annotate DOCS/xml/fr/containers.xml @ 25143:5778b137bf4f

synced with r25146
author ptt
date Mon, 26 Nov 2007 21:24:26 +0000
parents c082e4011ca3
children 7f6bec0700aa
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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2 <!-- synced with r20341 -->
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3 <chapter id="containers">
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4 <title>Conteneurs</title>
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5
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6 <para>
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7 Il est important de clarifier une erreur commune. Quand les gens voient
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8 un fichier avec une extension <filename>.AVI</filename>, ils en concluent
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9 immédiatement qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un fichier MPEG. Ce n'est pas vrai.
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10 Du moins pas entièrement. Contrairement aux suppositions populaires, un
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11 tel fichier <emphasis>peut</emphasis> contenir de la vidéo MPEG-1.
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12 </para>
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13
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14 <para>
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15 Vous voyez, un <emphasis role="bold">codec</emphasis> n'est pas la même chose qu'un
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16 <emphasis role="bold">format de conteneur</emphasis>.
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17 Exemples de <emphasis role="bold">codecs</emphasis> vidéo: MPEG-1, MPEG-2,
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18 MPEG-4 (DivX), Indeo5, 3ivx.
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19 Exemples de <emphasis role="bold">formats</emphasis> de conteneur: MPG, AVI, ASF.
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20 </para>
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21
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22 <para>
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23 En théorie, vous pouvez placer une vidéo OpenDivX et de l'audio MP3 dans un
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24 <emphasis role="bold">conteneur MPG</emphasis>. Par contre, la plupart des lecteurs
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25 ne pourrons pas lire ce fichier car ils attendent de la vidéo MPEG-1 et de l'audio
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26 MP2 (contrairement à l'<emphasis role="bold">AVI</emphasis>, le
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27 <emphasis role="bold">MPG</emphasis> ne contient pas les champs nécessaires pour
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28 décrire ses flux vidéo et audio). Ou vous pouvez placer de la vidéo MPEG-1 dans
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29 un fichier AVI.
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30 <ulink url="http://ffmpeg.org/">FFmpeg</ulink> et
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31 <link linkend="mencoder"><application>MEncoder</application></link> peuvent créer ces fichiers.
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32 </para>
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33
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34
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35 <sect1 id="video-formats">
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36 <title>Formats vidéo</title>
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37
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38 <sect2 id="mpg-vob-dat">
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39 <title>Fichiers MPEG</title>
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40
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41 <para>
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42 Les fichiers MPEG peuvent avoir des apparences différentes:
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43 </para>
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44
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45 <itemizedlist>
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46 <listitem><para>
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47 MPG: C'est la forme la plus <emphasis role="bold">basique</emphasis> des formats
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48 de fichier MPEG. Il contient de la vidéo MPEG-1, et de l'audio MP2 (MPEG-1 layer 2)
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49 ou plus rarement MP1.
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50 </para></listitem>
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51 <listitem><para>
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52 DAT: C'est très exactement le même format que MPG mais avec une extension différente.
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53 Il est utilisé dans les <emphasis role="bold">Video CDs</emphasis>. A cause de
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54 la façon dont sont créés les VCDs et dont linux est conçu, les fichiers DAT ne
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55 peuvent être ni lus ni copiés depuis des VCDs en temps que fichiers réguliers.
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56 Vous devrez utiliser l'option <option>vcd://</option> pour lire un Video CD.
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57 </para></listitem>
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58 <listitem><para>
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59 VOB: C'est le format de fichier MPEG des <emphasis role="bold">DVDs</emphasis>.
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60 C'est le même que MPG, plus la capacité de contenir des sous-titres et de
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61 l'audio non-MPEG (AC-3). Il contient de la vidéo encodée en MPEG2 et généralement
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62 de l'audio AC-3, mais DTS, MP2 et LPCM non-compressé sont également autorisés.
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63 Lisez la section <link linkend="dvd">DVD</link>!
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64 </para></listitem>
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65 <listitem><para>
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66 TY: C'est un flux TiVo MPEG. Il contient les données MPEG PES pour les flux audio et
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67 vidéo, ainsi que des informations en plus comme les closed captions (CC). Le
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68 conteneur n'est pas un flux de programme MPEG, mais un format fermé créé par
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69 TiVo. Pour plus d'informations sur le format de flux TiVo, veuillez vous référer à
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70 <ulink url="http://dvd-create.sourceforge.net/tystudio/tystream.shtml">
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71 la page TyStudio</ulink>.
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72 </para></listitem>
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73 </itemizedlist>
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74
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75 <para>
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76 Les séries de trames forment des groupes indépendants dans les fichiers MPEG.
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77 Cela signifie que vous pouvez couper/joindre un fichier MPEG avec des outils
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78 fichiers standards (comme <command>dd</command>, <command>cut</command>), et il
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79 restera parfaitement lisible.
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80 </para>
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81
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82 <para>
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83 Une fonction importante des MPGs est qu'ils ont un champ décrivant le rapport
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84 d'aspect du flux vidéo à l'interieur du flux. Par exemple les SVCDs ont une résolution
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85 de 480x480, et dans l'entête ce champ est fixé à 4:3, il est donc
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86 lu en 640x480. Les fichiers AVI n'ont souvent pas ce champ, ils doivent donc être
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87 redimensionnés durant l'encodage ou joués avec l'option <option>-aspect</option>.
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88 </para>
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89 </sect2>
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90
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91
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92 <sect2 id="avi">
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93 <title>Fichiers AVI</title>
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94
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95 <para>
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96 Conçu par Microsoft, <emphasis role="bold">AVI (Audio Video Interleaved)</emphasis>
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97 est un format répandu et multi-usages actuellement utilisé par la plupart des vidéos
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98 MPEG-4 (DivX et DivX4). Il a de nombreux inconvénients et défauts (par exemple en streaming).
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99 Il supporte un flux vidéo et de 0 à 99 flux audio. La taille du fichier est limité
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100 à 2Go, mais il existe une extension permettant des fichiers plus gros appelée
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101 <emphasis role="bold">OpenDML</emphasis>. Actuellement Microsoft décourage fortement son utilisation au profit
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102 d' ASF/WMV.
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103 </para>
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104
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105 <para>
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106 Il y a un hack qui permet aux fichiers AVI de contenir un flux audio Ogg Vorbis,
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107 mais qui les rend incompatibles avec le standard AVI.
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108 <application>MPlayer</application> peut lire ces fichiers. Le déplacement est
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109 aussi implémenté mais sévèrement gêné par les fichiers mal encodés avec des
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110 entêtes trompeuses. Malheureusement le seul encodeur capable actuellement de
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111 créer ces fichiers, <application>NanDub</application>, a ce problème.
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112 </para>
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113
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114 <note>
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115 <para>
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116 Les caméras DV créent des flux DV bruts que les utilitaires de capture DV
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117 convertissent en deux types de fichiers AVI différents. L'AVI pourra ensuite
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118 contenir soit des flux audio et vidéo séparés que <application>MPlayer</application>
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119 peut lire, soit un flux DV brut pour lequel le support est en développement.
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120 </para>
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121 </note>
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122
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123 <para>
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124 Il y a deux types de fichiers AVI:
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125 <itemizedlist>
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126 <listitem><para>
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127 <emphasis role="bold">Entrelacé:</emphasis> Les contenus audios et vidéos sont
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128 entrelacés. C'est l'utilisation standard. Recommandée et généralement utilisée.
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129 Certains outils créent des AVIs entrelacés avec une mauvaise synchro.
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130 <application>MPlayer</application> les détecte comme entrelacés, ce qui va
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131 enduire une perte de synchro A/V, probablement pendant un déplacement. Ces
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132 fichiers devraient être lu en tant que non-entrelacés (avec l'option <option>-ni</option>).
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133 </para></listitem>
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134 <listitem><para>
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135 <emphasis role="bold">Non-entrelacé:</emphasis> D'abord vient le flux vidéo
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136 entier, puis le flux audio entier. Il a donc besoin de beaucoup de déplacements,
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137 rendant la lecture depuis le réseau ou un CD-ROM difficile.
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138 </para></listitem>
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139 </itemizedlist>
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140 </para>
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141
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142 <para>
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143 <application>MPlayer</application> supporte deux types de synchro pour les fichiers AVI:
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144 <itemizedlist>
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145 <listitem><para>
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146 <emphasis role="bold">basé sur bps</emphasis>: Basé sur le bitrate/samplerate du flux
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147 video/audio. Cette méthode est utilisé dans la plupart des lecteurs,
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148 incluant <ulink url="http://avifile.sf.net">avifile</ulink>
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149 et <application>Windows Media Player</application>. Les fichiers avec des entêtes endommagées,
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150 et les fichiers créés avec de l'audio VBR mais pas avec un encodeur VBR-compliant
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151 auront une désynchro A/V avec cette méthode (la plupart du temps en se déplaçant).
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152 </para></listitem>
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153 <listitem><para>
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154 <emphasis role="bold">basé sur l'entrelacement</emphasis>: N'utilise pas le bitrate
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155 de l'entête, à la place utilise la position relative des morceaux d'audio et de
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156 vidéo entrelacés, rendant lisibles les fichiers mal encodés avec de l'audio VBR.
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157 </para></listitem>
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158 </itemizedlist>
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159 </para>
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160
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161 <para>
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162 N'importe quel codec audio et vidéo est autorisé, mais notez que l'audio VBR
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163 n'est pas très bien supporté par la plupart des lecteurs. Le format de fichier
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164 rend l'utilisation d'audio VBR possible, mais la plupart des lecteurs attendent
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165 de l'audio CBR, donc ils échouent avec VBR. VBR n'est pas très courant et les
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166 spécs AVI de Microsoft ne décrivent que l'audio CBR. La plupart des
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167 encodeurs /multiplexeurs créés de mauvais fichiers en utilisant l'audio VBR.
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168 Il n'y a que deux exceptions:
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169 <application>NanDub</application> et <link linkend="mencoder">MEncoder</link>.
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170 </para>
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171 </sect2>
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172
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173
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174 <sect2 id="asf-wmv">
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175 <title>Fichiers ASF/WMV</title>
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176 <para>
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177 ASF (Active Streaming Format) provient de Microsoft. Ils ont développé deux
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178 variantes de l'ASF, v1.0 et v2.0. v1.0 est utilisé par leurs outils multimédia
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179 (<application>Windows Media Player</application> et <application>Windows Media Encoder</application>)
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180 et sont très secrètes. v2.0 est publié et breveté :).
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181 Bien sûr elles diffèrent, il n'y a pas de compatibilité du tout (ce n'est juste
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182 qu'un autre nom légal).
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183 <application>MPlayer</application> ne supporte que la v1.0, car personne n'a vu de fichiers v2.0 :).
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184 Notez que les fichiers ASF portent maintenant l'extension
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185 <filename>.WMA</filename> ou <filename>.WMV</filename>.
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186 </para>
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187 </sect2>
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188
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189
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190 <sect2 id="mov">
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191 <title>Fichiers QuickTime/MOV</title>
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192
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193 <para>
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194 Ces formats ont été conçus par Apple et peuvent contenir n'importe quel codec, CBR ou VBR.
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195 Ils ont généralement une extension <filename>.QT</filename> ou <filename>.MOV</filename>.
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196 Notez que depuis que le groupe MPEG4 a choisi QuickTime en tant que
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197 format recommandé pour le MPEG4, leurs fichiers MOV sont diffusés avec une
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198 extension <filename>.MPG</filename> ou <filename>.MP4</filename> (Au passage les
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199 flux vidéo et audio de ces fichiers sont de véritables fichiers MPG et AAC. Vous
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200 pouvez même les extraire avec les options <option>-dumpvideo</option> et
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201 <option>-dumpaudio</option>).
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202 </para>
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203
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204 </sect2>
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205
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206
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207 <sect2 id="vivo">
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208 <title>Fichiers VIVO</title>
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209
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210 <para>
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211 <application>MPlayer</application> démuxe les fichiers VIVO avec plaisir.
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212 Le plus gros désavantage de ce format est qu'il n'a pas de bloc d'index, ni
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213 de taille de paquets fixe ou d'octet de synchro et la plupart des fichiers
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214 manquent même de trames clés, donc oubliez le déplacement !
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215 </para>
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216
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217 <para>
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218 Le codec vidéo des fichiers VIVO/1.0 est le <emphasis role="bold">h.263</emphasis>
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219 standard. Le codec vidéo des fichiers VIVO/2.0 est un
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220 <emphasis role="bold">h.263v2</emphasis> modifié et non-standard. Même chose pour
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221 l'audio, qui peut être <emphasis role="bold">g.723 (standard)</emphasis>, ou
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222 <emphasis role="bold">Vivo Siren</emphasis>.
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223 </para>
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224
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225 </sect2>
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226
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227
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228 <sect2 id="fli">
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229 <title>Fichiers FLI</title>
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230 <para>
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231 <emphasis role="bold">FLI</emphasis> est un très ancien format de fichier
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232 utilisé par Autodesk Animator, mais c'est un format courant pour les animations
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233 courtes trouvées sur le net.
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234 <application>MPlayer</application> démuxe et décode les films FLI et est même
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235 capable de ce déplacer à l'intérieur (utile en utilisant l'option
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236 <option>-loop</option>). Les fichiers FLI n'ont pas de trame clé, donc l'image
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237 sera brouillée pendant un court instant après le déplacement.
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238 </para>
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239 </sect2>
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240
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241
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242 <sect2 id="realmedia">
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243 <title>Fichiers RealMedia (RM)</title>
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244
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245 <para>
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246 Oui, <application>MPlayer</application> peut lire (démuxer) les fichiers RealMedia
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247 (<filename>.rm</filename>).
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248 </para>
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249 </sect2>
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250
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251
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252 <sect2 id="nuppelvideo">
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253 <title>Fichiers NuppelVideo</title>
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254 <para>
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255 NuppelVideo
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256 est un outil de capture TV (d'après ce que j'en sais:). <application>MPlayer</application>
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257 peut lire ses fichiers <filename>.NUV</filename> (NuppelVideo 5.0 uniquement).
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258 Ces fichiers peuvent contenir des trames YV12 non-compressées, YV12+RTJpeg compressées,
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259 YV12 RTJpeg+lzo compressées, et YV12+lzo compressées.
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260 <application>MPlayer</application> les décode tous (et les <emphasis role="bold">encode</emphasis>
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261 également avec <application>MEncoder</application> en MPEG-4 (DivX)/etc!).
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262 Le déplacement fonctionne.
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263 </para>
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264 </sect2>
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265
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266
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267 <sect2 id="yuv4mpeg">
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268 <title>Fichiers yuv4mpeg</title>
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269 <para>
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270 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sf.net">yuv4mpeg / yuv4mpeg2</ulink>
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271 est un format de fichier utilisé par les
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272 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sf.net">programmes mjpegtools</ulink>.
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273 Vous pouvez grabber, produire, filtrer ou encoder de la vidéo dans ce format
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274 en utilisant ces outils. Le format de fichier est réellement une séquence
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275 d'images YUV 4:2:0 non-compressées.
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276 </para>
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277 </sect2>
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278
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279
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280 <sect2 id="film">
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281 <title>Fichiers FILM</title>
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282 <para>
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283 Ce format est utilisé par les vieux jeux Sega Saturn CD-ROM.
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284 </para>
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285 </sect2>
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286
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287
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288 <sect2 id="roq">
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289 <title>Fichiers RoQ</title>
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290 <para>
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291 Les fichiers RoQ sont des fichiers multimédia utilisés dans
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292 certains jeux ID comme Quake III et Return to Castle Wolfenstein.
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293 </para>
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294 </sect2>
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295
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296
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297 <sect2 id="ogg">
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298 <title>Fichiers OGG/OGM</title>
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299 <para>
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300 Ceci est un nouveau format de <ulink url="http://www.xiph.org">Xiphophorus</ulink>.
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301 Il peut contenir n'importe quel codec vidéo ou audio, CBR ou VBR. Vous aurez
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302 besoin d'installer <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem> et
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303 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem> avant la compilation de
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304 <application>MPlayer</application> pour qu'il puisse les lire.
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305 </para>
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306 </sect2>
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307
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308
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309 <sect2 id="sdp">
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310 <title>Fichiers SDP</title>
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311 <para>
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312 <ulink url="ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2327.txt">SDP</ulink> est un
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313 format IETF standard pour décrire les flux RTP video et/ou audio.
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314 (Les librairies &quot;<ulink url="http://www.live555.com/mplayer/">LIVE555 Streaming Media</ulink>&quot;
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315 sont requises.)
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316 </para>
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317 </sect2>
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318
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319
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320 <sect2 id="pva">
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321 <title>Fichiers PVA</title>
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322 <para>
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323 PVA est un format semblable à MPEG utilisé dans les logiciels des cartes TV DVB
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324 (par ex.: <application>MultiDec</application>, <application>WinTV</application>
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325 sous Windows.)
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326 </para>
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327 </sect2>
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328
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329 <sect2 id="nsv">
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330 <title>Fichiers NSV</title>
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331 <para>
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332 NSV (NullSoft Video) est un format utilisé par le lecteur
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333 <application>Winamp</application> pour faire du stream audio et vidéo.
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334 La vidéo est en VP3, VP5 ou VP6, l'audio en MP3, AAC ou VLB.
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335 La version audio uniquement de NSV a une extension <filename>.nsa</filename>.
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336 <application>MPlayer</application> peut lire les deux types de flux et fichiers NSV.
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337 Veuillez noter que la plupart des fichiers du
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338 <ulink url="http://www.winamp.com">site de Winamp</ulink> utilisent de l'audio VLB,
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339 qui ne peut être décodé pour l'instant. De plus les flux de ce site nécessitent
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340 une couche suplémentaire de dépaquetage qui doit encore être implémentée (ces
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341 fichiers sont de toute façon illisibles car ils utilisent de l'audio VLB).
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342 </para>
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343 </sect2>
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344
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345 <sect2 id="matroska">
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346 <title>Fichiers Matroska</title>
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347 <para>
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348 Matroska est un format ouvert de conteneur.
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349 En lire plus sur le <ulink url="http://www.matroska.org/">site officiel</ulink>.
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350 </para>
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351 </sect2>
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352
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353
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354 <sect2 id="nut">
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355 <title>fichiers NUT</title>
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356 <para>
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357 NUT est le format de conteneur developé par les membres de
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358 <application>MPlayer</application> et <application>FFmpeg</application>.
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359 Les deux projets le supportent.
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360 En lire plus sur le <ulink url="http://www.nut.hu/">site officiel</ulink>.
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361 </para>
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362 </sect2>
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363
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364
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365 <sect2 id="gif">
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366 <title>Fichiers GIF</title>
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367 <para>
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368 Le format <emphasis role="bold">GIF</emphasis>est un format courant pour les
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369 graphismes web. Il y a deux versions des specs GIF, GIF87a et GIF89a. La
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370 principale différence est que le GIF89a autorise l'animation.
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371 <application>MPlayer</application> supporte les deux formats en utilisant
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372 <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem> ou une autre librairie
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373 compatible libgif.
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374 Les GIFs non-animés seront affichés comme des vidéos à simple trame.
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375 (Utilisez les options <option>-loop</option>
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376 et <option>-fixed-vo</option> pour les afficher plus longtemps).
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377 </para>
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378
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379 <para>
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380 <application>MPlayer</application> ne supporte actuellement pas le déplacement
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381 dans les fichiers GIF. Les fichiers GIF n'ont pas nécessairement une taille de
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382 trame fixe, ni un débit fixe. De plus, chaque trame est de taille indépendante
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383 et, est sensée être positionnée à une certaine place dans un champ de taille fixe.
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384 Le débit est contrôlé par un bloc optionnel avant chaque trame qui spécifie le
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385 décalage de la prochaine trame en centièmes de seconde.
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386 </para>
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387
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388 <para>
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389 Les fichiers GIF standard contiennent des trames 24-bit RGB avec au plus une
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390 palette 8-bit. Ces trames sont généralement compressées en LZW, bien que
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391 certains encodeurs GIF produisent des trames non-compressées pour éviter les
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392 problèmes de licence avec la compression LZW.
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393 </para>
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394
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395 <para>
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396 Si votre distribution ne contient pas <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem>,
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diff changeset
397 téléchargez-en une copie depuis la
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398 <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/libungif">page de libungif
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diff changeset
399 </ulink>. Pour des informations techniques détaillées, regardez la
5cf2bd4d0911 convert DOCS/fr and help/help_mp-fr.* to UTF-8
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400 <ulink url="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt">spécification GIF89a</ulink>.
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401 </para>
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402 </sect2>
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403 </sect1>
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404
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405 <!-- ********** -->
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406
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diff changeset
407 <sect1 id="audio-formats">
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408 <title>Formats Audio</title>
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409
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410 <para>
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411 <application>MPlayer</application> est un lecteur de <emphasis role="bold">films</emphasis>
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412 et pas de <emphasis role="bold">media</emphasis>, bien qu'il puisse lire
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diff changeset
413 quelques formats audio (listés dans les sections ci-dessous). Ce n'est pas un
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414 usage recommandé de <application>MPlayer</application>, vous feriez mieux d'utiliser
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415 <ulink url="http://www.xmms.org">XMMS</ulink>.
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416 </para>
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417
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diff changeset
418 <sect2 id="mp3">
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419 <title>Fichiers MP3</title>
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420 <para>
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421 Vous pouvez avoir des problèmes pour lire certains fichiers MP3 que
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422 <application>MPlayer</application> prends pour des MPEGs et ne joue pas
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423 correctement voir pas du tout. Ceci ne peut être réparé sans enlever le
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424 support de certains fichiers MPEG endommagés et donc restera ainsi pour
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diff changeset
425 un temps indéterminé. L'option <option>-demuxer</option> décrite dans la
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diff changeset
426 page de man pourrait vous aider dans ces cas-là.
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427 </para>
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diff changeset
428 </sect2>
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429
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diff changeset
430 <sect2 id="ogg-vorbis">
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431 <title>Fichiers OGG/OGM (Vorbis)</title>
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432 <para>
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433 Requiert
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434 <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem> et
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435 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem> correctement installés.
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436 </para>
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437 </sect2>
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438
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diff changeset
439 <sect2 id="cdda">
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440 <title>CD audio</title>
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441 <para>
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442 <application>MPlayer</application> peut utiliser <application>cdparanoia</application>
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diff changeset
443 pour lire des CDDA (Audio CD). Le but de cette section n'est pas d'énumérer les
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444 fonctions de <application>cdparanoia</application>.
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445 </para>
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446
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447 <para>
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448 Voir la page de man pour les options à passer à <application>cdparanoia</application>
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449 via <option>-cdda</option>.
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450 </para>
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diff changeset
451 </sect2>
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452
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diff changeset
453 <sect2 id="xmms">
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454 <title>XMMS</title>
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455 <para>
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456 <application>MPlayer</application> peut utiliser les plugins d'entrée de
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457 <application>XMMS</application> pour jouer de nombreux formats de fichier.
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diff changeset
458 Il y a des plugins pour les thèmes de jeux SNES, les thèmes SID (du Commodore
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diff changeset
459 64), de nombreux formats Amiga, .xm, .it, VQF, musepack, Bonk, shorten et bien
b84118357b83 Adding of XML french docs
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diff changeset
460 d'autres. Vous pouvez les trouver sur la
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461 <ulink url="http://www.xmms.org/plugins.php?category=input">page des plugins d'entrée XMMS</ulink>.
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462 </para>
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463
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464 <para>
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465 Pour cette fonctionnalité vous devez avoir <application>XMMS</application>
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b84118357b83 Adding of XML french docs
nicolas
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466 et compiler MPlayer avec <application>MPlayer</application> avec
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467 <command>./configure --enable-xmms</command>.
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468 Si cela ne fonctionne pas, vous pourriez avoir besoin de préciser le chemin
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nicolas
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469 des plugins et des librairies <application>XMMS</application> explicitement
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kraymer
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470 par l'intermédiaire des options <option>--with-xmmsplugindir</option> et
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471 <option>--with-xmmslibdir</option>.
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472 </para>
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473 </sect2>
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474 </sect1>
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475 </chapter>