Mercurial > emacs

--- a/man/fixit.texi	Thu Sep 06 04:36:21 2007 +0000
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,471 +0,0 @@
-@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002,
-@c   2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
-@node Fixit, Keyboard Macros, Search, Top
-@chapter Commands for Fixing Typos
-@cindex typos, fixing
-@cindex mistakes, correcting
-
-  In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful for
-the times when you catch a mistake in your text just after you have made
-it, or change your mind while composing text on the fly.
-
-  The most fundamental command for correcting erroneous editing is the
-undo command, @kbd{C-x u} or @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}.  This command
-undoes a single command (usually), a part of a command (in the case of
-@code{query-replace}), or several consecutive self-inserting
-characters.  Consecutive repetitions of the undo command undo earlier
-and earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information
-available.  @xref{Undo}, for more information.
-
-@menu
-* Undo::        The Undo commands.
-* Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
-* Transpose::   Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
-* Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
-* Spelling::    Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.
-@end menu
-
-@node Undo
-@section Undo
-@cindex undo
-@cindex changes, undoing
-
-  The @dfn{undo} commands undo recent changes in the buffer's text.
-Each buffer records changes individually, and the undo command always
-applies to the current buffer.  You can undo all the changes in a
-buffer for as far as back these records go.  Usually each editing
-command makes a separate entry in the undo records, but some commands
-such as @code{query-replace} divide their changes into multiple
-entries for flexibility in undoing.  Meanwhile, self-inserting
-characters are usually grouped to make undoing less tedious.
-
-@table @kbd
-@item C-x u
-@itemx C-_
-@itemx C-/
-Undo one entry in the current buffer's undo records (@code{undo}).
-@end table
-
-@kindex C-x u
-@kindex C-_
-@kindex C-/
-@findex undo
-  To begin to undo, type the command @kbd{C-x u} (or its aliases,
-@kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}).  This undoes the most recent change in the
-buffer, and moves point back to where it was before that change.
-
-  Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-x u} (or its aliases) undo earlier
-and earlier changes in the current buffer, back to the limit of the
-current buffer's undo records.  If all the recorded changes have
-already been undone, the undo command just signals an error.
-
-  If you notice that a buffer has been modified accidentally, the
-easiest way to recover is to type @kbd{C-_} repeatedly until the stars
-disappear from the front of the mode line.  At this time, all the
-modifications you made have been canceled.  Whenever an undo command
-makes the stars disappear from the mode line, it means that the buffer
-contents are the same as they were when the file was last read in or
-saved.
-
-  If you do not remember whether you changed the buffer deliberately,
-type @kbd{C-_} once.  When you see the last change you made undone, you
-will see whether it was an intentional change.  If it was an accident,
-leave it undone.  If it was deliberate, redo the change as described
-below.
-
-@findex undo-only
-  Any command other than an undo command breaks the sequence of undo
-commands.  Starting from that moment, the previous undo commands
-become ordinary changes that you can undo.  Thus, to redo changes you
-have undone, type @kbd{C-f} or any other command that will harmlessly
-break the sequence of undoing, then type undo commands again.  On the
-other hand, if you want to resume undoing, without redoing previous
-undo commands, use @kbd{M-x undo-only}.  This is like @code{undo}, but
-will not redo changes you have just undone.
-
-@cindex selective undo
-@kindex C-u C-x u
-  Ordinary undo applies to all changes made in the current buffer.  You
-can also perform @dfn{selective undo}, limited to the region.
-
-  To do this, specify the region you want, then run the @code{undo}
-command with a prefix argument (the value does not matter): @kbd{C-u
-C-x u} or @kbd{C-u C-_}.  This undoes the most recent change in the
-region.  To undo further changes in the same region, repeat the
-@code{undo} command (no prefix argument is needed).  In Transient Mark
-mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}), any use of @code{undo} when there is an
-active region performs selective undo; you do not need a prefix
-argument.
-
-  Some specialized buffers do not make undo records.  Buffers
-whose names start with spaces never do; these buffers are used
-internally by Emacs and its extensions to hold text that users don't
-normally look at or edit.
-
-@vindex undo-limit
-@vindex undo-strong-limit
-@vindex undo-outer-limit
-@cindex undo limit
-  When the undo records for a buffer becomes too large, Emacs
-discards the oldest undo records from time to time (during garbage
-collection).  You can specify how much undo records to keep by
-setting three variables: @code{undo-limit}, @code{undo-strong-limit},
-and @code{undo-outer-limit}.  Their values are expressed in units of
-bytes of space.
-
-  The variable @code{undo-limit} sets a soft limit: Emacs keeps undo
-data for enough commands to reach this size, and perhaps exceed it,
-but does not keep data for any earlier commands beyond that.  Its
-default value is 20000.  The variable @code{undo-strong-limit} sets a
-stricter limit: a previous command (not the most recent one) which
-pushes the size past this amount is itself forgotten.  The default
-value of @code{undo-strong-limit} is 30000.
-
-  Regardless of the values of those variables, the most recent change
-is never discarded unless it gets bigger than @code{undo-outer-limit}
-(normally 3,000,000).  At that point, Emacs discards the undo data and
-warns you about it.  This is the only situation in which you cannot
-undo the last command.  If this happens, you can increase the value of
-@code{undo-outer-limit} to make it even less likely to happen in the
-future.  But if you didn't expect the command to create such large
-undo data, then it is probably a bug and you should report it.
-@xref{Bugs,, Reporting Bugs}.
-
-  The reason the @code{undo} command has three key bindings, @kbd{C-x
-u}, @kbd{C-_} and @kbd{C-/}, is that it is worthy of a
-single-character key, but @kbd{C-x u} is more straightforward for
-beginners to remember and type.  Meanwhile, @kbd{C--} on a text-only
-terminal is really @kbd{C-_}, which makes it a natural and easily
-typed binding for undoing.
-
-@node Kill Errors
-@section Killing Your Mistakes
-
-@table @kbd
-@item @key{DEL}
-Delete last character (@code{delete-backward-char}).
-@item M-@key{DEL}
-Kill last word (@code{backward-kill-word}).
-@item C-x @key{DEL}
-Kill to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}).
-@end table
-
-  The @key{DEL} character (@code{delete-backward-char}) is the most
-important correction command.  It deletes the character before point.
-When @key{DEL} follows a self-inserting character command, you can think
-of it as canceling that command.  However, avoid the confusion of thinking
-of @key{DEL} as a general way to cancel a command!
-
-  When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be
-more convenient to use @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} or @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}}.
-@kbd{M-@key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last word, and @kbd{C-x
-@key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last sentence.  @kbd{C-x
-@key{DEL}} is particularly useful when you change your mind about the
-phrasing of the text you are writing.  @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-x
-@key{DEL}} save the killed text for @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{M-y} to
-retrieve.  @xref{Yanking}.@refill
-
-  @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} is often useful even when you have typed only a few
-characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't
-sure exactly what you typed.  At such a time, you cannot correct with
-@key{DEL} except by looking at the screen to see what you did.  Often it
-requires less thought to kill the whole word and start again.
-
-@node Transpose
-@section Transposing Text
-
-@table @kbd
-@item C-t
-Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}).
-@item M-t
-Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}).
-@item C-M-t
-Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}).
-@item C-x C-t
-Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}).
-@end table
-
-@kindex C-t
-@findex transpose-chars
-  The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed, when they
-are adjacent, with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}).  Normally,
-@kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point.  When
-given at the end of a line, rather than transposing the last character of
-the line with the newline, which would be useless, @kbd{C-t} transposes the
-last two characters on the line.  So, if you catch your transposition error
-right away, you can fix it with just a @kbd{C-t}.  If you don't catch it so
-fast, you must move the cursor back between the two transposed
-characters before you type @kbd{C-t}.  If you transposed a space with
-the last character of the word before it, the word motion commands are
-a good way of getting there.  Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r})
-is often the best way.  @xref{Search}.
-
-@kindex C-x C-t
-@findex transpose-lines
-@kindex M-t
-@findex transpose-words
-@c Don't index C-M-t and transpose-sexps here, they are indexed in
-@c programs.texi, in the "List Commands" node.
-@c @kindex C-M-t
-@c @findex transpose-sexps
-  @kbd{M-t} transposes the word before point with the word after point
-(@code{transpose-words}).  It moves point forward over a word,
-dragging the word preceding or containing point forward as well.  The
-punctuation characters between the words do not move.  For example,
-@w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than
-@samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}.
-
-  @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for
-transposing two expressions (@pxref{Expressions}), and @kbd{C-x C-t}
-(@code{transpose-lines}) exchanges lines.  They work like @kbd{M-t}
-except as regards what units of text they transpose.
-
-  A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it
-tells the transpose command to move the character (word, expression, line)
-before or containing point across several other characters (words,
-expressions, lines).  For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before
-point forward across three other characters.  It would change
-@samp{f@point{}oobar} into @samp{oobf@point{}ar}.  This is equivalent to
-repeating @kbd{C-t} three times.  @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word
-before point backward across four words.  @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel
-the effect of plain @kbd{C-M-t}.@refill
-
-  A numeric argument of zero is assigned a special meaning (because
-otherwise a command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing): to
-transpose the character (word, expression, line) ending after point
-with the one ending after the mark.
-
-@node Fixing Case
-@section Case Conversion
-
-@table @kbd
-@item M-- M-l
-Convert last word to lower case.  Note @kbd{Meta--} is Meta-minus.
-@item M-- M-u
-Convert last word to all upper case.
-@item M-- M-c
-Convert last word to lower case with capital initial.
-@end table
-
-@kindex M-@t{-} M-l
-@kindex M-@t{-} M-u
-@kindex M-@t{-} M-c
-  A very common error is to type words in the wrong case.  Because of this,
-the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} and @kbd{M-c} have a
-special feature when used with a negative argument: they do not move the
-cursor.  As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply
-case-convert it and go on typing.  @xref{Case}.@refill
-
-@node Spelling
-@section Checking and Correcting Spelling
-@cindex spelling, checking and correcting
-@cindex checking spelling
-@cindex correcting spelling
-
-  This section describes the commands to check the spelling of a single
-word or of a portion of a buffer.  These commands work with the spelling
-checker programs Aspell and Ispell, which are not part of Emacs.
-@ifnottex
-@xref{Top, Aspell,, aspell, The Aspell Manual}.
-@end ifnottex
-
-@table @kbd
-@item M-x flyspell-mode
-Enable Flyspell mode, which highlights all misspelled words.
-@item M-x flyspell-prog-mode
-Enable Flyspell mode for comments and strings only.
-@item M-$
-Check and correct spelling of the word at point (@code{ispell-word}).
-@item M-@key{TAB}
-@itemx @key{ESC} @key{TAB}
-Complete the word before point based on the spelling dictionary
-(@code{ispell-complete-word}).
-@item M-x ispell
-Spell-check the active region or the current buffer.
-@item M-x ispell-buffer
-Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer.
-@item M-x ispell-region
-Check and correct spelling of each word in the region.
-@item M-x ispell-message
-Check and correct spelling of each word in a draft mail message,
-excluding cited material.
-@item M-x ispell-change-dictionary @key{RET} @var{dict} @key{RET}
-Restart the Aspell or Ispell process, using @var{dict} as the dictionary.
-@item M-x ispell-kill-ispell
-Kill the Aspell or Ispell subprocess.
-@end table
-
-@cindex Flyspell mode
-@findex flyspell-mode
-  Flyspell mode is a fully-automatic way to check spelling as you edit
-in Emacs.  It operates by checking words as you change or insert them.
-When it finds a word that it does not recognize, it highlights that
-word.  This does not interfere with your editing, but when you see the
-highlighted word, you can move to it and fix it.  Type @kbd{M-x
-flyspell-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current buffer.
-
-  When Flyspell mode highlights a word as misspelled, you can click on
-it with @kbd{Mouse-2} to display a menu of possible corrections and
-actions.  You can also correct the word by editing it manually in any
-way you like.
-
-@findex flyspell-prog-mode
-Flyspell Prog mode works just like ordinary Flyspell mode, except that
-it only checks words in comments and string constants.  This feature
-is useful for editing programs.  Type @kbd{M-x flyspell-prog-mode} to
-enable or disable this mode in the current buffer.
-
-  The other Emacs spell-checking features check or look up words when
-you give an explicit command to do so.
-
-@kindex M-$
-@findex ispell-word
-  To check the spelling of the word around or before point, and
-optionally correct it as well, use the command @kbd{M-$}
-(@code{ispell-word}).  If the word is not correct, the command offers
-you various alternatives for what to do about it.
-
-@findex ispell-buffer
-@findex ispell-region
-  To check the entire current buffer, use @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer}.  Use
-@kbd{M-x ispell-region} to check just the current region.  To check
-spelling in an email message you are writing, use @kbd{M-x
-ispell-message}; that command checks the whole buffer, except for
-material that is indented or appears to be cited from other messages.
-
-@findex ispell
-@cindex spell-checking the active region
-  The @kbd{M-x ispell} command spell-checks the active region if the
-Transient Mark mode is on (@pxref{Transient Mark}), otherwise it
-spell-checks the current buffer.
-
-  Each time these commands encounter an incorrect word, they ask you
-what to do.  They display a list of alternatives, usually including
-several ``near-misses''---words that are close to the word being
-checked.  Then you must type a single-character response.  Here are
-the valid responses:
-
-@table @kbd
-@item @key{SPC}
-Skip this word---continue to consider it incorrect, but don't change it
-here.
-
-@item r @var{new} @key{RET}
-Replace the word (just this time) with @var{new}.  (The replacement
-string will be rescanned for more spelling errors.)
-
-@item R @var{new} @key{RET}
-Replace the word with @var{new}, and do a @code{query-replace} so you
-can replace it elsewhere in the buffer if you wish.  (The replacements
-will be rescanned for more spelling errors.)
-
-@item @var{digit}
-Replace the word (just this time) with one of the displayed
-near-misses.  Each near-miss is listed with a digit; type that digit to
-select it.
-
-@item a
-Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this
-editing session.
-
-@item A
-Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this
-editing session and for this buffer.
-
-@item i
-Insert this word in your private dictionary file so that Aspell or Ispell will
-consider it correct from now on, even in future sessions.
-
-@item u
-Insert the lower-case version of this word in your private dic@-tion@-ary
-file.
-
-@item m
-Like @kbd{i}, but you can also specify dictionary completion
-information.
-
-@item l @var{word} @key{RET}
-Look in the dictionary for words that match @var{word}.  These words
-become the new list of ``near-misses''; you can select one of them as
-the replacement by typing a digit.  You can use @samp{*} in @var{word} as a
-wildcard.
-
-@item C-g
-Quit interactive spell checking, leaving point at the word that was
-being checked.  You can restart checking again afterward with @kbd{C-u
-M-$}.
-
-@item X
-Same as @kbd{C-g}.
-
-@item x
-Quit interactive spell checking and move point back to where it was
-when you started spell checking.
-
-@item q
-Quit interactive spell checking and kill the Ispell subprocess.
-
-@item C-l
-Refresh the screen.
-
-@item C-z
-This key has its normal command meaning (suspend Emacs or iconify this
-frame).
-
-@item ?
-Show the list of options.
-@end table
-
-@findex ispell-complete-word
-  The command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which is bound to the key
-@kbd{M-@key{TAB}} in Text mode and related modes, shows a list of
-completions based on spelling correction.  Insert the beginning of a
-word, and then type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}; the command displays a
-completion list window.  (If your window manager intercepts
-@kbd{M-@key{TAB}}, type @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-i}.)  To
-choose one of the completions listed, click @kbd{Mouse-2} or
-@kbd{Mouse-1} fast on it, or move the cursor there in the completions
-window and type @key{RET}.  @xref{Text Mode}.
-
-@ignore
-@findex reload-ispell
-  The first time you use any of the spell checking commands, it starts
-an Ispell subprocess.  The first thing the subprocess does is read your
-private dictionary, which defaults to the file @file{~/ispell.words}.
-Words that you ``insert'' with the @kbd{i} command are added to that
-file, but not right away---only at the end of the interactive
-replacement procedure.  Use the @kbd{M-x reload-ispell} command to
-reload your private dictionary if you edit the file outside of Ispell.
-@end ignore
-
-@cindex @code{ispell} program
-@findex ispell-kill-ispell
-  Once started, the Aspell or Ispell subprocess continues to run
-(waiting for something to do), so that subsequent spell checking
-commands complete more quickly.  If you want to get rid of the
-process, use @kbd{M-x ispell-kill-ispell}.  This is not usually
-necessary, since the process uses no time except when you do spelling
-correction.
-
-@vindex ispell-dictionary
-  Ispell and Aspell use two dictionaries together for spell checking: the
-standard dictionary and your private dictionary.  The variable
-@code{ispell-dictionary} specifies the file name to use for the
-standard dictionary; a value of @code{nil} selects the default
-dictionary.  The command @kbd{M-x ispell-change-dictionary} sets this
-variable and then restarts the subprocess, so that it will use
-a different standard dictionary.
-
-@vindex ispell-complete-word-dict
-  Aspell and Ispell use a separate dictionary for word completion.
-The variable @code{ispell-complete-word-dict} specifies the file name
-of this dictionary.  The completion dictionary must be different
-because it cannot use root and affix information.  For some languages
-there is a spell checking dictionary but no word completion
-dictionary.
-
-@ignore
-   arch-tag: 3359a443-96ed-448f-9f05-c8111ba8eac0
-@end ignore