annotate DOCS/xml/en/cd-dvd.xml @ 13976:86a47a27562f

URL updates with some help by Gabor Mizda
author diego
date Fri, 19 Nov 2004 12:02:33 +0000
parents 4b104d997d3c
children 7c96fa55ac93
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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2 <!-- $Revision$ -->
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3 <chapter id="cd-dvd">
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4 <title>CD/DVD usage</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="drives">
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7 <title>CD/DVD drives</title>
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8 <para>
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9 Linux documentation excerpt:
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10 </para>
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11
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12 <para>
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13 Modern CD-ROM drives can attain very high head speeds, yet some CD-ROM drives
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14 are capable of running at reduced speeds. There are several reasons that might
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15 make you consider changing the speed of a CD-ROM drive:
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16 </para>
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17
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18 <itemizedlist>
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19 <listitem><para>
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20 There have been reports of read errors at high speeds, especially
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21 with badly pressed CD-ROMs. Reducing the speed can prevent data loss under
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22 these circumstances.
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23 </para></listitem>
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24
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25 <listitem><para>
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26 Many CD-ROM drives are annoyingly loud, a lower speed may reduce the noise.
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27 </para></listitem>
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28 </itemizedlist>
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29
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30 <para>
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31 You can reduce the speed of IDE CD-ROM drives with <command>hdparm</command> or a
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32 program called <command>setcd</command>. It works like this:
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33 <screen>hdparm -E <replaceable>[speed]</replaceable> <replaceable>[cdrom device]</replaceable></screen>
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34 <screen>setcd -x <replaceable>[speed]</replaceable> <replaceable>[cdrom device]</replaceable></screen>
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35 </para>
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36
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37 <para>
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38 If you have root privileges the following command may also help:
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39 <screen>echo file_readahead:2000000 &gt; /proc/ide/<replaceable>[cdrom device]</replaceable>/settings</screen>
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40 </para>
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41
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42 <para>
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43 This sets prefetched file reading to 2MB, which helps with scratched CD-ROMs.
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44 If you set it to too high, the drive will continuously spin up and down, and
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45 will dramatically decrease the performance.
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46 It is recommended that you also tune your CD-ROM drive with <command>hdparm</command>:
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47 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>cdrom device</replaceable></screen>
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48 </para>
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49
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50 <para>
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51 This enables DMA access, read-ahead, and IRQ unmasking (read the <command>hdparm</command>
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52 man page for a detailed explanation).
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53 </para>
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54
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55 <para>
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56 Please refer to &quot;<filename>/proc/ide/<replaceable>cdrom device</replaceable>/settings&quot;</filename>
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57 for fine-tuning your CD-ROM.
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58 </para>
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59
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60 <para>
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61 SCSI drives do not have a uniform way of setting these parameters (Do you know one?
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62 Tell us!) There is a tool that works for
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63 <ulink url="http://das.ist.org/~georg/">Plextor SCSI drives</ulink>.
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64 </para>
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65
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66 <para>FreeBSD:</para>
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67 <para>Speed: <command>cdcontrol [-f <replaceable>device</replaceable>] speed <replaceable>speed</replaceable></command></para>
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68 <para>DMA: <command>sysctl hw.ata.atapi_dma=1</command></para>
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69 </sect1>
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70
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71 <sect1 id="dvd">
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72 <title>DVD playback</title>
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73 <para>
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74 For the complete list of available options, please read the man page.
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75 The Syntax for a standard Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) is as follows:
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76 <screen>mplayer dvd://<replaceable>&lt;track&gt;</replaceable> [-dvd-device <replaceable>&lt;device&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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77 </para>
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78
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79 <para>
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80 Example:
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81 <screen>mplayer dvd://<replaceable>1</replaceable> -dvd-device <replaceable>/dev/hdc</replaceable></screen>
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82 </para>
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83
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84 <para>
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85 The default DVD device is <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. If your setup
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86 differs, make a symlink or specify the correct device on the command
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87 line with the <option>-dvd-device</option> option.
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88 </para>
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89
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90 <formalpara>
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91 <title>New-style DVD support (mpdvdkit2)</title>
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92 <para>
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93 <application>MPlayer</application> uses <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> and
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94 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> for DVD decryption and playback. These two
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95 libraries are contained in the <filename class="directory">libmpdvdkit2/</filename>
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96 subdirectory of the <application>MPlayer</application> source tree, you do not have
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97 to install them separately. We opted for this solution because we had to fix a
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98 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> bug and apply a patch which adds
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99 <emphasis role="bold">cracked CSS keys caching support</emphasis> to
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100 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> This results in a large speed increase because the
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101 keys do not have to be cracked every time before playing.
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102 </para>
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103 </formalpara>
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104
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105 <para>
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106 <application>MPlayer</application> can also use system-wide <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem>
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107 and <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> libraries, but this solution is
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108 <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> recommended, as it can result in bugs,
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109 library incompatibilities and slower speed.
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110 </para>
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111
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112 <note><para>
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113 In case of DVD decoding problems, try disabling supermount, or any other such
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114 facilities.
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115 </para></note>
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116
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117 <formalpara>
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118 <title>DVD structure</title>
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119 <para>
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120 DVD disks have 2048 bytes per sector with ECC/CRC. They usually have an UDF
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121 filesystem on a single track, containing various files (small .IFO and .BUK
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122 files and big (1GB) .VOB files). They are real files and can be copied/played
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123 from the mounted filesystem of an unencrypted DVD.
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124 </para>
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125 </formalpara>
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126
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127 <para>
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128 The .IFO files contain the movie navigation information (chapter/title/angle
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129 map, language table, etc) and are needed to read and interpret the .VOB content
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130 (movie). The .BUK files are backups of them. They use
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131 <emphasis role="bold">sectors</emphasis> everywhere, so you need to use raw
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132 addressing of sectors of the disc to implement DVD navigation or decrypt the
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133 content.
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134 </para>
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135
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136 <para>
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137 DVD support needs raw sector-based access to the device. Unfortunately you must
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138 (under Linux) be root to get the sector address of a file. That's why we don't
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139 use the kernel's filesystem driver at all, instead we reimplement it in
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140 userspace. <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> 0.9.x and
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141 <systemitem>libmpdvdkit</systemitem> do this. The kernel UDF filesystem driver
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142 is not needed as they already have their own builtin UDF filesystem driver.
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143 Also the DVD does not have to be mounted as only the raw sector-based access is
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144 used.
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145 </para>
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146
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147 <para>
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148 Sometimes <filename>/dev/dvd</filename> cannot be read by users, so the
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149 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> authors implemented an emulation layer
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150 which transfers sector addresses to filenames+offsets, to emulate raw
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151 access on top of a mounted filesystem or even on a hard disk.
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152 </para>
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153
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154 <para>
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155 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> even accepts the mountpoint instead of
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156 the device name for raw access and checks <filename>/proc/mounts</filename>
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157 to get the device name. It was developed for Solaris, where device names
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158 are dynamically allocated.
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159 </para>
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160
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161 <para>
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162 The default DVD device is <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. If your setup differs,
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163 make a symlink, or specify the correct device on the command line with the
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164 <option>-dvd-device</option> option.
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165 </para>
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166
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167 <formalpara>
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168 <title>DVD authentication</title>
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169 <para>
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170 The authentication and decryption method of the new-style DVD support is done
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171 using a patched <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> (see above). The method can
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172 be specified through the environment variable <envar>DVDCSS_METHOD</envar>,
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173 which can be set to key, disk or title.
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174 </para>
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175 </formalpara>
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176
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177 <para>
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178 If nothing is specified it tries the following methods (default: key,
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179 title request):
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180 </para>
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181
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182 <orderedlist>
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183 <listitem><para>
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184 <emphasis role="bold">bus key</emphasis>: This key is negotiated during
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185 authentication (a long mix of ioctls and various key exchanges, crypto
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186 stuff) and is used to encrypt the title and disk keys before sending them
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187 over the unprotected bus (to prevent eavesdropping). The bus key is needed
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188 to get and predecrypt the crypted disk key.
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189 </para></listitem>
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190
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191 <listitem><para>
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192 <emphasis role="bold">cached key</emphasis>: <application>MPlayer</application>
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193 looks for already cracked title keys which are stored in the
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194 <filename class="directory">~/.mplayer/DVDKeys</filename> directory (fast ;).
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195 </para></listitem>
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196
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197 <listitem><para>
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198 <emphasis role="bold">key</emphasis>: If no cached key is available,
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199 <application>MPlayer</application> tries to decrypt the disk key with a set
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200 of included player keys.
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201 </para></listitem>
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202
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203 <listitem><para>
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204 <emphasis role="bold">disk</emphasis>: If the key method fails
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205 (e.g. no included player keys), <application>MPlayer</application>
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206 will crack the disk key using a brute force algorithm. This process
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207 is CPU intensive and requires 64 MB of memory (16M 32Bit entries hash
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208 table) to store temporary data. This method should always work (slow).
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209 </para></listitem>
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210
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211 <listitem><para>
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212 <emphasis role="bold">title request</emphasis>: With the disk key
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213 <application>MPlayer</application> requests the crypted title keys,
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214 which are inside <emphasis>hidden sectors</emphasis> using <systemitem>ioctl()</systemitem>.
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215 The region protection of RPC-2 drives is performed in this step and may fail on such drives.
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216 If it succeeds, the title keys will be decrypted with the bus and disk key.
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217 </para></listitem>
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218
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219 <listitem><para>
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220 <emphasis role="bold">title</emphasis>: This method is used if the title
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221 request failed and does not rely on any key exchange with the DVD drive.
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222 It uses a crypto attack to guess the title key directly (by finding a
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223 repeating pattern in the decrypted VOB content and guessing that the
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224 plain text corresponding to the first encrypted bytes is a continuation
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225 of that pattern). The method is also known as &quot;known plaintext attack&quot;
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226 or &quot;DeCSSPlus&quot;. In rare cases this may fail because there is not
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227 enough encrypted data on the disk to perform a statistical attack or because
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228 the key changes in the middle of a title. This method is the only way to
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229 decrypt a DVD stored on a hard disk or a DVD with the wrong region on an
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230 RPC2 drive (slow).
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231 </para></listitem>
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232 </orderedlist>
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233
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234 <para>
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235 RPC-1 DVD drives only protect region settings through software. RPC-2 drives
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236 have a hardware protection that allows 5 changes only. It might be
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237 needed/recommended to upgrade the firmware to RPC-1 if you have a RPC-2 DVD
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238 drive. You can try finding firmware upgrades for your drive on the internet,
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239 <ulink url="http://forum.rpc-1.com/dl_all.php">this firmware forum</ulink>
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240 may be a good starting point for your search.
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241 If there is no firmware upgrade available for your device, use the
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242 <ulink url="http://linvdr.org/projects/regionset/">regionset tool</ulink>
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243 to set the region code of your DVD drive (under Linux).
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244 <emphasis role="bold">Warning</emphasis>: You can only set the region 5 times.
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245 </para>
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246 </sect1>
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247
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248 <sect1 id="vcd">
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249 <title>VCD playback</title>
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250 <para>
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251 For the complete list of available options, please read the man page. The Syntax for a
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252 standard Video CD (VCD) is as follows:
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253 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>&lt;track&gt;</replaceable> [-cdrom-device <replaceable>&lt;device&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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254 Example:
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255 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>2</replaceable> -cdrom-device <replaceable>/dev/hdc</replaceable></screen>
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256 The default VCD device is <filename>/dev/cdrom</filename>. If your setup
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257 differs, make a symlink or specify the correct device on the command line
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258 with the <option>-cdrom-device</option> option.
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259 </para>
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260
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261 <note><para>
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262 At least Plextor and some Toshiba SCSI CD-ROM drives have horrible performance
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263 reading VCDs. This is because the CDROMREADRAW <systemitem>ioctl</systemitem>
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264 is not fully implemented for these drives. If you have some knowledge of SCSI
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265 programming, please <ulink url="../../tech/patches.txt">help us</ulink>
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266 implement generic SCSI support for VCDs.
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267 </para></note>
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268
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269 <para>
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270 In the meantime you can extract data from VCDs with
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271 <ulink url="http://miketeo.net/links/readvcd-0.3.tgz">readvcd</ulink>
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272 and play the resulting file with <application>MPlayer</application>.
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273 </para>
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274
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275 <formalpara>
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276 <title>VCD structure</title>
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277 <para>VCD disks consist of one or more tracks:</para>
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278 </formalpara>
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279
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280 <itemizedlist>
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281 <listitem><para>
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282 The first track is a small 2048 bytes/sector data track with an iso9660
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283 filesystem, usually containing Windows VCD player programs and maybe other
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284 information (images, text, etc).
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285 </para></listitem>
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286
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287 <listitem><para>
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288 The second and other tracks are raw 2324 bytes/sector MPEG (movie)
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289 tracks, containing one MPEG PS data packet per sector instead of a
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290 filesystem. Similar to audio CD tracks, these tracks <emphasis role="bold">cannot
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291 be mounted</emphasis> (Did you ever mount an audio CD to play it?).
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292 As most movies are inside this track, you should try <option>vcd://2</option> first.
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293 </para></listitem>
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294
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295 <listitem><para>
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296 There exist VCD disks without the first track (single track and no filesystem
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297 at all). They are still playable, but cannot be mounted.
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298 </para></listitem>
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299 </itemizedlist>
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300
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301 <formalpara>
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302 <title>About .DAT files</title>
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303 <para>
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304 The ~600 MB file visible on the first track of the mounted VCD is not a real
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305 file! It is a so called ISO gateway, created to allow Windows to handle such
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306 tracks (Windows does not allow raw device access to applications at all).
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307 Under Linux you cannot copy or play such files (they contain garbage). Under
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308 Windows it is possible as its iso9660 driver emulates the raw reading of
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309 tracks in this file. To play a .DAT file you need the kernel driver which can
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310 be found in the Linux version of PowerDVD. It has a modified iso9660 filesystem
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311 (<filename>vcdfs/isofs-2.4.X.o</filename>) driver, which is able to emulate the
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312 raw tracks through this shadow .DAT file. If you mount the disc using their
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313 driver, you can copy and even play .DAT files with <application>MPlayer</application>. But it will not
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314 work with the standard iso9660 driver of the Linux kernel! Use
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315 <option>vcd://</option> instead. Alternatives for VCD copying are the
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316 new <ulink url="http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/~ronsse/cdfs/">cdfs</ulink> kernel
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317 driver (not part of the official kernel) that shows CD sessions as image files and
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318 <ulink url="http://cdrdao.sf.net/">cdrdao</ulink>, a bit-by-bit
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319 CD grabbing/copying application.
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320 </para>
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321 </formalpara>
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322 </sect1>
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323 </chapter>