annotate es/intro.tex @ 505:446d1b4b7a71

translated up to section 4.2.1, included
author Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
date Sat, 08 Nov 2008 23:29:59 -0500
parents 779944196e2a
children 8b564f6f57f2
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1 \chapter{Introducción}
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2 \label{chap:intro}
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3
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4 \section{Acerca del control de revisiones}
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5
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6 El control de revisiones es el proceso de administrar diferentes
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7 versiones de una pieza de información. En su forma más simple es algo
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8 que la mayoría de gente hace a mano: cada vez que usted modifica un
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9 fichero, lo graba con un nuevo nombre que contiene un número, el
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10 siguiente mayor que el anterior.
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11
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12 Administrar manualmente muchas versiones de un fichero es una tarea
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13 propensa a errores, a pesar de que hace bastante tiempo hay
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14 herramientas que ayudan en este proceso. Las primeras herramientas
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15 para automatizar el control de revisiones fueron pensadas para que un
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16 usuario administrara un solo fichero. En las décadas pasadas, el
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17 alcance de las herramientas de control de revisiones ha ido aumentando
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18 considerablemente; ahora manejan muchos archivos y facilitan el
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19 trabajo en conjunto de varias personas. Las mejores herramientas de
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20 control de revisiones de la actualidad no tienen problema con miles de
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21 personas trabajando en proyectos que consisten de decenas de miles de
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22 ficheros.
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23
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24 \subsection{¿Por qué usar control de revisiones?}
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25
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26 Hay muchas razones por las cuales usted o su equipo desearía usar una
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27 herramienta automática de control de revisiones para un proyecto.
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28 \begin{itemize}
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29 \item Contar con la historia y la evolución de su proyecto, para
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30 evitar hacer la tarea manualmente. Por cada cambio tendrá una
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31 bitácora de \emph{quién} lo hizo; \emph{por qué} se hizo;
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32 \emph{cuándo} se hizo; y de \emph{qué} se trataba el cambio.
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33 \item Cuando trabaja con más personas, los programas de control de
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34 revisiones facilitan la colaboración. Por ejemplo, cuando varias
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35 personas de forma casi simultanea pueden hacer cambios
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36 incompatibles, el programa le ayudará a identificar y resolver tales
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37 conflictos.
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38 \item Puede ayudarle a recuperarse de equivocaciones. Si aplica un
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39 cambio que posteriormente se evidencia como un error, puede
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40 revertirlo a una versión previa a uno o muchos ficheros. De hecho,
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41 una herramienta \emph{realmente} buena, incluso puede ayudarle
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42 efectivamente a darse cuenta exactamente cuándo se introdujo el
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43 error( para más detalles ver la sección~\ref{sec:undo:bisect}).
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44 \item Le permitirá trabajar simultáneamente, y manejar las diferencias
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45 entre múltiples versiones de su proyecto.
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46 \end{itemize}
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47 La mayoría de estas razones son igualmente validas ---por lo menos en
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48 teoría--- así esté trabajando en un proyecto solo, o con mucha gente.
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49
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50 Algo fundamental acerca de lo práctico de un sistema de control de
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51 revisiones en estas dos escalas (``un hacker solo'' y ``un equipo
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52 gigantesco'') es cómo se comparan los \emph{beneficios} con los
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53 \emph{costos}. Una herramienta de control de revisiones que sea
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54 difícil de entender o usar impondrá un costo alto.
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55
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56 Un proyecto de quinientas personas es muy propenso a colapsar
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57 solamente con su peso inmediatamente sin una herramienta de control de
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58 versiones y un proceso. En este caso, el costo de usar control de
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59 revisiones ni siquiera se tiene en cueant, puesto que \emph{sin} él,
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60 el fracaso está casi garantizado.
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61
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62 Por otra parte, un ``arreglo rápido'' de una sola persona, excluiría
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63 la necesidad de usar una herramienta de control de revisiones, porque
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64 casi seguramente, el costo de usar una estaría cerca del costo del
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65 proyecto. ¿No es así?
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66
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67 Mercurial solamente soporta \emph{ambas} escalas de de
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68 desarrollo. Puede aprender lo básico en pocos minutos, y dado su bajo
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69 sobrecosto, puede aplicar el control de revisiones al proyecto más
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70 pequeño con facilidad. Su simplicidad significa que no tendrá que
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71 preocuparse por conceptos obtusos o secuencias de órdenes compitiendo
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72 por espacio mental con lo que sea que \emph{realmente} esté tratando
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73 de hacer. Al mismo tiempo, Mercurial tiene alto desempeño y su
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74 naturaleza peer-to-peer le permite escalar indoloramente para manejar
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75 grandes proyectos.
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76
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77 Ninguna herramienta de control de revisiones puede salvar un
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78 proyecto mal administrado, pero la elección de herramientas puede
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79 hacer una gran diferencia en la fluidez con la cual puede trabajar en
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80 el proyecto.
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81
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82 \subsection{La cantidad de nombres del control de revisiones}
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83
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84 El control de revisiones es un campo amplio, tan ampli que no hay un
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85 acrónimo o nombre único. A continuación presentamos un listado de
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86 nombres comunes y acrónimos que se podrían encontrar:
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87 \begin{itemize}
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88 \item Control de revisiones (RCS)
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89 \item Manejo de Configuraciones de Programas(SCM), o administracón de
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90 configuraciones
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91 \item Administración de código fuente
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92 \item Control de Código Fuente, o Control de Fuentes
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93 \item Control de Versiones(VCS)
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94 \end{itemize}
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95 Algunas personas aducen que estos términos tienen significados
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96 diversos, pero en la práctica se sobrelapan tanto que no hay un
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97 acuerdo o una forma adecuada de separarlos.
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98
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99 \section{Historia resumida del control de revisiones}
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100
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101 La herramienta de control de revisiones más antigua conocida es SCCS
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102 (Sistema de Control de Código), escrito por Marc Rochkind en Bell
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103 Labs, a comienzos de los setentas(1970s). SCCS operaba sobre archivos
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104 individuales, y requería que cada persona que trabajara en el proyecto
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105 tuviera acceso a un espacio compartido en un solo sistema. Solamente
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106 una persona podía modificar un archivo en un momento dado; el
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107 arbitramiento del acceso a los ficheros se hacía con candados. Era
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108 común que la gente pusiera los candados a los ficheros, y que
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109 posteriormente olvidara quitarlos, impidiendo que otro pudiera
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110 modificar los ficheros en cuestión sin la intervención del
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111 administrador.
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112
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113 Walter Tichy desarrolló una alternativa gratutita a SCCS a comienzos
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114 de los ochentas(1980s), llamó a su programa RCS(Sistema de Control de
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115 Revisiones). Al igual que SCCS, RCS requería que los desarrolladores
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116 trabajaran en un único espacio compartido y colocaran candados a los
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117 ficheros para evitar que varias personas los estuvieran modificando
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118 simultáneamente.
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119
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120 Después en los ochenta, Dick Grune usó RCS como un bloque de
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121 construcción para un conjunto de guiones de línea de comando, que
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122 inicialmente llamó cmt, pero que renombró a CVS(Sistema Concurrente de
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123 Versiones). La gran innovación de CVS era que permitía a los
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124 desarrolladores trabajar simultáneamente de una forma más o menos
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125 independiente en sus propios espacios de trabajo. Los espacios de
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126 trabajo personales impedian que los desarrolladores se pisaran las
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127 mangueras todo el tiempo, situación común con SCCS y RCS. Cada
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128 desarrollador tenía una copia de todo el fichero del proyecto y podía
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129 modificar su copia independientemente, Tenían que fusionar sus
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130 ediciones antes de consignar los cambios al repositorio central.
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131
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132 Brian Berliner tomó los scripts originales de Grune y los reescribió
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133 en~C, haciéndolos públicos en 1989, código sobre el cual se ha
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134 desarrollado la versión moderna de CVS. CVS posteriormente adquirió
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135 la habilidad de operar sobre una conexión de red, dotándolo de una
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136 arquitectura, cliente/servidor. La arquitectura de CVS es
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137 centralizada; La historia del proyecto está únicamente en el
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138 repositorio central. Los espacios de trabajo de los clientes
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139 contienen únicamente copias recientes de las versiones de los
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140 ficheros, y pocos metadatos para indicar dónde está el servidor. CVS
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141 ha tenido un éxito enorme; Es probablemente el sistema de control de
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142 revisiones más extendido del planeta.
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143
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144 A comienzos de los noventa(1990s), Sun MicroSystems desarrollo un
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145 temprano sistema distribuido de revisión de controles llamado TeamWare
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146 Un espacio de trabajo TeamWare contiene una copia completa de la
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147 historia del proyecto. TeamWare no tiene la noción de repositorio
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148 central. (CVS se basaba en RCS para el almacenamiento de su historia;
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149 TeamWare usaba SCCS.)
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150
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151 A medida que avanzaba la decada de los noventa, se empezño a
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152 evidenciar los problemas de CVS. Alacena cambios simultáneos a muchos
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153 archivos de forma individual, en lugar de agruparlos como una
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154 operación única y atómica lógicamente. No maneja bien su jerarquía de
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155 ficheros bien; es fácil desordenar un repositorio renombrando ficheros
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156 y directorios. Peor aún, su código fuente es difícil de leer y
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157 mantener, lo que hace que su ``umbral de dolor'' para arreglar sus
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158 problemas arquitecturales algo prohibitivo.
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159
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160 En 2001, Jim Blandy y Karl Fogel, dos desarrolladores que habían
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161 trabajado en CVS, comenzaron un proyecto para reemplazarlo con una
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162 herramienta con mejor arquitectura y código más limpio. El resultado,
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163 Subversion, no se separó del modelo centralizado cliente/servidor de
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164 CVS, pero añadió consignaciones atómicas de varios ficheros, mejor
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165 manejo de nombres de espacios, y otras características que lo hacen
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166 mejor que CVS. Desde su versión inicial, ha ido creciendo en
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167 popularidad.
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168
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169 Más o menos en forma simultánea Graydon Hoare comenzó a trabajar en un
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170 sistema distribuido de control de versiones ambicioso que llamó
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171 Monotone. Mientras que Monotone se enfocaba a evitar algunas fallas de
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172 diseño de CVS con una arquitectura peer-to-peer, fue mucho más
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173 allá(junto con otros proyectos subsecuentes) que unas herramientas de
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174 control de revisiones en varios aspectos innovadores. Usa hashes
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175 criptográficos como identificadores, y tiene una noción integral de
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176 ``confianza'' para código de diversas fuentes.
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177
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178 Mercurial nació en el 2005. Algunos de sus aspectos de de diseño
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179 fueron influenciados por Monotone, pero Mercurial se enfoca en la
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180 facilidad de uso, gran rendimiento y escalabilidad para proyectos muy
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181 grandes.
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182
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183 \section{Tendencias en el control de revisiones}
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184
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185 Ha habido varias tendencias en el desarrollo y uso de las herramientas
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186 de control de revisiones en las pasadas cuatro décadas, mientras la
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187 gente se ha vuelto familiar con las capacidades de sus herramientas
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188 así mismo con sus limitaciones.
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189
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190 La primera generación comenzó administrando archivos individuales en
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191 computadores por persona. A pesar de que tales herramientas
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192 representaron un avance importante frente al control de revisiones
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193 manual, su modelo de candados y la limitación a un sólo computador,
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194 determinó equipos de trabajo pequeños y acoplados.
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195
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196 La segunda generación dejó atrás esas limitaciones moviéndose a
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197 arquitecturas centradas en redes, y administrando proyectos completos
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198 uno a la vez. A medida que los proyectos crecían, nacieron nuevos
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199 problemas. Con la necesidad de comunicación frecuente con los
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200 servidores, escalar estas máquinas se convirtió en un problema en
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201 proyectos realmente grandes. Las redes con poca estabilidad impidieron
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202 que usuarios remotos se conectaran al servidor. A medida que los
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203 proyecos de código abierto comenzaron a ofrecer acceso de sólo lectura
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204 de forma anónima a cualquiera, la gente sin permiso para consignar,
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205 vio que no podían usar tales herramientas para interactuar en un
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206 proyecto de forma natural, puesto que no podían guardar sus cambios.
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207
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208 La generación actual de herramientas de control de revisiones es de
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209 forma natural peer-to-peer. Todos estos sistemas han eliminado la
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210 dependencia de un único servidor central, y han permitido que la
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211 gente distribuya sus datos de control de revisiones donde realmente se
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212 necesita. La colaboración a través de Internet ha cambiado las
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213 limitantes tecnológicas a la cuestión de elección y consenso. Las
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214 herramientas modernas pueden operar sin conexión indefinidamenta y
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215 autónomamente, necesitando una conexión de red solamente para
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216 sincronizar los cambios con otro repositorio.
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217
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218 \section{Algunas ventajas del control distribuido de revisiones}
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219
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220 A pesar de que las herramientas para el control distribuido de
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221 revisiones lleva varios años siendo tan robusto y usable como la
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222 generación previa de su contraparte, personas que usan herramientas
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223 más antiguas no se han percatado de sus ventajas. Hay gran cantidad
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224 de situaciones en las cuales las herramientas distribuidas brillan
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225 frente a las centralizadas.
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226
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227 Para un desarrollador individual, las herramientas distribuidas casi
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228 siempre son más rápidas que las centralizadas. Por una razón sencilla:
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229 Una herramienta centralizada necesita comunicarse por red para las
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230 operaciones más usuales, debido a que los metadatos se almacenan en
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231 una sola copia en el servidor central. Una herramienta distribuida
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232 almacena todos sus metadatos localmente. Con todo lo demás de la
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233 misma forma, comunicarse por red tiene un sobrecosto en una
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234 herramienta centralizada. No subestime el valor de una herramienta de
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235 respuesta rápida: Usted empleará mucho tiempo interactuando con su
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236 programa de control de revisiones.
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237
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238 Las herramientas distribuidas son indiferentes a los caprichos de su
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239 infraestructura de servidores, de nuevo, debido a la replicación de
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240 metadatos en tantos lugares. Si usa un sistema centralizado y su
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241 servidor explota, ojalá los medios físicos de su copia de seguridad
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242 sean confiables, y que su última copia sea reciente y además
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243 funcione. Con una herramienta distribuida tiene tantas copias de
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244 seguridad disponibles como computadores de contribuidores.
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245
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246 La confiabilidad de su red afectará las herramientas distribuidas de
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247 una forma mucho menor que las herramientas centralizadas No puede
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248 siquiera usar una herramienta centralizada sin conexión de red,
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249 excepto con algunas órdenes muy limitadas. Con herramientas
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250 distribuidas, si sus conexión cae mientras usted está trabajando,
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251 podría nisiquiera darse cuenta. Lo único que que no podrá hacer es
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252 comunicarse con repositorios en otros computadores, algo que es
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253 relativamente raro comparado con las operaciones locales. Si tiene
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254 colaboradores remotos en su equipo, puede ser significante.
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255
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256 \subsection{Ventajas para proyectos de código abierto}
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257
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258 Si descubre un proyecto de código abierto y decide que desea comenzar
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259 a trabajar en él, y ese proyecto usa una herramienta de control
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260 distribuido de revisiones, usted es un par con la gente que se
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261 considera el ``alma'' del proyecto. Si ellos publican los
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262 repositorios, se puede copiar inmediatamente la historia del proyecto,
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263 hacer cambios y guardar su trabajo, usando las mismas herramientas de
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264 la misma forma que ellos. En contraste, con una herramienta
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265 centralizada, debe usar el programa en un modo ``sólo lectura'' a
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266 menos que alguien le otorgue permisos para consignar cambios en el
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267 repositorio central. Hasta entonces, no podrá almacenar sus cambios y
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268 sus modificaciones locales correrán el riesgo de dañarse cuando trate
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269 de actualizar su vista del repositorio.
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270
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271 \subsubsection{Las bifurcaciones(forks) no son un problema}
501
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272
503
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273 Se ha mencionado que las herramientas de control distribuido de
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274 versiones albergan un riesgo a los proyectos de código abierto, puesto
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275 que se vuelve muy sencillo hacer una ``bifurcanción''\ndt{fork.} del
503
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276 desarrollo del proyecto. Una bifurcación pasa cuando hay diferencias
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277 de opinión o actitud entre grupos de desarrolladores que desenvoca en
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278 la decisión de la imposibilidad de continuar trabajando juntos. Cada
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279 parte toma una copia más o menos completa del código fuente del
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280 proyecto y toma su propio rumbo.
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281
503
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282 En algunas ocasiones los líderes de las bifurcaciones reconcilian sus
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283 diferencias. Con un sistema centralizado de control de revisiones, el
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284 proceso \emph{técnico} de reconciliarse es doloroso, y se hace de
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285 forma muy manual. Tiene que decidir qué historia de revisiones va a
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286 ``win'', e injertar los cambios del otro equipo en el árbol de alguna
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287 manera. Con esto usualmente se pierde algo o todo del historial de la
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288 revisión de alguna de las partes.
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289
503
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290 Lo que las herramientas distribuidas hacen con respecto a las
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291 bifurcaciones, es que las bifurcaciones son la \emph{única} forma de
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292 desarrollar un proyecto. Cada cambio que usted hace es potencialmente
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293 un punto de bifurcación. La gran fortaleza de esta aproximación es que
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294 las herramientas distribuidas de control de revisiones tiene que ser
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295 bueno al \emph{fusionar} las bifurcaciones, porque las bifurcaciones
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296 son absolutamente fundamentales: pasan todo el tiempo.
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297
503
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298 Si todas las porciones de trabajo que todos hacen todo el tiempo, se
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299 enmarca en términos de bifurcaciones y fusiones, entonces a aquello a
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300 lo que se refiere en el mundo del código abierto a una ``bifurcación''
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301 se convierte \emph{puramente} en una cuestión social. Lo que hacen las
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302 herramientas distribuidas es \emph{disminuir} la posibilidad de una
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303 bifurcación porque:
501
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304 \begin{itemize}
503
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305 \item Eliminan la distinción social que las herramientas centralizadas
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306 imponen: esto entre los miembros (personas con permiso de consignar)
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307 y forasteros(los que no tienen el permiso).
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308 \item Facilitan la reconciliación después de una bifurcación social,
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309 porque todo lo que concierne al programa de control de revisiones es
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310 una fusión.
501
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311 \end{itemize}
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312
503
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313 Algunas personas se resisten a las herramientas distribuidas porque
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314 desean mantener control completo sobre sus proyectos, y creen que las
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315 herramientas centralizadas les dan tal control. En todo caso, si este
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316 es su parecer, y publica sus repositorios de CVS o Subversion, hay
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317 muchas herramientas disponibles que pueden obtener la historia
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318 completa(A pesar de lo lento) y recrearla en otro sitio que usted no
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319 controla. Siendo así un control ilusorio, está impidiendo la fluidez
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320 de colaboración frente a quien se sienta impulsado a obtener una copia
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321 y hacer una bifurcación con su historia.
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322
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323 \subsection{Advantages for commercial projects}
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324
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325 Many commercial projects are undertaken by teams that are scattered
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326 across the globe. Contributors who are far from a central server will
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327 see slower command execution and perhaps less reliability. Commercial
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328 revision control systems attempt to ameliorate these problems with
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329 remote-site replication add-ons that are typically expensive to buy
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330 and cantankerous to administer. A distributed system doesn't suffer
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331 from these problems in the first place. Better yet, you can easily
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332 set up multiple authoritative servers, say one per site, so that
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333 there's no redundant communication between repositories over expensive
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334 long-haul network links.
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335
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336 Centralised revision control systems tend to have relatively low
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337 scalability. It's not unusual for an expensive centralised system to
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338 fall over under the combined load of just a few dozen concurrent
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339 users. Once again, the typical response tends to be an expensive and
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340 clunky replication facility. Since the load on a central server---if
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341 you have one at all---is many times lower with a distributed
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342 tool (because all of the data is replicated everywhere), a single
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343 cheap server can handle the needs of a much larger team, and
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344 replication to balance load becomes a simple matter of scripting.
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345
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346 If you have an employee in the field, troubleshooting a problem at a
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347 customer's site, they'll benefit from distributed revision control.
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348 The tool will let them generate custom builds, try different fixes in
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349 isolation from each other, and search efficiently through history for
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350 the sources of bugs and regressions in the customer's environment, all
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351 without needing to connect to your company's network.
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352
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353 \section{Why choose Mercurial?}
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354
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355 Mercurial has a unique set of properties that make it a particularly
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356 good choice as a revision control system.
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357 \begin{itemize}
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358 \item It is easy to learn and use.
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359 \item It is lightweight.
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360 \item It scales excellently.
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361 \item It is easy to customise.
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362 \end{itemize}
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363
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364 If you are at all familiar with revision control systems, you should
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365 be able to get up and running with Mercurial in less than five
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366 minutes. Even if not, it will take no more than a few minutes
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367 longer. Mercurial's command and feature sets are generally uniform
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368 and consistent, so you can keep track of a few general rules instead
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369 of a host of exceptions.
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370
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371 On a small project, you can start working with Mercurial in moments.
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372 Creating new changes and branches; transferring changes around
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373 (whether locally or over a network); and history and status operations
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374 are all fast. Mercurial attempts to stay nimble and largely out of
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375 your way by combining low cognitive overhead with blazingly fast
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376 operations.
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377
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378 The usefulness of Mercurial is not limited to small projects: it is
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379 used by projects with hundreds to thousands of contributors, each
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380 containing tens of thousands of files and hundreds of megabytes of
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381 source code.
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382
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383 If the core functionality of Mercurial is not enough for you, it's
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384 easy to build on. Mercurial is well suited to scripting tasks, and
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385 its clean internals and implementation in Python make it easy to add
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386 features in the form of extensions. There are a number of popular and
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387 useful extensions already available, ranging from helping to identify
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388 bugs to improving performance.
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389
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390 \section{Mercurial compared with other tools}
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391
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392 Before you read on, please understand that this section necessarily
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393 reflects my own experiences, interests, and (dare I say it) biases. I
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394 have used every one of the revision control tools listed below, in
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395 most cases for several years at a time.
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396
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397
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398 \subsection{Subversion}
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399
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400 Subversion is a popular revision control tool, developed to replace
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401 CVS. It has a centralised client/server architecture.
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402
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403 Subversion and Mercurial have similarly named commands for performing
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404 the same operations, so if you're familiar with one, it is easy to
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405 learn to use the other. Both tools are portable to all popular
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406 operating systems.
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407
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408 Prior to version 1.5, Subversion had no useful support for merges.
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409 At the time of writing, its merge tracking capability is new, and known to be
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410 \href{http://svnbook.red-bean.com/nightly/en/svn.branchmerge.advanced.html#svn.branchmerge.advanced.finalword}{complicated
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411 and buggy}.
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412
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413 Mercurial has a substantial performance advantage over Subversion on
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414 every revision control operation I have benchmarked. I have measured
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415 its advantage as ranging from a factor of two to a factor of six when
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416 compared with Subversion~1.4.3's \emph{ra\_local} file store, which is
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417 the fastest access method available. In more realistic deployments
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418 involving a network-based store, Subversion will be at a substantially
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419 larger disadvantage. Because many Subversion commands must talk to
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420 the server and Subversion does not have useful replication facilities,
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421 server capacity and network bandwidth become bottlenecks for modestly
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422 large projects.
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423
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424 Additionally, Subversion incurs substantial storage overhead to avoid
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425 network transactions for a few common operations, such as finding
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426 modified files (\texttt{status}) and displaying modifications against
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427 the current revision (\texttt{diff}). As a result, a Subversion
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428 working copy is often the same size as, or larger than, a Mercurial
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429 repository and working directory, even though the Mercurial repository
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430 contains a complete history of the project.
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431
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432 Subversion is widely supported by third party tools. Mercurial
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433 currently lags considerably in this area. This gap is closing,
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434 however, and indeed some of Mercurial's GUI tools now outshine their
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435 Subversion equivalents. Like Mercurial, Subversion has an excellent
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436 user manual.
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437
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438 Because Subversion doesn't store revision history on the client, it is
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439 well suited to managing projects that deal with lots of large, opaque
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440 binary files. If you check in fifty revisions to an incompressible
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441 10MB file, Subversion's client-side space usage stays constant The
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442 space used by any distributed SCM will grow rapidly in proportion to
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443 the number of revisions, because the differences between each revision
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444 are large.
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445
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446 In addition, it's often difficult or, more usually, impossible to
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447 merge different versions of a binary file. Subversion's ability to
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448 let a user lock a file, so that they temporarily have the exclusive
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449 right to commit changes to it, can be a significant advantage to a
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450 project where binary files are widely used.
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451
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452 Mercurial can import revision history from a Subversion repository.
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453 It can also export revision history to a Subversion repository. This
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454 makes it easy to ``test the waters'' and use Mercurial and Subversion
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455 in parallel before deciding to switch. History conversion is
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456 incremental, so you can perform an initial conversion, then small
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457 additional conversions afterwards to bring in new changes.
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458
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459
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460 \subsection{Git}
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461
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462 Git is a distributed revision control tool that was developed for
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463 managing the Linux kernel source tree. Like Mercurial, its early
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464 design was somewhat influenced by Monotone.
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465
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466 Git has a very large command set, with version~1.5.0 providing~139
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467 individual commands. It has something of a reputation for being
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468 difficult to learn. Compared to Git, Mercurial has a strong focus on
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469 simplicity.
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470
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471 In terms of performance, Git is extremely fast. In several cases, it
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472 is faster than Mercurial, at least on Linux, while Mercurial performs
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473 better on other operations. However, on Windows, the performance and
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474 general level of support that Git provides is, at the time of writing,
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475 far behind that of Mercurial.
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476
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477 While a Mercurial repository needs no maintenance, a Git repository
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478 requires frequent manual ``repacks'' of its metadata. Without these,
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479 performance degrades, while space usage grows rapidly. A server that
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480 contains many Git repositories that are not rigorously and frequently
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481 repacked will become heavily disk-bound during backups, and there have
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482 been instances of daily backups taking far longer than~24 hours as a
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483 result. A freshly packed Git repository is slightly smaller than a
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484 Mercurial repository, but an unpacked repository is several orders of
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485 magnitude larger.
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486
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487 The core of Git is written in C. Many Git commands are implemented as
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488 shell or Perl scripts, and the quality of these scripts varies widely.
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489 I have encountered several instances where scripts charged along
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490 blindly in the presence of errors that should have been fatal.
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491
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492 Mercurial can import revision history from a Git repository.
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493
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494
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495 \subsection{CVS}
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496
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497 CVS is probably the most widely used revision control tool in the
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498 world. Due to its age and internal untidiness, it has been only
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499 lightly maintained for many years.
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500
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501 It has a centralised client/server architecture. It does not group
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502 related file changes into atomic commits, making it easy for people to
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503 ``break the build'': one person can successfully commit part of a
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504 change and then be blocked by the need for a merge, causing other
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505 people to see only a portion of the work they intended to do. This
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506 also affects how you work with project history. If you want to see
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507 all of the modifications someone made as part of a task, you will need
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508 to manually inspect the descriptions and timestamps of the changes
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509 made to each file involved (if you even know what those files were).
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510
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511 CVS has a muddled notion of tags and branches that I will not attempt
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512 to even describe. It does not support renaming of files or
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513 directories well, making it easy to corrupt a repository. It has
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514 almost no internal consistency checking capabilities, so it is usually
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515 not even possible to tell whether or how a repository is corrupt. I
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516 would not recommend CVS for any project, existing or new.
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517
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518 Mercurial can import CVS revision history. However, there are a few
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519 caveats that apply; these are true of every other revision control
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520 tool's CVS importer, too. Due to CVS's lack of atomic changes and
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521 unversioned filesystem hierarchy, it is not possible to reconstruct
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522 CVS history completely accurately; some guesswork is involved, and
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523 renames will usually not show up. Because a lot of advanced CVS
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524 administration has to be done by hand and is hence error-prone, it's
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525 common for CVS importers to run into multiple problems with corrupted
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526 repositories (completely bogus revision timestamps and files that have
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527 remained locked for over a decade are just two of the less interesting
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528 problems I can recall from personal experience).
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529
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530 Mercurial can import revision history from a CVS repository.
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531
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532
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533 \subsection{Commercial tools}
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534
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535 Perforce has a centralised client/server architecture, with no
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536 client-side caching of any data. Unlike modern revision control
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537 tools, Perforce requires that a user run a command to inform the
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538 server about every file they intend to edit.
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539
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540 The performance of Perforce is quite good for small teams, but it
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541 falls off rapidly as the number of users grows beyond a few dozen.
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542 Modestly large Perforce installations require the deployment of
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543 proxies to cope with the load their users generate.
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544
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545
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546 \subsection{Choosing a revision control tool}
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547
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548 With the exception of CVS, all of the tools listed above have unique
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549 strengths that suit them to particular styles of work. There is no
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550 single revision control tool that is best in all situations.
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551
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552 As an example, Subversion is a good choice for working with frequently
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553 edited binary files, due to its centralised nature and support for
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554 file locking.
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555
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556 I personally find Mercurial's properties of simplicity, performance,
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557 and good merge support to be a compelling combination that has served
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558 me well for several years.
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559
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560
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561 \section{Switching from another tool to Mercurial}
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562
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563 Mercurial is bundled with an extension named \hgext{convert}, which
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564 can incrementally import revision history from several other revision
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565 control tools. By ``incremental'', I mean that you can convert all of
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566 a project's history to date in one go, then rerun the conversion later
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567 to obtain new changes that happened after the initial conversion.
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568
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569 The revision control tools supported by \hgext{convert} are as
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570 follows:
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571 \begin{itemize}
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572 \item Subversion
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573 \item CVS
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574 \item Git
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575 \item Darcs
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576 \end{itemize}
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577
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578 In addition, \hgext{convert} can export changes from Mercurial to
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579 Subversion. This makes it possible to try Subversion and Mercurial in
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580 parallel before committing to a switchover, without risking the loss
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581 of any work.
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582
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583 The \hgxcmd{conver}{convert} command is easy to use. Simply point it
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584 at the path or URL of the source repository, optionally give it the
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585 name of the destination repository, and it will start working. After
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586 the initial conversion, just run the same command again to import new
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587 changes.
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588
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589
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590 %%% Local Variables:
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591 %%% mode: latex
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592 %%% TeX-master: "00book"
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593 %%% End: