changeset 84139:8f8008149070

Move to ../doc/emacs/, misc/

--- a/man/dired.texi	Thu Sep 06 04:34:56 2007 +0000
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1317 +0,0 @@
-@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001,
-@c   2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
-@node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top
-@chapter Dired, the Directory Editor
-@cindex Dired
-@cindex file management
-
-  Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and
-optionally some of its subdirectories as well.  You can use the normal
-Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands
-to operate on the files listed.
-
-    The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not
-useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x}
-are redefined for special Dired commands.  Some Dired commands
-@dfn{mark} or @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on
-the current line); other commands operate on the marked files or on
-the flagged files.  You first mark certain files in order to operate
-on all of them with on command.
-
-  The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode.
-@xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}.
-
-@menu
-* Enter: Dired Enter.         How to invoke Dired.
-* Navigation: Dired Navigation.   Special motion commands in the Dired buffer.
-* Deletion: Dired Deletion.   Deleting files with Dired.
-* Flagging Many Files::       Flagging files based on their names.
-* Visit: Dired Visiting.      Other file operations through Dired.
-* Marks vs Flags::	      Flagging for deletion vs marking.
-* Operating on Files::	      How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
-			        either one file or several files.
-* Shell Commands in Dired::   Running a shell command on the marked files.
-* Transforming File Names::   Using patterns to rename multiple files.
-* Comparison in Dired::	      Running `diff' by way of Dired.
-* Subdirectories in Dired::   Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
-@ifnottex
-* Subdir Switches::           Subdirectory switches in Dired.
-@end ifnottex
-* Subdirectory Motion::	      Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
-* Hiding Subdirectories::     Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
-* Updating: Dired Updating.   Discarding lines for files of no interest.
-* Find: Dired and Find.	      Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
-* Wdired::                    Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
-* Image-Dired::               Viewing image thumbnails in Dired
-* Misc: Misc Dired Features.  Various other features.
-@end menu
-
-@node Dired Enter
-@section Entering Dired
-
-@findex dired
-@kindex C-x d
-@vindex dired-listing-switches
-  To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}.  The command
-reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer
-argument to specify the files to list.  @kbd{C-x C-f} given a
-directory name also invokes Dired.  Where @code{dired} differs from
-@code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so
-that the special commands of Dired are available.
-
-  The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to
-give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must}
-contain @samp{-l}.  If you use a numeric prefix argument with the
-@code{dired} command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the
-minibuffer before you enter the directory specification.  No matter
-how they are specified, the @code{ls} switches can include short
-options (that is, single characters) requiring no arguments, and long
-options (starting with @samp{--}) whose arguments are specified with
-@samp{=}.
-
-  On MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems, Emacs @emph{emulates} @code{ls};
-see @ref{ls in Lisp}, for options and peculiarities of that emulation.
-
-
-@findex dired-other-window
-@kindex C-x 4 d
-@findex dired-other-frame
-@kindex C-x 5 d
-  To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the
-selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead
-of @kbd{C-x d}.  @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a
-separate frame to display the Dired buffer.
-
-@node Dired Navigation
-@section Navigation in the Dired Buffer
-
-@kindex C-n @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex C-p @r{(Dired)}
-  All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired
-buffers.  The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the
-cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at
-the beginning of the line.
-
-@kindex SPC @r{(Dired)}
-  For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent
-to @kbd{C-n}.  @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}.  (Moving by lines is
-so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.)  @key{DEL}
-(move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up.
-
-@findex dired-goto-file
-@kindex j @r{(Dired)}
-  @kbd{j} (@code{dired-goto-file}) moves point to the line that
-describes a specified file or directory.
-
-  Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired
-buffer includes several directories.  @xref{Subdirectory Motion}.
-
-@node Dired Deletion
-@section Deleting Files with Dired
-@cindex flagging files (in Dired)
-@cindex deleting files (in Dired)
-
-  One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for
-deletion, then delete the files that were flagged.
-
-@table @kbd
-@item d
-Flag this file for deletion.
-@item u
-Remove deletion flag on this line.
-@item @key{DEL}
-Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line.
-@item x
-Delete the files that are flagged for deletion.
-@end table
-
-@kindex d @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-flag-file-deletion
-  You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing
-the file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}).  The
-deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at the beginning of the line.
-This command moves point to the next line, so that repeated @kbd{d}
-commands flag successive files.  A numeric argument serves as a repeat
-count.
-
-@kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)}
-@kindex DEL @r{(Dired)}
-  The reason for flagging files for deletion, rather than deleting
-files immediately, is to reduce the danger of deleting a file
-accidentally.  Until you direct Dired to delete the flagged files, you
-can remove deletion flags using the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}.
-@kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works just like @kbd{d}, but removes
-flags rather than making flags.  @key{DEL}
-(@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; it is
-like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1.
-
-@kindex x @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-do-flagged-delete
-@cindex expunging (Dired)
-  To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x}
-(@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}).  (This is also known as
-@dfn{expunging}.)  This command first displays a list of all the file
-names flagged for deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}.
-If you confirm, Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their
-lines from the text of the Dired buffer.  The Dired buffer, with
-somewhat fewer lines, remains selected.
-
-  If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you
-return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in
-the buffer, and no files actually deleted.
-
-@cindex recursive deletion
-@vindex dired-recursive-deletes
-  You can delete empty directories just like other files, but normally
-Dired cannot delete directories that are nonempty.  If the variable
-@code{dired-recursive-deletes} is non-@code{nil}, then Dired can
-delete nonempty directories including all their contents.  That can
-be somewhat risky.
-
-@node Flagging Many Files
-@section Flagging Many Files at Once
-@cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired)
-
-@table @kbd
-@item #
-Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#})
-for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}).
-
-@item ~
-Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion
-(@pxref{Backup}).
-
-@item &
-Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names which suggest
-you could easily create those files again.
-
-@item .@: @r{(Period)}
-Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion.  The oldest and newest
-few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are
-flagged.
-
-@item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET}
-Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression
-@var{regexp}.
-@end table
-
-  The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for
-deletion, based on their file names.  These commands are useful
-precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can
-remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to
-keep.@refill
-
-@kindex & @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-flag-garbage-files
-@vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp
-@cindex deleting some backup files
-  @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names
-match the regular expression specified by the variable
-@code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}.  By default, this matches certain
-files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and
-@samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}.
-
-@kindex # @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-flag-auto-save-files
-@cindex deleting auto-save files
-  @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all
-files whose names look like auto-save files---that is, files whose
-names begin and end with @samp{#}.  @xref{Auto Save}.
-
-@kindex ~ @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-flag-backup-files
-  @kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all
-files whose names say they are backup files---that is, files whose
-names end in @samp{~}.  @xref{Backup}.
-
-@kindex . @r{(Dired)}
-@vindex dired-kept-versions
-@findex dired-clean-directory
-  @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the
-backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups
-of any one file.  Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not}
-@code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the
-number of newest versions of each file to keep, and
-@code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to
-keep.
-
-  Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .},
-specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding
-@code{dired-kept-versions}.  A negative numeric argument overrides
-@code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to
-specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep.
-
-@findex dired-flag-files-regexp
-@kindex % d @r{(Dired)}
-  The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified
-regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}).  Only the
-non-directory part of the file name is used in matching.  You can use
-@samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches.  You can exclude certain
-subdirectories from marking by hiding them while you use @kbd{% d}.
-@xref{Hiding Subdirectories}.
-
-@node Dired Visiting
-@section Visiting Files in Dired
-
-  There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files
-listed in the Dired buffer.  All of them apply to the current line's
-file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on
-that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer).
-
-@table @kbd
-@item f
-@kindex f @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-find-file
-Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f}
-and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}).  @xref{Visiting}.
-
-@item @key{RET}
-@itemx e
-@kindex RET @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex e @r{(Dired)}
-Equivalent to @kbd{f}.
-
-@ignore  @c This command seems too risky to document at all.
-@item a
-@kindex a @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-find-alternate-file
-Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with
-that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}).
-@end ignore
-
-@item o
-@kindex o @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-find-file-other-window
-Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer
-(@code{dired-find-file-other-window}).  The Dired buffer remains visible
-in the first window.  This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the
-file.  @xref{Windows}.
-
-@item C-o
-@kindex C-o @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-display-file
-Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in
-another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}).
-
-@item Mouse-1
-@itemx Mouse-2
-@findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window
-Visit the file named by the line you click on
-(@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}).  This uses another window
-to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command.
-
-@item v
-@kindex v @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-view-file
-View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file}
-(@code{dired-view-file}).  Viewing a file with @code{view-file} is
-like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file
-conveniently and does not allow changing the file.  @xref{Misc File
-Ops, View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}.
-
-@item ^
-@kindex ^ @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-up-directory
-Visit the parent directory of the current directory
-(@code{dired-up-directory}).  This is equivalent to moving to the line
-for @file{..} and typing @kbd{f} there.
-@end table
-
-@node Marks vs Flags
-@section Dired Marks vs. Flags
-
-@cindex marking many files (in Dired)
-  Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the
-file with some other character (usually @samp{*}).  Most Dired
-commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}.  The
-only command that operates on flagged files is @kbd{x}, which expunges
-them.
-
-  Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, for unmarking, and
-for operating on marks.  (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag
-and unflag files.)
-
-@table @kbd
-@item m
-@itemx * m
-@kindex m @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex * m @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-mark
-Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}).  With a numeric
-argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current
-file.  (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n}
-files.)
-
-@item * *
-@kindex * * @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-mark-executables
-@cindex marking executable files (in Dired)
-Mark all executable files with @samp{*}
-(@code{dired-mark-executables}).  With a numeric argument, unmark all
-those files.
-
-@item * @@
-@kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-mark-symlinks
-@cindex marking symbolic links (in Dired)
-Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}).
-With a numeric argument, unmark all those files.
-
-@item * /
-@kindex * / @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-mark-directories
-@cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired)
-Mark with @samp{*} all files which are directories, except for
-@file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}).  With a numeric
-argument, unmark all those files.
-
-@item * s
-@kindex * s @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-mark-subdir-files
-Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.}
-and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}).
-
-@item u
-@itemx * u
-@kindex u @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex * u @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-unmark
-Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}).
-
-@item @key{DEL}
-@itemx * @key{DEL}
-@kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-unmark-backward
-@cindex unmarking files (in Dired)
-Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line
-(@code{dired-unmark-backward}).
-
-@item * !
-@itemx U
-@kindex * ! @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex U @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-unmark-all-marks
-Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer
-(@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}).
-
-@item * ? @var{markchar}
-@itemx M-@key{DEL}
-@kindex * ? @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex M-DEL @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-unmark-all-files
-Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar}
-(@code{dired-unmark-all-files}).  The argument is a single
-character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it.  See the description
-of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark
-character with another.
-
-With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file,
-asking whether to remove its mark.  You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes,
-@kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining
-files without asking about them.
-
-@item * C-n
-@itemx M-@}
-@findex dired-next-marked-file
-@kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex M-@} @r{(Dired)}
-Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file})
-A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark.
-
-@item * C-p
-@itemx M-@{
-@findex dired-prev-marked-file
-@kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex M-@{ @r{(Dired)}
-Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file})
-
-@item t
-@itemx * t
-@kindex t @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex * t @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-toggle-marks
-@cindex toggling marks (in Dired)
-Toggle all marks (@code{dired-toggle-marks}): files marked with @samp{*}
-become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}.  Files
-marked in any other way are not affected.
-
-@item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar}
-@kindex * c @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-change-marks
-Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks
-that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}).
-This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than
-@samp{*} or @samp{D}.  The arguments are single characters---do not use
-@key{RET} to terminate them.
-
-You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this
-command, to distinguish various classes of files.  If @var{old-markchar}
-is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files;
-if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it
-acts on.
-
-To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D}
-flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those
-that already have @samp{D} flags:
-
-@example
-* c D t  * c SPC D  * c t SPC
-@end example
-
-This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}.
-
-@item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET}
-@itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET}
-@findex dired-mark-files-regexp
-@kindex % m @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex * % @r{(Dired)}
-Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression
-@var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}).  This command is like
-@kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging
-with @samp{D}.
-
-Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching.  Use
-@samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches.  You can exclude
-subdirectories by temporarily hiding them (@pxref{Hiding
-Subdirectories}).
-
-@item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET}
-@findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp
-@kindex % g @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired)
-Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for
-the regular expression @var{regexp}
-(@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}).  This command is like
-@kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file
-name.
-
-@item C-x u
-@itemx C-_
-@itemx C-/
-@kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-undo
-Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing
-marks (@code{dired-undo}).  @emph{This command does not revert the
-actual file operations, nor recover lost files!}  It just undoes
-changes in the buffer itself.
-
-In some cases, using this after commands that operate on files can
-cause trouble.  For example, after renaming one or more files,
-@code{dired-undo} restores the original names in the Dired buffer,
-which gets the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of
-the directory.
-@end table
-
-@node Operating on Files
-@section Operating on Files
-@cindex operating on files in Dired
-
-  This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file
-or several files.  All of these commands are capital letters; all of
-them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for
-confirmation, before they act.  All of them let you specify the
-files to manipulate in these ways:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates
-on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file.  (If @var{n}
-is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding
-the current line.)
-
-@item
-Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates
-on all those files.
-
-@item
-Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only.
-@end itemize
-
-@noindent
-Certain other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%}
-commands, use the same conventions to decide which files to work on.
-
-@vindex dired-dwim-target
-@cindex two directories (in Dired)
-  Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which
-copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default
-target directory for the operation.  Normally, they suggest the Dired
-buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target}
-is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the
-next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead.
-
-  Here are the file-manipulating Dired commands that operate on files.
-
-@table @kbd
-@findex dired-do-copy
-@kindex C @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex copying files (in Dired)
-@item C @var{new} @key{RET}
-Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}).  The argument @var{new}
-is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new
-name.  This is like the shell command @code{cp}.
-
-@vindex dired-copy-preserve-time
-If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying
-with this command preserves the modification time of the old file in
-the copy, like @samp{cp -p}.
-
-@vindex dired-recursive-copies
-@cindex recursive copying
-The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether to copy
-directories recursively (like @samp{cp -r}).  The default is
-@code{nil}, which means that directories cannot be copied.
-
-@item D
-@findex dired-do-delete
-@kindex D @r{(Dired)}
-Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}).  This is like the
-shell command @code{rm}.
-
-Like the other commands in this section, this command operates on the
-@emph{marked} files, or the next @var{n} files.  By contrast, @kbd{x}
-(@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files.
-
-@findex dired-do-rename
-@kindex R @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex renaming files (in Dired)
-@cindex moving files (in Dired)
-@item R @var{new} @key{RET}
-Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}).  If you rename a
-single file, the argument @var{new} is the new name of the file.  If
-you rename several files, the argument @var{new} is the directory into
-which to move the files (this is like the shell command @code{mv}).
-
-Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated
-with renamed files so that they refer to the new names.
-
-@findex dired-do-hardlink
-@kindex H @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex hard links (in Dired)
-@item H @var{new} @key{RET}
-Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}).
-This is like the shell command @code{ln}.  The argument @var{new} is
-the directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the
-name to give the link.
-
-@findex dired-do-symlink
-@kindex S @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex symbolic links (creation in Dired)
-@item S @var{new} @key{RET}
-Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}).
-This is like @samp{ln -s}.  The argument @var{new} is the directory to
-make the links in, or (if making just one link) the name to give the
-link.
-
-@findex dired-do-chmod
-@kindex M @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex changing file permissions (in Dired)
-@item M @var{modespec} @key{RET}
-Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files
-(@code{dired-do-chmod}).  This uses the @code{chmod} program, so
-@var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle.
-
-@findex dired-do-chgrp
-@kindex G @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex changing file group (in Dired)
-@item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET}
-Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup}
-(@code{dired-do-chgrp}).
-
-@findex dired-do-chown
-@kindex O @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex changing file owner (in Dired)
-@item O @var{newowner} @key{RET}
-Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner}
-(@code{dired-do-chown}).  (On most systems, only the superuser can do
-this.)
-
-@vindex dired-chown-program
-The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the
-program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in
-different places).
-
-@findex dired-do-touch
-@kindex T @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex changing file time (in Dired)
-@item T @var{timestamp} @key{RET}
-Touch the specified files (@code{dired-do-touch}).  This means
-updating their modification times to the present time.  This is like
-the shell command @code{touch}.
-
-@findex dired-do-print
-@kindex P @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex printing files (in Dired)
-@item P @var{command} @key{RET}
-Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}).  You must specify the
-command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a
-suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and
-@code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses;
-@pxref{Printing}).
-
-@findex dired-do-compress
-@kindex Z @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex compressing files (in Dired)
-@item Z
-Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}).  If the file
-appears to be a compressed file already, uncompress it instead.
-
-@findex dired-do-load
-@kindex L @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex loading several files (in Dired)
-@item L
-Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}).
-@xref{Lisp Libraries}.
-
-@findex dired-do-byte-compile
-@kindex B @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired)
-@item B
-Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files
-(@code{dired-do-byte-compile}).  @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte
-Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
-
-@kindex A @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-do-search
-@cindex search multiple files (in Dired)
-@item A @var{regexp} @key{RET}
-Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp}
-(@code{dired-do-search}).
-
-This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}.  The search stops at
-the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find
-the next match.  @xref{Tags Search}.
-
-@kindex Q @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp
-@cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired)
-@item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
-Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files,
-replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string
-@var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}).
-
-This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}.  If you exit the
-query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace
-more matches.  @xref{Tags Search}.
-@end table
-
-@node Shell Commands in Dired
-@section Shell Commands in Dired
-@cindex shell commands, Dired
-
-@findex dired-do-shell-command
-@kindex ! @r{(Dired)}
-@kindex X @r{(Dired)}
-The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a
-shell command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on
-all the specified files.  (@kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}.)  You can
-specify the files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands
-(@pxref{Operating on Files}).
-
-  The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory
-of the Dired buffer.
-
-  There are two ways of applying a shell command to multiple files:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command,
-then the command runs just once, with the list of file names
-substituted for the @samp{*}.  The order of file names is the order of
-appearance in the Dired buffer.
-
-Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire
-list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}.
-
-If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around
-it, write @samp{*""}.  In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*};
-but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does
-not treat it specially.
-
-@item
-If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by
-whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}.  Normally the file
-name is added at the end.
-
-For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each
-file.
-
-@item
-However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by
-whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather
-than added at the end).  You can use @samp{?} this way more than once
-in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence.
-@end itemize
-
-  To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an
-explicit shell loop.  For example, here is how to uuencode each file,
-making the output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file
-name:
-
-@example
-for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done
-@end example
-
-  The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to
-show new or modified files, because it doesn't understand shell
-commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed.  Use
-the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired
-Updating}).
-
-@node Transforming File Names
-@section Transforming File Names in Dired
-
-  This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a
-systematic way.  Each command operates on some or all of the marked
-files, using a new name made by transforming the existing name.
-
-  Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on
-Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next
-@var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current
-file.  (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs
-Flags}.)
-
-  All of the commands described in this section work
-@emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each
-candidate file.  Thus, you can select more files than you actually
-need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and
-then filter the selected names by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the
-command prompts for confirmation.
-
-@table @kbd
-@findex dired-upcase
-@kindex % u @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex upcase file names
-@item % u
-Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name
-(@code{dired-upcase}).  If the old file names are @file{Foo}
-and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}.
-
-@item % l
-@findex dired-downcase
-@kindex % l @r{(Dired)}
-@cindex downcase file names
-Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name
-(@code{dired-downcase}).  If the old file names are @file{Foo} and
-@file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}.
-
-@item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
-@kindex % R @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-do-rename-regexp
-@itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
-@kindex % C @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-do-copy-regexp
-@itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
-@kindex % H @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp
-@itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
-@kindex % S @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-do-symlink-regexp
-These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links,
-in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution
-from the name of the old file.
-@end table
-
-  The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively
-perform a search-and-replace on the selected file names.  They read
-two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a substitution
-pattern @var{to}; they match each ``old'' file name against
-@var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}.  You can
-use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to all or
-part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in
-@code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}).  If the regular
-expression matches more than once in a file name, only the first match
-is replaced.
-
-  For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each
-selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name.  The inverse of this,
-removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible:
-one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is
-@kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}.  (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor
-matches that should span the whole file name.)
-
-  Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files'
-directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory.  If
-you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the
-entire absolute file name including directory name.  (A non-zero
-argument specifies the number of files to operate on.)
-
-  You may want to select the set of files to operate on using the same
-regexp @var{from} that you will use to operate on them.  To do this,
-mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{from} @key{RET}}, then use the
-same regular expression in the command to operate on the files.  To
-make this more convenient, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files
-use the last regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a
-default.
-
-@node Comparison in Dired
-@section File Comparison with Dired
-@cindex file comparison (in Dired)
-@cindex compare files (in Dired)
-
-  Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using
-@code{diff}.  They show the output in a buffer using Diff mode
-(@pxref{Comparing Files}).
-
-@table @kbd
-@item =
-@findex dired-diff
-@kindex = @r{(Dired)}
-Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the
-file at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}).
-The file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the
-file at point is the second argument.  This refers to the ordinary
-Emacs mark, not Dired marks; use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}
-(@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line
-(@pxref{Setting Mark}).
-
-@findex dired-backup-diff
-@kindex M-= @r{(Dired)}
-@item M-=
-Compare the current file with its latest backup file
-(@code{dired-backup-diff}).  If the current file is itself a backup,
-compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare
-a file with any one of its backups.
-
-The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}.
-@end table
-
-@node Subdirectories in Dired
-@section Subdirectories in Dired
-@cindex subdirectories in Dired
-@cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired
-
-  A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case;
-but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well.
-
-  The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is
-to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}.  (If you give a
-numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options
-in the minibuffer.)  That produces a recursive directory listing showing
-all subdirectories at all levels.
-
-  More often, you will want to show only specific subdirectories.  You
-can do this with the @kbd{i} command:
-
-@table @kbd
-@findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir
-@kindex i @r{(Dired)}
-@item i
-@cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired)
-@cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired)
-Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer.
-@end table
-
-Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line
-that describes a file which is a directory.  It inserts the contents of
-that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there.  Inserted
-subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired
-buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output.
-
-If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the
-@kbd{i} command just moves to it.
-
-In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u
-C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line
-describing that subdirectory).
-
-Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the
-subdirectory's contents.  Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header
-line to delete the subdirectory.  @xref{Dired Updating}.
-
-
-
-
-@ifnottex
-@include dired-xtra.texi
-@end ifnottex
-
-@node Subdirectory Motion
-@section Moving Over Subdirectories
-
-  When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion
-commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories
-(@pxref{Pages}).
-
-@cindex header line (Dired)
-@cindex directory header lines
-  The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of
-directories within one Dired buffer.  They move to @dfn{directory header
-lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the
-beginning of the directory's contents.
-
-@table @kbd
-@findex dired-next-subdir
-@kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)}
-@item C-M-n
-Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level
-(@code{dired-next-subdir}).
-
-@findex dired-prev-subdir
-@kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)}
-@item C-M-p
-Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level
-(@code{dired-prev-subdir}).
-
-@findex dired-tree-up
-@kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)}
-@item C-M-u
-Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}).
-
-@findex dired-tree-down
-@kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)}
-@item C-M-d
-Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line
-(@code{dired-tree-down}).
-
-@findex dired-prev-dirline
-@kindex < @r{(Dired)}
-@item <
-Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
-These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its
-parent directory.
-
-@findex dired-next-dirline
-@kindex > @r{(Dired)}
-@item >
-Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
-@end table
-
-@node Hiding Subdirectories
-@section Hiding Subdirectories
-
-@cindex hiding in Dired (Dired)
-  @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its
-header line.
-
-@table @kbd
-@item $
-@findex dired-hide-subdir
-@kindex $ @r{(Dired)}
-Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the
-next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}).  A numeric argument serves
-as a repeat count.
-
-@item M-$
-@findex dired-hide-all
-@kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)}
-Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header
-lines (@code{dired-hide-all}).  Or, if any subdirectory is currently
-hidden, make all subdirectories visible again.  You can use this command
-to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to
-subdirectories far away.
-@end table
-
-  Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden
-subdirectory.  For example, the commands to operate on marked files
-ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked.  Thus you
-can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations
-without having to remove the Dired marks on files in those
-subdirectories.
-
-@node Dired Updating
-@section Updating the Dired Buffer
-@cindex updating Dired buffer
-@cindex refreshing displayed files
-
-  This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect
-outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete
-part of the Dired buffer.
-
-@table @kbd
-@item g
-Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}).
-
-@item l
-Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}).  You specify the
-files for @kbd{l} in the same way as for file operations.
-
-@item k
-Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines
-(@code{dired-do-kill-lines}).
-
-@item s
-Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order
-(@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}).
-
-@item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}
-Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as
-@code{dired-listing-switches}.
-@end table
-
-@kindex g @r{(Dired)}
-@findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)}
-  Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the
-Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed.
-This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished.
-Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden.
-
-@kindex l @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-do-redisplay
-  To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l}
-(@code{dired-do-redisplay}).  Like the Dired file-operating commands,
-this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous
-@minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the
-current file.  Updating the files means reading their current status,
-then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status.
-
-  If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the
-contents of the corresponding subdirectory.
-
-@kindex k @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-do-kill-lines
-  To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not
-delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}).  Like
-the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n}
-files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the
-current file as a last resort.
-
-  If you use @kbd{k} with a numeric prefix argument to kill the line
-for a file that is a directory, which you have inserted in the Dired
-buffer as a subdirectory, it deletes that subdirectory from the buffer
-as well.  Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the header line for a subdirectory
-also deletes the subdirectory from the Dired buffer.
-
-  The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have
-killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to
-reinsert a subdirectory.
-
-@cindex Dired sorting
-@cindex sorting Dired buffer
-@kindex s @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit
-  The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order
-by file names.  Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time.  The
-Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches
-between these two sorting modes.  The mode line in a Dired buffer
-indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date.
-
-  @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for
-@code{dired-listing-switches}.
-
-@node Dired and Find
-@section Dired and @code{find}
-@cindex @code{find} and Dired
-
-  You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more
-flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files.
-
-@findex find-name-dired
-  To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use
-@kbd{M-x find-name-dired}.  It reads arguments @var{directory} and
-@var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its
-subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}.
-
-  The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer, in which the
-ordinary Dired commands are available.
-
-@findex find-grep-dired
-  If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names,
-use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}.  This command reads two minibuffer
-arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in
-@var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for
-@var{regexp}.  It works by running the programs @code{find} and
-@code{grep}.  See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep Searching}.
-Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs.
-(An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given
-regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.)
-
-@findex find-dired
-  The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which
-lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test.  It takes two
-minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs
-@code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell
-@code{find} what condition to test.  To use this command, you need to
-know how to use @code{find}.
-
-@vindex find-ls-option
-  The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the
-variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using
-options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}.  If your listings are corrupted, you
-may need to change the value of this variable.
-
-@findex locate
-@findex locate-with-filter
-@cindex file database (locate)
-@vindex locate-command
-  The command @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the
-@code{locate} program.  @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but
-keeps only files whose names match a given regular expression.
-
-  These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers: file
-operations work, but do not always automatically update the buffer.
-Reverting the buffer with @kbd{g} deletes all inserted subdirectories,
-and erases all flags and marks.
-
-@node Wdired
-@section Editing the Dired Buffer
-
-@cindex wdired mode
-@findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode
-  Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations
-by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands
-for ``writable.'')  To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{C-x C-q} or @kbd{M-x
-wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer.  Alternatively,
-use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu.
-
-@findex wdired-finish-edit
-  While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names
-displayed in the Dired buffer.  All the ordinary Emacs editing
-commands, including rectangle operations and @code{query-replace}, are
-available for this.  Once you are done editing, type @kbd{C-c C-c}
-(@code{wdired-finish-edit}).  This applies your changes and switches
-back to ordinary Dired mode.
-
-  Apart from simply renaming files, you can move a file to another
-directory by typing in the new file name (either absolute or
-relative).  To mark a file for deletion, delete the entire file name.
-To change the target of a symbolic link, edit the link target name
-which appears next to the link name.
-
-  The rest of the text in the buffer, such as the file sizes and
-modification dates, is marked read-only, so you can't edit it.
-However, if you set @code{wdired-allow-to-change-permissions} to
-@code{t}, you can edit the file permissions.  For example, you can
-change @samp{-rw-r--r--} to @samp{-rw-rw-rw-} to make a file
-world-writable.  These changes also take effect when you type @kbd{C-c
-C-c}.
-
-@node Image-Dired
-@section Viewing Image Thumbnails in Dired
-@cindex image-dired mode
-@cindex image-dired
-
-  Image-Dired is a facility for browsing image files.  It provides viewing
-the images either as thumbnails or in full size, either inside Emacs
-or through an external viewer.
-
-@kindex C-t d @r{(Image-Dired)}
-@findex image-dired-display-thumbs
-  To enter Image-Dired, mark the image files you want to look at in
-the Dired buffer, using @kbd{m} as usual.  Then type @kbd{C-t d}
-(@code{image-dired-display-thumbs}).  This creates and switches to a
-buffer containing image-dired, corresponding to the marked files.
-
-  You can also enter Image-Dired directly by typing @kbd{M-x
-image-dired}.  This prompts for a directory; specify one that has
-image files.  This creates thumbnails for all the images in that
-directory, and displays them all in the ``thumbnail buffer.''  This
-takes a long time if the directory contains many image files, and it
-asks for confirmation if the number of image files exceeds
-@code{image-dired-show-all-from-dir-max-files}.
-
-  With point in the thumbnail buffer, you can type @kbd{RET}
-(@code{image-dired-display-thumbnail-original-image}) to display a
-sized version of it in another window.  This sizes the image to fit
-the window.  Use the arrow keys to move around in the buffer.  For
-easy browsing, use @kbd{SPC}
-(@code{image-dired-display-next-thumbnail-original}) to advance and
-display the next image.  Typing @kbd{DEL}
-(@code{image-dired-display-previous-thumbnail-original}) backs up to
-the previous thumbnail and displays that instead.
-
-@vindex image-dired-external-viewer
-  To view and the image in its original size, either provide a prefix
-argument (@kbd{C-u}) before pressing @kbd{RET}, or type
-@kbd{C-@key{RET}} (@code{image-dired-thumbnail-display-external}) to
-display the image in an external viewer.  You must first configure
-@code{image-dired-external-viewer}.
-
-  You can delete images through Image-Dired also.  Type @kbd{d}
-(@code{image-dired-flag-thumb-original-file}) to flag the image file
-for deletion in the Dired buffer.  You can also delete the thumbnail
-image from the thumbnail buffer with @kbd{C-d}
-(@code{image-dired-delete-char}).
-
-  More advanced features include @dfn{image tags}, which are metadata
-used to categorize image files.  The tags are stored in a plain text
-file configured by @code{image-dired-db-file}.
-
-  To tag image files, mark them in the dired buffer (you can also mark
-files in Dired from the thumbnail buffer by typing @kbd{m}) and type
-@kbd{C-t t} (@code{image-dired-tag-files}).  You will be prompted for
-a tag.  To mark files having a certain tag, type @kbd{C-t f}
-(@code{image-dired-mark-tagged-files}).  After marking image files
-with a certain tag, you can use @kbd{C-t d} to view them.
-
-  You can also tag a file directly from the thumbnail buffer by typing
-@kbd{t t} and you can remove a tag by typing @kbd{t r}.  There is also
-a special ``tag'' called ``comment'' for each file (it is not a tag in
-the exact same sense as the other tags, it is handled slightly
-different).  That is used to enter a comment or description about the
-image.  You comment a file from the thumbnail buffer by typing
-@kbd{c}.  You will be prompted for a comment.  Type @kbd{C-t c} to add
-a comment from Dired (@code{image-dired-dired-comment-files}).
-
-  Image-Dired also provides simple image manipulation.  In the
-thumbnail buffer, type @kbd{L} to rotate the original image 90 degrees
-anti clockwise, and @kbd{R} to rotate it 90 degrees clockwise.  This
-rotation is lossless, and uses an external utility called JpegTRAN.
-
-@node Misc Dired Features
-@section Other Dired Features
-
-@kindex + @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-create-directory
-  An unusual Dired file-operation command is @kbd{+}
-(@code{dired-create-directory}).  This command reads a directory name,
-and creates the directory if it does not already exist.
-
-@cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired.
-@kindex w @r{(Dired)}
-@findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill
-  The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the
-names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if
-you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}.  The names are separated by a space.
-
-  With a zero prefix argument, this uses the absolute file name of
-each marked file.  With just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses
-file names relative to the Dired buffer's default directory.  (This
-can still contain slashes if in a subdirectory.)  As a special case,
-if point is on a directory headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the absolute
-name of that directory.  Any prefix argument or marked files are
-ignored in this case.
-
-  The main purpose of this command is so that you can yank the file
-names into arguments for other Emacs commands.  It also displays what
-it added to the kill ring, so you can use it to display the list of
-currently marked files in the echo area.
-
-@findex dired-compare-directories
-  The command @kbd{M-x dired-compare-directories} is used to compare
-the current Dired buffer with another directory.  It marks all the files
-that are ``different'' between the two directories.  It puts these marks
-in all Dired buffers where these files are listed, which of course includes
-the current buffer.
-
-  The default comparison method (used if you type @key{RET} at the
-prompt) is to compare just the file names---each file name that does
-not appear in the other directory is ``different.''  You can specify
-more stringent comparisons by entering a Lisp expression, which can
-refer to the variables @code{size1} and @code{size2}, the respective
-file sizes; @code{mtime1} and @code{mtime2}, the last modification
-times in seconds, as floating point numbers; and @code{fa1} and
-@code{fa2}, the respective file attribute lists (as returned by the
-function @code{file-attributes}).  This expression is evaluated for
-each pair of like-named files, and if the expression's value is
-non-@code{nil}, those files are considered ``different.''
-
-  For instance, the sequence @code{M-x dired-compare-directories
-@key{RET} (> mtime1 mtime2) @key{RET}} marks files newer in this
-directory than in the other, and marks files older in the other
-directory than in this one.  It also marks files with no counterpart,
-in both directories, as always.
-
-@cindex drag and drop, Dired
-  On the X window system, Emacs supports the ``drag and drop''
-protocol.  You can drag a file object from another program, and drop
-it onto a Dired buffer; this either moves, copies, or creates a link
-to the file in that directory.  Precisely which action is taken is
-determined by the originating program.  Dragging files out of a Dired
-buffer is currently not supported.
-
-@ignore
-   arch-tag: d105f9b9-fc1b-4c5f-a949-9b2cf3ca2fc1
-@end ignore