annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 16306:450f26426101 libc-960925 libc-960926 libc-960927 libc-960928 libc-960929 libc-961001 libc-961004 libc-961005 libc-961006 libc-961007 libc-961008 libc-961009 libc-961010 libc-961011 libc-961012 libc-961013 libc-961014 libc-961015 libc-961016 libc-961017 libc-961018 libc-961019 libc-961020 libc-961021 libc-961022 libc-961023 libc-961024 libc-961025 libc-961026 libc-961027 libc-961028

(-vxsim*): New operating system.
author Richard Kenner <kenner@gnu.org>
date Tue, 24 Sep 1996 02:44:17 +0000
parents 7a3398850d94
children 6cb6d2fe6999
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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.
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2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
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3
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4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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19 (go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and v together).
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20 From now on, you'll be expected to do this whenever you finish
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21 reading the screen.
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22
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23 Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; this
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24 provides some continuity when moving through the file.
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25
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26 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from
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27 place to place in the file. You already know how to move forward a
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28 screen, with C-v. To move backwards a screen, type M-v (depress the
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29 META key and type v, or type <ESC>v if you don't have a META or EDIT
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30 key).
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31
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times.
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33
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34
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35 * SUMMARY
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36 ---------
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37
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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39
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay everything
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43 putting the text near the cursor at the center.
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44 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
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45
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46 >> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it.
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47 Then type a C-l.
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48 Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.
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49
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50
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51 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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52 ----------------------
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53
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54 Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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55 reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place?
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56 There are several ways you can do this. One way (not the best, but
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57 the most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward
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58 and next. As you can imagine these commands (which are given to
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59 Emacs as C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n respectively) move the cursor from
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60 where it currently is to a new place in the given direction. Here,
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61 in a more graphical form are the commands:
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62
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63 Previous line, C-p
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64 :
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65 :
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66 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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67 :
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68 :
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69 Next line, C-n
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70
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71 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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72 and type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the screen.
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73
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74 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter. P for
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75 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are
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76 the basic cursor positioning commands and you'll be using them ALL
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77 the time so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
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78
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79 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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81 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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82 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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84 Lines are separated by Newline characters. For most applications
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85 there should normally be a Newline character at the end of the text,
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86 as well, but it is up to you to make sure of this. A file can
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87 validly exist without a Newline at the end.
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88
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89 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. Do a few more C-b's.
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90 Then do C-f's back to the end of the line and beyond.
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91
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92 When you go off the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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93 the edge is shifted onto the screen so that your instructions can
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94 be carried out while keeping the cursor on the screen.
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95
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96 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n and
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97 see what happens.
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98
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99 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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100 (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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101
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102 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's. Intersperse them with C-f's and C-b's.
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103
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104 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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105 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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106 operations related to English text whereas Control characters operate
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107 on the basic textual units that are independent of what you are
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108 editing (characters, lines, etc). There is a similar parallel between
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109 lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to the beginning or end of a
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110 line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning or end of a sentence.
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111
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112 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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113 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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114
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115 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving
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116 farther. Do you think that this is right?
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117
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118 Two other simple cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
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119 which moves to the beginning of the file, and M-> (Meta Greater-than),
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120 which moves to the end of the file. You probably don't need to try
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121 them, since finding this spot again will be boring. On most terminals
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122 the "<" is above the comma and you must use the shift key to type it.
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123 On these terminals you must use the shift key to type M-< also;
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124 without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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125
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126 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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127 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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128 the text.
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129
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130 Here is a summary of simple moving operations including the word and
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131 sentence moving commands:
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132
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133 C-f Move forward a character
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134 C-b Move backward a character
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135
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136 M-f Move forward a word
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137 M-b Move backward a word
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138
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139 C-n Move to next line
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140 C-p Move to previous line
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141
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142 C-a Move to beginning of line
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143 C-e Move to end of line
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144
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145 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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146 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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147
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148 M-< Go to beginning of file
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149 M-> Go to end of file
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150
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151 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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152 Since the last two will take you away from this screen,
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153 you can come back here with M-v's and C-v's. These are
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154 the most often used commands.
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155
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156 Like all other commands in Emacs, these commands can be given
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157 arguments which cause them to be executed repeatedly. The way you
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158 give a command a repeat count is by typing C-u and then the digits
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159 before you type the command. If you have a META or EDIT key, you can
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160 omit the C-u if you hold down the META or EDIT key while you type the
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161 digits. This is easier, but we recommend the C-u method because it
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162 works on any terminal.
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163
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164 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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165
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166 >> Try giving a suitable argument to C-n or C-p to come as close
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167 as you can to this line in one jump.
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168
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169 The only apparent exception to this is the screen moving commands,
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170 C-v and M-v. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or
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171 down by that many lines, rather than screenfuls. This proves to be
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172 much more useful.
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173
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174 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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175
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176 Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines? If you would like to
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177 scroll it down you can give an argument to M-v.
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178
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179 If you are using X Windows, there is probably a rectangular area
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180 called a scroll bar at the right hand side of the Emacs window. You
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181 can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.
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182
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183 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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184 within the scroll bar, then moving the mouse while holding that button
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185 down.
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186
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187 >> Move the mouse to a point in the scroll bar about three lines from
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188 the top, and click the left button a couple of times. Then try the
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189 right button a couple of times.
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190
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191
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192 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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193 --------------------
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194
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195 If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation which
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196 you don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g.
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197 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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198 a command that you don't want to finish.
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199
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200 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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201 Now type C-f. How many characters does it move?
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202 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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203 with a C-g.
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204
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205 If you type <ESC> : then you get a new window appearing on the screen,
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206 telling you that M-: is a "disabled command" and asking whether you
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207 really want to execute it. The command M-: is marked as disabled
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208 because we expect it would confuse beginners and you probably don't
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209 want to use it until you know more about Emacs. If you really want to
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210 try the M-: command, you could type a Space in answer to the question,
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211 and M-: would go ahead. Normally, if you do not want to execute M-:,
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212 you would type "n" to answer the question.
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213
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214 >> Type <ESC> :, then type n.
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215
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216
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217 * WINDOWS
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218 ---------
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219
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220 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
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221 At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
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222 using multiple windows. But you do need to know how to get
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223 rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or
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224 output from certain commands. It is simple:
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225
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226 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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227
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228 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1.
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229 C-x 1 makes the window which the cursor is in become
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230 the full screen, by getting rid of any other windows.
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231
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232 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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233 >> Type Control-h k Control-f.
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234 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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235 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
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236
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237 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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238
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239
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240 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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241 ------------------------
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242
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243 If you want to insert text, just type it. Characters which you can
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244 see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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245 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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246 Newline character.
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247
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248 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
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249 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
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250 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
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251
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252 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
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253 current cursor position.
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254
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255 >> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them
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256 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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257 being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial. This is just
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258 a copy of it.
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259
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260 >> Now start typing text until you reach the right margin, and keep
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261 typing. When a line of text gets too big for one line on the
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262 screen, the line of text is "continued" onto a second screen line.
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263 The backslash at the right margin indicates a line which has
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264 been continued.
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265 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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266 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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267
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268 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
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269 deletes the newline before the line and merges the line onto
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270 the previous line. The resulting line may be too long to fit, in
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271 which case it has a continuation line.
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272 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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273
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274 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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275 this includes characters which insert themselves.
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276
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277 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * and see what happens.
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278
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279 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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280 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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281 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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282
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283 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
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284 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
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285
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286 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
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287 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
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288
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289 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
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290 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
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291
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292 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
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293 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> isn't really a control
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294 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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295 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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296
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297 Now suppose you kill something, and then you decide that you want to
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298 get it back? Well, whenever you kill something bigger than a
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299 character, Emacs saves it for you. To yank it back, use C-y. You
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300 can kill text in one place, move elsewhere, and then do C-y; this is
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301 a good way to move text around. Note that the difference
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302 between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is that "Killed" things
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303 can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot. Generally, the
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304 commands that can destroy a lot of text save it, while the ones that
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305 attack only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, do
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306 not save.
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307
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308 For instance, type C-n a couple times to position the cursor
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309 at some line on this screen.
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310
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311 >> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C-k.
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312
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313 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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314 C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. If
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315 you give C-k a repeat count, it kills that many lines AND their
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316 contents.
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317
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318 The text that has just disappeared is saved so that you can
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319 retrieve it. To retrieve the last killed text and put it where
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320 the cursor currently is, type C-y.
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321
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322 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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323
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324 Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone
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325 took away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row
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326 the text that is killed is all saved together so that one C-y will
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327 yank all of the lines.
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328
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329 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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330
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331 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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332
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333 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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334 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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335
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336 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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337 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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338 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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339 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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340 M-Y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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341 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you
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342 have reached the text you are looking for, you can just go away and
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343 leave it there. If you M-y enough times, you come back to the
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344 starting point (the most recent kill).
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345
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346 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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347 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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348 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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349 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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350 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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351 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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352 arguments.
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353
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354
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355 * UNDO
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356 ------
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357
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358 Any time you make a change to the text and wish you had not done so,
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359 you can undo the change (return the text to its previous state)
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360 with the undo command, C-x u. Normally, C-x u undoes one command's
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361 worth of changes; if you repeat the C-x u several times in a row,
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362 each time undoes one more command. There are two exceptions:
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363 commands that made no change (just moved the cursor) do not count,
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364 and self-inserting characters are often lumped together in groups
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365 of up to 20. This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to type.
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366
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367 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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368
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369 C-_ is another command for undoing; it is just the same as C-x u
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370 but easier to type several times in a row. The problem with C-_ is
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371 that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That is
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372 why C-x u is provided as well. On some DEC terminals, you can type
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373 C-_ by typing / while holding down CTRL. Illogical, but what can
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374 you expect from DEC?
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375
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376 Giving a numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u is equivalent to repeating
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377 it as many times as the argument says.
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378
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379
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380 * FILES
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381 -------
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382
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383 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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384 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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385 away. You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file. What
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386 finding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs;
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387 and, loosely speaking, what you are editing is the file itself.
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388 However, the changes still don't become permanent until you "save" the
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389 file. This is so you can have control to avoid leaving a half-changed
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390 file around when you don't want to. Even then, Emacs leaves the
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391 original file under a changed name in case your changes turn out
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392 to be a mistake.
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393
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394 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
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395 begins and ends with dashes, and contains the string "Emacs: TUTORIAL".
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396 Your copy of the Emacs tutorial is called "TUTORIAL". Whatever
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397 file you find, that file's name will appear in that precise
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398 spot.
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399
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400 The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other
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401 commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
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402 They both start with the character Control-x. There is a whole series
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403 of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with
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404 files, buffers, and related things, and all of them consist of
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405 Control-x followed by some other character.
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406
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407 Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have
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408 to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an argument
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409 from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
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410 file). After you type the command
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411
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412 C-x C-f Find a file
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413
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414 Emacs asks you to type the file name. It echoes on the bottom
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415 line of the screen. You are using the minibuffer now! this is
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416 what the minibuffer is for. When you type <Return> to end the
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417 file name, the minibuffer is no longer needed, so it disappears.
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418
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419 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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420 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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421 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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422
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423 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen. You can
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424 edit the contents. When you wish to make the changes permanent,
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425 issue the command
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426
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427 C-x C-s Save the file
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428
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429 The contents of Emacs are written into the file. The first time you
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430 do this, the original file is renamed to a new name so that it
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431 is not lost. The new name is made by appending "~" to the end
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432 of the original file's name.
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433
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434 When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
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435 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
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436 work if the system should crash.
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437
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438 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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439 This should print "Wrote .../TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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440 On VMS it will print "Wrote ...[...]TUTORIAL."
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441
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442 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
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443 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
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444 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
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445 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
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446 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
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447 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
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448
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449 To make a new file, just find it "as if" it already existed. Then
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450 start typing in the text. When you ask to "save" the file, Emacs
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451 will really create the file with the text that you have inserted.
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452 From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
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453 existing file.
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454
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455
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456 * BUFFERS
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457 ---------
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458
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459 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
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460 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
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461 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
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462
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463 The object inside Emacs which holds the text read from one file
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464 is called a "buffer." Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs.
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465 To see a list of the buffers that exist in Emacs, type
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466
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467 C-x C-b List buffers
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468
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469 >> Try C-x C-b now.
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470
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471 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
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472 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
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473 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
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474 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
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475 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
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476 has to be in some buffer.
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477
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478 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
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479
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480 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
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481 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
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482 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
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483 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
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484 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
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485 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
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486 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
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487
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488 C-x s Save some buffers
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489
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490 C-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you have
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491 and finds the ones that contain files you have changed.
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492 For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it.
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493
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494
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495 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
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496 ---------------------------
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497
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498 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
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499 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
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500 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
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501
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502 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
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503 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
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504
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505 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
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506 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two
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507 of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save.
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508 Another example is the command to tell Emacs that you'd like to stop
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509 editing and get rid of Emacs. The command to do this is C-x C-c.
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510 (Don't worry; it offers to save each changed file before it kills the
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511 Emacs.)
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512
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513 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
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514 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
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515
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516 On systems which allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to the shell but does
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517 not destroy the Emacs; if you use the C shell, you can resume Emacs
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518 with the `fg' command (or, more generally, with `%emacs', which works
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519 even if your most recent job was some other). On systems which don't
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520 implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell running under Emacs to
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521 give you the chance to run other programs and return to Emacs
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522 afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In this case, the
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523 shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to Emacs from the
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524 subshell.
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525
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526 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
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527 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
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528 programs and other random utilities, since they may not know how to
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529 cope with suspension of Emacs. On other occasions, use C-z, and
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530 resume the Emacs when you have more editing to do.
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531
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532 There are many C-x commands. The ones you know are:
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533
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534 C-x C-f Find file.
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535 C-x C-s Save file.
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536 C-x C-b List buffers.
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537 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
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538 C-x u Undo.
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539
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540 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
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541 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. These
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542 commands are usually called "functions". An example is the function
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543 replace-string, which globally replaces one string with another. When
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544 you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the bottom of the screen with
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545 M-x and you should type the name of the function you wish to call; in
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546 this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and Emacs will
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547 complete the name. End the command name with <Return>.
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548 Then type the two "arguments"--the string to be replaced, and the string
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549 to replace it with--each one ended with a Return.
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550
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551 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
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552 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
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553
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554 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
34
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555 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred
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556 after the cursor.
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557
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558
10698
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559 * AUTO SAVE
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560 -----------
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561
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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562 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
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563 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
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564 this, Emacs writes "auto save" files periodically. The auto save file
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565 name has a # at the beginning and the end; for example, if your file
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566 is named "hello.c", its auto save file's name is "#hello.c#". When
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567 you save the file in the normal way, its auto save file is no longer
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568 necessary so Emacs deletes it.
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569
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570 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
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571 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
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572 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<return>. When it asks for
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573 confirmation, type yes<return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
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574 data.
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575
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576
1375
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577 * MODE LINE
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578 -----------
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579
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580 If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
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581 at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area." The echo
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582 area contains the bottom line of the screen. The line immediately above
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583 it is called the MODE LINE. The mode line says something like
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584
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585 --**-Emacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--58%----------------------
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586
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587 This is a very useful "information" line.
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588
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589 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
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590 found. What the --NN%-- means is that NN percent of the file is
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591 above the top of the screen. If the top of the file is on the screen,
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592 it will say --Top-- instead of --00%--. If the bottom of the file is
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593 on the screen, it will say --Bot--. If you are looking at a file so
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594 small it all fits on the screen, it says --All--.
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595
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596 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
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597 Right after you visit or save a file, there are no stars, just dashes.
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598
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599 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
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600 modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is what you
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601 are in now. It is an example of a "major mode". There are several
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602 major modes in Emacs for editing different languages and text, such as
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603 Lisp mode, Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is
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604 active, and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
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605 "Fundamental" is now. Each major mode makes a few commands behave
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606 differently. For example, there are commands for creating comments in
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607 a program, and since each programming language has a different idea of
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608 what a comment should look like, each major mode has to insert
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609 comments differently. Each major mode is the name of an extended
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610 command, which is how you get into the mode. For example,
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611 M-x fundamental-mode is how to get into Fundamental mode.
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612
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613 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
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614 should probably use Text Mode.
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615 >> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
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616
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617 Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
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618 any great way. But you can observe that apostrophes are now part of
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619 words when you do M-f or M-b. Major modes are usually like that:
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620 commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they work
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621 a little bit differently.
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622
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623 To get documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
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624
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625 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
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626 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
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627 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
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628
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diff changeset
629 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
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630 They are called minor because they aren't alternatives to the major
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631 modes, just minor modifications of them. Each minor mode can be
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632 turned on or off by itself, regardless of what major mode you are in,
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633 and regardless of the other minor modes. So you can use no minor
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634 modes, or one minor mode, or any combination of several minor modes.
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635
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636 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
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637 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
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638 in between words automatically whenever the line gets too long. You
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639 can turn this mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. When the
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640 mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
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parents:
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641 If the mode is off, this function turns it on, and if the mode is on,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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diff changeset
642 this function turns it off. This is called "toggling".
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643
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644 >> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
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parents:
diff changeset
645 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
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parents:
diff changeset
646 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
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parents:
diff changeset
647
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diff changeset
648 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
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parents:
diff changeset
649 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
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parents:
diff changeset
650 as a numeric argument.
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parents:
diff changeset
651
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parents:
diff changeset
652 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
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parents:
diff changeset
653 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
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parents:
diff changeset
654 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
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parents:
diff changeset
655 C-x f again.
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parents:
diff changeset
656
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parents:
diff changeset
657 If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
658 does not re-fill it for you.
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parents:
diff changeset
659 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
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parents:
diff changeset
660 that paragraph.
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parents:
diff changeset
661
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parents:
diff changeset
662 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
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parents:
diff changeset
663
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
664 * SEARCHING
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parents: 477
diff changeset
665 -----------
13
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diff changeset
666
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parents:
diff changeset
667 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
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parents:
diff changeset
668 characters or words) either forward through the file or backward
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
669 through it. To search for the string means that you are trying to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
670 locate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
671 occurrences of the string exist. This type of search is somewhat
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
672 different from what you may be familiar with. It is a search that is
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
673 performed as you type in the thing to search for. The command to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
674 initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r for reverse
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
675 search. BUT WAIT! Don't do them now. When you type C-s you'll
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
676 notice that the string "I-search" appears as a prompt in the echo
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
677 area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is called an incremental
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parents:
diff changeset
678 search waiting for you to type the thing that you want to search for.
4190
023ddd6f5c2b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2863
diff changeset
679 <RET> terminates a search.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
680
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parents:
diff changeset
681 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
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parents:
diff changeset
682 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
683 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
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parents:
diff changeset
684 >> Type C-s to find the next occurrence of "cursor".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
685 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
4190
023ddd6f5c2b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2863
diff changeset
686 >> Type <RET> to terminate the search.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
687
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parents:
diff changeset
688 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
689 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To go
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
690 to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
691 occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you that it is a failing
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
692 search. C-g would also terminate the search.
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parents:
diff changeset
693
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
694 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
695 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
696 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
697 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
698 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
699 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
700
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
701 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
13
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parents:
diff changeset
702 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
703 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
704 instance, suppose you currently have typed 'cu' and you see that your
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
705 cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'. If you now type <Delete>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
706 the 'u' on the search line is erased and you'll be repositioned in the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
707 text to the occurrence of 'c' where the search took you before you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
708 typed the 'u'. This provides a useful means for backing up while you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
709 are searching.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
710
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
711 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
712 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
713 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
714
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
715 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
716 string AFTER the current cursor position. But what if you want to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
717 search for something earlier in the text? To do this, type C-r for
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
718 Reverse search. Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r except
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
719 that the direction of the search is reversed.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
720
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
721
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
722 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
723 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
724
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
725 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
726 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
727
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
728 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
729
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
730 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
731 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
732
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
733 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
6276
e76136b468b3 Explain typing C-M-
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4351
diff changeset
734 (If you don't have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
735
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
736 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
737 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
738 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
739
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
740 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
741 The cursor is still just where it was in the top window before.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
742
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
743 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
744 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
745 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
746 window that the cursor is in.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
747
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
748 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
749 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
750 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and edit
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
751 there as you advance through the other window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
752
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
753 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
754 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CTRL and META while
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
755 typing v.
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
756
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
757 It doesn't matter whether CTRL or META "comes first," because both of
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
758 these keys act by modifying the characters you type. But if you don't
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
759 have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order does matter:
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
760 you must type ESC followed by CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v will not work. This
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
761 is because ESC is a character in its own right, not a modifier key.
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
762
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
763 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
764
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
765 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
766 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
767 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
768
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
769 You don't have to display the same buffer in both windows. If
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
770 you use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
771 doesn't change. You can pick a file in each window
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
772 independently.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
773
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
774 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
775 things:
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
776
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
777 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
778 End with <RETURN>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
779 window. The cursor goes there, too.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
780
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
781 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
782 the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
783
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
784
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
785 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
786 --------------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
787
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
788 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
789 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
790 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
791 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
792
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
793 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
794 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
795 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
796
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
797 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
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799 You can't use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level because C-g
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7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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800 is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the recursive
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801 editing level.
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802
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803
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804 * GETTING MORE HELP
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805 -------------------
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806
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807 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
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808 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
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809 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
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810 to learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable features
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811 that you don't know about yet. Emacs has a great deal of internal
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812 documentation. All of these commands can be accessed through
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813 the character Control-h, which we call "the Help character"
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814 because of the function it serves.
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815
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816 To use the HELP features, type the C-h character, and then a
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817 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
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818 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
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819 If you have typed C-h and decide you don't want any help, just
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2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
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820 type C-g to cancel it.
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821
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c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
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822 (Some sites rebind the character C-h. They really shouldn't do this
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823 as a blanket measure, so complain to the operator. Meanwhile, if C-h
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824 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
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825 typing M-x help RET instead.)
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826
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827 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, a c, and a
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828 command character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very brief
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829 description of the command.
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830
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831 >> Type C-h c Control-p.
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832 The message should be something like
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833
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834 C-p runs the command previous-line
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835
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836 This tells you the "name of the function". That is important in
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837 writing Lisp code to extend Emacs; it also is enough to remind
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838 you of what the command does if you have seen it before but did
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839 not remember.
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840
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841 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
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842 EDIT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
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843
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844 To get more information on the command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
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845
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846 >> Type C-h k Control-p.
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847
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848 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
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849 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
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850 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
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851 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
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852 to the help text and then type C-x 1.
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853
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854 Here are some other useful C-h options:
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855
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856 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
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857 function.
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858
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859 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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860 This prints all the information Emacs has about the
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861 function which implements the C-p command.
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862
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863 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
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864 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
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865 These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
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866 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
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867 or two character sequence which has the same effect.
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868
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869 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
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870
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871 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with
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872 "file" in their names. You will also see commands like C-x C-f
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873 and C-x C-w, listed beside the command names find-file and
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874 write-file.
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875
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876 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
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877
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878 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
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879
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880
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881 * CONCLUSION
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882 ------------
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883
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884 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
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885 temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z.
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886
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887 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
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888 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
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889
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890
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891 COPYING
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892 -------
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893
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894 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
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895 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
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896
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897 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
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898 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
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899
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900 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation
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901
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902 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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903 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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904 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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905 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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906 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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907
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908 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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909 of this document, or of portions of it,
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910 under the above conditions, provided also that they
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911 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
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912
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913 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are slightly different
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914 but in the same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then
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915 do give copies of GNU Emacs to your friends.
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916 Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by using,
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917 writing, and sharing free software!