annotate etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL @ 111753:f84b2c2c0b1b

Backport fixes for Bug#5390 and Bug#5694 from trunk. * progmodes/python.el: Add Ipython support (Bug#5390). (python-shell-prompt-alist) (python-shell-continuation-prompt-alist): New options. (python--set-prompt-regexp): New function. (inferior-python-mode, run-python, python-shell): Require ansi-color. Use python--set-prompt-regexp to set the comint prompt based on the Python interpreter. (python--prompt-regexp): New var. (python-check-comint-prompt) (python-comint-output-filter-function): Use it. (run-python): Use a pipe (Bug#5694).
author Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
date Sun, 21 Nov 2010 12:04:43 -0500
parents 1d1d5d9bd884
children bd12e9f7bf79 376148b31b5e
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1 Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
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2
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3 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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4 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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5 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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6
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7 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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8 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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9 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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10 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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11 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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12
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13 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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14 To quit a partially entered command, type C-g.
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
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18 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
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19 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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20 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
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21 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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22 reading the screen.
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23
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24 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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25 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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26 the text.
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27
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28 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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29 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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30 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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31 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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32
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33 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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34
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36 * SUMMARY
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37 ---------
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38
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39 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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40
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41 C-v Move forward one screenful
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42 M-v Move backward one screenful
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43 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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44 moving the text around the cursor
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45 to the center of the screen.
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46 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
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47
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48 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it. Then type C-l.
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text is still near
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50 the cursor, but now it is in the center of the screen.
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51 If you press C-l again, this piece of text will move to the top of
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52 the screen. Press C-l again, and it moves to the bottom.
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53
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54 You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
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55 your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
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56 C-v and M-v.
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57
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58
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59 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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60 ----------------------
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61
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62 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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63 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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64
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65 There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys,
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66 but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
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67 and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
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68 are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
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69
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70 Previous line, C-p
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71 :
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72 :
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73 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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74 :
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75 :
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76 Next line, C-n
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77
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78 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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79 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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80 centered in the screen.
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81
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82 You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
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83 P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You
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84 will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
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85
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86 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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87
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88 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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89 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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90
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91 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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92 separate it from the following line. (Normally, the last line in
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93 a file will have a Newline at the end, but Emacs does not require it.)
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94
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95 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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96 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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97 across the Newline character.
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98
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99 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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100
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101 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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102 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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103 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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104
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105 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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106 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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107 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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108 without moving it off the screen.
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109
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110 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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111 see what happens.
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112
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113 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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114 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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115
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116 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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117
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118 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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119 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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120 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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121
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122 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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123 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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124 places inside and between words.
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125
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126 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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127 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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128 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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129 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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130 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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131
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132 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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133 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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134 or end of a sentence.
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135
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136 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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137 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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138
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139 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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140 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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141 natural.
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142
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143 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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144 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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145 the text.
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146
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147 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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148 word and sentence moving commands:
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149
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150 C-f Move forward a character
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151 C-b Move backward a character
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152
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153 M-f Move forward a word
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154 M-b Move backward a word
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155
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156 C-n Move to next line
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157 C-p Move to previous line
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158
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159 C-a Move to beginning of line
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160 C-e Move to end of line
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161
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162 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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163 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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164
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165 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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166 These are the most often used commands.
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167
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168 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
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169 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
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170 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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171
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172 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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173 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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174 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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175
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176 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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177 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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178
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179 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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180 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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181
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182 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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183 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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184 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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185 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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186 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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187 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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188 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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189 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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190
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191 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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192 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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193 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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194 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
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195 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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196 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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197 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
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198 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
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199
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200 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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201
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202 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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203 to a line near this one with just one command.
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204
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205 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
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206 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
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207 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
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208 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
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209 something different.
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210
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211 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
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212 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
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213 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
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214
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215 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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216
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217 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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218 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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219
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220 If you are using a windowed display, such as X or MS-Windows, there
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221 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar on one side of
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222 the Emacs window. (There are other tall rectangles on either side of
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223 the Emacs display. These "fringes" are used for displaying
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224 continuation characters and other symbols. The scroll bar appears on
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225 only one side, and is the outermost column on that side.)
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226 You can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.
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227
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228 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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229 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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230 determined by how high or low you click.
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231
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232 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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233 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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234 you move the mouse.
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235
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236 If your mouse has a wheel button, you can also use this to scroll.
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237
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238
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239 * IF EMACS STOPS RESPONDING
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240 ---------------------------
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241
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242 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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243 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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244 long to execute.
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245
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246 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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247 a command that you do not want to finish.
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248
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249 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric argument of 100, then type C-g.
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250 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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251 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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252
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253 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it with a C-g.
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254
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255
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256 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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257 -------------------
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258
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259 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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260 them by accident.
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261
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262 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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263 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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264 ahead and execute the command.
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265
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266 If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in
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267 answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the
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268 disabled command, answer the question with "n".
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269
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270 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
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271 then type n to answer the question.
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272
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273
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274 * WINDOWS
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275 ---------
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276
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277 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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278 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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279 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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280 one-window editing. It is simple:
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281
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282 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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283
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284 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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285 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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286 other windows.
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287
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288 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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289 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
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290 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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291 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
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292
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293 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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294
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295 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
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296 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
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297 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
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298 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
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299 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
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300
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301
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302 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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303 ------------------------
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304
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305 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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306 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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307 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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308 Newline character.
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309
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310 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
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311 <Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
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312 outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is
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313 normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
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314 it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
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315
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316 If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
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317 use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
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318 somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
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319
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320 More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
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321 current cursor position.
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322
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323 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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324 by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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325 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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326 your personal copy of it.
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327
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328 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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329 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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330 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
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331 right margin (actually, in the right "fringe") indicates a line which
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332 has been continued.
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333
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334 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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335 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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336
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337 >> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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338 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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339
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340 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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341 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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342 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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343 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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344
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345 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This
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346 merges that line with the previous line.
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347
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348 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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349
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350 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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351 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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352 it several times.
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353
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354 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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355
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356 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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357 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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358 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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359
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360 <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor
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361 C-d Delete the next character after the cursor
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362
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363 M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor
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364 M-d Kill the next word after the cursor
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365
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366 C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line
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367 M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence
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368
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369 Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
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370 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
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371 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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372 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are paired with sentences.
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373
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374 You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move
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375 to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC>
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376 is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.
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377 That kills all the text between the two positions.
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378
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379 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
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380 >> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
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381 at the bottom of the screen.
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382 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
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383 paragraph.
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384 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
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385 and ending just before the n.
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386
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387 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
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388 can be reinserted (at any position), whereas "deleted" things cannot
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389 be reinserted in this way (you can, however, undo a deletion--see below).
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390 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
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391 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they are set up so
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392 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
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393 character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
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394 cannot yank that text). <Delback> and C-d do deletion in the simplest
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395 case, with no argument. When given an argument, they kill instead.
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396
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397 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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398 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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399 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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400 which follows that line.
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401
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402 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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403 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
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404 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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405 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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406 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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407
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408 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
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409 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
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410 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
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411 or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a
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412 different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes
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413 multiple copies of it. Some other editors call killing and yanking
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414 "cutting" and "pasting" (see the Glossary in the Emacs manual).
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415
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416 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
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417 at the current cursor position.
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418
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419 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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420
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421 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
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422 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
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423
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424 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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425
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426 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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427
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428 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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429 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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430
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431 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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432 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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433 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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434 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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435 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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parents:
diff changeset
436 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
437 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
438 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
439 it is.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
440
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
441 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
442 recent kill).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
443
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
445 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450 arguments.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 * UNDO
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454 ------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461 additional command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
465 commands), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467 type to undo insertion of text.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 * FILES
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485 -------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
501 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:--- TUTORIAL" or
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 appear in that precise spot.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511 the file). After you type the command
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
513 C-x C-f Find a file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
514
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
516 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
517 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521 you can cancel the command with C-g.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
528 terminate it. The C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530 finished.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 type the command
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 C-x C-s Save the file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541 original file's name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
545 work if the system should crash (see the section "Auto Save" below).
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 already existing file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 * BUFFERS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 ---------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569 to come back to the tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 C-x C-b List buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577 >> Try C-x C-b now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 is always part of some buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
593 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 to come back to this tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 every buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
603 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 session.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620 C-x s Save some buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632 ---------------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
641 These are commands that are generally useful but are used less than the
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
647 it kills Emacs.)
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
648
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 If you are using a graphical display that supports multiple
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 applications in parallel, you don't need any special command to move
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 from Emacs to another application. You can do this with the mouse or
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 with window manager commands. However, if you're using a text
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 terminal which can only show one application at a time, you need to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 "suspend" Emacs to move to any other program.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 back to the same Emacs session afterward. When Emacs is running on a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common shells, you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
665 how to cope with suspension of Emacs.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 C-x C-f Find file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 C-x C-s Save file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 C-x s Save some buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 C-x C-b List buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 C-x b Switch buffer
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 C-x C-c Quit Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 C-x 1 Delete all but one window
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 C-x u Undo
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 End the command name with <Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 argument with <Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 after the initial position of the cursor.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 * AUTO SAVE
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
713 save file) and then typing M-x recover-file <Return>. When it asks for
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 data.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718 * ECHO AREA
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 * MODE LINE
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 The mode line says something like this:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
732 --:**- TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)-----------------------
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 the text you are editing.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 line says "All".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 current line number of point.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 no stars, just dashes.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 "Fundamental" is now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 switch to Fundamental mode.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 should probably use Text Mode.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
773 >> Type M-x text-mode <Return>.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
775 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 differently.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 combination of several minor modes.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 text and make a line that is too wide.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
802 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode <Return>.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
803 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
804 M-x auto-fill-mode <Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
805 it on, and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
806 the command "toggles the mode".
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
808 >> Type M-x auto-fill-mode <Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 as a numeric argument.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 C-x f again.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822 does not re-fill it for you.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 that paragraph.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 * SEARCHING
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
837 The Emacs search command is "incremental". This means that the
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 >> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
862 (Note that on some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
863 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
864 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
865 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
866 type C-q.)
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 the first occurrence of "c".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 the search is reversed.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 ------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
892 window on the screen at the same time. (Note that Emacs uses the term
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
893 "frames"--described in the next section--for what some other
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
894 applications call "windows". The Emacs manual contains a Glossary of
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
895 Emacs terms.)
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 CONTROL-1).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 in its own right, not a modifier key.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 window--the window I am already in.")
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
943 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different things:
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 window. The cursor goes there, too.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
953 * MULTIPLE FRAMES
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
954 ------------------
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
955
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
956 Emacs can also create multiple "frames" (unless you are using a
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
957 text-only terminal). A frame is what we call one collection of
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
958 windows, together with its menus, scroll bars, echo area, etc.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
959 (Some other applications call a frame a "window".)
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
960
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
961 >> Type M-x make-frame <Return>.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
962 See a new frame appear on your screen.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
963
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
964 You can do everything you did in the original frame in the new frame.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
965 There is nothing special about the first frame.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
966
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
967 >> Type M-x delete-frame <Return>.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
968 This removes the selected frame.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
969
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
970 You can also remove a frame by using the normal method provided by
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
971 your window manager (often clicking a button with an "X" at a top
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
972 corner of the frame). No information is lost when you close a frame
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
973 (or window), it is simply removed from sight and can be restored later.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
974
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
975
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 --------------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 get out.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 recursive editing level.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 * GETTING MORE HELP
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 -------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 type C-g to cancel it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1013 (If C-h does not display a message about help at the bottom of the
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1014 screen, try typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 description of the command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 >> Type C-h c C-p.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 The message should be something like this:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 C-p runs the command previous-line
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1026 This tells you the "name of the function". Since function names
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1027 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve as
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 have already learned.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 >> Type C-h k C-p.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044 Here are some other useful C-h options:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 function.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1049 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line <Return>.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 This displays all the information Emacs has about the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 function which implements the C-p command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1053 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables,
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1054 including those whose values you can set to customize Emacs behavior.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1055 You need to type in the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1063 >> Type C-h a file <Return>.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1073 C-h i Read included Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1075 can read manuals for the packages installed on your system.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1076 Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs manual.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1077 If you have never before used Info, type ? and Emacs
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1078 will take you on a guided tour of Info mode facilities.
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1079 Once you are through with this tutorial, you should
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1080 consult the Emacs Info manual as your primary documentation.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 * MORE FEATURES
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 ---------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1086 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1087 printed book, or inside Emacs (use the Help menu or type C-h r).
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1088 Two features that you may like especially are completion, which saves
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1089 typing, and dired, which simplifies file handling.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1094 determine from what you have already typed. Completion also works for
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1095 command names and file names. Completion is described in the Emacs
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1096 manual in the node called "Completion".
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1100 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in the Emacs
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1101 manual in the node called "Dired".
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 * CONCLUSION
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1107 ------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1108
103765
7390f2dfe6b8 Standardize the way M-x commands are written:
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 100972
diff changeset
1109 To exit Emacs use C-x C-c.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1113
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1114
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1115 * COPYING
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1116 ---------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1117
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1120
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1121 This version of the tutorial is a part of GNU Emacs. It is copyrighted
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1122 and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1123
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1124 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
106815
1d1d5d9bd884 Add 2010 to copyright years.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 103765
diff changeset
1125 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1126
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1127 This file is part of GNU Emacs.
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1128
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1129 GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1130 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1131 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1132 (at your option) any later version.
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1133
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1134 GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1136 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137 GNU General Public License for more details.
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1138
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1140 along with GNU Emacs. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of GNU Emacs to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144 using, writing, and sharing free software!
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1145
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 ;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55