annotate DOCS/xml/ru/tvinput.xml @ 30935:59f25d383d12

rename eatgv -> ffeatgv, lpcm -> fflpcm for consitently naming all ffmpeg codecs requested by compn
author attila
date Wed, 31 Mar 2010 06:33:08 +0000
parents 0f1b5b68af32
children 7702d4effbbe
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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2 <!-- synced with r24604 -->
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3 <chapter id="tv">
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4 <title>TV</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="tv-input" xreflabel="TV вход">
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7 <title>TV вход</title>
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8
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9 <para>
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10 В этой секции описывается, как включить <emphasis role="bold">просмотр/захват
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11 с V4L-совместимого TV тюнера</emphasis>. См. man страницу, для описания TV опций
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12 и кнопок управления.
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13 </para>
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14
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15 <!-- ********** -->
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16
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17 <sect2 id="tv-compilation">
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18 <title>Компиляция</title>
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19
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20 <procedure>
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21 <step><para>
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22 Во-первых, Вам нужно перекомпилировать <application>MPlayer</application>,
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23 <filename>./configure</filename> автоматически обнаружит заголовки ядра,
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24 относящиеся к v4l, и наличие <filename>/dev/video*</filename> устройств.
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25 Если они существуют, будет собрана поддержка TV (см. вывод
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26 <filename>./configure</filename>).
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27 </para></step>
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28 <step><para>
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29 Убедитесь, что Ваш тюнер работает с другими TV приложениями под Linux,
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30 например <application>XawTV</application>.
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31 </para></step>
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32 </procedure>
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33 </sect2>
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34
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35 <!-- ********** -->
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36
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37 <sect2 id="tv-tips">
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38 <title>Советы по использованию</title>
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39 <para>
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40 Полный список опций доступен на страницах руководства (man).
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41 Вот всего несколько советов:
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42
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43 <itemizedlist>
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44 <listitem><para>
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45 Используйте опцию <option>channels</option>. Пример:
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46 <screen>-tv channels=26-MTV1,23-TV2</screen>
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47 Объяснение: При использовании такой опции, будут использоваться только каналы 26
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48 и 23, и, кроме того, будет приятный OSD текст при переключении между каналами,
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49 отображающий название канала. Пробелы в названиях каналов должны быть заменены
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50 символом "_".
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51 </para></listitem>
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52 <listitem><para>
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53 Выберите разумные размеры изображения. Размеры полученного
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54 изображения должны делиться на 16.
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55 </para></listitem>
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56 <listitem>
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57 <para>
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58 Если Вы захватываете видео с вертикальным разрешением выше половины полного
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59 разрешения (т.е. 288 для PAL или 240 для NTSC), то получаемые вами 'кадры'
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60 на самом деле будут чередующимися[interleaved] парами полей. В зависимости от того,
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61 что вы собираетесь делать с видео, можно оставить их в таком виде,
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62 произвести разрушающую (с возможной потерей качества) построчную развёртку,
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63 либо разделить пары обратно в отдельные поля.
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64 </para>
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65
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66 <para>
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67 Иначе Вы получите фильм с сильными искажениями в
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68 сценах с быстрыми движениями, и управление битпотоком, скорее всего, будет даже не
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69 в состоянии поддерживать необходимый уровень битпотока, поскольку артефакты
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70 чересстрочной развёртки создают огромное количество мелких деталей и поэтому
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71 отнимают большую часть полосы пропускания. Вы можете включить преобразование в
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72 построчную развёртку,
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73 используя <option>-vf pp=DEINT_TYPE</option>. Обычно <option>pp=lb</option>
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74 работает хорошо, но это уже субъективное мнение. Другие алгоритмы
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75 преобразования в построчную развёртку см. на man-странице и попробуйте их.
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76 </para>
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77 </listitem>
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78 <listitem><para>
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79 Обрежьте пустое пространство. Когда вы захватываете видео, зоны по краям, как правило,
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80 черны или содержат просто шум. Это опять съедает часть битпотока.
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81 Точнее, это не сами чёрные зоны, а контрастный переход от чёрного к более
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82 светлому видео, но это сейчас не важно. Прежде чем Вы начнёте захватывать,
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83 подстройте аргументы опции <option>crop</option>, чтобы обрезать весь мусор по
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84 краям. Ещё раз, не забудьте сохранить получившиеся размеры изображения
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85 разумными.
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86 </para></listitem>
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87 <listitem><para>
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88 Отслеживайте загрузку CPU. Она не должна пересекать 90% границу большую часть
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89 времени. Если у Вас большой размер буфера захвата,
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90 <application>MEncoder</application> переживёт
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91 перегрузку в течение нескольких секунд, но не более того. Лучше отключить 3D
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92 OpenGL, хранители экрана и другую подобную гадость.
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93 </para></listitem>
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94 <listitem><para>
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95 Не меняйте системные часы. <application>MEncoder</application> использует
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96 системные часы для A/V синхронизации. Если Вы переведёте системные часы
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97 (особенно назад), <application>MEncoder</application> запутается,
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98 и Вы начнёте терять кадры. Это особенно
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99 важный вопрос, если Вы подключены к сети и используете какие-нибудь программы
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100 синхронизации времени, в духе NTP. Вы должны отключить NTP во время захвата,
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101 если Вы действительно хотите сделать хорошую запись.
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102 </para></listitem>
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103 <listitem><para>
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104 Изменяйте значение <option>outfmt</option> только если Вы знаете, что Вы
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105 делаете, или Ваши карта/драйвер не поддерживают значение по умолчанию
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106 (пространство цветов YV12). В старых версиях <application>MPlayer</application>/
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107 <application>MEncoder</application> было необходимо выставлять нужное значение
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108 формата вывода.
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109 Эта проблема должна быть решена в текущих версиях и опция <option>outfmt</option>
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110 больше не требуется, поскольку значение по умолчанию подходит в
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111 большинстве случаев. Например если Вы будете захватывать в DivX, используя
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112 <systemitem class="library">libavcodec</systemitem> и укажете
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113 <option>outfmt=RGB24</option> для улучшения качества
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114 полученного изображения, то Вы увидите, что в действительности, изображение все
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115 равно будет перекодировано в YV12, поэтому все что Вы получите, это огромная
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116 загрузка CPU.
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117 </para></listitem>
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118 <listitem><para>
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119 Чтобы использовать пространство цветов I420 (<option>outfmt=i420</option>), Вы
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120 должны указать опцию <option>-vc rawi420</option> в связи с конфликтом fourcc с
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121 видео кодеком Intel Indeo.
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122 </para></listitem>
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123 <listitem><para>
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124 Есть несколько путей захвата аудио. Вы можете получить звук, либо используя Вашу
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125 звуковую карту и внешний кабель, соединяющий видео карту и линейный вход[line-in],
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126 либо используя встроенный АЦП на чипе bt878. В этом случае, Вы должны
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127 загрузить драйвер <emphasis role="bold">btaudio</emphasis>. Читайте файл
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128 <filename>linux/Documentation/sound/btaudio</filename> (в дереве ядра, не
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129 <application>MPlayer</application>'а) с некоторыми инструкциями по
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130 использованию этого драйвера.
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131 </para></listitem>
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132 <listitem><para>
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133 Если <application>MEncoder</application> не может открыть аудио устройство,
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134 убедитесь, что оно действительно доступно. Возможны некоторые трудности со
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135 звуковыми серверами, например arts (KDE) и esd (GNOME). Если у Вас
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136 полнодуплексная звуковая карта (почти все современные карты это поддерживают),
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137 и Вы используете KDE, попробуйте отметить галочку "full duplex" в меню настроек
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138 звукового сервера.
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139 </para></listitem>
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140 </itemizedlist>
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141 </para>
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142 </sect2>
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143
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144 <!-- ********** -->
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145
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146 <sect2 id="tv-examples">
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147 <title>Примеры</title>
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148
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149 <informalexample><para>
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150 Фиктивный вывод, AAlib :)
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151 <screen>mplayer -tv driver=dummy:width=640:height=480 -vo aatv://</screen>
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152 </para></informalexample>
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153
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154 <informalexample><para>
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155 Ввод со стандартного V4L:
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156 <screen>
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157 mplayer -tv driver=v4l:width=640:height=480:outfmt=i420 -vc rawi420 -vo xv tv://
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158 </screen>
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159 </para></informalexample>
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160
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161 <informalexample><para>
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162 Более изощрённый пример. Это заставляет <application>MEncoder</application> захватывать
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163 полное PAL изображение, обрезать края и изменить развёртку картинки на построчную,
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164 используя алгоритм линейного смешивания. Аудио сжимается до постоянного
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165 битпотока 64 кБ/с, используя LAME кодек. Эти установки подходят для захвата фильмов.
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166 <screen>
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167 mencoder -tv driver=v4l:width=768:height=576 -oac mp3lame -lameopts cbr:br=64\
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168 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vbitrate=900 \
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169 -vf crop=720:544:24:16,pp=lb -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable> tv://
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170 </screen>
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171 </para></informalexample>
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172
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173 <informalexample><para>
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174 Здесь, изображение будет дополнительно масштабировано до 384x288 и сжато с
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175 битпотоком 350 кБ/с в режиме высокого качества. Опция vqmax даёт волю
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176 квантайзеру и позволяет компрессору видео действительно достичь столь
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177 низкого битпотока, правда ценой качества. Это может быть полезно для захвата
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178 длинных TV серий, где качество не особенно важно.
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179 <screen>
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180 mencoder -tv driver=v4l:width=768:height=576 \
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181 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vbitrate=350:vhq:vqmax=31:keyint=300 \
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182 -oac mp3lame -lameopts cbr:br=48 -sws 1 -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable> \
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183 -vf crop=720:540:24:18,pp=lb,scale=384:288 tv://
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184 </screen>
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185 Также возможно указать меньшие размеры изображения в опции <option>-tv</option>
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186 и пропустить программное масштабирование, но приведённый подход использует
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187 максимальное доступное количество информации и чуть более устойчив к шуму.
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188 Чипы bt8x8 из-за аппаратных ограничений могут усреднять пиксели только по
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189 горизонтали.
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190 </para></informalexample>
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191 </sect2>
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192 </sect1>
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193
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194
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195 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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196
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197
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198 <sect1 id="tv-teletext">
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199 <title>Телетекст</title>
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200
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201 <para>
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202 На данный момент телетекст доступен только в MPlayer для v4l и v4l2 драйверов.
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203 </para>
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204
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205 <sect2 id="tv-teletext-implementation-notes">
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206 <title>Замечания реализации</title>
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207
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208 <para>
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209 <application>MPlayer</application> поддерживает обычный текст, псевдографику и
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210 навигационные ссылки.
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211 К сожалению, цветные страницы поддерживаются пока не полностью - все страницы
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212 отображаются оттенками серого.
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213 Страницы с субтитрами (еще известные как Closed Captions) тоже поддерживаются.
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214 </para>
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215
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216 <para>
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217 <application>MPlayer</application> начинает кешировать все страницы телетекста
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218 с момента начала просмотра TV, так что вам не потребуется ожидать загрузки
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219 интересующий страницы.
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220 </para>
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221
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222 <para>
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223 Замечание: Использование телетекста с <option>-vo xv</option> приводит к появлению странных цветов.
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224 </para>
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225 </sect2>
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226
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227 <sect2 id="tv-teletext-usage">
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228 <title>Использование телетекста</title>
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229
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230 <para>
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231 Чтобы включить декодирование телетекста, вы должны указать VBI устройство, из которого
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232 следует читать данные (обычно <filename>/dev/vbi0</filename> в Linux).
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233 Это можно сделать, указав <option>tdevice</option> в вашем файле конфигурации:
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234 <screen>tv=tdevice=/dev/vbi0</screen>
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235 </para>
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236
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237 <para>
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238 Вам может потребоваться указать код языка телетекста для вашей страны.
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239 Чтобы получить список всех доступных языковых кодов, используйте
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240 <screen>tv=tdevice=/dev/vbi0:tlang=<replaceable>-1</replaceable></screen>
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241 Вот пример для Русского:
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242 <screen>tv=tdevice=/dev/vbi0:tlang=<replaceable>33</replaceable></screen>
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243 </para>
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244
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245 <para>
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246 </para>
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247 </sect2>
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248
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249 <sect2 id="tv-teletext-hotkeys">
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250 <title>Горячие клавиши телетекста</title>
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251
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252 <informaltable frame="all">
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253 <tgroup cols="2">
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254 <thead>
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255 <row>
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256 <entry>Клавиша</entry>
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257 <entry>Описание</entry>
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258 </row>
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259 </thead>
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260 <tbody>
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261 <row>
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262 <entry>X</entry>
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263 <entry>Включает/выключает отображение телетекста</entry>
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264 </row>
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265 <row>
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266 <entry>C</entry>
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267 <entry>Циклически переключает режими отрисовки (непрозрачный, прозрачный, инфертированный непрозрачный,
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268 инвертированный прозрачный</entry>
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269 </row>
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270 <row>
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271 <entry>Left/Right</entry>
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272 <entry>Переходит к предыдущей/следующей странице телетекста</entry>
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273 </row>
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274 <row>
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275 <entry>PageUp/PageDown</entry>
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276 <entry>Перходит к следующей/предыдущей дополнительной странице телетекста</entry>
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277 </row>
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278 <row>
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279 <entry>Цифры</entry>
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280 <entry>Вводят номер страницы для перехода к ней</entry>
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281 </row>
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282 </tbody>
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283 </tgroup>
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284 </informaltable>
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285 </sect2>
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286 </sect1>
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287 </chapter>