Mercurial > hgbook
annotate es/filenames.tex @ 530:f809de31887a
more translation :D
added a term to the glossary
author | jerojasro@localhost |
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date | Sun, 30 Nov 2008 18:41:51 -0500 |
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1 \chapter{File names and pattern matching} |
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2 \label{chap:names} |
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3 |
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4 Mercurial provee mecanismos que le permiten trabajar con nombres de |
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5 ficheros en una manera consistente y expresiva. |
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6 |
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7 \section{Nombrado de ficheros simple} |
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8 |
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9 % TODO traducción literal de "under the hood". revisar |
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10 Mercurial usa un mecanismo unificado ``bajo el capó'' para manejar |
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11 nombres de ficheros. Cada comando se comporta de manera uniforme con |
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12 respecto a los nombres de fichero. La manera en que los comandos |
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13 operan con nombres de fichero es la siguiente. |
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14 |
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15 Si usted especifica explícitamente nombres reales de ficheros en la |
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16 línea de comandos, Mercurial opera únicamente sobre dichos ficheros, |
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17 como usted esperaría. |
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18 \interaction{filenames.files} |
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19 |
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20 Cuando usted provee el nombre de un directorio, Mercurial interpreta |
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21 eso como ``opere en cada fichero en este directorio y sus |
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22 subdirectorios''. Mercurial va por todos los ficheros y subdirectorios |
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23 de un directorio en orden alfabético. Cuando encuentra un |
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24 subdirectorio, lo recorrerá antes de continuar con el directorio |
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25 actual. |
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26 \interaction{filenames.dirs} |
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27 |
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28 \section{Ejecución de comandos sin ningún nombre de fichero} |
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29 |
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30 Los comandos de Mercurial que trabajan con nombres de fichero tienen |
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31 comportamientos por defecto adecuados cuando son utilizados sin pasar |
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32 ningún patrón o nombre de fichero. El tipo de comportamiento depende |
530 | 33 de lo que haga el comando. Aquí presento unas cuantas reglas generales |
34 que usted puede usar para que es lo que probablemente hará un comando | |
35 si usted no le pasa ningún nombre de fichero con el cual trabajar. | |
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36 \begin{itemize} |
530 | 37 \item Muchos comandos operarán sobre el directorio de trabajo |
38 completo. Por ejemplo, esto es lo que hace el comando | |
39 \hgcmd{add}, | |
40 \item Si el comando tiene efectos difíciles o incluso imposibles de | |
41 revertir, se le obligará a usted a proveer explícitamente al menos | |
42 % TODO revisar ese "lo proteje a usted" | |
43 un nombre o patrón (ver más abajo). Esto lo proteje a usted de, | |
44 por ejemplo, borrar ficheros accidentalmente al ejecutar | |
45 \hgcmd{remove} sin ningún argumento. | |
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46 \end{itemize} |
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47 |
530 | 48 |
49 Es fácil evitar este comportamiento por defecto, si no es el adecuado | |
50 para usted. Si un comando opera normalmente en todo el directorio de | |
51 trabajo, usted puede llamarlo para que trabaje sólo en el directorio | |
52 actual y sus subdirectorio pasándole el nombre ``\dirname{.}''. | |
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53 \interaction{filenames.wdir-subdir} |
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54 |
530 | 55 Siguiendo la misma línea, algunos comandos normalmente imprimen las |
56 rutas de ficheros con respecto a la raíz del repositorio, aún si usted | |
57 los llama dentro de un subdirectorio. Dichos comandos imprimirán las | |
58 rutas de los ficheros respecto al directorio en que usted se encuentra | |
59 si se les pasan nombres explícitos. Vamos a ejecutar el comando | |
60 \hgcmd{status} desde un subdirectorio, y a hacer que opere en el | |
61 directorio de trabajo completo, a la vez que todas las rutas de | |
62 ficheros se imprimen respecto a nuestro subdirectorio, pasándole la | |
63 salida del comando \hgcmd{root}. | |
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64 \interaction{filenames.wdir-relname} |
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65 |
530 | 66 \section{Reportar que está pasando} |
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67 |
530 | 68 El ejemplo con el comando \hgcmd{add} en la sección anterior ilustra |
69 algo más que es útil acerca de los comandos de Mercurial. Si un | |
70 comando opera en un fichero que usted no pasó explícitamente en la | |
71 línea de comandos, usualmente se imprimirá el nombre del fichero, para | |
72 que usted no sea sorprendido por lo que sucede. | |
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73 |
530 | 74 Esto es el principio de \emph{mínima sorpresa}. Si usted se ha |
75 referido explícitamente a un fichero en la línea de comandos, no tiene | |
76 mucho sentido repetir esto de vuelta a usted. Si Mercurial está | |
77 actuando en un fichero \emph{implícitamente}, porque usted no pasó | |
78 nombres, ni directorios, ni patrones (ver más abajo), lo más seguro es | |
79 decirle a usted qué se está haciendo. | |
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80 |
530 | 81 Usted puede silenciar a los comandos que se comportan de esta manera |
82 usando la opción \hggopt{-q}. También puede hacer que impriman el | |
83 nombre de cada fichero, aún aquellos que usted indicó explícitamente, | |
84 usando la opción \hggopt{-v}. | |
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85 |
530 | 86 \section{Uso de patrones para identificar ficheros} |
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87 |
530 | 88 Además de trabajar con nombres de ficheros y directorios, Mercurial le |
89 permite usar \emph{patrones} para identificar ficheros. El manejo de | |
90 patrones de Mercurial es expresivo. | |
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91 |
530 | 92 En sistemas tipo Unix (Linux, MacOS, etc.), el trabajo de asociar |
93 patrones con nombres de ficheros recae sobre el intérprete de comandos. | |
94 En estos sistemas, usted debe indicarle explícitamente a Mercurial que | |
95 el nombre que se le pasa es un patrón. En Windows, el intérprete no | |
96 expande los patrones, así que Mercurial identificará automáticamente | |
97 los nombres que son patrones, y hará la expansión necesaria. | |
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98 |
530 | 99 Para pasar un patrón en vez de un nombre normal en la línea de |
100 comandos, el mecanismo es simple: | |
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101 \begin{codesample2} |
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102 syntax:patternbody |
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103 \end{codesample2} |
530 | 104 Un patrón es identificado por una cadena de texto corta que indica qué |
105 tipo de patrón es, seguido por un dos puntos, seguido por el patrón en | |
106 sí. | |
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107 |
530 | 108 Mercurial soporta dos tipos de sintaxis para patrones. La que se usa |
109 con más frecuencia se denomina \texttt{glob}\ndt{Grupo, colección, | |
110 aglomeración.}; es el mismo tipo de asociación de patrones usado por | |
111 el intérprete de Unix, y también debería ser familiar para los | |
112 usuarios de la línea de comandos de Windows. | |
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113 |
530 | 114 Cuando Mercurial hace asociación automática de patrones en Windows, |
115 usa la sintaxis \texttt{glob}. Por esto, usted puede omitir el | |
116 prefijo ``\texttt{glob:}'' en Windows, pero también es seguro usarlo. | |
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117 |
530 | 118 La sintaxis \texttt{re}\ndt{Expresiones regulares.} es más poderosa; |
119 le permite especificar patrones usando expresiones regulares, también | |
120 conocidas como regexps. | |
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121 |
530 | 122 A propósito, en los ejemplos siguientes, por favor note que yo tengo |
123 el cuidado de rodear todos mis patrones con comillas sencillas, para | |
124 que no sean expandidos por el intérprete antes de que Mercurial pueda | |
125 verlos. | |
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126 |
530 | 127 \subsection{Patrones \texttt{glob} estilo intérprete} |
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128 |
530 | 129 Este es un vistazo general de los tipos de patrones que usted puede |
130 usar cuando está usando asociación con patrone glob. | |
131 | |
132 La secuencia ``\texttt{*}'' se asocia con cualquier cadena, dentro de | |
133 un único directorio. | |
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134 \interaction{filenames.glob.star} |
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135 |
530 | 136 La secuencia ``\texttt{**}'' se asocia con cualquier cadena, y cruza los |
137 % TODO token | |
138 límites de los directorios. No es una elemento estándar de los tokens | |
139 de glob de Unix, pero es aceptado por varios intérpretes Unix | |
140 populares, y es muy útil. | |
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141 \interaction{filenames.glob.starstar} |
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142 |
530 | 143 La secuencia ``\texttt{?}'' se asocia con cualquier caracter sencillo. |
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144 \interaction{filenames.glob.question} |
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145 |
530 | 146 El caracter ``\texttt{[}'' marca el inicio de una \emph{clase de |
147 caracteres}. Ella se asocia con cualquier caracter sencillo dentro de | |
148 la clase. La clase se finaliza con un caracter ``\texttt{]}''. Una | |
149 clase puede contener múltiples \emph{rango}s de la forma | |
150 ``\texttt{a-f}'', que en este caso es una abreviación para | |
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151 ``\texttt{abcdef}''. |
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152 \interaction{filenames.glob.range} |
530 | 153 Si el primer caracter en aparecer después de ``\texttt{[}'' en la |
154 clase de caracteres es un ``\texttt{!}'', se \emph{niega} la clase, | |
155 haciendo que se asocie con cualquier caracter sencillo que no se | |
156 encuentre en la clase. | |
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157 |
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158 A ``\texttt{\{}'' begins a group of subpatterns, where the whole group |
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159 matches if any subpattern in the group matches. The ``\texttt{,}'' |
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160 character separates subpatterns, and ``\texttt{\}}'' ends the group. |
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161 \interaction{filenames.glob.group} |
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162 |
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163 \subsubsection{Watch out!} |
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164 |
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165 Don't forget that if you want to match a pattern in any directory, you |
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166 should not be using the ``\texttt{*}'' match-any token, as this will |
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167 only match within one directory. Instead, use the ``\texttt{**}'' |
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168 token. This small example illustrates the difference between the two. |
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169 \interaction{filenames.glob.star-starstar} |
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170 |
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171 \subsection{Regular expression matching with \texttt{re} patterns} |
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172 |
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173 Mercurial accepts the same regular expression syntax as the Python |
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174 programming language (it uses Python's regexp engine internally). |
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175 This is based on the Perl language's regexp syntax, which is the most |
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176 popular dialect in use (it's also used in Java, for example). |
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177 |
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178 I won't discuss Mercurial's regexp dialect in any detail here, as |
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179 regexps are not often used. Perl-style regexps are in any case |
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180 already exhaustively documented on a multitude of web sites, and in |
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181 many books. Instead, I will focus here on a few things you should |
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182 know if you find yourself needing to use regexps with Mercurial. |
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183 |
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184 A regexp is matched against an entire file name, relative to the root |
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185 of the repository. In other words, even if you're already in |
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186 subbdirectory \dirname{foo}, if you want to match files under this |
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187 directory, your pattern must start with ``\texttt{foo/}''. |
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188 |
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189 One thing to note, if you're familiar with Perl-style regexps, is that |
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190 Mercurial's are \emph{rooted}. That is, a regexp starts matching |
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191 against the beginning of a string; it doesn't look for a match |
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192 anywhere within the string. To match anywhere in a string, start |
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193 your pattern with ``\texttt{.*}''. |
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194 |
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195 \section{Filtering files} |
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196 |
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197 Not only does Mercurial give you a variety of ways to specify files; |
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198 it lets you further winnow those files using \emph{filters}. Commands |
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199 that work with file names accept two filtering options. |
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200 \begin{itemize} |
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201 \item \hggopt{-I}, or \hggopt{--include}, lets you specify a pattern |
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202 that file names must match in order to be processed. |
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203 \item \hggopt{-X}, or \hggopt{--exclude}, gives you a way to |
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204 \emph{avoid} processing files, if they match this pattern. |
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205 \end{itemize} |
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206 You can provide multiple \hggopt{-I} and \hggopt{-X} options on the |
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207 command line, and intermix them as you please. Mercurial interprets |
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208 the patterns you provide using glob syntax by default (but you can use |
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209 regexps if you need to). |
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210 |
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211 You can read a \hggopt{-I} filter as ``process only the files that |
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212 match this filter''. |
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213 \interaction{filenames.filter.include} |
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214 The \hggopt{-X} filter is best read as ``process only the files that |
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215 don't match this pattern''. |
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216 \interaction{filenames.filter.exclude} |
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217 |
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218 \section{Ignoring unwanted files and directories} |
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219 |
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220 XXX. |
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221 |
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222 \section{Case sensitivity} |
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223 \label{sec:names:case} |
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224 |
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225 If you're working in a mixed development environment that contains |
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226 both Linux (or other Unix) systems and Macs or Windows systems, you |
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227 should keep in the back of your mind the knowledge that they treat the |
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228 case (``N'' versus ``n'') of file names in incompatible ways. This is |
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229 not very likely to affect you, and it's easy to deal with if it does, |
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230 but it could surprise you if you don't know about it. |
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231 |
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232 Operating systems and filesystems differ in the way they handle the |
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233 \emph{case} of characters in file and directory names. There are |
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234 three common ways to handle case in names. |
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235 \begin{itemize} |
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236 \item Completely case insensitive. Uppercase and lowercase versions |
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237 of a letter are treated as identical, both when creating a file and |
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238 during subsequent accesses. This is common on older DOS-based |
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239 systems. |
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240 \item Case preserving, but insensitive. When a file or directory is |
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241 created, the case of its name is stored, and can be retrieved and |
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242 displayed by the operating system. When an existing file is being |
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243 looked up, its case is ignored. This is the standard arrangement on |
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244 Windows and MacOS. The names \filename{foo} and \filename{FoO} |
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245 identify the same file. This treatment of uppercase and lowercase |
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246 letters as interchangeable is also referred to as \emph{case |
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247 folding}. |
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248 \item Case sensitive. The case of a name is significant at all times. |
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249 The names \filename{foo} and {FoO} identify different files. This |
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250 is the way Linux and Unix systems normally work. |
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251 \end{itemize} |
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252 |
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253 On Unix-like systems, it is possible to have any or all of the above |
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254 ways of handling case in action at once. For example, if you use a |
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255 USB thumb drive formatted with a FAT32 filesystem on a Linux system, |
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256 Linux will handle names on that filesystem in a case preserving, but |
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257 insensitive, way. |
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258 |
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259 \subsection{Safe, portable repository storage} |
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260 |
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261 Mercurial's repository storage mechanism is \emph{case safe}. It |
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262 translates file names so that they can be safely stored on both case |
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263 sensitive and case insensitive filesystems. This means that you can |
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264 use normal file copying tools to transfer a Mercurial repository onto, |
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265 for example, a USB thumb drive, and safely move that drive and |
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266 repository back and forth between a Mac, a PC running Windows, and a |
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267 Linux box. |
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268 |
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269 \subsection{Detecting case conflicts} |
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270 |
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271 When operating in the working directory, Mercurial honours the naming |
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272 policy of the filesystem where the working directory is located. If |
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273 the filesystem is case preserving, but insensitive, Mercurial will |
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274 treat names that differ only in case as the same. |
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275 |
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276 An important aspect of this approach is that it is possible to commit |
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277 a changeset on a case sensitive (typically Linux or Unix) filesystem |
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278 that will cause trouble for users on case insensitive (usually Windows |
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279 and MacOS) users. If a Linux user commits changes to two files, one |
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280 named \filename{myfile.c} and the other named \filename{MyFile.C}, |
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281 they will be stored correctly in the repository. And in the working |
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282 directories of other Linux users, they will be correctly represented |
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283 as separate files. |
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284 |
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285 If a Windows or Mac user pulls this change, they will not initially |
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286 have a problem, because Mercurial's repository storage mechanism is |
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287 case safe. However, once they try to \hgcmd{update} the working |
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288 directory to that changeset, or \hgcmd{merge} with that changeset, |
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289 Mercurial will spot the conflict between the two file names that the |
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290 filesystem would treat as the same, and forbid the update or merge |
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291 from occurring. |
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292 |
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293 \subsection{Fixing a case conflict} |
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294 |
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295 If you are using Windows or a Mac in a mixed environment where some of |
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296 your collaborators are using Linux or Unix, and Mercurial reports a |
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297 case folding conflict when you try to \hgcmd{update} or \hgcmd{merge}, |
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298 the procedure to fix the problem is simple. |
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299 |
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300 Just find a nearby Linux or Unix box, clone the problem repository |
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301 onto it, and use Mercurial's \hgcmd{rename} command to change the |
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302 names of any offending files or directories so that they will no |
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303 longer cause case folding conflicts. Commit this change, \hgcmd{pull} |
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304 or \hgcmd{push} it across to your Windows or MacOS system, and |
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305 \hgcmd{update} to the revision with the non-conflicting names. |
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306 |
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307 The changeset with case-conflicting names will remain in your |
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308 project's history, and you still won't be able to \hgcmd{update} your |
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309 working directory to that changeset on a Windows or MacOS system, but |
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310 you can continue development unimpeded. |
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311 |
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312 \begin{note} |
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313 Prior to version~0.9.3, Mercurial did not use a case safe repository |
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314 storage mechanism, and did not detect case folding conflicts. If |
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315 you are using an older version of Mercurial on Windows or MacOS, I |
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316 strongly recommend that you upgrade. |
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317 \end{note} |
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318 |
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319 %%% Local Variables: |
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320 %%% mode: latex |
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321 %%% TeX-master: "00book" |
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322 %%% End: |