diff lisp/calc/calc-bin.el @ 40785:2fb9d407ae73

Initial import of Calc 2.02f.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-bin.el	Tue Nov 06 18:59:06 2001 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,847 @@
+;; Calculator for GNU Emacs, part II [calc-bin.el]
+;; Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+;; Written by Dave Gillespie, [e-mail].
+
+;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.  No author or distributor
+;; accepts responsibility to anyone for the consequences of using it
+;; or for whether it serves any particular purpose or works at all,
+;; unless he says so in writing.  Refer to the GNU Emacs General Public
+;; License for full details.
+
+;; Everyone is granted permission to copy, modify and redistribute
+;; GNU Emacs, but only under the conditions described in the
+;; GNU Emacs General Public License.   A copy of this license is
+;; supposed to have been given to you along with GNU Emacs so you
+;; can know your rights and responsibilities.  It should be in a
+;; file named COPYING.  Among other things, the copyright notice
+;; and this notice must be preserved on all copies.
+
+
+
+;; This file is autoloaded from calc-ext.el.
+(require 'calc-ext)
+
+(require 'calc-macs)
+
+(defun calc-Need-calc-bin () nil)
+
+
+;;; b-prefix binary commands.
+
+(defun calc-and (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (calc-enter-result 2 "and"
+		      (append '(calcFunc-and)
+			      (calc-top-list-n 2)
+			      (and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-or (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (calc-enter-result 2 "or"
+		      (append '(calcFunc-or)
+			      (calc-top-list-n 2)
+			      (and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-xor (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (calc-enter-result 2 "xor"
+		      (append '(calcFunc-xor)
+			      (calc-top-list-n 2)
+			      (and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-diff (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (calc-enter-result 2 "diff"
+		      (append '(calcFunc-diff)
+			      (calc-top-list-n 2)
+			      (and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-not (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (calc-enter-result 1 "not"
+		      (append '(calcFunc-not)
+			      (calc-top-list-n 1)
+			      (and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-lshift-binary (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (let ((hyp (if (calc-is-hyperbolic) 2 1)))
+     (calc-enter-result hyp "lsh"
+			(append '(calcFunc-lsh)
+				(calc-top-list-n hyp)
+				(and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n)))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-rshift-binary (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (let ((hyp (if (calc-is-hyperbolic) 2 1)))
+     (calc-enter-result hyp "rsh"
+			(append '(calcFunc-rsh)
+				(calc-top-list-n hyp)
+				(and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n)))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-lshift-arith (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (let ((hyp (if (calc-is-hyperbolic) 2 1)))
+     (calc-enter-result hyp "ash"
+			(append '(calcFunc-ash)
+				(calc-top-list-n hyp)
+				(and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n)))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-rshift-arith (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (let ((hyp (if (calc-is-hyperbolic) 2 1)))
+     (calc-enter-result hyp "rash"
+			(append '(calcFunc-rash)
+				(calc-top-list-n hyp)
+				(and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n)))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-rotate-binary (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (let ((hyp (if (calc-is-hyperbolic) 2 1)))
+     (calc-enter-result hyp "rot"
+			(append '(calcFunc-rot)
+				(calc-top-list-n hyp)
+				(and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n)))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-clip (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-slow-wrapper
+   (calc-enter-result 1 "clip"
+		      (append '(calcFunc-clip)
+			      (calc-top-list-n 1)
+			      (and n (list (prefix-numeric-value n))))))
+)
+
+(defun calc-word-size (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-wrapper
+   (or n (setq n (read-string (format "Binary word size: (default %d) "
+				      calc-word-size))))
+   (setq n (if (stringp n)
+	       (if (equal n "")
+		   calc-word-size
+		 (if (string-match "\\`[-+]?[0-9]+\\'" n)
+		     (string-to-int n)
+		   (error "Expected an integer")))
+	     (prefix-numeric-value n)))
+   (or (= n calc-word-size)
+       (if (> (math-abs n) 100)
+	   (calc-change-mode 'calc-word-size n calc-leading-zeros)
+	 (calc-change-mode '(calc-word-size calc-previous-modulo)
+			   (list n (math-power-of-2 (math-abs n)))
+			   calc-leading-zeros)))
+   (if (< n 0)
+       (message "Binary word size is %d bits (2's complement)." (- n))
+     (message "Binary word size is %d bits." n)))
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+;;; d-prefix mode commands.
+
+(defun calc-radix (n)
+  (interactive "NDisplay radix (2-36): ")
+  (calc-wrapper
+   (if (and (>= n 2) (<= n 36))
+       (progn
+	 (calc-change-mode 'calc-number-radix n t)
+	 ;; also change global value so minibuffer sees it
+	 (setq-default calc-number-radix calc-number-radix))
+     (setq n calc-number-radix))
+   (message "Number radix is %d." n))
+)
+
+(defun calc-decimal-radix ()
+  (interactive)
+  (calc-radix 10)
+)
+
+(defun calc-binary-radix ()
+  (interactive)
+  (calc-radix 2)
+)
+
+(defun calc-octal-radix ()
+  (interactive)
+  (calc-radix 8)
+)
+
+(defun calc-hex-radix ()
+  (interactive)
+  (calc-radix 16)
+)
+
+(defun calc-leading-zeros (n)
+  (interactive "P")
+  (calc-wrapper
+   (if (calc-change-mode 'calc-leading-zeros n t t)
+       (message "Zero-padding integers to %d digits (assuming radix %d)."
+		(let* ((calc-internal-prec 6))
+		  (math-compute-max-digits (math-abs calc-word-size)
+					   calc-number-radix))
+		calc-number-radix)
+     (message "Omitting leading zeros on integers.")))
+)
+
+
+(defvar math-power-of-2-cache (list 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024))
+(defvar math-big-power-of-2-cache nil)
+(defun math-power-of-2 (n)    ;  [I I] [Public]
+  (if (and (natnump n) (<= n 100))
+      (or (nth n math-power-of-2-cache)
+	  (let* ((i (length math-power-of-2-cache))
+		 (val (nth (1- i) math-power-of-2-cache)))
+	    (while (<= i n)
+	      (setq val (math-mul val 2)
+		    math-power-of-2-cache (nconc math-power-of-2-cache
+						 (list val))
+		    i (1+ i)))
+	    val))
+    (let ((found (assq n math-big-power-of-2-cache)))
+      (if found
+	  (cdr found)
+	(let ((po2 (math-ipow 2 n)))
+	  (setq math-big-power-of-2-cache
+		(cons (cons n po2) math-big-power-of-2-cache))
+	  po2))))
+)
+
+(defun math-integer-log2 (n)    ; [I I] [Public]
+  (let ((i 0)
+	(p math-power-of-2-cache)
+	val)
+    (while (and p (Math-natnum-lessp (setq val (car p)) n))
+      (setq p (cdr p)
+	    i (1+ i)))
+    (if p
+	(and (equal val n)
+	     i)
+      (while (Math-natnum-lessp
+	      (prog1
+		  (setq val (math-mul val 2))
+		(setq math-power-of-2-cache (nconc math-power-of-2-cache
+						   (list val))))
+	      n)
+	(setq i (1+ i)))
+      (and (equal val n)
+	   i)))
+)
+
+
+
+
+;;; Bitwise operations.
+
+(defun calcFunc-and (a b &optional w)   ; [I I I] [Public]
+  (cond ((Math-messy-integerp w)
+	 (calcFunc-and a b (math-trunc w)))
+	((and w (not (integerp w)))
+	 (math-reject-arg w 'fixnump))
+	((and (integerp a) (integerp b))
+	 (math-clip (logand a b) w))
+	((or (eq (car-safe a) 'mod) (eq (car-safe b) 'mod))
+	 (math-binary-modulo-args 'calcFunc-and a b w))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp a))
+	 (math-reject-arg a 'integerp))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp b))
+	 (math-reject-arg b 'integerp))
+	(t (math-clip (cons 'bigpos
+			    (math-and-bignum (math-binary-arg a w)
+					     (math-binary-arg b w)))
+		      w)))
+)
+
+(defun math-binary-arg (a w)
+  (if (not (Math-integerp a))
+      (setq a (math-trunc a)))
+  (if (Math-integer-negp a)
+      (math-not-bignum (cdr (math-bignum-test (math-sub -1 a)))
+		       (math-abs (if w (math-trunc w) calc-word-size)))
+    (cdr (Math-bignum-test a)))
+)
+
+(defun math-binary-modulo-args (f a b w)
+  (let (mod)
+    (if (eq (car-safe a) 'mod)
+	(progn
+	  (setq mod (nth 2 a)
+		a (nth 1 a))
+	  (if (eq (car-safe b) 'mod)
+	      (if (equal mod (nth 2 b))
+		  (setq b (nth 1 b))
+		(math-reject-arg b "*Inconsistent modulos"))))
+      (setq mod (nth 2 b)
+	    b (nth 1 b)))
+    (if (Math-messy-integerp mod)
+	(setq mod (math-trunc mod))
+      (or (Math-integerp mod)
+	  (math-reject-arg mod 'integerp)))
+    (let ((bits (math-integer-log2 mod)))
+      (if bits
+	  (if w
+	      (if (/= w bits)
+		  (calc-record-why
+		   "*Warning: Modulo inconsistent with word size"))
+	    (setq w bits))
+	(calc-record-why "*Warning: Modulo is not a power of 2"))
+      (math-make-mod (if b
+			 (funcall f a b w)
+		       (funcall f a w))
+		     mod)))
+)
+
+(defun math-and-bignum (a b)   ; [l l l]
+  (and a b
+       (let ((qa (math-div-bignum-digit a 512))
+	     (qb (math-div-bignum-digit b 512)))
+	 (math-mul-bignum-digit (math-and-bignum (math-norm-bignum (car qa))
+						  (math-norm-bignum (car qb)))
+				 512
+				 (logand (cdr qa) (cdr qb)))))
+)
+
+(defun calcFunc-or (a b &optional w)   ; [I I I] [Public]
+  (cond ((Math-messy-integerp w)
+	 (calcFunc-or a b (math-trunc w)))
+	((and w (not (integerp w)))
+	 (math-reject-arg w 'fixnump))
+	((and (integerp a) (integerp b))
+	 (math-clip (logior a b) w))
+	((or (eq (car-safe a) 'mod) (eq (car-safe b) 'mod))
+	 (math-binary-modulo-args 'calcFunc-or a b w))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp a))
+	 (math-reject-arg a 'integerp))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp b))
+	 (math-reject-arg b 'integerp))
+	(t (math-clip (cons 'bigpos
+			    (math-or-bignum (math-binary-arg a w)
+					    (math-binary-arg b w)))
+		      w)))
+)
+
+(defun math-or-bignum (a b)   ; [l l l]
+  (and (or a b)
+       (let ((qa (math-div-bignum-digit a 512))
+	     (qb (math-div-bignum-digit b 512)))
+	 (math-mul-bignum-digit (math-or-bignum (math-norm-bignum (car qa))
+						 (math-norm-bignum (car qb)))
+				 512
+				 (logior (cdr qa) (cdr qb)))))
+)
+
+(defun calcFunc-xor (a b &optional w)   ; [I I I] [Public]
+  (cond ((Math-messy-integerp w)
+	 (calcFunc-xor a b (math-trunc w)))
+	((and w (not (integerp w)))
+	 (math-reject-arg w 'fixnump))
+	((and (integerp a) (integerp b))
+	 (math-clip (logxor a b) w))
+	((or (eq (car-safe a) 'mod) (eq (car-safe b) 'mod))
+	 (math-binary-modulo-args 'calcFunc-xor a b w))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp a))
+	 (math-reject-arg a 'integerp))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp b))
+	 (math-reject-arg b 'integerp))
+	(t (math-clip (cons 'bigpos
+			    (math-xor-bignum (math-binary-arg a w)
+					     (math-binary-arg b w)))
+		      w)))
+)
+
+(defun math-xor-bignum (a b)   ; [l l l]
+  (and (or a b)
+       (let ((qa (math-div-bignum-digit a 512))
+	     (qb (math-div-bignum-digit b 512)))
+	 (math-mul-bignum-digit (math-xor-bignum (math-norm-bignum (car qa))
+						  (math-norm-bignum (car qb)))
+				 512
+				 (logxor (cdr qa) (cdr qb)))))
+)
+
+(defun calcFunc-diff (a b &optional w)   ; [I I I] [Public]
+  (cond ((Math-messy-integerp w)
+	 (calcFunc-diff a b (math-trunc w)))
+	((and w (not (integerp w)))
+	 (math-reject-arg w 'fixnump))
+	((and (integerp a) (integerp b))
+	 (math-clip (logand a (lognot b)) w))
+	((or (eq (car-safe a) 'mod) (eq (car-safe b) 'mod))
+	 (math-binary-modulo-args 'calcFunc-diff a b w))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp a))
+	 (math-reject-arg a 'integerp))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp b))
+	 (math-reject-arg b 'integerp))
+	(t (math-clip (cons 'bigpos
+			    (math-diff-bignum (math-binary-arg a w)
+					      (math-binary-arg b w)))
+		      w)))
+)
+
+(defun math-diff-bignum (a b)   ; [l l l]
+  (and a
+       (let ((qa (math-div-bignum-digit a 512))
+	     (qb (math-div-bignum-digit b 512)))
+	 (math-mul-bignum-digit (math-diff-bignum (math-norm-bignum (car qa))
+						   (math-norm-bignum (car qb)))
+				 512
+				 (logand (cdr qa) (lognot (cdr qb))))))
+)
+
+(defun calcFunc-not (a &optional w)   ; [I I] [Public]
+  (cond ((Math-messy-integerp w)
+	 (calcFunc-not a (math-trunc w)))
+	((eq (car-safe a) 'mod)
+	 (math-binary-modulo-args 'calcFunc-not a nil w))
+	((and w (not (integerp w)))
+	 (math-reject-arg w 'fixnump))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp a))
+	 (math-reject-arg a 'integerp))
+	((< (or w (setq w calc-word-size)) 0)
+	 (math-clip (calcFunc-not a (- w)) w))
+	(t (math-normalize
+	    (cons 'bigpos
+		  (math-not-bignum (math-binary-arg a w)
+				   w)))))
+)
+
+(defun math-not-bignum (a w)   ; [l l]
+  (let ((q (math-div-bignum-digit a 512)))
+    (if (<= w 9)
+	(list (logand (lognot (cdr q))
+		      (1- (lsh 1 w))))
+      (math-mul-bignum-digit (math-not-bignum (math-norm-bignum (car q))
+					       (- w 9))
+			      512
+			      (logxor (cdr q) 511))))
+)
+
+(defun calcFunc-lsh (a &optional n w)   ; [I I] [Public]
+  (setq a (math-trunc a)
+	n (if n (math-trunc n) 1))
+  (if (eq (car-safe a) 'mod)
+      (math-binary-modulo-args 'calcFunc-lsh a n w)
+    (setq w (if w (math-trunc w) calc-word-size))
+    (or (integerp w)
+	(math-reject-arg w 'fixnump))
+    (or (Math-integerp a)
+	(math-reject-arg a 'integerp))
+    (or (Math-integerp n)
+	(math-reject-arg n 'integerp))
+    (if (< w 0)
+	(math-clip (calcFunc-lsh a n (- w)) w)
+      (if (Math-integer-negp a)
+	  (setq a (math-clip a w)))
+      (cond ((or (Math-lessp n (- w))
+		 (Math-lessp w n))
+	     0)
+	    ((< n 0)
+	     (math-quotient (math-clip a w) (math-power-of-2 (- n))))
+	    (t
+	     (math-clip (math-mul a (math-power-of-2 n)) w)))))
+)
+
+(defun calcFunc-rsh (a &optional n w)   ; [I I] [Public]
+  (calcFunc-lsh a (math-neg (or n 1)) w)
+)
+
+(defun calcFunc-ash (a &optional n w)   ; [I I] [Public]
+  (if (or (null n)
+	  (not (Math-negp n)))
+      (calcFunc-lsh a n w)
+    (setq a (math-trunc a)
+	  n (if n (math-trunc n) 1))
+    (if (eq (car-safe a) 'mod)
+	(math-binary-modulo-args 'calcFunc-ash a n w)
+      (setq w (if w (math-trunc w) calc-word-size))
+      (or (integerp w)
+	  (math-reject-arg w 'fixnump))
+      (or (Math-integerp a)
+	  (math-reject-arg a 'integerp))
+      (or (Math-integerp n)
+	  (math-reject-arg n 'integerp))
+      (if (< w 0)
+	  (math-clip (calcFunc-ash a n (- w)) w)
+	(if (Math-integer-negp a)
+	    (setq a (math-clip a w)))
+	(let ((two-to-sizem1 (math-power-of-2 (1- w)))
+	      (sh (calcFunc-lsh a n w)))
+	  (cond ((Math-natnum-lessp a two-to-sizem1)
+		 sh)
+		((Math-lessp n (- 1 w))
+		 (math-add (math-mul two-to-sizem1 2) -1))
+		(t (let ((two-to-n (math-power-of-2 (- n))))
+		     (math-add (calcFunc-lsh (math-add two-to-n -1)
+					     (+ w n) w)
+			       sh))))))))
+)
+
+(defun calcFunc-rash (a &optional n w)   ; [I I] [Public]
+  (calcFunc-ash a (math-neg (or n 1)) w)
+)
+
+(defun calcFunc-rot (a &optional n w)   ; [I I] [Public]
+  (setq a (math-trunc a)
+	n (if n (math-trunc n) 1))
+  (if (eq (car-safe a) 'mod)
+      (math-binary-modulo-args 'calcFunc-rot a n w)
+    (setq w (if w (math-trunc w) calc-word-size))
+    (or (integerp w)
+	(math-reject-arg w 'fixnump))
+    (or (Math-integerp a)
+	(math-reject-arg a 'integerp))
+    (or (Math-integerp n)
+	(math-reject-arg n 'integerp))
+    (if (< w 0)
+	(math-clip (calcFunc-rot a n (- w)) w)
+      (if (Math-integer-negp a)
+	  (setq a (math-clip a w)))
+      (cond ((or (Math-integer-negp n)
+		 (not (Math-natnum-lessp n w)))
+	     (calcFunc-rot a (math-mod n w) w))
+	    (t
+	     (math-add (calcFunc-lsh a (- n w) w)
+		       (calcFunc-lsh a n w))))))
+)
+
+(defun math-clip (a &optional w)   ; [I I] [Public]
+  (cond ((Math-messy-integerp w)
+	 (math-clip a (math-trunc w)))
+	((eq (car-safe a) 'mod)
+	 (math-binary-modulo-args 'math-clip a nil w))
+	((and w (not (integerp w)))
+	 (math-reject-arg w 'fixnump))
+	((not (Math-num-integerp a))
+	 (math-reject-arg a 'integerp))
+	((< (or w (setq w calc-word-size)) 0)
+	 (setq a (math-clip a (- w)))
+	 (if (Math-natnum-lessp a (math-power-of-2 (- -1 w)))
+	     a
+	   (math-sub a (math-power-of-2 (- w)))))
+	((Math-negp a)
+	 (math-normalize (cons 'bigpos (math-binary-arg a w))))
+	((and (integerp a) (< a 1000000))
+	 (if (>= w 20)
+	     a
+	   (logand a (1- (lsh 1 w)))))
+	(t
+	 (math-normalize
+	  (cons 'bigpos
+		(math-clip-bignum (cdr (math-bignum-test (math-trunc a)))
+				  w)))))
+)
+(fset 'calcFunc-clip (symbol-function 'math-clip))
+
+(defun math-clip-bignum (a w)   ; [l l]
+  (let ((q (math-div-bignum-digit a 512)))
+    (if (<= w 9)
+	(list (logand (cdr q)
+		      (1- (lsh 1 w))))
+      (math-mul-bignum-digit (math-clip-bignum (math-norm-bignum (car q))
+						(- w 9))
+			      512
+			      (cdr q))))
+)
+
+
+
+
+(defvar math-max-digits-cache nil)
+(defun math-compute-max-digits (w r)
+  (let* ((pair (+ (* r 100000) w))
+	 (res (assq pair math-max-digits-cache)))
+    (if res
+	(cdr res)
+      (let* ((calc-command-flags nil)
+	     (digs (math-ceiling (math-div w (math-real-log2 r)))))
+	(setq math-max-digits-cache (cons (cons pair digs)
+					  math-max-digits-cache))
+	digs)))
+)
+
+(defvar math-log2-cache (list '(2 . 1)
+			      '(4 . 2)
+			      '(8 . 3)
+			      '(10 . (float 332193 -5))
+			      '(16 . 4)
+			      '(32 . 5)))
+(defun math-real-log2 (x)   ;;; calc-internal-prec must be 6
+  (let ((res (assq x math-log2-cache)))
+    (if res
+	(cdr res)
+      (let* ((calc-symbolic-mode nil)
+	     (calc-display-working-message nil)
+	     (log (calcFunc-log x 2)))
+	(setq math-log2-cache (cons (cons x log) math-log2-cache))
+	log)))
+)
+
+(defconst math-radix-digits ["0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"
+			     "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J"
+			     "K" "L" "M" "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R" "S" "T"
+			     "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"])
+
+(defun math-format-radix (a)   ; [X S]
+  (if (< a calc-number-radix)
+      (if (< a 0)
+	  (concat "-" (math-format-radix (- a)))
+	(math-format-radix-digit a))
+    (let ((s ""))
+      (while (> a 0)
+	(setq s (concat (math-format-radix-digit (% a calc-number-radix)) s)
+	      a (/ a calc-number-radix)))
+      s))
+)
+
+(defconst math-binary-digits ["000" "001" "010" "011"
+			      "100" "101" "110" "111"])
+(defun math-format-binary (a)   ; [X S]
+  (if (< a 8)
+      (if (< a 0)
+	  (concat "-" (math-format-binary (- a)))
+	(math-format-radix a))
+    (let ((s ""))
+      (while (> a 7)
+	(setq s (concat (aref math-binary-digits (% a 8)) s)
+	      a (/ a 8)))
+      (concat (math-format-radix a) s)))
+)
+
+(defun math-format-bignum-radix (a)   ; [X L]
+  (cond ((null a) "0")
+	((and (null (cdr a))
+	      (< (car a) calc-number-radix))
+	 (math-format-radix-digit (car a)))
+	(t
+	 (let ((q (math-div-bignum-digit a calc-number-radix)))
+	   (concat (math-format-bignum-radix (math-norm-bignum (car q)))
+		   (math-format-radix-digit (cdr q))))))
+)
+
+(defun math-format-bignum-binary (a)   ; [X L]
+  (cond ((null a) "0")
+	((null (cdr a))
+	 (math-format-binary (car a)))
+	(t
+	 (let ((q (math-div-bignum-digit a 512)))
+	   (concat (math-format-bignum-binary (math-norm-bignum (car q)))
+		   (aref math-binary-digits (/ (cdr q) 64))
+		   (aref math-binary-digits (% (/ (cdr q) 8) 8))
+		   (aref math-binary-digits (% (cdr q) 8))))))
+)
+
+(defun math-format-bignum-octal (a)   ; [X L]
+  (cond ((null a) "0")
+	((null (cdr a))
+	 (math-format-radix (car a)))
+	(t
+	 (let ((q (math-div-bignum-digit a 512)))
+	   (concat (math-format-bignum-octal (math-norm-bignum (car q)))
+		   (math-format-radix-digit (/ (cdr q) 64))
+		   (math-format-radix-digit (% (/ (cdr q) 8) 8))
+		   (math-format-radix-digit (% (cdr q) 8))))))
+)
+
+(defun math-format-bignum-hex (a)   ; [X L]
+  (cond ((null a) "0")
+	((null (cdr a))
+	 (math-format-radix (car a)))
+	(t
+	 (let ((q (math-div-bignum-digit a 256)))
+	   (concat (math-format-bignum-hex (math-norm-bignum (car q)))
+		   (math-format-radix-digit (/ (cdr q) 16))
+		   (math-format-radix-digit (% (cdr q) 16))))))
+)
+
+;;; Decompose into integer and fractional parts, without depending
+;;; on calc-internal-prec.
+(defun math-float-parts (a need-frac)    ; returns ( int frac fracdigs )
+  (if (>= (nth 2 a) 0)
+      (list (math-scale-rounding (nth 1 a) (nth 2 a)) '(float 0 0) 0)
+    (let* ((d (math-numdigs (nth 1 a)))
+	   (n (- (nth 2 a))))
+      (if need-frac
+	  (if (>= n d)
+	      (list 0 a n)
+	    (let ((qr (math-idivmod (nth 1 a) (math-scale-int 1 n))))
+	      (list (car qr) (math-make-float (cdr qr) (- n)) n)))
+	(list (math-scale-rounding (nth 1 a) (nth 2 a))
+	      '(float 0 0) 0))))
+)
+
+(defun math-format-radix-float (a prec)
+  (let ((fmt (car calc-float-format))
+	(figs (nth 1 calc-float-format))
+	(point calc-point-char)
+	(str nil))
+    (if (eq fmt 'fix)
+	(let* ((afigs (math-abs figs))
+	       (fp (math-float-parts a (> afigs 0)))
+	       (calc-internal-prec (+ 3 (max (nth 2 fp)
+					     (math-convert-radix-digits
+					      afigs t))))
+	       (int (car fp))
+	       (frac (math-round (math-mul (math-normalize (nth 1 fp))
+					   (math-radix-float-power afigs)))))
+	  (if (not (and (math-zerop frac) (math-zerop int) (< figs 0)))
+	      (let ((math-radix-explicit-format nil))
+		(let ((calc-group-digits nil))
+		  (setq str (if (> afigs 0) (math-format-number frac) ""))
+		  (if (< (length str) afigs)
+		      (setq str (concat (make-string (- afigs (length str)) ?0)
+					str))
+		    (if (> (length str) afigs)
+			(setq str (substring str 1)
+			      int (math-add int 1))))
+		  (setq str (concat (math-format-number int) point str)))
+		(if calc-group-digits
+		    (setq str (math-group-float str))))
+	    (setq figs 0))))
+    (or str
+	(let* ((prec calc-internal-prec)
+	       (afigs (if (> figs 0)
+			  figs
+			(max 1 (+ figs
+				  (1- (math-convert-radix-digits
+				       (max prec
+					    (math-numdigs (nth 1 a)))))))))
+	       (calc-internal-prec (+ 3 (math-convert-radix-digits afigs t)))
+	       (explo -1) (vlo (math-radix-float-power explo))
+	       (exphi 1) (vhi (math-radix-float-power exphi))
+	       expmid vmid eadj)
+	  (setq a (math-normalize a))
+	  (if (Math-zerop a)
+	      (setq explo 0)
+	    (if (math-lessp-float '(float 1 0) a)
+		(while (not (math-lessp-float a vhi))
+		  (setq explo exphi vlo vhi
+			exphi (math-mul exphi 2)
+			vhi (math-radix-float-power exphi)))
+	      (while (math-lessp-float a vlo)
+		(setq exphi explo vhi vlo
+		      explo (math-mul explo 2)
+		      vlo (math-radix-float-power explo))))
+	    (while (not (eq (math-sub exphi explo) 1))
+	      (setq expmid (math-div2 (math-add explo exphi))
+		    vmid (math-radix-float-power expmid))
+	      (if (math-lessp-float a vmid)
+		  (setq exphi expmid vhi vmid)
+		(setq explo expmid vlo vmid)))
+	    (setq a (math-div-float a vlo)))
+	  (let* ((sc (math-round (math-mul a (math-radix-float-power
+					      (1- afigs)))))
+		 (math-radix-explicit-format nil))
+	    (let ((calc-group-digits nil))
+	      (setq str (math-format-number sc))))
+	  (if (> (length str) afigs)
+	      (setq str (substring str 0 -1)
+		    explo (1+ explo)))
+	  (if (and (eq fmt 'float)
+		   (math-lessp explo (+ (if (= figs 0)
+					    (1- (math-convert-radix-digits
+						 prec))
+					  afigs)
+					calc-display-sci-high 1))
+		   (math-lessp calc-display-sci-low explo))
+	      (let ((dpos (1+ explo)))
+		(cond ((<= dpos 0)
+		       (setq str (concat "0" point (make-string (- dpos) ?0)
+					 str)))
+		      ((> dpos (length str))
+		       (setq str (concat str (make-string (- dpos (length str))
+							  ?0) point)))
+		      (t
+		       (setq str (concat (substring str 0 dpos) point
+					 (substring str dpos)))))
+		(setq explo nil))
+	    (setq eadj (if (eq fmt 'eng)
+			   (min (math-mod explo 3) (length str))
+			 0)
+		  str (concat (substring str 0 (1+ eadj)) point
+			      (substring str (1+ eadj)))))
+	  (setq pos (length str))
+	  (while (eq (aref str (1- pos)) ?0) (setq pos (1- pos)))
+	  (and explo (eq (aref str (1- pos)) ?.) (setq pos (1- pos)))
+	  (setq str (substring str 0 pos))
+	  (if calc-group-digits
+	      (setq str (math-group-float str)))
+	  (if explo
+	      (let ((estr (let ((calc-number-radix 10)
+				(calc-group-digits nil))
+			    (setq estr (math-format-number
+					(math-sub explo eadj))))))
+		(setq str (if (or (memq calc-language '(math maple))
+				  (> calc-number-radix 14))
+			      (format "%s*%d.^%s" str calc-number-radix estr)
+			    (format "%se%s" str estr)))))))
+    str)
+)
+
+(defun math-convert-radix-digits (n &optional to-dec)
+  (let ((key (cons n (cons to-dec calc-number-radix))))
+    (or (cdr (assoc key math-radix-digits-cache))
+	(let* ((calc-internal-prec 6)
+	       (log (math-div (math-real-log2 calc-number-radix)
+			      '(float 332193 -5))))
+	  (cdr (car (setq math-radix-digits-cache
+			  (cons (cons key (math-ceiling (if to-dec
+							    (math-mul n log)
+							  (math-div n log))))
+				math-radix-digits-cache)))))))
+)
+(setq math-radix-digits-cache nil)
+
+(defun math-radix-float-power (n)
+  (if (eq n 0)
+      '(float 1 0)
+    (or (and (eq calc-number-radix (car math-radix-float-cache-tag))
+	     (<= calc-internal-prec (cdr math-radix-float-cache-tag)))
+	(setq math-radix-float-cache-tag (cons calc-number-radix
+					       calc-internal-prec)
+	      math-radix-float-cache nil))
+    (math-normalize
+     (or (cdr (assoc n math-radix-float-cache))
+	 (cdr (car (setq math-radix-float-cache
+			 (cons (cons
+				n
+				(let ((calc-internal-prec
+				       (cdr math-radix-float-cache-tag)))
+				  (if (math-negp n)
+				      (math-div-float '(float 1 0)
+						      (math-radix-float-power
+						       (math-neg n)))
+				    (math-mul-float (math-sqr-float
+						     (math-radix-float-power
+						      (math-div2 n)))
+						    (if (math-evenp n)
+							'(float 1 0)
+						      (math-float
+						       calc-number-radix))))))
+			       math-radix-float-cache)))))))
+)
+(setq math-radix-float-cache-tag nil)
+