Mercurial > emacs
changeset 77255:71bdfed53555
(Title page): Remove the date.
(The Standard Calc Interface): Change the trail title.
(Basic Arithmetic): Emphasize that / binds less strongly than *.
(Copying): Move to the appendices.
(GNU Free Documentation License): Add as an appendix.
| author | Jay Belanger <jay.p.belanger@gmail.com> |
|---|---|
| date | Mon, 16 Apr 2007 01:54:54 +0000 |
| parents | 8807d7eac608 |
| children | 62cb849c21a0 |
| files | man/calc.texi |
| diffstat | 1 files changed, 474 insertions(+), 467 deletions(-) [+] |
line wrap: on
line diff
--- a/man/calc.texi Mon Apr 16 01:50:16 2007 +0000 +++ b/man/calc.texi Mon Apr 16 01:54:54 2007 +0000 @@ -92,7 +92,8 @@ any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being just ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover -Texts as in (a) below. +Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section +entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.'' (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free @@ -111,8 +112,6 @@ @sp 4 @center GNU Emacs Calc Version 2.1 @c [volume] -@sp 1 -@center March 2005 @sp 5 @center Dave Gillespie @center daveg@@synaptics.com @@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ @c [begin] @ifinfo -@node Top, , (dir), (dir) +@node Top, Getting Started, (dir), (dir) @chapter The GNU Emacs Calculator @noindent @@ -145,8 +144,6 @@ @end ifinfo @menu -* Copying:: How you can copy and share Calc. - * Getting Started:: General description and overview. * Interactive Tutorial:: * Tutorial:: A step-by-step introduction for beginners. @@ -167,7 +164,9 @@ * Embedded Mode:: Working with formulas embedded in a file. * Programming:: Calc as a programmable calculator. -* Customizing Calc:: Customizing Calc. +* Copying:: How you can copy and share Calc. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. +* Customizing Calc:: Customizing Calc. * Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs and make suggestions. * Summary:: Summary of Calc commands and functions. @@ -180,400 +179,7 @@ * Lisp Function Index:: Internal Lisp math functions. @end menu -@node Copying, Getting Started, Top, Top -@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE -@center Version 2, June 1991 - -@c This file is intended to be included in another file. - -@display -Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA - -Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies -of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. -@end display - -@unnumberedsec Preamble - - The licenses for most software are designed to take away your -freedom to share and change it. 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It is safest -to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively -convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least -the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - -@smallexample -@var{one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.} -Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author} - -This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify -it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by -the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or -(at your option) any later version. - -This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the -GNU General Public License for more details. - -You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License -along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software -Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. -@end smallexample - -Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. - -If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this -when it starts in an interactive mode: - -@smallexample -Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author} -Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. -This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it -under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. -@end smallexample - -The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show -the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the -commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and -@samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever -suits your program. - -You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your -school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if -necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: - -@example -Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program -`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. - -@var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 -Ty Coon, President of Vice -@end example - -This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into -proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may -consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the -library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General -Public License instead of this License. - -@node Getting Started, Tutorial, Copying, Top +@node Getting Started, Interactive Tutorial, Top, Top @chapter Getting Started @noindent This chapter provides a general overview of Calc, the GNU Emacs @@ -1019,7 +625,7 @@ ... --**-Emacs: myfile (Fundamental)----All---------------------- ---- Emacs Calculator Mode --- |Emacs Calc Mode v2.1 ... +--- Emacs Calculator Mode --- |Emacs Calculator Trail 2: 17.3 | 17.3 1: -5 | 3 . | 2 @@ -1348,7 +954,7 @@ @c [fix-ref Embedded Mode] @xref{Embedded Mode}, for full details. -@node Other C-x * Commands, , Embedded Mode Overview, Using Calc +@node Other C-x * Commands, , Embedded Mode Overview, Using Calc @subsection Other @kbd{C-x *} Commands @noindent @@ -1514,7 +1120,7 @@ its initial state: Empty stack, and initial mode settings. @end table -@node History and Acknowledgements, , Using Calc, Getting Started +@node History and Acknowledgements, , Using Calc, Getting Started @section History and Acknowledgements @noindent @@ -1617,7 +1223,7 @@ @ifinfo @c This node is accessed by the `C-x * t' command. -@node Interactive Tutorial, , , Top +@node Interactive Tutorial, Tutorial, Getting Started, Top @chapter Tutorial @noindent @@ -1647,7 +1253,7 @@ @end menu @end ifinfo -@node Tutorial, Introduction, Getting Started, Top +@node Tutorial, Introduction, Interactive Tutorial, Top @chapter Tutorial @noindent @@ -2557,7 +2163,7 @@ of values you can put on the stack. The @kbd{`} key also works during entry of a number or algebraic formula. -@node Modes Tutorial, , Undo Tutorial, Basic Tutorial +@node Modes Tutorial, , Undo Tutorial, Basic Tutorial @subsection Mode-Setting Commands @noindent @@ -3895,7 +3501,7 @@ @noindent @xref{Matrix Answer 3, 3}. (@bullet{}) -@node List Tutorial, , Matrix Tutorial, Vector/Matrix Tutorial +@node List Tutorial, , Matrix Tutorial, Vector/Matrix Tutorial @subsection Vectors as Lists @noindent @@ -5645,7 +5251,7 @@ @c hard exercise: simplify (2^(n r) - 2^(r*(n - 1))) / (2^r - 1) 2^(n - 1) @c to 2^((n-1)*(r-1)). -@node Rewrites Tutorial, , Basic Algebra Tutorial, Algebra Tutorial +@node Rewrites Tutorial, , Basic Algebra Tutorial, Algebra Tutorial @subsection Rewrite Rules @noindent @@ -6761,7 +6367,7 @@ @c Volume II of this manual, the @dfn{Calc Reference}, tells the whole story. @page -@node Answers to Exercises, , Programming Tutorial, Tutorial +@node Answers to Exercises, , Programming Tutorial, Tutorial @section Answers to Exercises @noindent @@ -9949,7 +9555,7 @@ definition as it reads it in. For this reason, @code{C-x * m} is often the easiest way to create recursive programs in Calc. -@node Programming Answer 12, , Programming Answer 11, Answers to Exercises +@node Programming Answer 12, , Programming Answer 11, Answers to Exercises @subsection Programming Tutorial Exercise 12 @noindent @@ -10742,7 +10348,7 @@ There is only one trail buffer, @samp{*Calc Trail*}, used by all Calculator buffers. -@node Troubleshooting Commands, , Multiple Calculators, Introduction +@node Troubleshooting Commands, , Multiple Calculators, Introduction @section Troubleshooting Commands @noindent @@ -10833,7 +10439,7 @@ The @kbd{C-x * 0} (with the zero key) command also resets caches along with all other aspects of the Calculator's state. -@node Debugging Calc, , Caches, Troubleshooting Commands +@node Debugging Calc, , Caches, Troubleshooting Commands @subsection Debugging Calc @noindent @@ -11910,7 +11516,7 @@ @xref{Store and Recall}, for a discussion of commands dealing with variables. -@node Formulas, , Variables, Data Types +@node Formulas, , Variables, Data Types @section Formulas @noindent @@ -12356,7 +11962,7 @@ The @kbd{t .} (@code{calc-full-trail-vectors}) command is described elsewhere; @pxref{Vector and Matrix Formats}. -@node Keep Arguments, , Trail Commands, Stack and Trail +@node Keep Arguments, , Trail Commands, Stack and Trail @section Keep Arguments @noindent @@ -12858,7 +12464,7 @@ automatic recomputation is off, use @w{@kbd{C-x * u}}. @xref{Embedded Mode}. -@node Working Message, , Automatic Recomputation, Calculation Modes +@node Working Message, , Automatic Recomputation, Calculation Modes @subsection Working Messages @noindent @@ -13239,7 +12845,7 @@ or @kbd{s D} to check to make sure you don't still have an old declaration for the variable that will conflict with its new meaning. -@node Functions for Declarations, , Kinds of Declarations, Declarations +@node Functions for Declarations, , Kinds of Declarations, Declarations @subsection Functions for Declarations @noindent @@ -13939,7 +13545,7 @@ If you always enter a four-digit year, and use a name instead of a number for the month, there is no danger of ambiguity. -@node Standard Date Formats, , Free-Form Dates, Date Formats +@node Standard Date Formats, , Free-Form Dates, Date Formats @subsubsection Standard Date Formats @noindent @@ -14074,7 +13680,7 @@ case, the display is formatted as specified, and then uniformly shifted over four spaces to fit the line numbers. -@node Labels, , Justification, Display Modes +@node Labels, , Justification, Display Modes @subsection Labels @noindent @@ -15365,7 +14971,7 @@ returns 1. The only formula for which @code{cascent} will return zero is @samp{cvspace(0)} or equivalents. -@node User-Defined Compositions, , Information about Compositions, Compositions +@node User-Defined Compositions, , Information about Compositions, Compositions @subsubsection User-Defined Compositions @noindent @@ -15496,7 +15102,7 @@ You can save your display formats permanently using the @kbd{Z P} command (@pxref{Creating User Keys}). -@node Syntax Tables, , Compositions, Language Modes +@node Syntax Tables, , Compositions, Language Modes @subsection Syntax Tables @noindent @@ -15829,7 +15435,7 @@ backtracking. A fully backtracking parser would go on to make sure the rest of the pattern matched before finalizing the choice. -@node Conditional Syntax Rules, , Advanced Syntax Patterns, Syntax Tables +@node Conditional Syntax Rules, , Advanced Syntax Patterns, Syntax Tables @subsubsection Conditional Syntax Rules @noindent @@ -16005,7 +15611,7 @@ do a full emulation with the help of the @kbd{Z [} and @kbd{Z ]} programming commands. @xref{Conditionals in Macros}.) -@node Calc Mode Line, , Modes Variable, Mode Settings +@node Calc Mode Line, , Modes Variable, Mode Settings @section The Calc Mode Line @noindent @@ -16366,20 +15972,24 @@ @mindex @null @end ignore @tindex / -The @kbd{/} (@code{calc-divide}) command divides two numbers. When -dividing a scalar @expr{B} by a square matrix @expr{A}, the computation -performed is @expr{B} times the inverse of @expr{A}. This also occurs -if @expr{B} is itself a vector or matrix, in which case the effect is -to solve the set of linear equations represented by @expr{B}. If @expr{B} -is a matrix with the same number of rows as @expr{A}, or a plain vector -(which is interpreted here as a column vector), then the equation -@expr{A X = B} is solved for the vector or matrix @expr{X}. Otherwise, -if @expr{B} is a non-square matrix with the same number of @emph{columns} -as @expr{A}, the equation @expr{X A = B} is solved. If you wish a vector -@expr{B} to be interpreted as a row vector to be solved as @expr{X A = B}, -make it into a one-row matrix with @kbd{C-u 1 v p} first. To force a -left-handed solution with a square matrix @expr{B}, transpose @expr{A} and -@expr{B} before dividing, then transpose the result. +The @kbd{/} (@code{calc-divide}) command divides two numbers. Note that +when using algebraic entry, @samp{/} has lower precedence than @samp{*}, +so that @samp{a/b*c} is interpreted as @samp{a/(b*c)}. + +When dividing a scalar @expr{B} by a square matrix @expr{A}, the +computation performed is @expr{B} times the inverse of @expr{A}. This +also occurs if @expr{B} is itself a vector or matrix, in which case the +effect is to solve the set of linear equations represented by @expr{B}. +If @expr{B} is a matrix with the same number of rows as @expr{A}, or a +plain vector (which is interpreted here as a column vector), then the +equation @expr{A X = B} is solved for the vector or matrix @expr{X}. +Otherwise, if @expr{B} is a non-square matrix with the same number of +@emph{columns} as @expr{A}, the equation @expr{X A = B} is solved. If +you wish a vector @expr{B} to be interpreted as a row vector to be +solved as @expr{X A = B}, make it into a one-row matrix with @kbd{C-u 1 +v p} first. To force a left-handed solution with a square matrix +@expr{B}, transpose @expr{A} and @expr{B} before dividing, then +transpose the result. HMS forms can be divided by real numbers or by other HMS forms. Error forms can be divided in any combination of ways. Modulo forms where both @@ -17363,7 +16973,7 @@ holiday, as defined in @code{Holidays}, or 0 if the date is a business day. -@node Time Zones, , Business Days, Date Arithmetic +@node Time Zones, , Business Days, Date Arithmetic @subsection Time Zones @noindent @@ -18010,7 +17620,7 @@ the total depreciation in any method is (by definition) the difference between the cost and the salvage value. -@node Definitions of Financial Functions, , Depreciation Functions, Financial Functions +@node Definitions of Financial Functions, , Depreciation Functions, Financial Functions @subsection Definitions @noindent @@ -18165,7 +17775,7 @@ function returns the amount the book value decreased in the specified period. -@node Binary Functions, , Financial Functions, Arithmetic +@node Binary Functions, , Financial Functions, Arithmetic @section Binary Number Functions @noindent @@ -19096,7 +18706,7 @@ * Random Number Generator:: (Complete description of Calc's algorithm) @end menu -@node Random Number Generator, , Random Numbers, Random Numbers +@node Random Number Generator, , Random Numbers, Random Numbers @subsection Random Number Generator Calc's random number generator uses several methods to ensure that @@ -19412,7 +19022,7 @@ duplicate factors (i.e., can be divided by the same prime more than once), the result is zero. -@node Probability Distribution Functions, , Combinatorial Functions, Scientific Functions +@node Probability Distribution Functions, , Combinatorial Functions, Scientific Functions @section Probability Distribution Functions @noindent @@ -20862,7 +20472,7 @@ in this section. For example, @samp{vflat(1, [2, [3, 4]], 5)} returns @samp{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]}. -@node Paired-Sample Statistics, , Single-Variable Statistics, Statistical Operations +@node Paired-Sample Statistics, , Single-Variable Statistics, Statistical Operations @subsection Paired-Sample Statistics @noindent @@ -21354,7 +20964,7 @@ stopping when the result is correct within the specified tolerance, or when 20 steps have been taken, whichever is sooner. -@node Generalized Products, , Nesting and Fixed Points, Reducing and Mapping +@node Generalized Products, , Nesting and Fixed Points, Reducing and Mapping @subsection Generalized Products @kindex V O @@ -21389,7 +20999,7 @@ first (multiplicative) operator is taken from the top of the stack and the second (additive) operator is taken from second-to-top. -@node Vector and Matrix Formats, , Reducing and Mapping, Matrix Functions +@node Vector and Matrix Formats, , Reducing and Mapping, Matrix Functions @section Vector and Matrix Display Formats @noindent @@ -22010,7 +21620,7 @@ @end group @end smallexample -@node Rearranging with Selections, , Operating on Selections, Selecting Subformulas +@node Rearranging with Selections, , Operating on Selections, Selecting Subformulas @subsection Rearranging Formulas using Selections @noindent @@ -23108,7 +22718,7 @@ The @kbd{a M /} command can be used to divide a factor out of both sides of an inequality. -@node Simplification of Units, , Unsafe Simplifications, Simplifying Formulas +@node Simplification of Units, , Unsafe Simplifications, Simplifying Formulas @subsection Simplification of Units @noindent @@ -23742,7 +23352,7 @@ by Calc's symbolic integrator, for example), but @kbd{a I} will fail because the integrand goes to infinity at one of the endpoints. -@node Taylor Series, , Numerical Integration, Calculus +@node Taylor Series, , Numerical Integration, Calculus @subsection Taylor Series @noindent @@ -23988,7 +23598,7 @@ equations is the @kbd{a F} command, which does least-squares fitting to satisfy the equations. @xref{Curve Fitting}. -@node Decomposing Polynomials, , Solving Systems of Equations, Solving Equations +@node Decomposing Polynomials, , Solving Systems of Equations, Solving Equations @subsection Decomposing Polynomials @noindent @@ -24299,7 +23909,7 @@ over the complex numbers; if it is real or an interval it will be minimized over the reals. -@node Numerical Systems of Equations, , Minimization, Numerical Solutions +@node Numerical Systems of Equations, , Minimization, Numerical Solutions @subsection Systems of Equations @noindent @@ -25347,7 +24957,7 @@ The @code{efit} (corresponding to @kbd{H a F}) and @code{xfit} (for @kbd{I a F}) functions are completely analogous. -@node Interpolation, , Curve Fitting Details, Curve Fitting +@node Interpolation, , Curve Fitting Details, Curve Fitting @subsection Polynomial Interpolation @kindex a p @@ -25944,7 +25554,7 @@ it returns 0 when @code{dnonzero} would return 0 or leave itself in symbolic form.) -@node Rewrite Rules, , Logical Operations, Algebra +@node Rewrite Rules, , Logical Operations, Algebra @section Rewrite Rules @noindent @@ -27611,7 +27221,7 @@ existence and forget about it, all your future rewrite commands will be needlessly slow. -@node Examples of Rewrite Rules, , Debugging Rewrites, Rewrite Rules +@node Examples of Rewrite Rules, , Debugging Rewrites, Rewrite Rules @subsection Examples of Rewrite Rules @noindent @@ -28033,7 +27643,7 @@ @c Describe angular units, luminosity vs. steradians problem. -@node User-Defined Units, , Predefined Units, Units +@node User-Defined Units, , Predefined Units, Units @section User-Defined Units @noindent @@ -28577,7 +28187,7 @@ produce @samp{f(2 pi)}, whereas @kbd{s l} would give @samp{f(6.28)} since the evaluation step will also evaluate @code{pi}. -@node Evaluates-To Operator, , Let Command, Store and Recall +@node Evaluates-To Operator, , Let Command, Store and Recall @section The Evaluates-To Operator @noindent @@ -29210,7 +28820,7 @@ still be assigned automatically, but you could store another vector in @code{PointStyles} to define them, too. -@node Devices, , Graphics Options, Graphics +@node Devices, , Graphics Options, Graphics @section Graphical Devices @noindent @@ -29641,7 +29251,7 @@ it can be typed anywhere, not just in Calc. This provides an easy way to guarantee that Calc knows which editing buffer you want to use! -@node X Cut and Paste, , Yanking Into Buffers, Kill and Yank +@node X Cut and Paste, , Yanking Into Buffers, Kill and Yank @section X Cut and Paste @noindent @@ -30011,7 +29621,7 @@ @kbd{"x"} key pushes the variable names @expr{y}, @expr{z}, and @expr{t}, respectively. -@node Keypad Modes Menu, , Keypad Vectors Menu, Keypad Mode +@node Keypad Modes Menu, , Keypad Vectors Menu, Keypad Mode @section Modes Menu @smallexample @@ -30803,7 +30413,7 @@ When Embedded mode is not enabled, mode-recording modes except for @code{Save} have no effect. -@node Customizing Embedded Mode, , Mode Settings in Embedded Mode, Embedded Mode +@node Customizing Embedded Mode, , Mode Settings in Embedded Mode, Embedded Mode @section Customizing Embedded Mode @noindent @@ -30957,7 +30567,7 @@ major modes. If you change this, it is a good idea still to end with a newline so that mode annotations will appear on lines by themselves. -@node Programming, Customizing Calc, Embedded Mode, Top +@node Programming, Copying, Embedded Mode, Top @chapter Programming @noindent @@ -31410,7 +31020,7 @@ other settings such as the language mode and the various display modes, are @emph{not} affected by @kbd{Z `} and @kbd{Z '}. -@node Queries in Macros, , Local Values in Macros, Keyboard Macros +@node Queries in Macros, , Local Values in Macros, Keyboard Macros @subsection Queries in Keyboard Macros @c @noindent @@ -31595,7 +31205,7 @@ in symbolic form without ever activating the @code{deriv} function. Press @kbd{m D} to turn the default simplifications back on afterwards. -@node Lisp Definitions, , Algebraic Definitions, Programming +@node Lisp Definitions, , Algebraic Definitions, Programming @section Programming with Lisp @noindent @@ -32300,7 +31910,7 @@ a division by 512 in disguise; @code{idivmod} allows us to do the same thing with a single division by 512. -@node Sine Example, , Bit Counting Example, Example Definitions +@node Sine Example, , Bit Counting Example, Example Definitions @subsubsection The Sine Function @noindent @@ -32780,7 +32390,7 @@ ``F'' and ``C'', so that the character winds up before the cursor instead of after it. -@node Internals, , Calling Calc from Your Programs, Lisp Definitions +@node Internals, , Calling Calc from Your Programs, Lisp Definitions @subsection Calculator Internals @noindent @@ -34672,7 +34282,7 @@ @comment @noindent @comment (This section is currently unfinished.) -@node Hooks, , Formatting Lisp Functions, Internals +@node Hooks, , Formatting Lisp Functions, Internals @subsubsection Hooks @noindent @@ -34836,7 +34446,404 @@ list and also call @code{make-local-variable} itself. @end defvar -@node Customizing Calc, Reporting Bugs, Programming, Top +@node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Programming, Top +@appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE +@center Version 2, June 1991 + +@c This file is intended to be included in another file. + +@display +Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA + +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies +of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. +@end display + +@unnumberedsec Preamble + + The licenses for most software are designed to take away your +freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public +License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free +software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This +General Public License applies to most of the Free Software +Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to +using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by +the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to +your programs, too. + + When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not +price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you +have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for +this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it +if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it +in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. + + To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid +anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. +These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you +distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. + + For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether +gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that +you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the +source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their +rights. + + We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and +(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, +distribute and/or modify the software. + + Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain +that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free +software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we +want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so +that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original +authors' reputations. + + Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software +patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free +program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the +program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any +patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. + + The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and +modification follow. + +@iftex +@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION +@end iftex +@ifinfo +@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION +@end ifinfo + +@enumerate 0 +@item +This License applies to any program or other work which contains +a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed +under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below, +refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' +means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: +that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, +either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another +language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in +the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''. + +Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not +covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of +running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program +is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the +Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). +Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. + +@item +You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's +source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you +conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate +copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the +notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; +and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License +along with the Program. + +You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and +you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. + +@item +You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion +of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and +distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 +above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: + +@enumerate a +@item +You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices +stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. + +@item +You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in +whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any +part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third +parties under the terms of this License. + +@item +If the modified program normally reads commands interactively +when run, you must cause it, when started running for such +interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an +announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a +notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide +a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under +these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this +License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but +does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on +the Program is not required to print an announcement.) +@end enumerate + +These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If +identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, +and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in +themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those +sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you +distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based +on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of +this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the +entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. + +Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest +your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to +exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or +collective works based on the Program. + +In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program +with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of +a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under +the scope of this License. + +@item +You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, +under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of +Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: + +@enumerate a +@item +Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable +source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections +1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, + +@item +Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three +years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your +cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete +machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be +distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium +customarily used for software interchange; or, + +@item +Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer +to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is +allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you +received the program in object code or executable form with such +an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) +@end enumerate + +The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for +making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source +code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any +associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to +control compilation and installation of the executable. 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Any attempt +otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is +void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. +However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under +this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such +parties remain in full compliance. + +@item +You are not required to accept this License, since you have not +signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or +distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are +prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by +modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the +Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and +all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying +the Program or works based on it. + +@item +Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the +Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the +original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to +these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further +restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. +You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to +this License. + +@item +If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent +infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), +conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or +otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not +excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot +distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this +License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you +may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent +license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by +all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then +the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to +refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. + +If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under +any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to +apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other +circumstances. + +It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any +patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any +such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the +integrity of the free software distribution system, which is +implemented by public license practices. Many people have made +generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed +through that system in reliance on consistent application of that +system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing +to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot +impose that choice. + +This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to +be a consequence of the rest of this License. + +@item +If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in +certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the +original copyright holder who places the Program under this License +may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding +those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among +countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates +the limitation as if written in the body of this License. + +@item +The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions +of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will +be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to +address new problems or concerns. + +Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program +specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any +later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions +either of that version or of any later version published by the Free +Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of +this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software +Foundation. + +@item +If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free +programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author +to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free +Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes +make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals +of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and +of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. + +@iftex +@heading NO WARRANTY +@end iftex +@ifinfo +@center NO WARRANTY +@end ifinfo + +@item +BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY +FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN +OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES +PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED +OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF +MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS +TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE +PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, +REPAIR OR CORRECTION. + +@item +IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING +WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR +REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, +INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING +OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED +TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY +YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER +PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE +POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. +@end enumerate + +@iftex +@heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS +@end iftex +@ifinfo +@center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS +@end ifinfo + +@page +@unnumberedsec Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs + + If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest +possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it +free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. + + To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest +to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively +convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least +the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. + +@smallexample +@var{one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.} +Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author} + +This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or +(at your option) any later version. + +This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +GNU General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software +Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. +@end smallexample + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + +If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this +when it starts in an interactive mode: + +@smallexample +Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author} +Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. +This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it +under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. +@end smallexample + +The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show +the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the +commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and +@samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever +suits your program. + +You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your +school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if +necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: + +@example +Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program +`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. + +@var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 +Ty Coon, President of Vice +@end example + +This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into +proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may +consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the +library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General +Public License instead of this License. + +@node GNU Free Documentation License, Customizing Calc, Copying, Top +@appendix GNU Free Documentation License +@include doclicense.texi + +@node Customizing Calc, Reporting Bugs, GNU Free Documentation License, Top @appendix Customizing Calc The usual prefix for Calc is the key sequence @kbd{C-x *}. If you wish @@ -36461,7 +36468,7 @@ @printindex vr -@node Lisp Function Index, , Variable Index, Top +@node Lisp Function Index, , Variable Index, Top @unnumbered Index of Lisp Math Functions The following functions are meant to be used with @code{defmath}, not