Mercurial > hgbook
annotate en/undo.tex @ 125:8f8a1ad9627a
Fix silly typo.
author | Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com> |
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date | Tue, 26 Dec 2006 14:06:41 -0800 |
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1 \chapter{Finding and fixing your mistakes} |
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2 \label{chap:undo} |
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3 |
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4 To err might be human, but to really handle the consequences well |
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5 takes a top-notch revision control system. In this chapter, we'll |
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6 discuss some of the techniques you can use when you find that a |
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7 problem has crept into your project. Mercurial has some highly |
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8 capable features that will help you to isolate the sources of |
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9 problems, and to handle them appropriately. |
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10 |
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11 \section{Erasing local history} |
121
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12 |
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13 \subsection{The accidental commit} |
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14 |
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15 I have the occasional but persistent problem of typing rather more |
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16 quickly than I can think, which sometimes results in me committing a |
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17 changeset that is either incomplete or plain wrong. In my case, the |
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18 usual kind of incomplete changeset is one in which I've created a new |
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19 source file, but forgotten to \hgcmd{add} it. A ``plain wrong'' |
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20 changeset is not as common, but no less annoying. |
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21 |
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22 \subsection{Rolling back a transaction} |
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23 |
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24 In section~\ref{sec:concepts:txn}, I mentioned that Mercurial treats |
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25 each modification of a repository as a \emph{transaction}. Every time |
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26 you commit a changeset or pull changes from another repository, |
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27 Mercurial remembers what you did. You can undo, or \emph{roll back}, |
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28 exactly one of these actions using the \hgcmd{rollback} command. |
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29 |
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30 Here's a mistake that I often find myself making: committing a change |
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31 in which I've created a new file, but forgotten to \hgcmd{add} it. |
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32 \interaction{rollback.commit} |
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33 Looking at the output of \hgcmd{status} after the commit immediately |
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34 confirms the error. |
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35 \interaction{rollback.status} |
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36 The commit captured the changes to the file \filename{a}, but not the |
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37 new file \filename{b}. If I were to push this changeset to a |
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38 repository that I shared with a colleague, the chances are high that |
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39 something in \filename{a} would refer to \filename{b}, which would not |
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40 be present in their repository when they pulled my changes. I would |
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41 thus become the object of some indignation. |
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42 |
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43 However, luck is with me---I've caught my error before I pushed the |
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44 changeset. I use the \hgcmd{rollback} command, and Mercurial makes |
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45 that last changeset vanish. |
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46 \interaction{rollback.rollback} |
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47 Notice that the changeset is no longer present in the repository's |
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48 history, and the working directory once again thinks that the file |
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49 \filename{a} is modified. The commit and rollback have left the |
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50 working directory exactly as it was prior to the commit; the changeset |
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51 has been completely erased. I can now safely \hgcmd{add} the file |
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52 \filename{b}, and rerun my commit. |
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53 \interaction{rollback.add} |
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54 |
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55 \subsection{The erroneous pull} |
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56 |
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57 It's common practice with Mercurial to maintain separate development |
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58 branches of a project in different repositories. Your development |
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59 team might have one shared repository for your project's ``0.9'' |
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60 release, and another, containing different changes, for the ``1.0'' |
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61 release. |
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62 |
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63 Given this, you can imagine that the consequences could be messy if |
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64 you had a local ``0.9'' repository, and accidentally pulled changes |
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65 from the shared ``1.0'' repository into it. At worst, you could be |
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66 paying insufficient attention, and push those changes into the shared |
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67 ``0.9'' tree, confusing your entire team (but don't worry, we'll |
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68 return to this horror scenario later). However, it's more likely that |
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69 you'll notice immediately, because Mercurial will display the URL it's |
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70 pulling from, or you will see it pull a suspiciously large number of |
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71 changes into the repository. |
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72 |
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73 The \hgcmd{rollback} command will work nicely to expunge all of the |
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74 changesets that you just pulled. Mercurial groups all changes from |
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75 one \hgcmd{pull} into a single transaction, so one \hgcmd{rollback} is |
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76 all you need to undo this mistake. |
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77 |
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78 \subsection{Rolling back is useless once you've pushed} |
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79 |
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80 The value of the \hgcmd{rollback} command drops to zero once you've |
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81 pushed your changes to another repository. Rolling back a change |
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82 makes it disappear entirely, but \emph{only} in the repository in |
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83 which you perform the \hgcmd{rollback}. Because a rollback eliminates |
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84 history, there's no way for the disappearance of a change to propagate |
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85 between repositories. |
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86 |
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87 If you've pushed a change to another repository---particularly if it's |
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88 a shared repository---it has essentially ``escaped into the wild,'' |
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89 and you'll have to recover from your mistake in a different way. What |
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90 will happen if you push a changeset somewhere, then roll it back, then |
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91 pull from the repository you pushed to, is that the changeset will |
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92 reappear in your repository. |
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93 |
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94 (If you absolutely know for sure that the change you want to roll back |
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95 is the most recent change in the repository that you pushed to, |
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96 \emph{and} you know that nobody else could have pulled it from that |
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97 repository, you can roll back the changeset there, too, but you really |
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98 should really not rely on this working reliably. If you do this, |
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99 sooner or later a change really will make it into a repository that |
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100 you don't directly control (or have forgotten about), and come back to |
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101 bite you.) |
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102 |
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103 \subsection{You can only roll back once} |
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104 |
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105 Mercurial stores exactly one transaction in its transaction log; that |
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106 transaction is the most recent one that occurred in the repository. |
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107 This means that you can only roll back one transaction. If you expect |
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108 to be able to roll back one transaction, then its predecessor, this is |
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109 not the behaviour you will get. |
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110 \interaction{rollback.twice} |
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111 Once you've rolled back one transaction in a repository, you can't |
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112 roll back again in that repository until you perform another commit or |
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113 pull. |
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114 |
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115 \section{Reverting the mistaken change} |
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116 |
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117 If you make a modification to a file, and decide that you really |
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118 didn't want to change the file at all, and you haven't yet committed |
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119 your changes, the \hgcmd{revert} command is the one you'll need. It |
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120 looks at the changeset that's the parent of the working directory, and |
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121 restores the contents of the file to their state as of that changeset. |
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122 (That's a long-winded way of saying that, in the normal case, it |
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123 undoes your modifications.) |
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124 |
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125 Let's illustrate how the \hgcmd{revert} command works with yet another |
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126 small example. We'll begin by modifying a file that Mercurial is |
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127 already tracking. |
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128 \interaction{daily.revert.modify} |
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129 If we don't want that change, we can simply \hgcmd{revert} the file. |
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130 \interaction{daily.revert.unmodify} |
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131 The \hgcmd{revert} command provides us with an extra degree of safety |
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132 by saving our modified file with a \filename{.orig} extension. |
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133 \interaction{daily.revert.status} |
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134 |
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135 Here is a summary of the cases that the \hgcmd{revert} command can |
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136 deal with. We will describe each of these in more detail in the |
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137 section that follows. |
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138 \begin{itemize} |
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139 \item If you modify a file, it will restore the file to its unmodified |
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140 state. |
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141 \item If you \hgcmd{add} a file, it will undo the ``added'' state of |
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142 the file, but leave the file itself untouched. |
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143 \item If you delete a file without telling Mercurial, it will restore |
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144 the file to its unmodified contents. |
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145 \item If you use the \hgcmd{remove} command to remove a file, it will |
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146 undo the ``removed'' state of the file, and restore the file to its |
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147 unmodified contents. |
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148 \end{itemize} |
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149 |
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150 \subsection{File management errors} |
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151 \label{sec:undo:mgmt} |
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152 |
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153 The \hgcmd{revert} command is useful for more than just modified |
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154 files. It lets you reverse the results of all of Mercurial's file |
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155 management commands---\hgcmd{add}, \hgcmd{remove}, and so on. |
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156 |
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157 If you \hgcmd{add} a file, then decide that in fact you don't want |
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158 Mercurial to track it, use \hgcmd{revert} to undo the add. Don't |
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159 worry; Mercurial will not modify the file in any way. It will just |
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160 ``unmark'' the file. |
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161 \interaction{daily.revert.add} |
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162 |
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163 Similarly, if you ask Mercurial to \hgcmd{remove} a file, you can use |
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164 \hgcmd{revert} to restore it to the contents it had as of the parent |
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165 of the working directory. |
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166 \interaction{daily.revert.remove} |
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167 This works just as well for a file that you deleted by hand, without |
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168 telling Mercurial (recall that in Mercurial terminology, this kind of |
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169 file is called ``missing''). |
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170 \interaction{daily.revert.missing} |
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171 |
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172 If you revert a \hgcmd{copy}, the copied-to file remains in your |
123 | 173 working directory afterwards, untracked. Since a copy doesn't affect |
174 the copied-from file in any way, Mercurial doesn't do anything with | |
175 the copied-from file. | |
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176 \interaction{daily.revert.copy} |
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177 |
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178 \subsubsection{A slightly special case: reverting a rename} |
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179 |
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180 If you \hgcmd{rename} a file, there is one small detail that |
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181 you should remember. When you \hgcmd{revert} a rename, it's not |
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182 enough to provide the name of the renamed-to file, as you can see |
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183 here. |
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184 \interaction{daily.revert.rename} |
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185 As you can see from the output of \hgcmd{status}, the renamed-to file |
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186 is no longer identified as added, but the renamed-\emph{from} file is |
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187 still removed! This is counter-intuitive (at least to me), but at |
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188 least it's easy to deal with. |
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189 \interaction{daily.revert.rename-orig} |
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190 So remember, to revert a \hgcmd{rename}, you must provide \emph{both} |
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191 the source and destination names. |
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192 |
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193 (By the way, if you rename a file, then modify the renamed-to file, |
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194 then revert both components of the rename, when Mercurial restores the |
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195 file that was removed as part of the rename, it will be unmodified. |
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196 If you need the modifications in the renamed-to file to show up in the |
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197 renamed-from file, don't forget to copy them over.) |
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198 |
123 | 199 These fiddly aspects of reverting a rename arguably constitute a small |
122
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200 bug in Mercurial. |
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201 |
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202 \section{Dealing with committed changes} |
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203 |
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204 Consider a case where you have committed a change $a$, and another |
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205 change $b$ on top of it; you then realise that change $a$ was |
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206 incorrect. Mercurial lets you ``back out'' an entire changeset |
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207 automatically, and building blocks that let you reverse part of a |
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208 changeset by hand. |
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209 |
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210 \subsection{Backing out a changeset} |
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211 |
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212 The \hgcmd{backout} command lets you ``undo'' the effects of an entire |
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213 changeset in an automated fashion. Because Mercurial's history is |
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214 immutable, this command \emph{does not} get rid of the changeset you |
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215 want to undo. Instead, it creates a new changeset that |
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216 \emph{reverses} the effect of the to-be-undone changeset. |
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217 |
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218 The operation of the \hgcmd{backout} command is a little intricate, so |
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219 let's illustrate it with some examples. First, we'll create a |
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220 repository with some simple changes. |
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221 \interaction{backout.init} |
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222 |
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223 The \hgcmd{backout} command takes a single changeset ID as its |
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224 argument; this is the changeset to back out. Normally, |
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225 \hgcmd{backout} will drop you into a text editor to write a commit |
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226 message, so you can record why you're backing the change out. In this |
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227 example, we provide a commit message on the command line using the |
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228 \hgopt{backout}{-m} option. |
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229 |
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230 \subsection{Backing out the tip changeset} |
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231 |
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232 We're going to start by backing out the last changeset we committed. |
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233 \interaction{backout.simple} |
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234 You can see that the second line from \filename{myfile} is no longer |
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235 present. Taking a look at the output of \hgcmd{log} gives us an idea |
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236 of what the \hgcmd{backout} command has done. |
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237 \interaction{backout.simple.log} |
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238 Notice that the new changeset that \hgcmd{backout} has created is a |
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239 child of the changeset we backed out. It's easier to see this in |
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240 figure~\ref{fig:undo:backout}, which presents a graphical view of the |
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241 change history. As you can see, the history is nice and linear. |
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242 |
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243 \begin{figure}[htb] |
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244 \centering |
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245 \grafix{undo-simple} |
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246 \caption{Backing out a change using the \hgcmd{backout} command} |
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247 \label{fig:undo:backout} |
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248 \end{figure} |
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249 |
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250 \subsection{Backing out a non-tip change} |
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251 |
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252 If you want to back out a change other than the last one you |
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253 committed, pass the \hgopt{backout}{--merge} option to the |
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254 \hgcmd{backout} command. |
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255 \interaction{backout.non-tip.clone} |
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256 This makes backing out any changeset a ``one-shot'' operation that's |
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257 usually simple and fast. |
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258 \interaction{backout.non-tip.backout} |
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259 |
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260 If you take a look at the contents of \filename{myfile} after the |
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261 backout finishes, you'll see that the first and third changes are |
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262 present, but not the second. |
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263 \interaction{backout.non-tip.cat} |
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264 |
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265 As the graphical history in figure~\ref{fig:undo:backout-non-tip} |
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266 illustrates, Mercurial actually commits \emph{two} changes in this |
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267 kind of situation (the box-shaped nodes are the ones that Mercurial |
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268 commits automatically). Before Mercurial begins the backout process, |
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269 it first remembers what the current parent of the working directory |
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270 is. It then backs out the target changeset, and commits that as a |
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271 changeset. Finally, it merges back to the previous parent of the |
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272 working directory, and commits the result of the merge. |
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273 |
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274 \begin{figure}[htb] |
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275 \centering |
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276 \grafix{undo-non-tip} |
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277 \caption{Automated backout of a non-tip change using the \hgcmd{backout} command} |
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278 \label{fig:undo:backout-non-tip} |
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279 \end{figure} |
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280 |
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281 The result is that you end up ``back where you were'', only with some |
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282 extra history that undoes the effect of the changeset you wanted to |
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283 back out. |
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284 |
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285 \subsubsection{Always use the \hgopt{backout}{--merge} option} |
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286 |
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287 In fact, since the \hgopt{backout}{--merge} option will do the ``right |
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288 thing'' whether or not the changeset you're backing out is the tip |
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289 (i.e.~it won't try to merge if it's backing out the tip, since there's |
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290 no need), you should \emph{always} use this option when you run the |
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291 \hgcmd{backout} command. |
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292 |
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293 \subsection{Gaining more control of the backout process} |
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294 |
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295 While I've recommended that you always use the |
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296 \hgopt{backout}{--merge} option when backing out a change, the |
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297 \hgcmd{backout} command lets you decide how to merge a backout |
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298 changeset. Taking control of the backout process by hand is something |
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299 you will rarely need to do, but it can be useful to understand what |
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300 the \hgcmd{backout} command is doing for you automatically. To |
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301 illustrate this, let's clone our first repository, but omit the |
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302 backout change that it contains. |
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303 |
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304 \interaction{backout.manual.clone} |
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305 As with our earlier example, We'll commit a third changeset, then back |
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306 out its parent, and see what happens. |
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307 \interaction{backout.manual.backout} |
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308 Our new changeset is again a descendant of the changeset we backout |
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309 out; it's thus a new head, \emph{not} a descendant of the changeset |
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310 that was the tip. The \hgcmd{backout} command was quite explicit in |
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311 telling us this. |
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312 \interaction{backout.manual.log} |
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313 |
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314 Again, it's easier to see what has happened by looking at a graph of |
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315 the revision history, in figure~\ref{fig:undo:backout-manual}. This |
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316 makes it clear that when we use \hgcmd{backout} to back out a change |
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317 other than the tip, Mercurial adds a new head to the repository (the |
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318 change it committed is box-shaped). |
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319 |
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320 \begin{figure}[htb] |
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321 \centering |
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322 \grafix{undo-manual} |
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323 \caption{Backing out a change using the \hgcmd{backout} command} |
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324 \label{fig:undo:backout-manual} |
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325 \end{figure} |
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326 |
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327 After the \hgcmd{backout} command has completed, it leaves the new |
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328 ``backout'' changeset as the parent of the working directory. |
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329 \interaction{backout.manual.parents} |
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330 Now we have two isolated sets of changes. |
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331 \interaction{backout.manual.heads} |
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332 |
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333 Let's think about what we expect to see as the contents of |
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334 \filename{myfile} now. The first change should be present, because |
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335 we've never backed it out. The second change should be missing, as |
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336 that's the change we backed out. Since the history graph shows the |
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337 third change as a separate head, we \emph{don't} expect to see the |
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338 third change present in \filename{myfile}. |
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339 \interaction{backout.manual.cat} |
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340 To get the third change back into the file, we just do a normal merge |
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341 of our two heads. |
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342 \interaction{backout.manual.merge} |
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343 Afterwards, the graphical history of our repository looks like |
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344 figure~\ref{fig:undo:backout-manual-merge}. |
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345 |
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346 \begin{figure}[htb] |
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347 \centering |
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348 \grafix{undo-manual-merge} |
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349 \caption{Manually merging a backout change} |
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350 \label{fig:undo:backout-manual-merge} |
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351 \end{figure} |
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352 |
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353 \subsection{A rationale} |
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354 |
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355 Here's a brief description of how the \hgcmd{backout} command works. |
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356 \begin{enumerate} |
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357 \item It ensures that the working directory is ``clean'', i.e.~that |
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358 the output of \hgcmd{status} would be empty. |
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359 \item It remembers the current parent of the working directory. Let's |
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360 call this changeset \texttt{orig} |
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361 \item It does the equivalent of a \hgcmd{update} to sync the working |
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362 directory to the changeset you want to back out. Let's call this |
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363 changeset \texttt{backout} |
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364 \item It finds the parent of that changeset. Let's call that |
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365 changeset \texttt{parent}. |
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366 \item For each file that the \texttt{backout} changeset affected, it |
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367 does the equivalent of a \hgcmdargs{revert}{-r parent} on that file, |
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368 to restore it to the contents it had before that changeset was |
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369 committed. |
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370 \item It commits the result as a new changeset. This changeset has |
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371 \texttt{backout} as its parent. |
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372 \item If you specify \hgopt{backout}{--merge} on the command line, it |
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373 merges with \texttt{orig}, and commits the result of the merge. |
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374 \end{enumerate} |
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375 |
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376 An alternative way to implement the \hgcmd{backout} command would be |
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377 to \hgcmd{export} the to-be-backed-out changeset as a diff, then use |
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378 the \cmdopt{patch}{--reverse} option to the \command{patch} command to |
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379 reverse the effect of the change without fiddling with the working |
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380 directory. This sounds much simpler, but it would not work nearly as |
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381 well. |
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382 |
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383 The reason that \hgcmd{backout} does an update, a commit, a merge, and |
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384 another commit is to give the merge machinery the best chance to do a |
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385 good job when dealing with all the changes \emph{between} the change |
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386 you're backing out and the current tip. |
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387 |
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388 If you're backing out a changeset that's~100 revisions back in your |
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389 project's history, the chances that the \command{patch} command will |
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390 be able to apply a reverse diff cleanly are not good, because |
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391 intervening changes are likely to have ``broken the context'' that |
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392 \command{patch} uses to determine whether it can apply a patch (if |
125 | 393 this sounds like gibberish, see \ref{sec:mq:patch} for a |
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394 discussion of the \command{patch} command). Also, Mercurial's merge |
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395 machinery will handle files and directories being renamed, permission |
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396 changes, and modifications to binary files, none of which |
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397 \command{patch} can deal with. |
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398 |
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399 %%% Local Variables: |
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400 %%% mode: latex |
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401 %%% TeX-master: "00book" |
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402 %%% End: |