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annotate DOCS/de/cd-dvd.html @ 16539:15563bd0874a

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minor spelling/wording/grammar fixes
author diego
date Mon, 19 Sep 2005 23:09:40 +0000
parents a5785a0b9ee1
children
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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2 <HTML>
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3
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4 <HEAD>
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5 <TITLE>CD, DVD, VCD - MPlayer - The Movie Player for Linux</TITLE>
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6 <LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="../default.css">
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7 <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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8 </HEAD>
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9
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10 <BODY>
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13 <H2><A NAME="drives">4.1 CD-ROM- und DVD-ROM-Laufwerke</A></H2>
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15 <P>Auszug aus der Linux-Dokumentation:</P>
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16
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17 <P>Moderne CDROM-Laufwerke k&ouml;nnen sehr hohe Abtastgeschwindigkeiten
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18 erreichen. Einige k&ouml;nnen jedoch auch ihre Geschwindigkeit reduzieren.
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19 Es gibt mehrere Gr&uuml;nde, dies zu tun:</P>
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20
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21 <UL>
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22 <LI>Es gibt Berichte, dass diese Laufwerke bei hohen Geschwindkeiten
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23 Lesefehler erzeugen, vor allem bei schlecht gepressten CD-ROMs. Das
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24 Herabsetzen der Geschwindigkeit kann in diesen F&auml;llen die
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25 Datenverluste verringern.</LI>
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26 <LI>Viele CD-ROM Laufwerke erzeugen st&ouml;rend laute Ger&auml;usche, die
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27 eine niedrigere Geschwindigkeit ebenfalls reduzieren kann.</LI>
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28 </UL>
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29
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30 <P>Die Lesegeschwindigkeit eines IDE-CD-Laufwerkes kann mit <CODE>hdparm</CODE>
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31 oder einem Programm namens <CODE>setcd</CODE> verringert werden. Das geht
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32 so:</P>
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34 <P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>hdparm -E &lt;Geschwindigkeit&gt;
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35 &lt;CD-ROM-Device&gt;</CODE></P>
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36
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37 <P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>setcd -x &lt;Geschwindigkeit&gt;
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38 &lt;CD-ROM-Device&gt;</CODE></P>
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39
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40 <P>Du kannst auch folgendes probieren:</P>
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41
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42 <P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>echo current_speed:4 &gt;
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43 /proc/ide/[CDROM-Device]/settings</CODE></P>
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45 <P>Aber daf&uuml;r brauchst du Root-Privilegien. Der folgende Befehl
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46 k&ouml;nnte ebenfalls helfen:</P>
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47
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48 <P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>echo file_readahead:2000000 &gt;
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49 /proc/ide/[CDROM-Device]/settings</CODE></P>
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50
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51 <P>Dies setzt einen 2MB Lesepuffer für die Daten, was sich bei zerkratzten CDs
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52 als n&uuml;tzlich erweist. Wenn du die Gr&ouml;&szlig;e zu hoch w&auml;hlst,
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53 dann wird das Laufwerk st&auml;ndig beschleunigen und abbremsen und dadurch die
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54 Geschwindigkeit dramatisch verringern. Es ist auch empfehlenswert, das CD-ROM
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55 Laufwerk via hdparm auf performantere Werte einzustellen:</P>
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56
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57 <P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 &lt;CDROM-Device&gt;
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58 </CODE></P>
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59
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60 <P>Dies aktiviert den DMA-Zugriff, Vorauslesen und IRQ-Unmasking
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61 (genauere Details dazu findest du in der <CODE>hdparm</CODE>-Manpage)</P>
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63 <P>Bitte schau dir "<CODE>/proc/ide/[CDROM-Device]/settings</CODE>" an, um
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64 das CD-ROM feineinzustellen.</P>
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66 <P>SCSI-Laufwerke kennen keine einheitliche Schnittstelle zum Setzen dieser
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67 Werte (oder kennst du eine? Dann sag sie uns!) Es gibt ein Tool, das mit <A
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68 HREF="http://das.ist.org/~georg/">Plextor-SCSI-Laufwerken</A> funktioniert.</P>
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69
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70 <P>FreeBSD:</P>
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71
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72 <P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Speed: <CODE>cdcontrol [-f device] speed [speed]
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73 </CODE></P>
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74 <P>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DMA: <CODE>sysctl hw.ata.atapi_dma=1</CODE></P>
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76
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77 <H2><A NAME="dvd">4.2 DVD-Wiedergabe</A></H2>
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78
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79 <P>Bitte schau in der man-Page nach, wenn du eine Auflistung aller
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80 verf&uuml;gbaren Optionen willst. Die Syntax bei einer normalen Digital
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81 Versatile Disc (DVD) sieht wie folgt aus:</P>
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82
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83 <P><CODE>mplayer dvd://&lt;track&gt; [-dvd-device &lt;Ger&auml;t&gt;]</CODE></P>
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84
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85 <P>Beispiel: <CODE>mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdc</CODE></P>
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86
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87 <P>Das Standard-DVD-Ger&auml;t ist <CODE>/dev/dvd</CODE>. Wenn das bei dir
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88 anders ist, so erstelle einen symbolischen Link auf das richtige Ger&auml;t,
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89 oder gib es auf der Kommandozeile mit der Option <CODE>-dvd-device</CODE> an.
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90 </P>
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91
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92 <P>MPlayer benutzt <CODE>libdvdread</CODE> und <CODE>libdvdcss</CODE>
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93 f&uuml;r die DVD Entschl&uuml;sselung und Wiedergabe. Diese beiden Bibliotheken
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94 sind im <CODE>libmpdvdkit2/</CODE>-Unterverzeichnis enthalten und m&uuml;ssen
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95 nicht separat installiert werden. Wir haben uns dazu entschlossen, da wir einen
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96 Fehler in der <CODE>libdvdread</CODE> beheben mussten und einen Patch
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97 hinzuf&uuml;gt haben, welcher <B>Caching-Support f&uuml;r gecrackte
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98 CSS-Keys</B> f&uuml;r <CODE>libdvdcss</CODE> erm&ouml;glicht. Dies f&uuml;hrt
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99 zu einer Geschwindigkeitssteigerung, da MPlayer nicht vor jeder
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100 Wiedergabe die Verschl&uuml;sselung erneut knacken muss.</P>
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101
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102 <P>MPlayer kann jedoch auch die systemweiten <CODE>libdvdread</CODE>-
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103 und <CODE>libdvdcss</CODE>-Bibliotheken verwenden. Diese L&ouml;sung wird
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104 jedoch aus oben den oben genannten Gr&uuml;nden <B>nicht</B> empfohlen.
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105 Aus&szlig;erdem kann es zu Fehlern, Inkompatibilit&auml;ten zwischen den
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106 Bibliotheken und niedriger Geschwindigkeit f&uuml;hren.</P>
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107
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108 <H4>Unterst&uuml;tzung f&uuml;r DVD-Navigation</H4>
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109
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110 <P>An einer Unterst&uuml;tzung f&uuml;r DVD-Navigation via <CODE>dvdnav</CODE>
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111 wird gearbeitet. Sie ist jedoch noch nicht vollendet und wird momentan nicht
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112 gewartet. Wer wei&szlig; - vielleicht l&auml;sst sie sich sogar
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113 compilieren.</P>
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114
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115 <H4>Alte DVD-Unterst&uuml;tzung - OPTIONAL</H4>
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116
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117 <P>Nützlich, wenn du verschl&uuml;sselte VOBs von der Festplatte abspielen
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118 willst. Kompiliere und installiere <B>libcss</B> 0.0.1 (nicht neuer). Wenn
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119 MPlayer sie nicht findet, dann benutze die Option <CODE>-csslib
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120 /pfad/zu/libcss.so</CODE>. Um diese Bibliothek zu benutzen musst du root-Rechte
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121 haben, das SUID-Bit f&uuml;r die MPlayer-Programmdatei setzen oder den
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122 fibmap_mplayer-Wrapper benutzen, der das SUID-Bit gesetzt hat.</P>
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123
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124 <H4>DVD-Strukturen</H4>
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125
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126 <P>DVDs benutzen alle 2048 Bytes/Sektor mit ECC/CRC. Meistens beinhalten sie
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127 ein UDF-Dateisystem in einem einzigen Track. Dieses Dateisystem enth&auml;lt
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128 mehrere Dateien (kleine .IFO- und .BUK-Dateien sowie die gro&szlig;en (1GB)
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129 .VOB-Dateien). Sie sind echte Dateien und k&auml;nnen von einem in's
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130 Dateisystem eingeh&auml;ngten Dateisystem einer nicht verschl&auml;usselten
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131 DVD abgespielt oder kopiert werden.</P>
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132
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133 <P>Die .IFO-Dateien enthalten Filmnavigationsinformationen (z.B. Kapitel,
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134 Titel, verschiedene Kameraeinstellungen sofern vorhanden, Tabelle mit den
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135 Sprachen etc.) und werden ben&auml;tigt, um den Inhalt der .VOB-Dateien (den
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136 eigentlichen Film) lesen und interpretieren zu k&ouml;nnen. Die .BUK-Dateien
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137 sind Backups der .IFO-Dateien. Sie benutzen ausschlie&szlig;lich
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138 <B>Sektornummern</B> zur Adressierung, sodass man zur DVD-Navigation das
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139 direkte Ansprechen einzelner Sektoren der DVD implementieren muss. .IFOs werden
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140 ebenfalls ben&auml;tigt, um den Inhalt entschl&auml;sseln zu k&auml;nnen.</P>
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141
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142 <P>Aus diesem Grund braucht die alte DVD-Unterst&uuml;tzung ein in den
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143 Dateibaum eingeh&auml;ngtes DVD-Dateisystem sowie zus&auml;tzlich Zugriff auf
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144 das Device, um einzelne Sektoren der DVD lesen zu k&ouml;nnen. Leider musst du
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145 (unter Linux) root-Rechte besitzen, um die Sektorenadresse einer Datei zu
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146 erhalten. Du hast nun die folgenden M&ouml;glichkeiten:</P>
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147
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148 <UL>
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149 <LI>Sei root oder gib der mplayer-Programmdatei das SUID-Bit.</LI>
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150 <LI>Lass MPlayer das Wrapper-Programm fibmap_mplayer ausf&uuml;hren,
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151 welches das SUID-Bit gesetzt hat, um Zugriff auf die DVD zu bekommen
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152 (wird bei der alten DVD-Unterst&uuml;tzung mit der <CODE>libcss</CODE> so
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153 sgemacht).</LI>
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154 <LI>Lass die Dateisystemtreiber des Kernels links liegen und programmiere
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155 den Support daf&uuml;r erneut im User-Space. <CODE>libdvdread</CODE>
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156 0.9.x und <CODE>libmpdvdkit2</CODE> machen das genau so (neue
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157 DVD-Unterst&uuml;tzung). Der
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158 UDF-Treiber des Kernels wird nicht ben&ouml;tigt, da diese Bibliotheken
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159 ihren eigenen UDF-Dateisystemtreiber mitbringen. Die DVD muss nicht einmal
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160 in den Dateibaum eingeh&auml;ngt sein, da direkt auf die Sektoren der
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161 DVD zugegriffen wird.</LI>
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162 </UL>
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163
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164 <P>Manchmal hat ein Benutzer keinen Zugriff auf das Device (z.B.
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165 <CODE>/dev/dvd</CODE>). Deswegen haben die Autoren der <CODE>libdvdread</CODE>
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166 einen Emulationsmodus spendiert, der eine Umsetzung zwischen Sektornummern und
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167 Dateinamen/Offsets vornimmt. Damit wird Sektorzugriff auch bei in das
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168 Dateisystem eingeh&auml;ngten DVDs und sogar bei auf die Festplatte kopierten
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169 Dateien erm&ouml;glicht.</P>
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170
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171 <P><CODE>libdvdread</CODE> akzeptiert sogar Mountpoints anstelle von
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172 Devicenamen. Dabei schaut sie in <CODE>/proc/mounts</CODE> nach, um den
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173 tats&auml;chlichen Devicenamen f&uuml;r den Sektorzugriff herauszufinden.
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174 Entwickelt wurde diees Verfahren f&uuml;r Solaris, da Solaris Devicenamen
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175 dynamisch vergibt.</P>
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176
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177 <P>Der Standardname f&uuml;r das DVD-Device ist <CODE>/dev/dvd</CODE>. Sollte
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178 das bei dir anders sein, so erstelle einen symbolischen Link auf das richtige
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179 Device, oder gib es beim Starten mit der Option <CODE>-dvd-device</CODE>
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180 separat an.
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181
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182 <H4>DVD-Authentifizierung</H4>
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183
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184 <P>Die Authentifizierung und Entschl&uuml;sselung der neuen
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185 DVD-Unterst&uuml;tzung wird durch eine gepatchte <CODE>libdvdcss</CODE>
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186 erm&ouml;glicht (siehe oben). Die Zugriffsmethoden k&ouml;nnen &uuml;ber die
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187 Umgebungsvariable <CODE>DVDCSS_METHOD</CODE> gew&auml;hlt werden. G&auml;ultige
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188 Werte sind <CODE>key</CODE>, <CODE>disk</CODE> und <CODE>title</CODE>.</P>
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189
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190 <P>Wird nichts angegeben, so versucht libdvdcss die folgenden Methoden
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191 (Standardwerte: key, title-Request):</P>
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192
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193 <OL>
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194 <LI><B>bus key:</B>Dieser Schl&uuml;ssel wird w&auml;hrend der
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195 Authentifizierung (eine lange Mischung aus ioctls und verschiedenen
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196 Schl&uuml;sselaustauschen, dient der Entschl&uuml;sselung) verhandelt.
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197 Er wird benutzt, um die title- und disk-Schl&uuml;ssel vor dem Versand
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198 &uuml;ber den ungesch&uuml;tzten Systembus zu verschl&uuml;sseln und damit
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199 ein Ablauschen der Schl&uuml;ssel zu verhindern. Der bus key ist
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200 erforderlich, um den verschl&uuml;sselten disk key zu erhalten und zu
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201 entschl&uuml;sseln.</LI>
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202 <LI><B>cached key:</B> MPlayer sucht nach bereits gecrackten
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203 Schl&uuml;sseln, die im <CODE>~/.mplayer/DVDKeys</CODE>-Verzeichnis
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204 gespeichert werden (das ist schnell ;).</LI>
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205 <LI><B>key:</B> Falls kein cached key vorhanden ist, so versucht
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206 MPlayer den disk key mit Hilfe einer Reihe von mitgelieferten
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207 und eincompilierten player keys zu entschl&uuml;sseln.</LI>
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208 <LI><B>disk:</B> Wenn die key-Methode fehlschl&auml;gt (z.B. wenn keine
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209 Player-Schl&uuml;ssel dabei sind), so versucht MPlayer, den
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210 disk key mit Hilfe eines brute-force-Algorithmusses zu knacken. Dieser
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211 Prozess belastet die CPU sehr und ben&ouml;tigt mindestens 64MB Speicher
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212 (16M 32Bit breite Eintr&auml;ge in einer Hashtabelle), um tempor&auml;re
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213 Werte zu speichern. Diese Methode sollte immer funktionieren, ist aber
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214 langsam.</LI>
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215 <LI><B>title request:</B> Mit dem disk key kann MPlayer den
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216 verschl&uuml;sselten title key anfordern, der auf <I>versteckten
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217 Sektoren</I>, die mit <CODE>ioctl()</CODE> ausgelesen werden, auf der DVD
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218 gespeichert ist. Der Gebietsschutz der RPC-2-konformen DVD-Laufwerke
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219 wird in diesem Schritt realisiert. Bei manchen Laufwerken kann dieser
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220 Schritt fehlschlagen. Wenn die Anforderung erfolgreich war, wird der
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221 title key mit dem bus key und dem disk key entschl&uuml;sselt.</LI>
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222 <LI><B>title:</B> Diese Methode wird dann benutzt, wenn die Anforderung
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223 f&uuml;r den title key fehlgeschlagen ist. Sie basiert nicht auf einem
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224 Datenaustausch mit dem DVD-Laufwerk sondern benutzt einen kryptographischen
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225 Angriff, der den title key versucht zu erraten. (Dabei wird versucht, sich
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226 wiederholende Muster im entschl&uuml;sselten Inhalt der VOBs zu finden.
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227 Geraten wird dann, dass die ersten verschl&uuml;sselten Bytes des dazu
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228 passenden verschl&uuml;sselten Textes
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229 eine Weiterf&uuml;hrung dieser Muster sind.) Diese Methode ist auch als
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230 "known plaintext attack" (Angriff bei bekanntem Klartext) oder "DeCSSPlus"
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231 bekannt. In seltenen F&auml;llen kann auch diese Methode fehlschlagen,
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232 wenn nicht genug verschl&uuml;sselte Daten auf der DVD vorhanden sind,
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233 um einen statistischen Angriff zu starten, oder weil sich der Schl&uuml;ssel
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234 mitten in einem Titel &auml;ndert. Diese Methode ist die
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235 einzige M&ouml;glichkeit, den auf der Festplatte gespeicherten Inhalt einer
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236 DVD zu entschl&uuml;sseln und bei RPC2-Laufwerken mit falschem Regionalcode
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237 (langsam).</LI>
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238 </OL>
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239
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240 <P>RPC-1-konforme DVD-Laufwerke sind nur &uuml;ber den Gebietsschutz
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241 gesch&uuml;tzt, den der Softwareplayer bietet. RPC-2-konforme Laufwerke haben
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242 dagegen einen Hardwareschutz, der es nur f&uuml;nf mal erlaubt, den Gebietscode
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243 zu &auml;ndern. Es ist evtl. n&ouml;tig oder empfehlenswert, dass du Firmware
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244 f&uuml;r dein Laufwerk zu finden, die nur einen RPC-1-Schutz implementiert.
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245 Firmwareupgrades k&ouml;nnen auf dieser
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246 <A HREF="http://perso.club-internet.fr/farzeno/firmware/">Firmwareseite</A>
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247 gefunden werden. Solltest du dort keine Firmware f&uuml;r dein Laufwerk finden,
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248 so kannst du mit dem
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249 <A HREF="http://www.linuxtv.org/download/dvd/dvd_disc_20000215.tar.gz">
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250 region set tool</A> den Gebietscode deines DVD-Laufwerks &auml;ndern (klappt
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251 nur unter Linux). <B>Warnung:</B> Du kannst nur f&uuml;nf mal den Gebietscode
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252 &auml;dnern.</P>
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253
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254
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255 <H2><A NAME="vcd">4.3 VCD Wiedergabe</A></H2>
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256
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257 <P><B>Abspielen von Standard Video-CDs:</B></P>
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258
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259 <P><CODE>mplayer vcd://&lt;Tracknummer&gt; [-cdrom-device
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260 &lt;Ger&auml;t&gt;]</CODE></P>
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261
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262 <P>Beispiele:<BR>
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263 <CODE>mplayer vcd://2 -cdrom-device /dev/hdc</CODE><BR></P>
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264
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265 <P>Das Standard-CD-Rom-Laufwerk ist <CODE>/dev/cdrom</CODE>. Falls das bei dir
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266 nicht der Fall ist, erstelle einen symbolischen Link oder gib das richtige
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267 Ger&auml;t mit <CODE>-cdrom-device</CODE> auf der Kommandozeile an.</P>
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268
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269 <P><B>Anmerkung</B>: Zumindest einige Plextor- und Toshiba-SCSI-CD-Rom-Laufwerke
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270 haben eine grauenvolle Geschwindkeit beim Lesen von VCDs. Das liegt daran,
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271 dass der ioctl-Aufruf CDROMREADRAW nicht vollst&auml;ndig implementiert ist.
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272 Wenn du Ahnung von der SCSI-Programmierung hast, dann
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273 <A HREF="../tech/patches.txt">hilf uns</A>, generische Unterst&uuml;tzung
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274 f&uuml;r VCD auf SCSI-Laufwerken zu implementieren.</P>
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275
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276 <P>Bis dahin kannst du mit
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277 <A HREF="http://140.132.1.204/OS/Linux/packages/X/viewers/readvcd/">readvcd</A>
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278 Daten von der VCD extrahieren und diese mit MPlayer abspielen.</P>
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279
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280 <H4>VCD-Struktur</H4>
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281
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282 <P>Eine VCD besteht aus einem oder mehreren Spuren:</P>
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283
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284 <UL>
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285 <LI>Die erste Spur ist eine kleine Datenspur mit 2048 Bytes pro Sektor, die
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286 ein ISO9660-Dateisystem enth&auml;lt, auf dem meist ein VCD-Player
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287 f&uuml;r Windows und eventuell auch andere Informationen (Bilder, Texte
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288 etc.) gespeichert sind.</LI>
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289 <LI>Die zweite Spur und alle folgenden sind MPEG-Spuren mit 2324 Bytes pro
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290 Sektor, die ein MPEG-PS-Datenpaket pro Sektor anstelle des Dateisystems
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291 enthalten. &Auml;hnlich wie bei Audio-CDs k&ouml;nnen diese Spuren
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292 <B>nicht gemountet</B> werden (hast du jemals eine Audio-CD gemountet,
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293 um sie abzuspielen?). Da die meisten Filme sich auf der zweiten Spur
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294 befinden, solltest du zuerst <CODE>vcd://2</CODE> ausprobieren.</LI>
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295 <LI>Es existieren auch VCDs ohne die erste Spur (nur eine Spur, &uuml;berhaupt
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296 kein Dateisystem). Diese lassen sich abspielen aber nicht mounten.</LI>
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297 </UL>
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298
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299 <H4>&Uuml;ber .DAT-Dateien:</H4>
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300
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301 <P>Die ca. 600MB gro&szlig;e sichtbare Datei auf der ersten Spur der
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302 gemounteten VCD ist keine echte Datei! Es handelt sich dabei um ein sogenanntes
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303 ISO-Gateway, das erstellt wurde, um Windows zu erm&ouml;glichen, solche Spuren
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304 zu lesen (Windows erlaubt Anwendungen den direkten Zugtriff auf das Laufwekr
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305 n&auml;mlich nicht). Unter Linux kannst du diese Datei weder einfach kopieren
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306 noch einfach abspielen (sie enthalten dann nur M&uuml;ll). Unter Windows geht
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307 das, weil der ISO9660-Treiber den direkten Zugriff auf die Spur emuliert. Um
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308 eine .DAT-Datei abzuspielen, brauchst du einen Kerneltreiber, der in der
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309 Linux-Version von PowerDVD enthalten ist. Er enth&auml;lt einen modifizierten
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310 Treiber f&uuml;r das ISO9660-Dateisystem (<CODE>vcdfs/isofs-2.4.X.o</CODE>),
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311 der ebenfalls in der Lage ist, das direkte Auslesen &uuml;ber diese .DAT-Datei
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312 zu emulieren. Wenn du die Disc mit diesem Treiber mountest, dann kannst du die
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313 .DAT-Datei kopieren und sogar direkt mit MPlayer abspielen. Das wird
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314 aber <B>nicht</B> mit dem Standard-ISO9660-Treiber funktionieren! Benutze dabei
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315 <CODE>-vcd</CODE>. Alternativen f&uuml;r's Kopieren einer VCD sind der neue <A
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316 HREF="http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/~ronsse/cdfs/">cdfs</A>-Kerneltreiber (der
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317 nicht Teil des offiziellen Kernels ist), der CD-<I>Sessions</I> als Abbilder
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318 anzeigt, und <A HREF="http://cdrdao.sourceforge.net/">cdrdao</A>, ein
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319 Anwendung zum Bit-f&uuml;r-Bit-Grabben/Kopieren von CDs.</P>
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320
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321 </BODY>
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322 </HTML>