annotate DOCS/xml/cs/cd-dvd.xml @ 22323:db082b1a4e77

cosmetics: reindented
author nicodvb
date Sun, 25 Feb 2007 14:33:19 +0000
parents da64f5e20483
children 40e794ce297d
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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2 <!-- synced with r20551 -->
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3 <chapter id="cd-dvd">
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4 <title>Použití CD/DVD</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="drives">
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7 <title>CD/DVD mechaniky</title>
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8
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9 <para>
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10 Moderní CD-ROM mechaniky dosahují velmi vysokých otáček a některé z nich
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11 mohou pracovat i se sníženými otáčkami. Existuje několik důvodů, pro
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12 které byste mohli chtít změnit rychlost CD-ROM mechaniky:
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13 </para>
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14
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15 <itemizedlist>
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16 <listitem><para>
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17 Byly zprávy o chybách čtení při vysokých rychlostech, zvláště u špatně
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18 vylisovaných CD-ROMů. Z těchto důvodů může snížení rychlosti působit
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19 jako prevence ztráty dat.
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20 </para></listitem>
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21
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22 <listitem><para>
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23 Mnoho CD-ROM mechanik je nechutně hlučných, nižší rychlost může omezit
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24 tento hluk.
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25 </para></listitem>
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26 </itemizedlist>
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27
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28 <sect2 id="drives_linux">
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29 <title>Linux</title>
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30
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31 <para>
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32 Můžete snížit rychlost IDE CD-ROM mechanik pomocí <command>hdparm</command>,
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33 <command>setcd</command> nebo <command>cdctl</command>. Pracuje to asi takto:
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34 <screen>hdparm -E <replaceable>[rychlost]</replaceable> <replaceable>[mechanika cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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35 <screen>setcd -x <replaceable>[rychlost]</replaceable> <replaceable>[mechanika cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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36 <screen>cdctl -bS <replaceable>[rychlost]</replaceable></screen>
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37 </para>
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38
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39 <para>
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40 Pokud používáte SCSI emulaci, budete muset předat tato nastavení do skutečného
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41 IDE zařízení, nikoli emulovaného SCSI zařízení.
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42 </para>
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43
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44 <para>
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45 Pokud máte práva root-a, následující příkaz vám rovněž může pomoci:
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46 <screen>echo file_readahead:2000000 &gt; /proc/ide/<replaceable>[mechanika cdrom]</replaceable>/settings</screen>
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47 </para>
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48
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49 <para>
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50 To nastaví čtení napřed na 2MB, což pomůže při poškrábaných médiích.
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51 Pokud ji však nastavíte příliš vysoko, bude mechanika stále zrychlovat a
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52 zpomalovat, což výrazně sníží její výkon.
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53 Doporučujeme vám rovněž vyladit vaši CD-ROM mechaniku pomocí <command>hdparm</command>:
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54 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>[cdrom zařízení]</replaceable></screen>
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55 </para>
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56
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57 <para>
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58 To zapne DMA přístup, čtení napřed a odmaskování IRQ (přečtěte si man stránku
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59 programu <command>hdparm</command> pro podrobné vysvětlení).
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60 </para>
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61
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62 <para>
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63 Prostudujte si &quot;<filename>/proc/ide/<replaceable>(cdrom zařízení)</replaceable>/settings</filename>&quot;
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64 pro jemné doladění vaší CD-ROM.
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65 </para>
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66
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67 <para>
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68 SCSI mechaniky nemají jednotný způsob pro nastavení těchto parametrů (Znáte nějaký?
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69 Řekněte nám jej!). Existuje nástroj, který pracuje se
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70 <ulink url="http://das.ist.org/~georg/">SCSI mechanikami Plextor</ulink>.
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71 </para>
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72
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73 </sect2>
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74
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75
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76 <sect2 id="drives_freebsd">
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77 <title>FreeBSD</title>
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78
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79 <para>rychlost:
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80 <screen>
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81 cdcontrol [-f <replaceable>zařízení</replaceable>] speed <replaceable>[rychlost]</replaceable>
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82 </screen>
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83 </para>
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84
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85 <para>DMA:
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86 <screen>
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87 sysctl hw.ata.atapi_dma=1
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88 </screen>
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89 </para>
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90
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91 </sect2>
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92
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93 </sect1>
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94
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95 <sect1 id="dvd">
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96 <title>Přehrávání DVD</title>
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97 <para>
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98 Úplný seznam dostupných voleb naleznete v man stránce.
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99 Syntaxe pro přehrání standardního DVD je následující:
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100 <screen>mplayer dvd://<replaceable>&lt;track&gt;</replaceable> [-dvd-device <replaceable>&lt;DVD_zařízení&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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101 </para>
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102
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103 <para>
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104 Příklad:
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105 <screen>mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdc</screen>
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106 </para>
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107
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108 <para>
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109 Pokud jste kompilovali <application>MPlayer</application> s podporou dvdnav,
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110 je syntaxe stejná až na to, že musíte používat dvdnav:// místo dvd://.
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111 </para>
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112
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113 <para>
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114 Výchozím DVD zařízením je <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. Pokud se vaše nastavení
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115 liší, vytvořte symlink, nebo uveďte správné zařízení na příkazovém řádku
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116 pomocí volby <option>-dvd-device</option>.
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117 </para>
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118
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119 <para>
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120 <application>MPlayer</application> používá <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> a
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121 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> pro přehrávání a dekódování DVD. Tyto dvě
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122 knihovny jsou obsaženy v podadresáři
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123 <filename class="directory">libmpdvdkit2</filename> zdrojových kódů
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124 <application>MPlayer</application>u, nemusíte je tedy instalovat zvlášť.
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125 Můžete rovněž použít systémové verze těchto knihoven, ale toto řešení
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126 nedoporučujeme, protože může vést k chybám,
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127 nekompatibilitě knihovny a nižší rychlosti.
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128 </para>
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129
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130 <note><para>
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131 V případě problémů s dekódováním DVD, zkuste vypnout supermount a podobná udělátka.
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132 Některé RPC-2 mechaniky mohou rovněž vyžadovat nastavení region kódu.
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133 </para></note>
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134
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135 <formalpara>
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136 <title>Struktura DVD</title>
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137 <para>
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138 DVD disky mají 2048 bajtů na sektor s ECC/CRC. Obvykle mají souborový systém UDF
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139 v jediné stopě, obsahující různé soubory (malé .IFO a .BUK soubory a velké (1GB)
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140 .VOB soubory). Jsou to reálné soubory a mohou být kopírovány/přehrávány
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141 z připojeného systému souborů nešifrovaného DVD.
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142 </para>
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143 </formalpara>
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144
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145 <para>
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146 Soubory .IFO obsahují informace pro navigaci ve filmu (kapitola/titul/mapa úhlů,
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147 tabulka jazyků, atd) a jsou potřeba pro čtení a interpretaci obsahu .VOBu
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148 (filmu). Soubory .BUK jsou jejich zálohami. Všude používají
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149 <emphasis role="bold">sektory</emphasis>, takže musíte použít surové (RAW)
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150 adresování sektorů na disku, abyste se mohli navigovat v DVD, nebo dekryptovat
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151 jeho obsah.
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152 </para>
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153
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154 <para>
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155 Podpora DVD vyžaduje přímý sektorově-orientovaný přístup k zařízení. Naneštěstí
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156 musíte (pod Linuxem) být root, abyste dostali adresu sektoru souboru.
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157 To je důvod proč vůbec nepoužíváme modul souborového systému z kernelu a místo
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158 něj jej implementujeme v uživatelském prostoru. To zajišťují
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159 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> 0.9.x a <systemitem>libmpdvdkit</systemitem>.
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160 UDF ovladač z kernelu není potřeba, jelikož tyto knihovny mají zabudován svůj
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161 vlastní. Rovněž nemusí být DVD přimountováno vzhledem k tomu že používáme
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162 pouze přímý (raw) přístup.
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163 </para>
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164
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165 <para>
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166 Někdy <filename>/dev/dvd</filename> nemůže být čteno uživateli, proto autoři
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167 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> implementovali emulační vrstvu, která
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168 převádí sektorové adresy na soubor+offset za účelem emulace raw přístupu
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169 nad připojeným souborovým systémem nebo dokonce i hard diskem.
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170 </para>
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171
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172 <para>
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173 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> dokonce přijme bod připojení (mountpoint)
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174 místo názvu zařízení pro přímý přístup a podívá se do
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175 <filename>/proc/mounts</filename> na jméno zařízení. To bylo vyvinuto pro
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176 Solaris, kde jsou názvy souborů dynamicky alokovány.
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177 </para>
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178
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179 <formalpara>
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180 <title>Dešifrování DVD</title>
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181 <para>
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182 Dešifrování DVD provádí <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem>. Metoda
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183 může být zvolena pomocí proměnné prostředí <envar>DVDCSS_METHOD</envar>,
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184 detaily viz manuálovou stránku.
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185 </para>
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186 </formalpara>
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187
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188 <para>
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189 RPC-1 DVD mechaniky chrání nastavení regionu pouze softwarově. RPC-2 mechaniky
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190 mají hardwarovou ochranu umožňující pouze 5 změn. Může být potřeba/doporučeno
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191 provést upgrade firmwaru na RPC-1 pokud máte RPC-2 DVD mechaniku.
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192 Můžete zkusit najít upgrady firmwaru pro svou mechaniku na internetu,
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193 <ulink url="http://forum.rpc-1.com/dl_all.php">toto firmwarové fórum</ulink>
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194 může být dobrým začátkem pro vaše hledání.
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195 Pokud pro vaši mechaniku není k dispozici upgrade firmwaru, použijte
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196 <ulink url="http://linvdr.org/projects/regionset/">nástroj regionset</ulink>
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197 pro nastavení region kódu vaší DVD mechaniky (pod Linux).
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198 <emphasis role="bold">Varování</emphasis>: Region můžete přenastavit pouze
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199 pětkrát.
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200 </para>
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201 </sect1>
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202
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203
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204
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205 <sect1 id="vcd">
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206 <title>Přehrávání VCD</title>
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207 <para>
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208 Úplný seznam dostupných voleb naleznete v man stránce. Syntaxe pro standardní
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209 Video CD (VCD) je následující:
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210 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>&lt;stopa&gt;</replaceable> [-cdrom-device <replaceable>&lt;zařízení&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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211 Příklad:
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212 <screen>mplayer vcd://2 -cdrom-device /dev/hdc</screen>
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213 Výchozím VCD zařízením je <filename>/dev/cdrom</filename>. Pokud se vaše nastavení
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214 liší, vytvořte symlink nebo uveďte správné zařízení na příkazovém řádku pomocí volby
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215 <option>-cdrom-device</option>.
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216 </para>
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217
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218 <note><para>
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219 Minimálně SCSI CD-ROM mechaniky Plextor a Toshiba vykazují mizerný výkon
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220 při čtení VCD. To proto, že CDROMREADRAW <systemitem>ioctl</systemitem>
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221 není pro tyto mechaniky plně implementováno. Pokud máte zkušenosti se
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222 SCSI programováním, prosíme
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223 <ulink url="../../tech/patches.txt">pomozte nám</ulink>
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224 implementovat obecnou SCSI podporu pro VCD.
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225 </para></note>
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226
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227 <para>
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228 Mezitím můžete extrahovat data z VCD pomocí
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229 <ulink url="http://ftp.ntut.edu.tw/ftp/OS/Linux/packages/X/viewers/readvcd/">readvcd</ulink>
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230 a výsledný soubor přehrát v <application>MPlayer</application>u.
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231 </para>
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232
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233 <formalpara>
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234 <title>Struktura VCD</title>
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235
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236 <para>
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237 Video CD (VCD) je tvořeno CD-ROM XA sektory, čili stopy CD-ROM mode 2
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238 třída 1 a 2:</para>
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239 </formalpara>
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240
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241 <itemizedlist>
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242 <listitem><para>
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243 První stopa je ve formátu mode 2 třída 2 což znamená, že používá L2
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244 korekci chyb. Stopa obsahuje souborový systém ISO-9660 s 2048
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245 bajty/sektor. Tento souborový systém obsahuje VCD metadata informace,
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246 stejně jako statické snímky často používané v menu. MPEG segmenty menu
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247 mohou být rovněž uloženy v této první stopě, ale tyto MPEGy musí být
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248 rozsekány na série 150 sektorových chunků. Souborový systém ISO-9660
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249 může obsahovat další soubory, které nejsou potřeba pro operace
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250 s VCD.
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251 </para></listitem>
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252
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253 <listitem><para>
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254 Druhá a ostatní stopy jsou všeobecně surovými MPEG (film) stopami
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255 s 2324 bajty/sektor, obsahující jeden MPEG PS datový paket na
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256 sektor. Ty jsou v mode 2 třída 1 formátu, takže obsahují více dat
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257 v každém sektoru za cenu omezení korekce chyb. Je rovněž možné mít
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258 CD-DA stopy na VCD za první stopou.
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259 V některých operačních systémech jsou triky, které umožňují zpřístupnit
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260 tyto ne-ISO-9660 stopy v systému souborů. V dalších operačních
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261 systémech jako GNU/Linux to není možné (zatím). Zde MPEG data
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262 <emphasis role="bold">nemohou být připojena</emphasis>. Protože většina
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263 filmů je uložena uvnitř tohoto druhu stopy, měli byste nejprve zkusit
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264 <option>vcd://2</option>.
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265 </para></listitem>
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266
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267 <listitem><para>
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268 Existují také VCD disky bez první stopy (jediná stopa bez systému souborů).
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269 Můžete je přehrát, ale nemohou být namountovány.
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270 </para></listitem>
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271
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272 <listitem><para> Definice standardu Video CD se nazývá
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273 Philips "White Book" a není obecně přístupná online, ale musí být zakoupena
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274 od Philipsu. Podrobnější informace o Video CD můžete nalézt
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275 <ulink url="http://www.vcdimager.org/pub/vcdimager/manuals/0.7/vcdimager.html#SEC4">v dokumentaci programu vcdimager</ulink>.
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276 </para></listitem>
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277
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278 </itemizedlist>
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279
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280 <formalpara>
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281 <title>Pár slov o .DAT souborech</title>
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282 <para>
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283 Soubor veliký ~600 MB viditelný v první stopě připojeného VCD není
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284 skutečným souborem! Je to takzvaná ISO gateway, vytvořená proto,
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285 aby mohl Windows přistupovat k těmto stopám (Windows vůbec neumožňuje
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286 aplikacím surový přístup k zařízení).
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287 Pod Linuxem nemůžete kopírovat nebo přehrávat tyto soubory
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288 (obsahují jen nesmysly). Pod Windows je to možné, protože jeho iso9660
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289 ovladač emuluje surový přístup ke stopě v tomto souboru. Abyste mohli
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290 přehrát .DAT soubor, potřebujete ovladač kernelu který můžete nalézt
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291 v Linuxové verzi PowerDVD. Obsahuje upravený ovladač systému souborů
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292 iso9660 (<filename>vcdfs/isofs-2.4.X.o</filename>), který umí emulovat
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293 surové stopy přes tento stínový .DAT soubor. Pokud připojíte disk
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294 s pomocí jejich ovladače, můžete kopírovat či dokonce přehrávat .DAT
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295 soubory <application>MPlayer</application>em. Ale nebude to fungovat
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296 se standardním iso9660 ovladačem z Linuxového kernelu! Místo toho
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297 použijte <option>vcd://</option>. Alternativou kopírování VCD je
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298 nový ovladač do kernelu jménem
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299 <ulink url="http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/~ronsse/cdfs/">cdfs</ulink>
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300 (není součástí oficiálního kernelu), který zobrazuje CD sekce jako
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301 obrazové soubory a program
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302 <ulink url="http://cdrdao.sf.net/">cdrdao</ulink>, který bit-po-bitu
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303 grabuje/kopíruje CD.
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304 </para>
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305 </formalpara>
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306 </sect1>
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307 </chapter>