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author Yoshiki Yazawa <yaz@honeyplanet.jp>
date Thu, 03 Dec 2009 01:26:08 +0900
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1 \chapter{Una gira de Mercurial: lo básico}
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2 \label{chap:tour-basic}
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3
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4 \section{Instalar Mercurial en su sistema}
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5 \label{sec:tour:install}
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6 Hay paquetes binarios precompilados de Mercurial disponibles para cada
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7 sistema operativo popular. Esto hace fácil empezar a usar Mercurial
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8 en su computador inmediatamente.
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9
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10 \subsection{Linux}
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11
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12 Dado que cada distribución de Linux tiene sus propias herramientas de
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13 manejo de paquetes, políticas, y ritmos de desarrollo, es difícil dar
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14 un conjunto exhaustivo de instrucciones sobre cómo instalar el paquete
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15 de Mercurial. La versión de Mercurial que usted tenga a disposición
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16 puede variar dependiendo de qué tan activa sea la persona que mantiene
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17 el paquete para su distribución.
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18
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19 Para mantener las cosas simples, me enfocaré en instalar Mercurial
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20 desde la línea de comandos en las distribuciones de Linux más
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21 populares. La mayoría de estas distribuciones proveen administradores
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22 de paquetes gráficos que le permitirán instalar Mercurial con un solo
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23 clic; el nombre de paquete a buscar es \texttt{mercurial}.
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24
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25 \begin{itemize}
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26 \item[Debian]
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27 \begin{codesample4}
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28 apt-get install mercurial
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29 \end{codesample4}
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30
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31 \item[Fedora Core]
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32 \begin{codesample4}
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33 yum install mercurial
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34 \end{codesample4}
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35
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36 \item[Gentoo]
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37 \begin{codesample4}
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38 emerge mercurial
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39 \end{codesample4}
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40
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41 \item[OpenSUSE]
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42 \begin{codesample4}
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43 yum install mercurial
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44 \end{codesample4}
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45
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46 \item[Ubuntu] El paquete de Mercurial de Ubuntu está basado en el de
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47 Debian. Para instalarlo, ejecute el siguiente comando.
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48 \begin{codesample4}
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49 apt-get install mercurial
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50 \end{codesample4}
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51 El paquete de Mercurial para Ubuntu tiende a atrasarse con respecto
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52 a la versión de Debian por un margen de tiempo considerable
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53 (al momento de escribir esto, 7 meses), lo que en algunos casos
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54 significará que usted puede encontrarse con problemas que ya habrán
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55 sido resueltos en el paquete de Debian.
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56 \end{itemize}
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57
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58 \subsection{Solaris}
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59
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60 SunFreeWare, en \url{http://www.sunfreeware.com}, es una buena fuente
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61 para un gran número de paquetes compilados para Solaris para las
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62 arquitecturas Intel y Sparc de 32 y 64 bits, incluyendo versiones
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63 actuales de Mercurial.
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64
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65 \subsection{Mac OS X}
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66
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67 Lee Cantey publica un instalador de Mercurial para Mac OS~X en
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68 \url{http://mercurial.berkwood.com}. Este paquete funciona en tanto
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69 en Macs basados en Intel como basados en PowerPC. Antes de que pueda
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70 usarlo, usted debe instalar una versión compatible de Universal
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71 MacPython~\cite{web:macpython}. Esto es fácil de hacer; simplemente
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72 siga las instrucciones del sitio de Lee.
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73
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74 También es posible instalar Mercurial usando Fink o MacPorts, dos
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75 administradores de paquetes gratuitos y populares para Mac OS X. Si
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76 usted tiene Fink, use \command{sudo apt-get install mercurial-py25}.
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77 Si usa MacPorts, \command{sudo port install mercurial}.
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78
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79 \subsection{Windows}
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80
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81 Lee Cantey publica un instalador de Mercurial para Windows en
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82 \url{http://mercurial.berkwood.com}. Este paquete no tiene
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83 % TODO traducción de it just works. Agreed?
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84 dependencias externas; ``simplemente funciona''.
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85
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86 \begin{note}
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87 La versión de Windows de Mercurial no convierte automáticamente
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88 los fines de línea entre estilos Windows y Unix. Si usted desea
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89 compartir trabajo con usuarios de Unix, deberá hacer un trabajo
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90 adicional de configuración. XXX Terminar esto.
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91 \end{note}
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92
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93 \section{Arrancando}
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94
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95 Para empezar, usaremos el comando \hgcmd{version} para revisar si
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96 Mercurial está instalado adecuadamente. La información de la versión
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97 que es impresa no es tan importante; lo que nos importa es si imprime
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98 algo en absoluto.
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99
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100 \interaction{tour.version}
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101
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102 % TODO builtin-> integrado?
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103 \subsection{Ayuda integrada}
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104
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105 Mercurial provee un sistema de ayuda integrada. Esto es invaluable
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106 para ésas ocasiones en la que usted está atorado tratando de recordar
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107 cómo ejecutar un comando. Si está completamente atorado, simplemente
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108 ejecute \hgcmd{help}; esto imprimirá una breve lista de comandos,
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109 junto con una descripción de qué hace cada uno. Si usted solicita
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110 ayuda sobre un comando específico (como abajo), se imprime información
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111 más detallada.
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112 \interaction{tour.help}
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113 Para un nivel más impresionante de detalle (que usted no va a
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114 necesitar usualmente) ejecute \hgcmdargs{help}{\hggopt{-v}}. La opción
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115 \hggopt{-v} es la abreviación para \hggopt{--verbose}, y le indica a
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116 Mercurial que imprima más información de lo que haría usualmente.
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117
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118 \section{Trabajar con un repositorio}
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119
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120 En Mercurial, todo sucede dentro de un \emph{repositorio}. El
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121 repositorio para un proyecto contiene todos los ficheros que
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122 ``pertenecen a'' ése proyecto, junto con un registro histórico de los
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123 ficheros de ese proyecto.
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124
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125 No hay nada particularmente mágico acerca de un repositorio; es
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126 simplemente un árbol de directorios en su sistema de ficheros que
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127 Mercurial trata como especial. Usted puede renombrar o borrar un
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128 repositorio en el momento que lo desee, usando bien sea la línea de
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129 comandos o su explorador de ficheros.
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130
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131 \subsection{Hacer una copia local de un repositorio}
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132
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133 \emph{Copiar} un repositorio es sólo ligeramente especial. Aunque
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134 usted podría usar un programa normal de copia de ficheros para hacer
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135 una copia del repositorio, es mejor usar el comando integrado que
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136 Mercurial ofrece. Este comando se llama \hgcmd{clone}\ndt{Del término
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137 ``clonar'' en inglés.}, porque crea una copia idéntica de un
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138 repositorio existente.
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139 \interaction{tour.clone}
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140 Si nuestro clonado tiene éxito, deberíamos tener un directorio local
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141 llamado \dirname{hello}. Este directorio contendrá algunos ficheros.
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142 \interaction{tour.ls}
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143 Estos ficheros tienen el mismo contenido e historial en nuestro
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144 repositorio y en el repositorio que clonamos.
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145
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146 Cada repositorio Mercurial está completo, es autocontenido e
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147 independiente. Contiene su propia copia de los ficheros y el historial
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148 de un proyecto. Un repositorio clonado recuerda la ubicación de la que
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149 fue clonado, pero no se comunica con ese repositorio, ni con ningún
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150 otro, a menos que usted le indique que lo haga.
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151
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152 Lo que esto significa por ahora es que somos libres de experimentar
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153 con nuestro repositorio, con la tranquilidad de saber que es una
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154 % TODO figure out what to say instead of sandbox
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155 ``caja de arena'' privada que no afectará a nadie más.
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156
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157 \subsection{Qué hay en un repositorio?}
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158
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159 Cuando miramos en detalle dentro de un repositorio, podemos ver que
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160 contiene un directorio llamado \dirname{.hg}. Aquí es donde Mercurial
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161 mantiene todos los metadatos del repositorio.
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162 \interaction{tour.ls-a}
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163
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164 Los contenidos del directorio \dirname{.hg} y sus subdirectorios son
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165 exclusivos de Mercurial. Usted es libre de hacer lo que desee con
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166 cualquier otro fichero o directorio en el repositorio.
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167
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168 Para introducir algo de terminología, el directorio \dirname{.hg} es
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169 el repositorio ``real'', y todos los ficheros y directorios que
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170 coexisten con él están en el \emph{directorio de trabajo}. Una forma
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171 sencilla de recordar esta distinción es que el \emph{repositorio}
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172 contiene el \emph{historial} de su proyecto, mientras que el
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173 \emph{directorio de trabajo} contiene una \emph{instantánea} de su
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174 proyecto en un punto particular del historial.
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175
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176 \section{Vistazo rápido al historial}
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177
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178 Una de las primeras cosas que se desea hacer con un repositorio nuevo,
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179 poco conocido, es conocer su historial. El comando \hgcmd{log} nos
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180 permite ver el mismo.
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181 \interaction{tour.log}
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182 Por defecto este programa imprime un párrafo breve por cada cambio al
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183 proyecto que haya sido grabado. Dentro de la terminología de
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184 Mercurial, cada uno de estos eventos es llamado \emph{conjunto de
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185 cambios}, porque pueden contener un registro de cambios a varios
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186 ficheros.
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187
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188 Los campos de la salida de \hgcmd{log} son los siguientes.
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189 \begin{itemize}
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190 \item[\texttt{changeset}]\hspace{-0.5em}\ndt{Conjunto de cambios.} Este campo
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191 tiene un número, seguido por un
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192 % TODO digo mejor seguido por un dos puntos ? string =>
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193 % cadena?
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194 \texttt{:}, seguido por una cadena hexadecimal. Ambos son
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195 \emph{identificadores} para el conjunto de cambios. Hay dos
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196 identificadores porque el número es más corto y más fácil de
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197 recordar que la cadena hexadecimal.
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198
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199 \item[\texttt{user}]\hspace{-0.5em}\ndt{Usuario.} La identidad de la
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200 persona que creó el conjunto de cambios. Este es un campo en el
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201 que se puede almacenar cualquier valor, pero en la mayoría de los
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202 casos contiene el nombre de una persona y su dirección de correo
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203 electrónico.
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204
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205 \item[\texttt{date}]\hspace{-0.5em}\ndt{Fecha.} La fecha y hora en la
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206 que el conjunto de cambios fue creado, y la zona horaria en la que
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207 fue creado. (La fecha y hora son locales a dicha zona horaria;
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208 ambos muestran la fecha y hora para la persona que creó el
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209 conjunto de cambios).
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210
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211 \item[\texttt{summary}]\hspace{-0.5em}\ndt{Sumario.}
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212 La primera línea del texto que usó la persona que creó el conjunto
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213 de cambios para describir el mismo.
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214 \end{itemize}
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215 El texto impreso por \hgcmd{log} es sólo un sumario; omite una gran
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216 cantidad de detalles.
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217
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218 La figura~\ref{fig:tour-basic:history} es una representación
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219 gráfica del historial del repositorio \dirname{hello}, para hacer más
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220 fácil ver en qué dirección está ``fluyendo'' el historial. Volveremos
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221 a esto varias veces en este capítulo y en los siguientes.
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222
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223 \begin{figure}[ht]
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224 \centering
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225 \grafix{tour-history}
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226 \caption{Historial gráfico del repositorio \dirname{hello}}
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227 \label{fig:tour-basic:history}
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228 \end{figure}
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229
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230 \subsection{Conjuntos de cambios, revisiones, y comunicándose con
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231 otras personas}
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232
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233 %TODO sloppy => desordenado ? TODO hablar del inglés? o de español?
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234 Ya que el inglés es un lenguaje notablemente desordenado, y el área de
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235 ciencias de la computación tiene una notable historia de confusión de
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236 % TODO insertar ? al revés. no sé cómo en un teclado de estos.
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237 términos (porqué usar sólo un término cuando cuatro pueden servir?),
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238 el control de revisiones tiene una variedad de frases y palabras que
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239 tienen el mismo significado. Si usted habla acerca del historial de
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240 Mercurial con alguien, encontrará que la expresión ``conjunto de
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241 cambios'' es abreviada a menudo como ``cambio'' o (por escrito)
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242 ``cset''\ndt{Abreviatura para la expresión ``changeset'' en inglés.},
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243 y algunas veces un se hace referencia a un conjunto de cambios como
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244 una ``revisión'' o ``rev''\ndt{De nuevo, como abreviación para el
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245 término en inglés para ``revisión'' (``revision'').}.
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246
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247 Si bien no es relevante qué \emph{palabra} use usted para referirse al
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248 concepto ``conjunto de cambios'', el \emph{identificador} que usted
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249 use para referise a ``un \emph{conjunto de cambios} particular'' es
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250 muy importante. Recuerde que el campo \texttt{changeset} en la salida
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251 de \hgcmd{log} identifica un conjunto de cambios usando tanto un
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252 número como una cadena hexadecimal.
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253
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254 \begin{itemize}
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255 \item El número de revisión \emph{sólo es válido dentro del
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256 repositorio}.
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257 \item Por otro lado, la cadena hexadecimal es el
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258 \emph{identificador permanente e inmutable} que siempre
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259 identificará ése conjunto de cambios en \emph{todas} las
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260 copias del repositorio.
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261 \end{itemize}
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262 La diferencia es importante. Si usted le envía a alguien un correo
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263 electrónico hablando acerca de la ``revisión~33'', hay una
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264 probabilidad alta de que la revisión~33 de esa persona \emph{no sea la
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265 misma suya}. Esto sucede porque el número de revisión depende del
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266 orden en que llegan los cambios al repositorio, y no hay ninguna
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267 garantía de que los mismos cambios llegarán en el mismo orden en
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268 diferentes repositorios. Tres cambios dados $a,b,c$ pueden aparecer en
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269 un repositorio como $0,1,2$, mientras que en otro aparecen como
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270 $1,0,2$.
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271
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272 Mercurial usa los números de revisión simplemente como una abreviación
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273 conveniente. Si usted necesita hablar con alguien acerca de un
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274 conjunto de cambios, o llevar el registro de un conjunto de cambios
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275 por alguna otra razón (por ejemplo, en un reporte de fallo), use el
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276 identificador hexadecimal.
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277
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278 \subsection{Ver revisiones específicas}
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279
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280 Para reducir la salida de \hgcmd{log} a una sola revisión, use la
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281 opción \hgopt{log}{-r} (o \hgopt{log}{--rev}). Puede usar un número
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282 de revisión o un identificador hexadecimal de conjunto de cambios, y
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283 puede pasar tantas revisiones como desee.
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284
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285 \interaction{tour.log-r}
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286
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287 Si desea ver el historial de varias revisiones sin tener que mencionar
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288 cada una de ellas, puede usar la \emph{notación de rango}; esto le
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289 permite expresar el concepto ``quiero ver todas las revisiones entre
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290 $a$ y $b$, inclusive''.
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291 \interaction{tour.log.range}
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292 Mercurial también respeta el orden en que usted especifica las
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293 revisiones, así que \hgcmdargs{log}{-r 2:4} muestra $2,3,4$ mientras
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294 que \hgcmdargs{log}{-r 4:2} muestra $4,3,2$.
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295
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296 \subsection{Información más detallada}
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297 Aunque la información presentada por \hgcmd{log} es útil si usted sabe
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298 de antemano qué está buscando, puede que necesite ver una descripción
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299 completa del cambio, o una lista de los ficheros que cambiaron, si
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300 está tratando de averiguar si un conjunto de cambios dado es el que
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301 usted está buscando. La opción \hggopt{-v} (or \hggopt{--verbose}) del
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302 comando \hgcmd{log} le da este nivel extra de detalle.
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303 \interaction{tour.log-v}
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304
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305 Si desea ver tanto la descripción como el contenido de un cambio,
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306 añada la opción \hgopt{log}{-p} (o \hgopt{log}{--patch}). Esto muestra
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307 % TODO qué hacemos con diff unificado? convervarlo, por ser la
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308 % acepción usual?
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309 el contenido de un cambio como un \emph{diff unificado} (si usted
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310 nunca ha visto un diff unificado antes, vea la
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311 sección~\ref{sec:mq:patch} para un vistazo global).
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312 \interaction{tour.log-vp}
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313
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314 \section{Todo acerca de las opciones para comandos}
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315
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316 Tomemos un breve descanso de la tarea de explorar los comandos de
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317 Mercurial para hablar de un patrón en la manera en que trabajan; será
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318 útil tener esto en mente a medida que avanza nuestra gira.
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319
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320 Mercurial tiene un enfoque directo y consistente en el manejo de las
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321 opciones que usted le puede pasar a los comandos. Se siguen las
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322 convenciones para opciones que son comunes en sistemas Linux y Unix
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323 modernos.
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324 \begin{itemize}
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325 \item Cada opción tiene un nombre largo. Por ejemplo, el comando
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326 \hgcmd{log} acepta la opción \hgopt{log}{--rev}, como ya hemos
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327 visto.
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328 \item Muchas opciones tienen también un nombre corto. En vez de
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329 \hgopt{log}{--rev}, podemos usar \hgopt{log}{-r}. (El motivo para
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330 que algunas opciones no tengan nombres cortos es que dichas
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331 opciones se usan rara vez.)
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332 \item Las opciones largas empiezan con dos guiones (p.ej.~\hgopt{log}{--rev}),
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333 mientras que las opciones cortas empiezan con uno (e.g.~\hgopt{log}{-r}).
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334 \item El nombre y uso de las opciones es consistente en todos los
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335 comandos. Por ejemplo, cada comando que le permite pasar un ID de
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336 conjunto de cambios o un número de revisión acepta tanto la opción
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337 \hgopt{log}{-r} como la \hgopt{log}{--rev}.
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338 \end{itemize}
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339 En los ejemplos en este libro, uso las opciones cortas en vez de las
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340 largas. Esto sólo muestra mis preferencias, así que no le dé
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341 significado especial a eso.
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342
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343 Muchos de los comandos que generan salida de algún tipo mostrarán más
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344 salida cuando se les pase la opción \hggopt{-v} (o
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345 \hggopt{--verbose}\ndt{Prolijo.}), y menos cuando se les pase la opción \hggopt{-q}
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346 (o \hggopt{--quiet}\ndt{Silencioso.}).
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347
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348 \section{Hacer y repasar cambios}
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349
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350 Ahora que tenemos una comprensión adecuada sobre cómo revisar el
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351 historial en Mercurial, hagamos algunos cambios y veamos cómo
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352 examinarlos.
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353
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354 Lo primero que haremos será aislar nuestro experimento en un
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355 repositorio propio. Usaremos el comando \hgcmd{clone}, pero no hace
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356 falta clonar una copia del repositorio remoto. Como ya contamos con
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357 una copia local del mismo, podemos clonar esa. Esto es mucho más
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358 rápido que clonar a través de la red, y en la mayoría de los casos
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359 clonar un repositorio local usa menos espacio en disco también.
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360 \interaction{tour.reclone}
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361 A manera de recomendación, es considerado buena práctica mantener una
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362 copia ``prístina'' de un repositorio remoto a mano, del cual usted
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363 puede hacer clones temporales para crear cajas de arena para cada
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364 tarea en la que desee trabajar. Esto le permite trabajar en múltiples
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365 tareas en paralelo, teniendo cada una de ellas aislada de las otras
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366 hasta que estén completas y usted esté listo para integrar los cambios
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367 de vuelta. Como los clones locales son tan baratos, clonar y destruir
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368 repositorios no consume demasiados recursos, lo que facilita hacerlo
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369 en cualquier momento.
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370
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371 En nuestro repositorio \dirname{my-hello}, hay un fichero
467
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372 \filename{hello.c} que contiene el clásico programa ``hello,
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373 world''\ndt{Hola, mundo.}. Usaremos el clásico y venerado comando
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374 \command{sed} para editar este fichero y hacer que imprima una segunda
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375 línea de salida. (Estoy usando el comando \command{sed} para hacer
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376 esto sólo porque es fácil escribir un ejemplo automatizado con él.
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377 Dado que usted no tiene esta restricción, probablemente no querrá usar
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378 \command{sed}; use su editor de texto preferido para hacer lo mismo).
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379 \interaction{tour.sed}
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380
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381 El comando \hgcmd{status} de Mercurial nos dice lo que Mercurial sabe
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382 acerca de los ficheros en el repositorio.
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383 \interaction{tour.status}
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384 El comando \hgcmd{status} no imprime nada para algunos ficheros, sólo
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385 una línea empezando con ``\texttt{M}'' para el fichero
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386 \filename{hello.c}. A menos que usted lo indique explícitamente,
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387 \hgcmd{status} no imprimirá nada respecto a los ficheros que no han
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388 sido modificados.
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389
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390 La ``\texttt{M}'' indica que Mercurial se dio cuenta de que nosotros
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391 modificamos \filename{hello.c}. No tuvimos que \emph{decirle} a
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392 Mercurial que íbamos a modificar ese fichero antes de hacerlo, o que
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393 lo modificamos una vez terminamos de hacerlo; él fue capaz de darse
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394 cuenta de esto por sí mismo.
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395
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396 Es algo útil saber que hemos modificado el fichero \filename{hello.c},
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397 pero preferiríamos saber exactamente \emph{qué} cambios hicimos.
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398 Para averiguar esto, usamos el comando \hgcmd{diff}.
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399 \interaction{tour.diff}
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400
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401 \section{Grabar cambios en un nuevo conjunto de cambios}
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402
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403 Podemos modificar, compilar y probar nuestros cambios, y usar
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404 \hgcmd{status} y \hgcmd{diff} para revisar los mismos, hasta que
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405 estemos satisfechos con los resultados y lleguemos a un momento en el
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406 que sea natural que querramos guardar nuestro trabajo en un nuevo
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407 conjunto de cambios.
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408
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409 El comando \hgcmd{commit} nos permite crear un nuevo conjunto de
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410 cambios. Nos referiremos usualmente a esto como ``hacer una consigna''
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411 o consignar.
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412
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413 \subsection{Definir un nombre de usuario}
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414
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415 Cuando usted trata de ejecutar \hgcmd{commit}\ndt{Hacer una
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416 consignación} por primera vez, no está garantizado que lo logre.
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417 Mercurial registra su nombre y dirección en cada cambio que usted
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418 consigna, para que más adelante otros puedan saber quién es el
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419 responsable de cada cambio. Mercurial trata de encontrar un nombre de
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420 % TODO consigna o consignación?
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421 usuario adecuado con el cual registrar la consignación. Se intenta con
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422 cada uno de los siguientes métodos, en el orden presentado.
442
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423 \begin{enumerate}
470
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424 \item Si usted pasa la opción \hgopt{commit}{-u} al comando \hgcmd{commit}
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425 en la línea de comandos, seguido de un nombre de usuario, se le da a
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426 esto la máxima precedencia.
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427 \item A continuación se revisa si usted ha definido la variable de
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428 entorno \envar{HGUSER}.
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429 \item Si usted crea un fichero en su directorio personal llamado
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430 \sfilename{.hgrc}, con una entrada \rcitem{ui}{username}, se usa
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431 luego. Para revisar cómo debe verse este fichero, refiérase a la
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432 sección~\ref{sec:tour-basic:username} más abajo.
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433 \item Si usted ha definido la variable de entorno \envar{EMAIL}, será
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434 usada a continuación.
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435 \item Mercurial le pedirá a su sistema buscar su nombre de usuario
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436 % TODO host => máquina
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437 local, y el nombre de máquina, y construirá un nombre de usuario a
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438 partir de estos componentes. Ya que esto generalmente termina
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439 generando un nombre de usuario no muy útil, se imprimirá una
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440 advertencia si es necesario hacerlo.
442
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441 \end{enumerate}
470
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442 Si todos estos procedimientos fallan, Mercurial fallará, e imprimirá
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443 un mensaje de error. En este caso, no le permitirá hacer la
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444 consignación hasta que usted defina un nombre de usuario.
442
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445
470
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446 Trate de ver la variable de entorno \envar{HGUSER} y la opción
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447 \hgopt{commit}{-u} del comando \hgcmd{commit} como formas de
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448 \emph{hacer caso omiso} de la selección de nombre de usuario que
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449 Mercurial hace normalmente. Para uso normal, la manera más simple y
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450 sencilla de definir un nombre de usuario para usted es crear un
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451 fichero \sfilename{.hgrc}; los detalles se encuentran más adelante.
442
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452
470
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453 \subsubsection{Crear el fichero de configuración de Mercurial}
442
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454 \label{sec:tour-basic:username}
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455
470
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456 Para definir un nombre de usuario, use su editor de texto favorito
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457 para crear un fichero llamado \sfilename{.hgrc} en su directorio
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458 personal. Mercurial usará este fichero para obtener las
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459 configuraciones personalizadas que usted haya hecho. El contenido
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460 inicial de su fichero \sfilename{.hgrc} debería verse así.
442
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461 \begin{codesample2}
470
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462 # Este es un fichero de configuración de Mercurial.
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463 [ui]
470
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464 username = Primernombre Apellido <correo.electronico@dominio.net>
442
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465 \end{codesample2}
470
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466 La línea ``\texttt{[ui]}'' define una \emph{section} del fichero de
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diff changeset
467 configuración, así que usted puede leer la línea ``\texttt{username =
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468 ...}'' como ``defina el valor del elemento \texttt{username} en la
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469 sección \texttt{ui}''.
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470 Una sección continua hasta que empieza otra nueva, o se llega al final
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471 del fichero. Mercurial ignora las líneas vacías y considera cualquier
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diff changeset
472 texto desde el caracter ``\texttt{\#}'' hasta el final de la línea
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473 como un comentario.
442
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474
470
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475 \subsubsection{Escoger un nombre de usuario}
442
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476
470
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477 Usted puede usar el texto que desee como el valor del campo de
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diff changeset
478 configuración \texttt{username}, ya que esta información será leída
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479 por otras personas, e interpretada por Mercurial. La convención que
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480 sigue la mayoría de la gente es usar su nombre y dirección de correo,
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481 como en el ejemplo anterior.
442
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482
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483 \begin{note}
470
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484 % TODO web
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485 El servidor web integrado de Mercurial ofusca las direcciones de
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486 correo, para dificultar la tarea de las herramientas de
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487 recolección de direcciones de correo que usan los
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488 spammers\ndt{Personas que envían correo no solicitado, también
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489 conocido como correo basura}. Esto reduce la probabilidad de que
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490 usted empiece a recibir más correo basura si publica un
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491 repositorio en la red.
442
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492 \end{note}
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493
470
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494 \subsection{Escribir un mensaje de consignación}
442
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495
470
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496 Cuando consignamos un cambio, Mercurial nos ubica dentro de un editor
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497 de texto, para ingresar un mensaje que describa las modificaciones que
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498 hemos introducido en este conjunto de cambios. Esto es conocido como
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499 un \emph{mensaje de consignación}. Será un registro de lo que hicimos
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diff changeset
500 y porqué lo hicimos, y será impreso por \hgcmd{log} una vez hayamos
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diff changeset
501 hecho la consignación.
442
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diff changeset
502 \interaction{tour.commit}
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503
470
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diff changeset
504 El editor en que \hgcmd{commit} nos ubica contendrá una línea vacía,
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diff changeset
505 seguida de varias líneas que empiezan con la cadena ``\texttt{HG:}''.
442
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506 \begin{codesample2}
470
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diff changeset
507 \emph{línea vacía}
442
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diff changeset
508 HG: changed hello.c
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509 \end{codesample2}
470
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diff changeset
510 Mercurial ignora las líneas que empiezan con ``\texttt{HG:}''; sólo
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511 las usa para indicarnos para cuáles ficheros está registrando los
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diff changeset
512 cambios. Modificar o borrar estas líneas no tiene ningún efecto.
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diff changeset
513
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diff changeset
514 \subsection{Escribir un buen mensaje de consignación}
442
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diff changeset
515
470
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diff changeset
516 Ya que por defecto \hgcmd{log} sólo muestra la primera línea de un
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diff changeset
517 mensaje de consignación, lo mejor es escribir un mensaje cuya primera
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diff changeset
518 línea tenga significado por sí misma. A continuación se encuentra un
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diff changeset
519 ejemplo de un mensaje de consignación que \emph{no} sigue esta
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diff changeset
520 pauta, y debido a ello tiene un sumario que no es legible.
442
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521 \begin{codesample2}
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522 changeset: 73:584af0e231be
470
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diff changeset
523 user: Persona Censurada <persona.censurada@ejemplo.org>
442
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diff changeset
524 date: Tue Sep 26 21:37:07 2006 -0700
470
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diff changeset
525 summary: se incluye buildmeister/commondefs. Añade un módulo
442
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diff changeset
526 \end{codesample2}
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527
470
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diff changeset
528 Con respecto al resto del contenido del mensaje de consignación, no
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diff changeset
529 hay reglas estrictas-y-rápidas. Mercurial no interpreta ni le da
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diff changeset
530 importancia a los contenidos del mensaje de consignación, aunque es
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diff changeset
531 posible que su proyecto tenga políticas que definan una manera
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diff changeset
532 particular de escribirlo.
442
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diff changeset
533
470
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diff changeset
534 Mi preferencia personal es usar mensajes de consignación cortos pero
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diff changeset
535 informativos, que me digan algo que no puedo inferir con una mirada
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diff changeset
536 rápida a la salida de \hgcmdargs{log}{--patch}.
442
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diff changeset
537
470
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diff changeset
538 \subsection{Cancelar una consignación}
442
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539
470
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diff changeset
540 Si usted decide que no desea hacer la consignación mientras está
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diff changeset
541 editando el mensaje de la misma, simplemente cierre su editor sin
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diff changeset
542 guardar los cambios al fichero que está editando. Esto hará que no
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diff changeset
543 pase nada ni en el repositorio ni en el directorio de trabajo.
442
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544
470
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parents: 467
diff changeset
545 Si ejecutamos el comando \hgcmd{commit} sin ningún argumento, se
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parents: 467
diff changeset
546 registran todos los cambios que hemos hecho, como lo indican
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diff changeset
547 \hgcmd{status} y \hgcmd{diff}.
442
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548
470
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diff changeset
549 \subsection{Admirar nuestro trabajo}
442
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550
470
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diff changeset
551 Una vez hemos terminado la consignación, podemos usar el comando
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parents: 467
diff changeset
552 \hgcmd{tip}\ndt{Punta.} para mostrar el conjunto de cambios que acabamos de crear.
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parents: 467
diff changeset
553 La salida de este comando es idéntica a la de \hgcmd{log}, pero sólo
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parents: 467
diff changeset
554 muestra la revisión más reciente en el repositorio.
442
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diff changeset
555 \interaction{tour.tip}
470
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parents: 467
diff changeset
556 Nos referimos a la revisión más reciente en el repositorio como la
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557 revisión de punta, o simplemente la punta.
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558
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559 \section{Compartir cambios}
442
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560
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561 Anteriormente mencionamos que los repositorios en Mercurial están auto
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562 contenidos. Esto quiere decir que el conjunto de cambios que acabamos
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563 de crear sólo existe en nuestro repositorio \dirname{my-hello}. Veamos
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564 unas cuantas formas de propagar este cambio a otros repositorios.
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565
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566 \subsection{Jalar cambios desde otro repositorio}
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567 \label{sec:tour:pull}
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568
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569 Para empezar, clonemos nuestro repositorio \dirname{hello} original,
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570 el cual no contiene el cambio que acabamos de consignar. Llamaremos a
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571 este repositorio temporal \dirname{hello-pull}.
442
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572 \interaction{tour.clone-pull}
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573
471
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574 Usaremos el comando \hgcmd{pull} para traer los cambios de
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575 \dirname{my-hello} y ponerlos en \dirname{hello-pull}. Sin embargo,
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576 traer cambios desconocidos y aplicarlos en un repositorio es una
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577 perspectiva que asusta al menos un poco. Mercurial cuenta con el
478
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578 comando \hgcmd{incoming}\ndt{Entrante, o cambios entrantes.} para
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579 decirnos qué cambios \emph{jalaría} el comando \hgcmd{pull} al
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580 repositorio, sin jalarlos.
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581 \interaction{tour.incoming}
471
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582 (Por supuesto, alguien podría enviar más conjuntos de cambios al
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583 repositorio en el tiempo que pasa entre la ejecución de
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584 \hgcmd{incoming} y la ejecución de \hgcmd{pull} para jalar los
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585 cambios, así que es posible que terminemos jalando cambios que no
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586 esperábamos.)
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587
471
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588 Traer cambios al repositorio simplemente es cuestión de ejecutar el
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589 comando \hgcmd{pull}, indicándole de qué repositorio debe jalarlos.
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590 \interaction{tour.pull}
471
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591 Como puede verse por las salidas antes-y-después de \hgcmd{tip}, hemos
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592 jalado exitosamente los cambios en nuestro repositorio. Aún falta un
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593 paso para que podamos ver estos cambios en nuestro directorio de
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594 trabajo.
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595
471
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596 \subsection{Actualizar el directorio de trabajo}
442
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597
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598 Hasta ahora hemos pasado por alto la relación entre un repositorio y
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599 su directorio de trabajo. El comando \hgcmd{pull} que ejecutamos en la
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600 sección~\ref{sec:tour:pull} trajo los cambios al repositorio, pero si
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601 revisamos, no hay rastro de esos cambios en el directorio de trabajo.
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602 Esto pasa porque \hgcmd{pull} (por defecto) no modifica el directorio de
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603 trabajo. En vez de eso, usamos el comando
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604 \hgcmd{update}\ndt{Actualizar.} para hacerlo.
442
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605 \interaction{tour.update}
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606
478
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607 Puede parecer algo raro que \hgcmd{pull} no actualice el directorio de
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608 trabajo automáticamente. De hecho, hay una buena razón para esto:
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609 usted puede usar \hgcmd{update} para actualizar el directorio de
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diff changeset
610 trabajo al estado en que se encontraba en \emph{cualquier revisión}
600
05742420768e corrected some typos
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diff changeset
611 del historial del repositorio. Si usted hubiera actualizado el
478
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diff changeset
612 directorio de trabajo a una revisión anterior---digamos, para buscar
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613 el origen de un fallo---y hubiera corrido un \hgcmd{pull} que hubiera
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614 actualizado el directorio de trabajo automáticamente a la nueva
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diff changeset
615 revisión, puede que no estuviera particularmente contento.
442
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616
478
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617 Sin embargo, como jalar-y-actualizar es una secuencia de operaciones
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618 muy común, Mercurial le permite combinarlas al pasar la opción
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619 \hgopt{pull}{-u}
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620 a \hgcmd{pull}.
442
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diff changeset
621 \begin{codesample2}
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622 hg pull -u
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diff changeset
623 \end{codesample2}
478
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624 Si mira de vuelta la salida de \hgcmd{pull} en la
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625 sección~\ref{sec:tour:pull} cuando lo ejecutamos sin la opción \hgopt{pull}{-u},
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626 verá que el comando imprimió un amable recordatorio de que tenemos que
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627 encargarnos explícitamente de actualizar el directorio de trabajo:
442
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628 \begin{codesample2}
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diff changeset
629 (run 'hg update' to get a working copy)
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630 \end{codesample2}
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631
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632 Para averiguar en qué revisión se encuentra el directorio de trabajo,
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633 use el comando \hgcmd{parents}.
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634 \interaction{tour.parents}
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635 Si mira de nuevo la figura~\ref{fig:tour-basic:history}, verá flechas
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636 conectando cada conjunto de cambios. En cada caso, el nodo del que la flecha
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637 \emph{sale} es un padre, y el nodo al que la flecha \emph{llega} es
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diff changeset
638 su hijo. El directorio de trabajo tiene un padre exactamente de la
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diff changeset
639 misma manera; ése es el conjunto de cambios que contiene actualmente
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diff changeset
640 el directorio de trabajo.
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641
478
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diff changeset
642 Para actualizar el conjunto de trabajo a una revisión particular, pase
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diff changeset
643 un número de revisión o un ID de conjunto de cambios al comando
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644 \hgcmd{update}.
442
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645 \interaction{tour.older}
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diff changeset
646 Si no indica explícitamente una revisión, \hgcmd{update} actualizará
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diff changeset
647 hasta la revisión de punta, como se vio en la segunda llamada a
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648 \hgcmd{update} en el ejemplo anterior.
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649
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650 \subsection{Empujar cambios a otro repositorio}
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diff changeset
651
478
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652 Mercurial nos permite empujar cambios a otro repositorio, desde el
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diff changeset
653 % TODO cambié "visitando" por "usando"
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diff changeset
654 repositorio que estemos usando actualmente. De la misma forma que en
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diff changeset
655 el ejemplo de \hgcmd{pull} arriba, crearemos un repositorio temporal
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656 para empujar allí nuestros cambios.
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657 \interaction{tour.clone-push}
478
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diff changeset
658 El comando \hgcmd{outgoing}\ndt{Saliente. Cambios salientes.} nos dice
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659 qué cambios serían empujados en el otro repositorio.
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660 \interaction{tour.outgoing}
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661 Y el comando \hgcmd{push} se encarga de empujar dichos cambios.
442
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662 \interaction{tour.push}
478
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663 Al igual que \hgcmd{pull}, el comando \hgcmd{push} no actualiza el
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diff changeset
664 directorio de trabajo del repositorio en el que estamos empujando los
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diff changeset
665 cambios. (A diferencia de \hgcmd{pull}, \hgcmd{push} no ofrece la
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666 opción \texttt{-u} para actualizar el directorio de trabajo del otro
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667 repositorio.)
442
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668
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diff changeset
669 % TODO poner interrogante de apertura
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670 Qué pasa si tratamos de jalar o empujar cambios y el repositorio
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diff changeset
671 receptor ya tiene esos cambios? Nada emocionante.
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672 \interaction{tour.push.nothing}
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673
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674 \subsection{Compartir cambios a través de una red}
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675
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diff changeset
676 Los comandos que hemos presentando en las pocas secciones anteriores
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677 no están limitados a trabajar con repositorios locales. Cada uno de
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diff changeset
678 ellos funciona exactamente de la misma manera a través de una conexión
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diff changeset
679 % TODO poner ndt para URL
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diff changeset
680 de red. Simplemente pase una URL en vez de una ruta local.
442
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681 \interaction{tour.outgoing.net}
478
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diff changeset
682 En este ejemplo, podemos ver qué cambios empujaríamos al repositorio
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diff changeset
683 remoto, aunque, de manera entendible, el repositorio remoto está
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diff changeset
684 configurado para no permitir a usuarios anónimos empujar cambios a él.
442
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685 \interaction{tour.push.net}
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diff changeset
686
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687 %%% Local Variables:
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688 %%% mode: latex
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689 %%% TeX-master: "00book"
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690 %%% End: