annotate DOCS/xml/es/cd-dvd.xml @ 13807:b014091b4417

Memory Free function Fix, based on patch by Wei Jiang <jiangw98@yahoo.com>
author faust3
date Sat, 30 Oct 2004 10:09:52 +0000
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children d61a365dbe87
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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2 <!-- synced with 1.11 -->
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3 <chapter id="cd-dvd">
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4 <title>Uso de CD/DVD</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="drives">
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7 <title>Unidades de CD/DVD</title>
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8 <para>
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9 Extracto de documentación de Linux:
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10 </para>
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11
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12 <para>
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13 Las unidades de CD-ROM modernas pueden alcanzar velocidades de lectura
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14 muy altas, a pesar de ello algunas unidades de CD-ROM son capaces de
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15 funcionar a velocidades reducidas. Hay varias razones que pueden hacer
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16 considerar cambiar la velocidad de la unidad de CD-ROM:
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17 </para>
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18
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19 <itemizedlist>
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20 <listitem><para>
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21 Ha habido varios informes de errores de lectura a velocidades altas,
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22 especialmente en unidades de CD-ROM en mal estado. Reducir la velocidad
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23 puede prevenir la pérdida de datos bajo estas circunstancias.
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24 </para></listitem>
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25
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26 <listitem><para>
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27 Algunas unidades de CD-ROM son molestamente ruidosas, a menor velocidad
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28 se puede reducir el ruido.
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29 </para></listitem>
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30 </itemizedlist>
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31
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32 <para>
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33 Puede reducir la velocidad de las unidades de CD-ROM IDE con
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34 <command>hdparm</command> o con un programa llamado <command>setcd</command>.
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35 Funciona de la siguiente manera:
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36 <screen>hdparm -E <replaceable>[velocidad]</replaceable> <replaceable>[dispositivo de cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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37 <screen>setcd -x <replaceable>[velocidad]</replaceable> <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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38 </para>
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39
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40 <para>
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41 Si tiene privilegios de root la siguiente órden puede también ayudarle:
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42 <screen>echo file_readahead:2000000 &gt; /proc/ide/<replaceable>[cdrom device]</replaceable>/settings</screen>
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43 </para>
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44
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45 <para>
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46 Esto establece prelectura de 2MB del archivo, lo cual ayuda en CD-ROMs rayados.
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47 Si establece un valor demasiado alto, la unidad puede estar contínuamente
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48 girando y parando, y puede decrementar dramáticamente el rendimiento.
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49 Se recomienda que también afine su unidad de CD-ROM con <command>hdparm</command>:
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50 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>cdrom device</replaceable></screen>
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51 </para>
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52
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53 <para>
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54 Esto activa el acceso DMA, pre-lectura, y desenmascarado de IRQ (lea la página
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55 de manual de <command>hdparm</command> para una explicación detallada).
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56 </para>
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57
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58 <para>
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59 Por favor, diríjase a &quot;<filename>/proc/ide/<replaceable>cdrom device</replaceable>/settings&quot;</filename>
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60 para ajuste-fino de su CD-ROM.
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61 </para>
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62
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63 <para>
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64 Las unidades SCSI no tienen una manera uniforme para estableces estos
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65 parámetros (¿conoce alguna? ¡Díganoslo!) Aquí hay una herramienta que funciona
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66 para
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67 <ulink url="http://das.ist.org/~georg/">unidades Plextor SCSI</ulink>.
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68 </para>
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69
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70 <para>FreeBSD:</para>
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71 <para>Speed: <command>cdcontrol [-f <replaceable>dispositivo</replaceable>] speed <replaceable>velocidad</replaceable></command></para>
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72 <para>DMA: <command>sysctl hw.ata.atapi_dma=1</command></para>
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73 </sect1>
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74
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75 <sect1 id="dvd">
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76 <title>Reproducción de DVD</title>
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77 <para>
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78 Para una lista completa de opciones disponibles, lea por favor la página de manual.
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79 La Sintaxis para un Disco Versátil Digital (DVD) estándar es la siguiente:
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80 <screen>mplayer dvd://<replaceable>&lt;pista&gt;</replaceable> [-dvd-device <replaceable>&lt;dispositivo&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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81 </para>
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82
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83 <para>
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84 Ejemplo:
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85 <screen>mplayer dvd://<replaceable>1</replaceable> -dvd-device <replaceable>/dev/hdc</replaceable></screen>
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86 </para>
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87
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88 <para>
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89 El dispositivo DVD por defecto es <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. Si su
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90 configuración es diferente, haga un enlace simbólico o especifique el
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91 dispositivo correcto en la línea de órdenes con la opción
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92 <option>-dvd-device</option>.
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93 </para>
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94
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95 <formalpara>
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96 <title>Soporte para el DVD de Nuevo-estilo (mpdvdkit2)</title>
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97 <para>
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98 <application>MPlayer</application> usa <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> y
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99 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> para desencriptación y reproducción. Estas
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100 dos bibliotecas están contenidas en el subdirectorio
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101 <filename class="directory">libmpdvdkit2/</filename>
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102 del árbol de código fuente de <application>MPlayer</application>, no tiene
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103 que instalarlo por separado. Hemos optado por esta solución porque hemos
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104 corregido un error de <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> y aplicado un
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105 parche que añade <emphasis role="bold">soporte para cacheo de claves CSS
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106 crackeadas</emphasis> para <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem>. Esto resulta
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107 en un gran incremento de velocidad porque las claves no tienen que ser
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108 crackeadas cada vez que se reproduce.
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109 </para>
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110 </formalpara>
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111
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112 <para>
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113 <application>MPlayer</application> puede usar también bibliotecas
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114 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> del sistema y <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem>,
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115 pero esta solución <emphasis role="bold">no</emphasis> se recomienda, porque puede
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116 resultar en fallos, incompatibilidades de bibliotecas y velocidad más lenta.
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117 </para>
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118
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119 <note><para>
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120 En caso de problemas de decodificación de DVD, pruebe a deshabilitar supermount, o
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121 cualquier otra utilidad de este tipo.
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122 </para></note>
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123
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124 <formalpara>
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125 <title>Estructura de DVD</title>
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126 <para>
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127 Los discos de DVD tienen 2048 bytes por sector con ECC/CRC. Normalmente tienen
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128 un sistema de archivos UDF en una pista simple, conteniendo varios archivos
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129 (archivos pequeños .IFO y .BUK y archivos grandes (1GB) .VOB). Son archivos
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130 reales y pueden ser copiados/reproducidos desde un sistema de archivos montado
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131 de un DVD sin encriptar.
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132 </para>
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133 </formalpara>
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134
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135 <para>
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136 Los archivos .IFO contienen la información de navegación por la película
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137 (capítulos/títulos/mapas de ángulos, tablas de idiomas, etc) y son necesarios
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138 para leer e interpretar el contenido del .VOB (la película). Los archivos
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139 .BUK son copias de seguridad de estos. Usan <emphasis role="bold">sectores</emphasis>
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140 por todos sitios, por lo que necesita usar direccionamiento crudo de sectores
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141 del disco para implementar navegación DVD o desencriptar el contenido.
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142 </para>
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143
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144 <para>
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145 El soporte DVD necesita acceso basado en sectores al dispositivo. Desafortunadamente
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146 debe (bajo Linux) ser root para obtener la dirección de un sector dentro de un
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147 archivo. Este es el motivo por el que no se usa el controlador interno del sistema
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148 de archivos del kernel, en su lugar se ha reimplementado en el espacio de usuario.
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149 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> 0.9.x y <systemitem>libmpdvdkit</systemitem>
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150 hacen esto. El controlador de sistema de archivos UDF del kernel no es necesario
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151 ya que tenemos nuestro propio controlador de sistema de archivos UDF. Además
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152 el DVD no necesita estar montado ya que solo se usa acceso a nivel de sectores.
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153 </para>
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154
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155 <para>
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156 Algunas veces <filename>/dev/dvd</filename> no puede ser leído por los
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157 usuarios, por lo que los autores de <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem>
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158 han implementado una capa de emulación que transfiere el direccionamiento
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159 por sectores a nombres de archivo + desplazamiento, para emular un acceso
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160 crudo sobre un sistema de archivos montado o incluso en un disco duro.
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161 </para>
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162
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163 <para>
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164 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> incluso acepta un punto de montaje
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165 en lugar del nombre del dispositivo para acceso crudo y comprueba
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166 <filename>/proc/mounts</filename> para obtener el nombre del dispositivo.
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167 Esto ha sido desarrollado por Solaris, donde los nombres de los
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168 dispositivos son asignados dinámicamente.
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169 </para>
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170
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171 <para>
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172 El dispositivo por defecto de DVD es <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. Si su
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173 configuración no coincide con esto, haga un enlace simbólico, o especifique
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174 el dispositivo correcto en la línea de órdenes con la opción
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175 <option>-dvd-device</option>.
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176 </para>
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177
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178 <formalpara>
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179 <title>Autenticación para DVD</title>
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180 <para>
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181 La autenticación y el método de desencriptación del soporte de DVD al
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182 nuevo-estilo se ha hecho usando una versión modificada de
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183 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> (vea más arriba). Este método peude ser
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184 especificado a través de la variable de entorno <envar>DVDCSS_METHOD</envar>,
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185 que puede ser establecido a key, disk o title.
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186 </para>
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187 </formalpara>
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188
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189 <para>
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190 Si no se especifica nada se prueban los siguientes métodos (por defecto:
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191 key, petición de título):
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192 </para>
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193
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194 <orderedlist>
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195 <listitem><para>
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196 <emphasis role="bold">bus key</emphasis>: Esta clave es negociada durante
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197 la autenticación (una larga mezcla de ioctls y varios intercambios de
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198 claves, material de encriptación) y es usada para encriptar el título y
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199 las claves de disco antes de enviarlas sobre el bus sin proteger
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200 (para prevenir robos de claves). El bus key necesita obtener y
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201 predesencriptar la clave encriptada de disco.
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202 </para></listitem>
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203
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204 <listitem><para>
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205 <emphasis role="bold">cached key</emphasis>: <application>MPlayer</application>
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206 mira a ver si el título ya ha sido crackeado con una clave almacenada en el
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207 directorio <filename class="directory">~/.mplayer/DVDKeys</filename> (rápido ;).
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208 </para></listitem>
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209
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210 <listitem><para>
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211 <emphasis role="bold">key</emphasis>: Si no hay una clave disponible en caché,
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212 <application>MPlayer</application> intenta desencriptar la clave del disco con
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213 un conjunto de claves de reproductor incluidas.
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214 </para></listitem>
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215
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216 <listitem><para>
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217 <emphasis role="bold">disk</emphasis>: Si el método key falla (p.e. no hay
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218 claves de reproductor incluídas), <application>MPlayer</application>
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219 crackeará la clave del disco usando un algoritmo de fuerza bruta. Este proceso
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220 usa la CPU de manera intensiva y requiere 64 MB de memoria (una tabla hash de
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221 16M 32Bit entradas) para almacenamiento temporal de datos. Este método debe
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222 funcionar siempre (lento).
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223 </para></listitem>
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224
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225 <listitem><para>
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226 <emphasis role="bold">title request</emphasis>: Con la clave del disco
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227 <application>MPlayer</application> pide las claves encriptadas de los
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228 títulos que están dentro de <emphasis>sectores escondidos</emphasis> usando
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229 <systemitem>ioctl()</systemitem>. La protección por región de unidades
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230 RPC-2 se hace en este paso y puede fallas en algunas unidades de disco.
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231 Si funciona bien, las claves de títulos son desencriptadas con las claves
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232 de bus y de disco.
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233 </para></listitem>
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234
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235 <listitem><para>
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236 <emphasis role="bold">title</emphasis>: Este método es usado si la
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237 búsqueda de título falla y no sale en ningun intercambio de clave
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238 con la unidad de DVD. Usa un ataque de encriptación para buscar
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239 la clave del título directamente (encontrando un patrón que se
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240 repita en el contenido del VOB desencriptado y comprobando que
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241 el texto plano corresponde a los primeros bytes encriptados como
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242 una continuación del patrón). El método es también conocido como
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243 &quot;ataque de texto plano conocido&quot; o &quot;DeCSSPlus&quot;.
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244 En raras ocasiones esto falla porque no hay suficientes datos
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245 desencriptados en el disco para realizar un ataque estadístico
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246 o porque las claves cambian en mitad de un título. Este método es la
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247 única manera de desencriptar un DVD almacenado en un disco duro o en
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248 un DVD con la región incorrecta en una unidad RPC2 (lento).
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249 </para></listitem>
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250 </orderedlist>
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251
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252 <para>
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253 Las unidades de DVD RPC-1 solo protegen la configuración de región a través
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254 de software. Las unidades RPC-2 tienen una protección por hardware que
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255 permite tan solo 5 cambios. Puede ser necesario/recomendable actualizar el
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256 firmware a RPC-1 si tiene una unidad RPC-2. Las actualizaciones de
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257 firmware puede encontrarse en esta
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nauj27
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258 <ulink url="http://www.firmware-flash.com">página del firmware</ulink>.
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259 Si no hay una actualización del firmware disponible para su dispositivo, use la
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260 <ulink url="http://www.linuxtv.org/download/dvd/dvd_disc_20000215.tar.gz">herramienta regionset</ulink>
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261 para establecer el código de región de su unidad de DVD (bajo Linux).
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262 <emphasis role="bold">Advertencia</emphasis>: Solo puede establecer la región 5 veces.
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263 </para>
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264 </sect1>
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265
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266 <sect1 id="vcd">
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267 <title>Reproducción de VCD</title>
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268 <para>
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269 Para una lista completa de las opciones disponibles, lea por favor la página de manual. La
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270 sintaxis para un Video CD (VCD) estándar es la siguiente:
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271 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>&lt;track&gt;</replaceable> [-cdrom-device <replaceable>&lt;device&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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272 Ejemplo:
11740
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273 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>2</replaceable> -cdrom-device <replaceable>/dev/hdc</replaceable></screen>
10657
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274 El dispositivo para VCD Por defecto es <filename>/dev/cdrom</filename>.
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275 Si su configuracio no coincide con esto, haga un enlace simbólico o
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276 especifique el dispositivo correcto en la línea de órdenes con la
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277 opción <option>-cdrom-device</option>.
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278 </para>
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279
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280 <note><para>
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281 Al menos las unidades de CD-ROM SCSI Plextor y algunas Toshiba tienen un
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282 rendimiento horrible leyendo VCDs. Esto es porque el <systemitem>ioctl</systemitem>
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283 CDROMREADRAW no está completamente implementado en estas unidades. Si tiene
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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284 conocimientos sobre la programación SCSI, por favor
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nauj27
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285 <ulink url="../../tech/patches.txt">ayúdenos</ulink> a implementar soporte SCSI
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286 genérico para VCDs.
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287 </para></note>
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288
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289 <para>
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290 En la actualidad puede extraer datos desde VCDs con
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291 <ulink url="http://140.132.1.204/OS/Linux/packages/X/viewers/readvcd/">readvcd</ulink>
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292 y reproducir el archivo resultante con <application>MPlayer</application>.
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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293 </para>
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294
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295 <formalpara>
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296 <title>Estructura de un VCD</title>
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297 <para>Los discos de VCD consisten en una o más pistas:</para>
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298 </formalpara>
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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299
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300 <itemizedlist>
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301 <listitem><para>
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302 La primera piesta es una pista pequeña de datos 2048 bytes/sector con
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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303 un sistema de archivos iso9660, normalmente conteniendo programas reproductores
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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304 de VCD para Windows o quizá alguna otra información (imágenes, texto, etc).
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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305 </para></listitem>
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306
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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307 <listitem><para>
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308 La segunda y otras pistas son 2324 bytes/sector crudas de MPEG (película),
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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309 conteniendo un paquete de datos MPEG PS por sector en lugar de un sistema
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310 de archivos. De manera similar a las pistas de CD de audio, estas pistas
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311 <emphasis role="bold">no pueden ser montadas</emphasis> (¿Alguna vez ha
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312 montado un CD de audio para reproducirlo?).
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313 Como las películas están dentro de esta pista, debería probar <option>vcd://2</option>
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314 primero.
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315 </para></listitem>
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316
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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317 <listitem><para>
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318 Existen discos de VCD sin la primera pista (pista simple y sin ningún sistema
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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319 de archivos). Siguen siendo reproducibles, pero no pueden ser montadas.
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320 </para></listitem>
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321 </itemizedlist>
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322
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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323 <formalpara>
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324 <title>Acerca de los archivos .DAT</title>
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325 <para>
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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326 Los archivos visibles de ~600 MB en la primera pista de un VCD montado ¡no son
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nauj27
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327 archivos reales! Son llamadas puertas de acceso ISO, creadas para permitir a
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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328 Windows administrar estas pistas (Windows no permite acceso crudo al dispositivo
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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329 en ninguna de sus aplicaciones). Bajo Linux no puede copiar o reproducir estos
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
nauj27
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330 archivos (solo contienen basura). Bajo Windows es posible que el controlador
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
nauj27
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331 iso9660 emule lectura cruda de las pistas en estos archivos. Para reproducir
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
nauj27
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332 un archivo .DAT necesita el controlador del kernel que se encuentra en la
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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333 versión para Linux de PowerDVD. Contiene un controlador de sistema de archivos iso9660
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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334 modificado (<filename>vcdfs/isofs-2.4.X.o</filename>), que permite emular las
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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335 pistas crudas a través de este archivo de sombra .DAT. Si monta el disco usando
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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336 ese controlador, puede copiar e incluso reproducir los archivos .DAT con
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
nauj27
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337 <application>MPlayer</application>. ¡Pero no funciona con el controlador estandar
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
nauj27
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338 iso9660 del kernel de Linux! Use <option>vcd://</option> en su lugar. Alternativas
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
nauj27
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339 para copiar un VCD son los nuevos controladores del kernel
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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340 <ulink url="http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/~ronsse/cdfs/">cdfs</ulink> (que no forman
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341 parte del kernel oficialmente) que muestran sesiones de CD como archivos de imagen y
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
nauj27
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342 <ulink url="http://cdrdao.sourceforge.net/">cdrdao</ulink>, un programa para
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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343 grabar/copiar CD bit-por-bit.
5678a8ab7979 New spanish DOCS files
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344 </para>
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345 </formalpara>
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346 </sect1>
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347 </chapter>