Mercurial > hgbook
changeset 91:7524d52d9577
More tour progress.
author | Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com> |
---|---|
date | Thu, 12 Oct 2006 16:01:40 -0700 |
parents | 9d0432dc167a |
children | 72d207927dc4 |
files | en/examples/tour en/tour.tex |
diffstat | 2 files changed, 317 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) [+] |
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--- a/en/examples/tour Thu Oct 12 14:46:54 2006 -0700 +++ b/en/examples/tour Thu Oct 12 16:01:40 2006 -0700 @@ -35,3 +35,73 @@ #$ name: log.range hg log -r 2:4 + +#$ name: log-v + +hg log -v -r 3 + +#$ name: log-vp + +hg log -v -p -r 2 + +#$ name: reclone + +cd .. +hg clone hello my-hello +cd my-hello + +#$ name: sed + +sed -i '/printf/a\\tprintf("hello again!\\n");' hello.c + +#$ name: status + +ls +hg status + +#$ name: diff + +hg diff + +#$ name: + +export HGEDITOR='echo Added an extra line of output >' + +#$ name: commit + +hg commit + +#$ name: tip + +hg tip -vp + +#$ name: clone-pull + +cd .. +hg clone hello hello-pull + +#$ name: incoming + +cd hello-pull +hg incoming ../my-hello + +#$ name: pull + +hg tip +hg pull ../my-hello +hg tip + +#$ name: update + +grep printf hello.c +hg update tip +grep printf hello.c + +#$ name: parents + +hg parents + +#$ name: older + +hg update 2 +hg parents
--- a/en/tour.tex Thu Oct 12 14:46:54 2006 -0700 +++ b/en/tour.tex Thu Oct 12 16:01:40 2006 -0700 @@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ To introduce a little terminology, the \dirname{.hg} directory is the ``real'' repository, and all of the files and directories that coexist -with it are said to live in the ``working directory''. An easy way to -remember the distinction is that the \emph{repository} contains the +with it are said to live in the \emph{working directory}. An easy way +to remember the distinction is that the \emph{repository} contains the \emph{history} of your project, while the \emph{working directory} contains a \emph{snapshot} of your project at a particular point in history. @@ -217,10 +217,9 @@ \subsection{Viewing specific revisions} To narrow the output of \hgcmd{log} down to a single revision, use the -\hgopt{log}{-r} option. You can use either a revision number or a -long-form changeset identifier, and you can provide as many revisions -as you want. -\interaction{tour.log-r} +\hgopt{log}{-r} (or \hgopt{log}{--rev}) option. You can use either a +revision number or a long-form changeset identifier, and you can +provide as many revisions as you want. \interaction{tour.log-r} If you want to see the history of several revisions without having to list each one, you can use \emph{range notation}; this lets you @@ -231,6 +230,248 @@ \hgcmdargs{log}{-r 2:4} prints $2,3,4$ while \hgcmdargs{log}{-r 4:2} prints $4,3,2$. +\subsection{More detailed information} + +While the summary information printed by \hgcmd{log} is useful if you +already know what you're looking for, you may need to see a complete +description of the change, or a list of the files changed, if you're +trying to decide whether a changeset is the one you're looking for. +The \hgcmd{log} command's \hggopt{-v} (or \hggopt{--verbose}) +option gives you this extra detail. +\interaction{tour.log-v} + +If you want to see both the description and content of a change, add +the \hgopt{log}{-p} (or \hgopt{log}{--patch}) option. This displays +the content of a change as a \emph{unified diff} (if you've never seen +a unified diff before, see section~\ref{sec:mq:patch} for an overview). +\interaction{tour.log-vp} + +\section{All about command options} + +Let's take a brief break from exploring Mercurial commands to discuss +a pattern in the way that they work; you may find this useful to keep +in mind as we continiue our tour. + +Mercurial has a consistent and straightforward approach to dealing +with the options that you can pass to commands. It follows the +conventions for options that are common to modern Linux and Unix +systems. +\begin{itemize} +\item Every option has a long name. For example, as we've already + seen, the \hgcmd{log} command accepts a \hgopt{log}{--rev} option. +\item Most options have short names, too. Instead of + \hgopt{log}{--rev}, we can use \hgopt{log}{-r}. (The reason that + some options don't have short names is that the options in question + are rarely used.) +\item Long options start with two dashes (e.g.~\hgopt{log}{--rev}), + while short options start with one (e.g.~\hgopt{log}{-r}). +\item Option naming and usage is consistent across commands. For + example, every command that lets you specify a changeset~ID or + revision number accepts both \hgopt{log}{-r} and \hgopt{log}{--rev} + arguments. +\end{itemize} +In the examples throughout this book, I use short options instead of +long. This just reflects my own preference, so don't read anything +significant into it. + +Most commands that print output of some kind will print more output +when passed a \hggopt{-v} (or \hggopt{--verbose}) option, and less +when passed \hggopt{-q} (or \hggopt{--quiet}). + +\section{Making and reviewing changes} + +Now that we have a grasp of viewing history in Mercurial, let's take a +look at making some changes and examining them. + +The first thing we'll do is isolate our experiment in a repository of +its own. We use the \hgcmd{clone} command, but we don't need to +clone a copy of the remote repository. Since we already have a copy +of it locally, we can just clone that instead. This is much faster +than cloning over the network, and cloning a local repository uses +less disk space in most cases, too. +\interaction{tour.reclone} +As an aside, it's often good practice to keep a ``pristine'' copy of a +remote repository around, which you can then make temporary clones of +to create sandboxes for each task you want to work on. This lets you +work on multiple tasks in parallel, each isolated from the others +until it's complete and you're ready to integrate it back. Because +local clones are so cheap, there's almost no overhead to cloning and +destroying repositories whenever you want. + +In our \dirname{my-hello} repository, we have a file +\filename{hello.c} that contains the classic ``hello, world'' program. +Let's use the ancient and venerable \command{sed} command to edit this +file so that it prints a second line of output. (I'm only using +\command{sed} to do this because it's easy to write a scripted example +this way. Since you're not under the same constraint, you probably +won't want to use \command{sed}; simply use your preferred text editor to +do the same thing.) +\interaction{tour.sed} + +Mercurial's \hgcmd{status} command will tell us what Mercurial knows +about the files in the repository. +\interaction{tour.status} +The \hgcmd{status} command prints no output for some files, but a line +starting with ``\texttt{M}'' for \filename{hello.c}. Unless you tell +it to, \hgcmd{status} will not print any output for files that have +not been modified. + +The ``\texttt{M}'' indicates that Mercurial has noticed that we +modified \filename{hello.c}. Notice that we didn't need to +\emph{inform} Mercurial that we were going to modify the file before +we started, or that we had modified the file after we were done; it +was able to figure this out itself. + +It's a little bit helpful to know that we've modified +\filename{hello.c}, but we might prefer to know exactly \emph{what} +changes we've made to it. To do this, we use the \hgcmd{diff} +command. +\interaction{tour.diff} + +\section{Recording changes in a new changeset} + +We can modify files, build and test our changes, and use +\hgcmd{status} and \hgcmd{diff} to review our changes, until we're +satisfied with what we've done and arrive at a natural stopping point +where we want to record our work in a new changeset. + +The \hgcmd{commit} command lets us create a new changeset; we'll +usually refer to this as ``making a commit'' or ``committing''. + +\subsection{Writing a commit message} + +When we commit a change, Mercurial drops us into a text editor, to +enter a message that will describe the modifications we've made in +this changeset. This is called the \emph{commit message}. It will be +a record for readers of what we did and why, and it will be printed by +\hgcmd{log} after we've finished committing. +\interaction{tour.commit} + +The editor that the \hgcmd{commit} command drops us into will contain +an empty line, followed by a number of lines starting with +``\texttt{HG:}''. +\begin{codesample2} + \emph{empty line} + HG: changed hello.c +\end{codesample2} +Mercurial ignores the lines that start with ``\texttt{HG:}''; it uses +them only to tell us which files it's recording changes to. Modifying +or deleting these lines has no effect. + +\subsection{Writing a good commit message} + +Since \hgcmd{log} only prints the first line of a commit message by +default, it's best to write a commit message whose first line stands +alone. Here's a real example of a commit message that \emph{doesn't} +follow this guideline, and hence has a summary that is not readable. +\begin{codesample2} + changeset: 73:584af0e231be + user: Censored Person <censored.person@example.org> + date: Tue Sep 26 21:37:07 2006 -0700 + summary: include buildmeister/commondefs. Add an exports and install +\end{codesample2} + +As far as the remainder of the contents of the commit message are +concerned, there are no hard-and-fast rules. Mercurial itself doesn't +interpret or care about the contents of the commit message, though +your project may have policies that dictate a certain kind of +formatting. + +My personal preference is for short, but informative, commit messages +that tell me something that I can't figure out with a quick glance at +the output of \hgcmdargs{log}{--patch}. + +\subsection{Aborting a commit} + +If you decide that you don't want to commit while in the middle of +editing a commit message, simply exit from your editor without saving +the file that it's editing. This will cause nothing to happen to +either the repository or the working directory. + +If we run the \hgcmd{commit} command without any arguments, it records +all of the changes we've made, as reported by \hgcmd{status} and +\hgcmd{diff}. + +\subsection{Admiring our new handywork} + +Once we've finished the commit, we can use the \hgcmd{tip} command to +display the changeset we just created. This command produces output +that is identical to \hgcmd{log}, but it only displays the newest +revision in the repository. +\interaction{tour.tip} +We refer to the newest revision in the repository as the tip revision, +or simply the tip. + +\section{Sharing changes} + +We mentioned earlier that repositories in Mercurial are +self-contained. This means that the changeset we just created exists +only in our \dirname{my-hello} repository. Let's look at a few ways +that we can propagate this change into other repositories. + +\subsection{Pulling changes from another repository} +\label{sec:tour:pull} + +To get started, let's clone our original \dirname{hello} repository, +which does not contain the change we just committed. We'll call our +temporary repository \dirname{hello-pull}. +\interaction{tour.clone-pull} + +We'll use the \hgcmd{pull} command to bring changes from +\dirname{my-hello} into \dirname{hello-pull}. However, blindly +pulling unknown changes into a repository is a somewhat scary +prospect. Mercurial provides the \hgcmd{incoming} command to tell us +what changes the \hgcmd{pull} command \emph{would} pull into the +repository, without actually pulling the changes in. +\interaction{tour.incoming} +(Of course, someone could cause more changesets to appear in the +repository that we ran \hgcmd{incoming} in, before we get a chance to +\hgcmd{pull} the changes, so that we could end up pulling changes that we +didn't expect.) + +Bringing changes into a repository is a simple matter of running the +\hgcmd{pull} command, and telling it which repository to pull from. +\interaction{tour.pull} +As you can see from the before-and-after output of \hgcmd{tip}, we +have successfully pulled changes into our repository. There remains +one step before we can work with those changes. + +\section{Updating the working directory} + +We have so far glossed over the relatioship between a repository and +its working directory. The \hgcmd{pull} command that we ran in +section~\ref{sec:tour:pull} brought changes into the repository, but +if we check, there's no sign of those changes in the working +directory. This is because \hgcmd{pull} does not (by default) touch +the working directory. Instead, we use the \hgcmd{update} command to +do this. +\interaction{tour.update} + +It might seem a bit strange that \hgcmd{pull} doesn't update the +working directory automatically. There's actually a good reason for +this: you can use \hgcmd{update} to update the working directory to +the state it was in at \emph{any revision} in the history of the +repository. If you had the working directory updated to an old +revision---to hunt down the origin of a bug, say---and ran a +\hgcmd{pull} which automatically updated the working directory to a +new revision, you might not be terribly happy. + +However, since pull-then-update is such a common thing to do, +Mercurial lets you combine the two by passing the \hgopt{pull}{-u} +option to \hgcmd{pull}. +\begin{codesample2} + hg pull -u +\end{codesample2} + +To find out what revision the working directory is at, use the +\hgcmd{parents} command. +\interaction{tour.parents} +To update the working directory to a particular revision, give a +revision number or changeset~ID to the \hgcmd{update} command. +\interaction{tour.older} +If you omit an explicit revision, \hgcmd{update} will update to the +tip revision. + %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "00book"