annotate es/filenames.tex @ 786:11bc9d788428

finished tour-basic.tex
author Yoshiki Yazawa <yaz@honeyplanet.jp>
date Sun, 07 Jun 2009 20:25:51 +0900
parents 93372b575c73
children
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1 \chapter{Nombres de ficheros y asociación de patrones}
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2 \label{chap:names}
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3
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4 Mercurial provee mecanismos que le permiten trabajar con nombres de
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5 ficheros en una manera consistente y expresiva.
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6
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7 \section{Nombrado de ficheros simple}
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8
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9 % TODO traducción literal de "under the hood". revisar
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10 Mercurial usa un mecanismo unificado ``bajo el capó'' para manejar
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11 nombres de ficheros. Cada comando se comporta de manera uniforme con
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12 respecto a los nombres de fichero. La manera en que los comandos
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13 operan con nombres de fichero es la siguiente.
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14
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15 Si usted especifica explícitamente nombres reales de ficheros en la
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16 línea de comandos, Mercurial opera únicamente sobre dichos ficheros,
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17 como usted esperaría.
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18 \interaction{filenames.files}
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19
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20 Cuando usted provee el nombre de un directorio, Mercurial interpreta
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21 eso como ``opere en cada fichero en este directorio y sus
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22 subdirectorios''. Mercurial va por todos los ficheros y subdirectorios
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23 de un directorio en orden alfabético. Cuando encuentra un
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24 subdirectorio, lo recorrerá antes de continuar con el directorio
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25 actual.
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26 \interaction{filenames.dirs}
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27
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28 \section{Ejecución de comandos sin ningún nombre de fichero}
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29
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30 Los comandos de Mercurial que trabajan con nombres de fichero tienen
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31 comportamientos por defecto adecuados cuando son utilizados sin pasar
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32 ningún patrón o nombre de fichero. El tipo de comportamiento depende
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33 de lo que haga el comando. Aquí presento unas cuantas reglas generales
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34 que usted puede usar para que es lo que probablemente hará un comando
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35 si usted no le pasa ningún nombre de fichero con el cual trabajar.
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36 \begin{itemize}
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37 \item Muchos comandos operarán sobre el directorio de trabajo
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38 completo. Por ejemplo, esto es lo que hace el comando
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39 \hgcmd{add},
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40 \item Si el comando tiene efectos difíciles o incluso imposibles de
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41 revertir, se le obligará a usted a proveer explícitamente al menos
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42 % TODO revisar ese "lo proteje a usted"
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43 un nombre o patrón (ver más abajo). Esto lo proteje a usted de,
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44 por ejemplo, borrar ficheros accidentalmente al ejecutar
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45 \hgcmd{remove} sin ningún argumento.
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46 \end{itemize}
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47
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48
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49 Es fácil evitar este comportamiento por defecto, si no es el adecuado
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50 para usted. Si un comando opera normalmente en todo el directorio de
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51 trabajo, usted puede llamarlo para que trabaje sólo en el directorio
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52 actual y sus subdirectorio pasándole el nombre ``\dirname{.}''.
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53 \interaction{filenames.wdir-subdir}
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54
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55 Siguiendo la misma línea, algunos comandos normalmente imprimen las
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56 rutas de ficheros con respecto a la raíz del repositorio, aún si usted
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57 los llama dentro de un subdirectorio. Dichos comandos imprimirán las
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58 rutas de los ficheros respecto al directorio en que usted se encuentra
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59 si se les pasan nombres explícitos. Vamos a ejecutar el comando
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60 \hgcmd{status} desde un subdirectorio, y a hacer que opere en el
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61 directorio de trabajo completo, a la vez que todas las rutas de
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62 ficheros se imprimen respecto a nuestro subdirectorio, pasándole la
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63 salida del comando \hgcmd{root}.
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64 \interaction{filenames.wdir-relname}
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65
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66 \section{Reportar que está pasando}
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67
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68 El ejemplo con el comando \hgcmd{add} en la sección anterior ilustra
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69 algo más que es útil acerca de los comandos de Mercurial. Si un
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70 comando opera en un fichero que usted no pasó explícitamente en la
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71 línea de comandos, usualmente se imprimirá el nombre del fichero, para
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72 que usted no sea sorprendido por lo que sucede.
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73
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74 Esto es el principio de \emph{mínima sorpresa}. Si usted se ha
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75 referido explícitamente a un fichero en la línea de comandos, no tiene
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76 mucho sentido repetir esto de vuelta a usted. Si Mercurial está
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77 actuando en un fichero \emph{implícitamente}, porque usted no pasó
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78 nombres, ni directorios, ni patrones (ver más abajo), lo más seguro es
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79 decirle a usted qué se está haciendo.
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80
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81 Usted puede silenciar a los comandos que se comportan de esta manera
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82 usando la opción \hggopt{-q}. También puede hacer que impriman el
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83 nombre de cada fichero, aún aquellos que usted indicó explícitamente,
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84 usando la opción \hggopt{-v}.
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85
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86 \section{Uso de patrones para identificar ficheros}
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87
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88 Además de trabajar con nombres de ficheros y directorios, Mercurial le
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89 permite usar \emph{patrones} para identificar ficheros. El manejo de
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90 patrones de Mercurial es expresivo.
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91
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92 En sistemas tipo Unix (Linux, MacOS, etc.), el trabajo de asociar
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93 patrones con nombres de ficheros recae sobre el intérprete de comandos.
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94 En estos sistemas, usted debe indicarle explícitamente a Mercurial que
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95 el nombre que se le pasa es un patrón. En Windows, el intérprete no
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96 expande los patrones, así que Mercurial identificará automáticamente
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97 los nombres que son patrones, y hará la expansión necesaria.
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98
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99 Para pasar un patrón en vez de un nombre normal en la línea de
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100 comandos, el mecanismo es simple:
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101 \begin{codesample2}
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102 syntax:patternbody
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103 \end{codesample2}
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104 Un patrón es identificado por una cadena de texto corta que indica qué
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105 tipo de patrón es, seguido por un dos puntos, seguido por el patrón en
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106 sí.
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107
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108 Mercurial soporta dos tipos de sintaxis para patrones. La que se usa
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109 con más frecuencia se denomina \texttt{glob}\ndt{Grupo, colección,
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110 aglomeración.}; es el mismo tipo de asociación de patrones usado por
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111 el intérprete de Unix, y también debería ser familiar para los
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112 usuarios de la línea de comandos de Windows.
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113
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114 Cuando Mercurial hace asociación automática de patrones en Windows,
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115 usa la sintaxis \texttt{glob}. Por esto, usted puede omitir el
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116 prefijo ``\texttt{glob:}'' en Windows, pero también es seguro usarlo.
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117
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118 La sintaxis \texttt{re}\ndt{Expresiones regulares.} es más poderosa;
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119 le permite especificar patrones usando expresiones regulares, también
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120 conocidas como regexps.
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121
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122 A propósito, en los ejemplos siguientes, por favor note que yo tengo
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123 el cuidado de rodear todos mis patrones con comillas sencillas, para
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124 que no sean expandidos por el intérprete antes de que Mercurial pueda
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125 verlos.
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126
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127 \subsection{Patrones \texttt{glob} estilo intérprete}
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128
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129 Este es un vistazo general de los tipos de patrones que usted puede
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130 usar cuando está usando asociación con patrone glob.
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131
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132 La secuencia ``\texttt{*}'' se asocia con cualquier cadena, dentro de
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133 un único directorio.
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134 \interaction{filenames.glob.star}
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135
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136 La secuencia ``\texttt{**}'' se asocia con cualquier cadena, y cruza los
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137 % TODO token
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138 límites de los directorios. No es una elemento estándar de los tokens
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139 de glob de Unix, pero es aceptado por varios intérpretes Unix
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140 populares, y es muy útil.
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141 \interaction{filenames.glob.starstar}
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142
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143 La secuencia ``\texttt{?}'' se asocia con cualquier caracter sencillo.
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144 \interaction{filenames.glob.question}
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145
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146 El caracter ``\texttt{[}'' marca el inicio de una \emph{clase de
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147 caracteres}. Ella se asocia con cualquier caracter sencillo dentro de
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148 la clase. La clase se finaliza con un caracter ``\texttt{]}''. Una
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149 clase puede contener múltiples \emph{rango}s de la forma
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150 ``\texttt{a-f}'', que en este caso es una abreviación para
501
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151 ``\texttt{abcdef}''.
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152 \interaction{filenames.glob.range}
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153 Si el primer caracter en aparecer después de ``\texttt{[}'' en la
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154 clase de caracteres es un ``\texttt{!}'', se \emph{niega} la clase,
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155 haciendo que se asocie con cualquier caracter sencillo que no se
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156 encuentre en la clase.
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157
531
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158 Un ``\texttt{\{}'' marca el inicio de un grupo de subpatrones, en
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159 donde todo el grupo es asociado si cualquier subpatrón en el grupo
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160 puede ser asociado. El caracter ``\texttt{,}'' separa los subpatrones,
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161 y el ``\texttt{\}}'' finaliza el grupo.
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162 \interaction{filenames.glob.group}
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163
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164 \subsubsection{Cuidado!}
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165
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166 No olvide que si usted desea asocia un patrón con cualquier
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167 directorio, no debería usar el elemento para asociar con cualquier
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168 cadena ``\texttt{*}'', ya que éste sólo generará asociaciones dentro
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169 de un solo directorio. En vez de eso, use el caracter para asociar con
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170 cualquier cadena ``\texttt{**}''. Este pequeño ejemplo ilustra la
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171 diferencia entre los dos.
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172 \interaction{filenames.glob.star-starstar}
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173
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174 \subsection{Asociación con patrones de expresiones regulares \texttt{re}}
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175
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176 Mercurial acepta la misma sintaxis para expresiones regulares del
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177 lenguaje de programación Python (internamente se usa el motor de
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178 expresiones regulares de Python). Esta sintaxis está basada en la
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179 misma del lenguaje Perl, que es el dialecto más popular en uso
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180 (por ejemplo, también se usa en Java).
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181
532
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182 No discutiré el dialecto de expresiones regulares de Mercurial en
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183 detalle aquí, ya que las mismas no son usadas frecuentemente. Las
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184 expresiones regulares al estilo Perl se encuentran documentadas
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185 exhaustivamente en una multitud de sitios web, y en muchos libros.
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186 En vez de eso, me enfocaré en unas cuantas cosas que usted debería
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187 conocer si tiene la necesidad de usar expresiones regulares en
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188 Mercurial.
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189
532
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190 Una expresión regular es comparada contra un nombre de fichero
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191 completo, relativo a la raíz del repositorio. En otras palabras, aún
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192 si usted se encuentra en un subdirectorio \dirname{foo}, si desea
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193 asociar ficheros en este directorio, su patrón debe empezar con
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194 ``\texttt{foo/}''.
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195
533
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196 Un detalle a tener en cuenta es que, si le son familiares las
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197 expresiones regulares al estilo Perl, las de Mercurial están
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198 \emph{enraízadas}. Esto es, que la asociación de una expresión se hace
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199 desde el inicio de la cadena; no se buscan coincidencias dentro de la
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200 cadena. Para buscar coincidencias en cualquier sitio dentro de una
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201 cadena, empiece su patrón con un ``\texttt{.*}''.
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202
615
9da096de3c52 changed "historia" to "historial".
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203 \section{Filtrado de ficheros}
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204
533
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205 Mercurial no sólo le provee una variedad de formas para especificar
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206 ficheros; le permite limitar aún más dichos ficheros mediante el uso
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207 de \emph{filtros}. Los comandos que operan con nombres de fichero
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208 aceptan dos opciones de filtrado.
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209 \begin{itemize}
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210 \item \hggopt{-I}, o \hggopt{--include}, le permite especificar un
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211 patrón con el que deben coincidir los ficheros para ser
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212 procesados.
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213 \item \hggopt{-X}, o \hggopt{--exclude}, le brinda una manera de
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214 \emph{evitar} procesar ficheros, si coinciden con este patrón.
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215 \end{itemize}
533
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216 Usted puede pasar múltiples veces las opciones \hggopt{-I} y
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217 \hggopt{-X} en la línea de comandos, e intercalarlos como desee.
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218 Por defecto, Mercurial interpreta los patrones que usted pase usando
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219 la sintaxis glob (pero usted puede usar expresiones regulares si lo
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220 necesita).
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221
533
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222 El filtro \hggopt{-I} puede verse como un ``procese todos los ficheros
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223 que coincidan con este filtro''.
501
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224 \interaction{filenames.filter.include}
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225 El filtro \hggopt{-X} puede verse como ``procese únicamente los
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226 ficheros que no coincidan con este patrón''.
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227 \interaction{filenames.filter.exclude}
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228
533
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229 \section{Ignorar ficheros y directorios no deseados}
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230
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231 XXX.
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232
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233 \section{Sensibilidad a mayúsculas}
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234 \label{sec:names:case}
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235
533
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236 Si usted está trabajando en un ambiente de desarrollo mixto que
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237 contiene tanto sistemas Linux (u otro Unix) y sistemas Mac o Windows,
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238 debería tener en mente el hecho de que ellos tratan
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239 %TODO FIXME seguir desde aqui, no tengo idea de como traducir case
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240 %sensitivity
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241 case (``N'' versus ``n'') of file names in incompatible ways. This is
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242 not very likely to affect you, and it's easy to deal with if it does,
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243 but it could surprise you if you don't know about it.
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244
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245 Operating systems and filesystems differ in the way they handle the
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246 \emph{case} of characters in file and directory names. There are
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diff changeset
247 three common ways to handle case in names.
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248 \begin{itemize}
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249 \item Completely case insensitive. Uppercase and lowercase versions
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250 of a letter are treated as identical, both when creating a file and
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251 during subsequent accesses. This is common on older DOS-based
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252 systems.
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253 \item Case preserving, but insensitive. When a file or directory is
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254 created, the case of its name is stored, and can be retrieved and
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255 displayed by the operating system. When an existing file is being
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256 looked up, its case is ignored. This is the standard arrangement on
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257 Windows and MacOS. The names \filename{foo} and \filename{FoO}
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258 identify the same file. This treatment of uppercase and lowercase
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259 letters as interchangeable is also referred to as \emph{case
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260 folding}.
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261 \item Case sensitive. The case of a name is significant at all times.
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262 The names \filename{foo} and {FoO} identify different files. This
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263 is the way Linux and Unix systems normally work.
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264 \end{itemize}
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265
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266 On Unix-like systems, it is possible to have any or all of the above
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267 ways of handling case in action at once. For example, if you use a
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268 USB thumb drive formatted with a FAT32 filesystem on a Linux system,
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269 Linux will handle names on that filesystem in a case preserving, but
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270 insensitive, way.
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271
533
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272 \subsection{Almacenamiento portable y seguro de repositorios}
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273
533
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274 El mecanismo de almacenamiento de los repositorios en Mercurial es
603
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275 \emph{robusto frente a sensibilidad/insensibilidad a mayúsculas}. Los nombres de
533
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276 fichero son traducidos para que puedan ser almacenados de manera
603
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277 segura tanto en sistemas sensibles como insensibles a mayúsculas. Esto
533
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278 significa que usted puede usar herramientas normales de copia de
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279 ficheros para transferir un repositorio Mercurial a, por ejemplo, una
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280 memoria USB, y trasladar de manera segura la memoria y el repositorio
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281 de ida y vuelta entre un Mac, un PC ejecutando Windows, y un sistema
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282 Linux
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283
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284 \subsection{Detección de conflictos de mayúsculas/minúsculas}
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285
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286 Al operar en el directorio de trabajo, Mercurial respeta la política
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287 de nombrado del sistema de ficheros en que se encuentre el directorio
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288 de trabajo. Si el sistema de ficheros conserva las diferencias entre
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289 mayúsculas, pero no es sensible a ellas, Mercurial tratará los nombres
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290 que sólo difieren en mayúsculas como uno solo y el mismo.
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291
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292 Un aspecto importante de este enfoque es que es posible consignar un
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293 conjunto de cambios en un sistema de ficheros sensible a mayúsculas
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294 (típicamente Linux o Unix) que terminará causando problemas para
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295 usuarios en sistemas insensibles a mayúsculas (usualmente en Windows o
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296 MacOS). Si un usuario de Linux consigna cambios a dos ficheros, uno de
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297 ellos llamado \filename{myfile.c} y el otro llamado \filename{MyFile.C},
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298 ambos serán almacenados correctamente en el repositorio. Y serán
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299 representados correctamente como ficheros separados, en los
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300 directorios de trabajo de otros usuarios de Linux.
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301
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302 Si un usuario de Windows o Mac jalan este cambio, no tendrán problemas
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303 inicialmente, porque el mecanismo de almacenamiento de Mercurial es
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304 seguro frente a sensibilidad/insensibilidad a mayúsculas. Sin embargo,
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305 una vez que ellos traten de actualizar (\hgcmd{update}) el directorio
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306 de trabajo con ese conjunto de cambios, o hagan fusión (\hgcmd{merge})
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307 con ese conjunto de cambios, Mercurial verá el conflicto entre los dos
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308 nombres de fichero que el sistema de ficheros trataría como el mismo,
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309 e impedirá que ocurra la actualización o fusión.
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310
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311 \subsection{Arreglar un conflicto de mayúsculas/minúsculas}
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312
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313 Si usted está usando Windows o Mac en un entorno mixto donde algunos
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314 de sus colaboradores están usando Linux o Unix, y Mercurial reporta un
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315 conflicto de mayúsculas/minúsculas cuando usted trata de actualizar
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316 (\hgcmd{update}) o fusionar (\hgcmd{merge}), el procedimiento para
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317 arreglar el problema es simple.
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318
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319 Sólo busque un sistema Linux o Unix cercano, clone el repositorio
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320 problema allí, y use el comando \hgcmd{rename} de Mercurial para
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321 cambiar los nombres de cualquiera de los ficheros o directorios
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322 problemáticos para que no causen más conflictos. Consigne este cambio,
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323 y jálelo (\hgcmd{pull}) o empújelo (\hgcmd{push}) a su sistema Windows
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324 o MacOS, y actualícelo (\hgcmd{update}) a la revisión con los nombres
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325 que ya no generan conflictos.
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326
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327 El conjunto de cambios con los nombres con conflictos de
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328 mayúsculas/minúsculas permanecerá en el historial de su proyecto, y
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329 usted no podrá actualizar (\hgcmd{update}) su directorio de trabajo a
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330 dicho conjunto de cambios en un sistema Windows o MacOS, pero puede
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331 continuar el desarrollo sin impedimentos.
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332
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333 \begin{note}
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334 Antes de la versión~0.9.3, Mercurial no usaba un mecanismos seguro
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335 frente a sensibilidad/insensibilidad a mayúsculas o minúsculas, y no
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336 detectaba los conflictos con nombres de ficheros. Si usted está
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337 usando una versión más antigua de Mercurial en Windows o MacOS, le
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338 recomiendo enérgicamente que se actualice.
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339 \end{note}
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340
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341 %%% Local Variables:
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342 %%% mode: latex
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343 %%% TeX-master: "00book"
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344 %%% End: