock mode. Each of these symbols is both |
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|
2573 a face name, and a variable whose default value is the symbol itself. |
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2574 Thus, the default value of @code{font-lock-comment-face} is |
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|
2575 @code{font-lock-comment-face}. This means you can write |
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|
2576 @code{font-lock-comment-face} in a context such as |
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|
2577 @code{font-lock-keywords} where a face-name-valued expression is used. |
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|
2578 |
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|
2579 @table @code |
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|
2580 @item font-lock-comment-face |
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|
2581 @vindex font-lock-comment-face |
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|
2582 Used (typically) for comments. |
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|
2583 |
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|
2584 @item font-lock-comment-delimiter-face |
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|
2585 @vindex font-lock-comment-delimiter-face |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2586 Used (typically) for comments delimiters. |
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(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2587 |
59942
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(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
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diff
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|
2588 @item font-lock-doc-face |
1f6a9cf44999
(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2589 @vindex font-lock-doc-face |
1f6a9cf44999
(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2590 Used (typically) for documentation strings in the code. |
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(Major Mode Conventions): Mention "system abbrevs".
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|
2591 |
21007
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|
2592 @item font-lock-string-face |
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|
2593 @vindex font-lock-string-face |
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|
2594 Used (typically) for string constants. |
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|
2595 |
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|
2596 @item font-lock-keyword-face |
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|
2597 @vindex font-lock-keyword-face |
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|
2598 Used (typically) for keywords---names that have special syntactic |
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2599 significance, like @code{for} and @code{if} in C. |
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|
2600 |
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|
2601 @item font-lock-builtin-face |
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|
2602 @vindex font-lock-builtin-face |
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|
2603 Used (typically) for built-in function names. |
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|
2604 |
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|
2605 @item font-lock-function-name-face |
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|
2606 @vindex font-lock-function-name-face |
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|
2607 Used (typically) for the name of a function being defined or declared, |
49600
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
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|
2608 in a function definition or declaration. |
21007
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|
2609 |
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|
2610 @item font-lock-variable-name-face |
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|
2611 @vindex font-lock-variable-name-face |
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|
2612 Used (typically) for the name of a variable being defined or declared, |
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|
2613 in a variable definition or declaration. |
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|
2614 |
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|
2615 @item font-lock-type-face |
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|
2616 @vindex font-lock-type-face |
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|
2617 Used (typically) for names of user-defined data types, |
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|
2618 where they are defined and where they are used. |
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|
2619 |
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|
2620 @item font-lock-constant-face |
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|
2621 @vindex font-lock-constant-face |
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|
2622 Used (typically) for constant names. |
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|
2623 |
52800
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
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|
2624 @item font-lock-preprocessor-face |
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(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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|
2625 @vindex font-lock-preprocessor-face |
51917
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(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
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|
2626 Used (typically) for preprocessor commands. |
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(Major Mode Conventions): Explain about run-mode-hooks and about derived modes.
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|
2627 |
21007
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|
2628 @item font-lock-warning-face |
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|
2629 @vindex font-lock-warning-face |
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|
2630 Used (typically) for constructs that are peculiar, or that greatly |
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|
2631 change the meaning of other text. For example, this is used for |
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|
2632 @samp{;;;###autoload} cookies in Emacs Lisp, and for @code{#error} |
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|
2633 directives in C. |
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|
2634 @end table |
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|
2635 |
21682
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|
2636 @node Syntactic Font Lock |
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|
2637 @subsection Syntactic Font Lock |
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2638 |
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|
2639 Syntactic fontification uses the syntax table to find comments and |
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|
2640 string constants (@pxref{Syntax Tables}). It highlights them using |
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|
2641 @code{font-lock-comment-face} and @code{font-lock-string-face} |
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|
2642 (@pxref{Faces for Font Lock}). There are several variables that |
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|
2643 affect syntactic fontification; you should set them by means of |
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|
2644 @code{font-lock-defaults} (@pxref{Font Lock Basics}). |
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|
2645 |
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|
2646 @defvar font-lock-keywords-only |
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|
2647 Non-@code{nil} means Font Lock should not do syntactic fontification; |
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|
2648 it should only fontify based on @code{font-lock-keywords}. The normal |
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|
2649 way for a mode to set this variable to @code{t} is with |
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|
2650 @var{keywords-only} in @code{font-lock-defaults}. |
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|
2651 @end defvar |
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|
2652 |
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|
2653 @defvar font-lock-syntax-table |
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|
2654 This variable holds the syntax table to use for fontification of |
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|
2655 comments and strings. Specify it using @var{syntax-alist} in |
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|
2656 @code{font-lock-defaults}. |
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|
2657 @end defvar |
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|
2658 |
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|
2659 @c ??? |
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|
2660 @c The docstring says that font-lock-syntax-table is semi-obsolete. |
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|
2661 @c How the alternative should be used is not clear. --lute |
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|
2662 |
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|
2663 @defvar font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function |
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changeset
|
2664 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function to move |
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|
2665 point back to a position that is syntactically at ``top level'' and |
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|
2666 outside of strings or comments. Font Lock uses this when necessary |
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|
2667 to get the right results for syntactic fontification. |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2668 |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2669 This function is called with no arguments. It should leave point at |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2670 the beginning of any enclosing syntactic block. Typical values are |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2671 @code{beginning-of-line} (used when the start of the line is known to |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2672 be outside a syntactic block), or @code{beginning-of-defun} for |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2673 programming modes, or @code{backward-paragraph} for textual modes. |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2674 |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2675 If the value is @code{nil}, the beginning of the buffer is used as a |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2676 position outside of a syntactic block. This cannot be wrong, but it |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2677 can be slow. |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2678 |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2679 Specify this variable using @var{syntax-begin} in |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2680 @code{font-lock-defaults}. |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2681 @end defvar |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2682 |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2683 @defvar font-lock-syntactic-face-function |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2684 A function to determine which face to use for a given syntactic |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2685 element (a string or a comment). The function is called with one |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2686 argument, the parse state at point returned by |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2687 @code{parse-partial-sexp}, and should return a face. The default |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2688 value returns @code{font-lock-comment-face} for comments and |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2689 @code{font-lock-string-face} for strings. |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2690 |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2691 This can be used to highlighting different kinds of strings or |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2692 comments differently. It is also sometimes abused together with |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2693 @code{font-lock-syntactic-keywords} to highlight elements that span |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2694 multiple lines, but this is too obscure to document in this manual. |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2695 |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2696 Specify this variable using @var{other-vars} in |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2697 @code{font-lock-defaults}. |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2698 @end defvar |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2699 |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2700 @node Setting Syntax Properties |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2701 @subsection Setting Syntax Properties |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2702 |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2703 Font Lock mode can be used to update @code{syntax-table} properties |
61906
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2704 automatically (@pxref{Syntax Properties}). This is useful in |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2705 languages for which a single syntax table by itself is not sufficient. |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2706 |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2707 @defvar font-lock-syntactic-keywords |
61906
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2708 This variable enables and controls updating @code{syntax-table} |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2709 properties by Font Lock. Its value should be a list of elements of |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2710 this form: |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2711 |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2712 @example |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2713 (@var{matcher} @var{subexp} @var{syntax} @var{override} @var{laxmatch}) |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2714 @end example |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2715 |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2716 The parts of this element have the same meanings as in the corresponding |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2717 sort of element of @code{font-lock-keywords}, |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2718 |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2719 @example |
61906
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2720 (@var{matcher} @var{subexp} @var{facespec} @var{override} @var{laxmatch}) |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2721 @end example |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
2722 |
61906
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2723 However, instead of specifying the value @var{facespec} to use for the |
50693
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2724 @code{face} property, it specifies the value @var{syntax} to use for |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2725 the @code{syntax-table} property. Here, @var{syntax} can be a string |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2726 (as taken by @code{modify-syntax-entry}), a syntax table, a cons cell |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2727 (as returned by @code{string-to-syntax}), or an expression whose value |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2728 is one of those two types. @var{override} cannot be @code{prepend} or |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2729 @code{append}. |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2730 |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2731 For example, an element of the form: |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2732 |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2733 @example |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2734 ("\\$\\(#\\)" 1 ".") |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2735 @end example |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2736 |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2737 highlights syntactically a hash character when following a dollar |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2738 character, with a SYNTAX of @code{"."} (meaning punctuation syntax). |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2739 Assuming that the buffer syntax table specifies hash characters to |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2740 have comment start syntax, the element will only highlight hash |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2741 characters that do not follow dollar characters as comments |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2742 syntactically. |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2743 |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2744 An element of the form: |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2745 |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2746 @example |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2747 ("\\('\\).\\('\\)" |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2748 (1 "\"") |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2749 (2 "\"")) |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2750 @end example |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2751 |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2752 highlights syntactically both single quotes which surround a single |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2753 character, with a SYNTAX of @code{"\""} (meaning string quote syntax). |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2754 Assuming that the buffer syntax table does not specify single quotes |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2755 to have quote syntax, the element will only highlight single quotes of |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2756 the form @samp{'@var{c}'} as strings syntactically. Other forms, such |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2757 as @samp{foo'bar} or @samp{'fubar'}, will not be highlighted as |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2758 strings. |
17c60796aa6a
(font-lock-syntactic-keywords): Fix/expand description.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
49600
diff
changeset
|
2759 |
61906
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2760 Major modes normally set this variable with @var{other-vars} in |
1210b12b4089
(Defining Minor Modes): Fix previous change.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
61853
diff
changeset
|
2761 @code{font-lock-defaults}. |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2762 @end defvar |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2763 |
55414 | 2764 @node Desktop Save Mode |
2765 @section Desktop Save Mode | |
2766 @cindex desktop save mode | |
2767 | |
2768 @dfn{Desktop Save Mode} is a feature to save the state of Emacs from | |
2769 one session to another. The user-level commands for using Desktop | |
2770 Save Mode are described in the GNU Emacs Manual (@pxref{Saving Emacs | |
2771 Sessions,,, emacs, the GNU Emacs Manual}). Modes whose buffers visit | |
2772 a file, don't have to do anything to use this feature. | |
2773 | |
2774 For buffers not visiting a file to have their state saved, the major | |
2775 mode must bind the buffer local variable @code{desktop-save-buffer} to | |
57213
3497eca006fe
Various minor changes in addition to:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
56768
diff
changeset
|
2776 a non-@code{nil} value. |
55414 | 2777 |
2778 @defvar desktop-save-buffer | |
2779 If this buffer-local variable is non-@code{nil}, the buffer will have | |
2780 its state saved in the desktop file at desktop save. If the value is | |
2781 a function, it is called at desktop save with argument | |
2782 @var{desktop-dirname}, and its value is saved in the desktop file along | |
2783 with the state of the buffer for which it was called. When file names | |
2784 are returned as part of the auxiliary information, they should be | |
2785 formatted using the call | |
2786 | |
2787 @example | |
2788 (desktop-file-name @var{file-name} @var{desktop-dirname}) | |
2789 @end example | |
2790 | |
2791 @end defvar | |
2792 | |
2793 For buffers not visiting a file to be restored, the major mode must | |
2794 define a function to do the job, and that function must be listed in | |
2795 the alist @code{desktop-buffer-mode-handlers}. | |
2796 | |
2797 @defvar desktop-buffer-mode-handlers | |
2798 Alist with elements | |
2799 | |
2800 @example | |
2801 (@var{major-mode} . @var{restore-buffer-function}) | |
2802 @end example | |
2803 | |
2804 The function @var{restore-buffer-function} will be called with | |
2805 argument list | |
2806 | |
2807 @example | |
2808 (@var{buffer-file-name} @var{buffer-name} @var{desktop-buffer-misc}) | |
2809 @end example | |
2810 | |
2811 and it should return the restored buffer. | |
2812 Here @var{desktop-buffer-misc} is the value returned by the function | |
2813 optionally bound to @code{desktop-save-buffer}. | |
2814 | |
2815 @end defvar | |
2816 | |
6451 | 2817 @node Hooks |
2818 @section Hooks | |
2819 @cindex hooks | |
2820 | |
2821 A @dfn{hook} is a variable where you can store a function or functions | |
2822 to be called on a particular occasion by an existing program. Emacs | |
2823 provides hooks for the sake of customization. Most often, hooks are set | |
25875 | 2824 up in the init file (@pxref{Init File}), but Lisp programs can set them also. |
6451 | 2825 @xref{Standard Hooks}, for a list of standard hook variables. |
2826 | |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
17278
diff
changeset
|
2827 @cindex normal hook |
6451 | 2828 Most of the hooks in Emacs are @dfn{normal hooks}. These variables |
16056
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2829 contain lists of functions to be called with no arguments. When the |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2830 hook name ends in @samp{-hook}, that tells you it is normal. We try to |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2831 make all hooks normal, as much as possible, so that you can use them in |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2832 a uniform way. |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2833 |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2834 Every major mode function is supposed to run a normal hook called the |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2835 @dfn{mode hook} as the last step of initialization. This makes it easy |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2836 for a user to customize the behavior of the mode, by overriding the |
21682
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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2837 buffer-local variable assignments already made by the mode. But hooks |
90da2489c498
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2838 are used in other contexts too. For example, the hook |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
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changeset
|
2839 @code{suspend-hook} runs just before Emacs suspends itself |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
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2840 (@pxref{Suspending Emacs}). |
6451 | 2841 |
2842 The recommended way to add a hook function to a normal hook is by | |
2843 calling @code{add-hook} (see below). The hook functions may be any of | |
52841
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2844 the valid kinds of functions that @code{funcall} accepts (@pxref{What |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2845 Is a Function}). Most normal hook variables are initially void; |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2846 @code{add-hook} knows how to deal with this. You can add hooks either |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2847 globally or buffer-locally with @code{add-hook}. |
52800
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(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2848 |
21007
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|
2849 @cindex abnormal hook |
16056
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2850 If the hook variable's name does not end with @samp{-hook}, that |
25875 | 2851 indicates it is probably an @dfn{abnormal hook}. Then you should look at its |
16056
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2852 documentation to see how to use the hook properly. |
6451 | 2853 |
16056
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2854 If the variable's name ends in @samp{-functions} or @samp{-hooks}, |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2855 then the value is a list of functions, but it is abnormal in that either |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2856 these functions are called with arguments or their values are used in |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2857 some way. You can use @code{add-hook} to add a function to the list, |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2858 but you must take care in writing the function. (A few of these |
43264
91a36592ab22
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Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
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changeset
|
2859 variables, notably those ending in @samp{-hooks}, are actually |
91a36592ab22
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2860 normal hooks which were named before we established the convention of |
91a36592ab22
*** empty log message ***
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2861 using @samp{-hook} for them.) |
16056
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2862 |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2863 If the variable's name ends in @samp{-function}, then its value |
bfe1d6597f08
Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12888
diff
changeset
|
2864 is just a single function, not a list of functions. |
6451 | 2865 |
21682
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2866 Here's an example that uses a mode hook to turn on Auto Fill mode when |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2867 in Lisp Interaction mode: |
6451 | 2868 |
2869 @example | |
2870 (add-hook 'lisp-interaction-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) | |
2871 @end example | |
2872 | |
2873 At the appropriate time, Emacs uses the @code{run-hooks} function to | |
12098 | 2874 run particular hooks. This function calls the hook functions that have |
2875 been added with @code{add-hook}. | |
6451 | 2876 |
25875 | 2877 @defun run-hooks &rest hookvars |
52800
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2878 This function takes one or more normal hook variable names as |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2879 arguments, and runs each hook in turn. Each argument should be a |
52841
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2880 symbol that is a normal hook variable. These arguments are processed |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2881 in the order specified. |
6451 | 2882 |
2883 If a hook variable has a non-@code{nil} value, that value may be a | |
52841
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2884 function or a list of functions. (The former option is considered |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2885 obsolete.) If the value is a function (either a lambda expression or |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2886 a symbol with a function definition), it is called. If it is a list |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2887 that isn't a function, its elements are called, consecutively. All |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2888 the hook functions are called with no arguments. |
6451 | 2889 @end defun |
2890 | |
22138
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changeset
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2891 @defun run-hook-with-args hook &rest args |
52841
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2892 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook and always call all |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2893 of the hook functions. It calls each of the hook functions one by |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2894 one, passing each of them the arguments @var{args}. |
22138
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|
2895 @end defun |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2896 |
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changeset
|
2897 @defun run-hook-with-args-until-failure hook &rest args |
52800
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2898 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook until one of the hook |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2899 functions fails. It calls each of the hook functions, passing each of |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2900 them the arguments @var{args}, until some hook function returns |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2901 @code{nil}. It then stops and returns @code{nil}. If none of the |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2902 hook functions return @code{nil}, it returns a non-@code{nil} value. |
22138
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|
2903 @end defun |
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changeset
|
2904 |
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changeset
|
2905 @defun run-hook-with-args-until-success hook &rest args |
52800
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2906 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook until a hook function |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2907 succeeds. It calls each of the hook functions, passing each of them |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2908 the arguments @var{args}, until some hook function returns |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2909 non-@code{nil}. Then it stops, and returns whatever was returned by |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2910 the last hook function that was called. If all hook functions return |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
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|
2911 @code{nil}, it returns @code{nil} as well. |
22138
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2912 @end defun |
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|
2913 |
12067 | 2914 @defun add-hook hook function &optional append local |
6451 | 2915 This function is the handy way to add function @var{function} to hook |
52841
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2916 variable @var{hook}. You can use it for abnormal hooks as well as for |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2917 normal hooks. @var{function} can be any Lisp function that can accept |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2918 the proper number of arguments for @var{hook}. For example, |
6451 | 2919 |
2920 @example | |
2921 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'my-text-hook-function) | |
2922 @end example | |
2923 | |
2924 @noindent | |
2925 adds @code{my-text-hook-function} to the hook called @code{text-mode-hook}. | |
2926 | |
52841
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2927 If @var{function} is already present in @var{hook} (comparing using |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
diff
changeset
|
2928 @code{equal}), then @code{add-hook} does not add it a second time. |
7253
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|
2929 |
6451 | 2930 It is best to design your hook functions so that the order in which they |
2931 are executed does not matter. Any dependence on the order is ``asking | |
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(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2932 for trouble''. However, the order is predictable: normally, |
6451 | 2933 @var{function} goes at the front of the hook list, so it will be |
21682
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2934 executed first (barring another @code{add-hook} call). If the optional |
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*** empty log message ***
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|
2935 argument @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, the new hook function goes at |
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*** empty log message ***
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changeset
|
2936 the end of the hook list and will be executed last. |
6451 | 2937 |
52800
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2938 If @var{local} is non-@code{nil}, that says to add @var{function} to |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2939 the buffer-local hook list instead of to the global hook list. If |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2940 needed, this makes the hook buffer-local and adds @code{t} to the |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2941 buffer-local value. The latter acts as a flag to run the hook |
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
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52744
diff
changeset
|
2942 functions in the default value as well as in the local value. |
6451 | 2943 @end defun |
8929
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|
2944 |
12067 | 2945 @defun remove-hook hook function &optional local |
52800
d738115b4197
(Faces for Font Lock): Fix typo.
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parents:
52744
diff
changeset
|
2946 This function removes @var{function} from the hook variable |
52841
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52802
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changeset
|
2947 @var{hook}. It compares @var{function} with elements of @var{hook} |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2948 using @code{equal}, so it works for both symbols and lambda |
9a39d5c2148a
(Hooks): Don't explain local hook details here.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2949 expressions. |
12067 | 2950 |
2951 If @var{local} is non-@code{nil}, that says to remove @var{function} | |
21682
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2952 from the buffer-local hook list instead of from the global hook list. |
12067 | 2953 @end defun |
52401 | 2954 |
2955 @ignore | |
2956 arch-tag: 4c7bff41-36e6-4da6-9e7f-9b9289e27c8e | |
2957 @end ignore |