changeset 1814:4681a02d6d3e

[gaim-migrate @ 1824] well c'mon and let me kno-ow, should i stay or should i go committer: Tailor Script <tailor@pidgin.im>
author Eric Warmenhoven <eric@warmenhoven.org>
date Sun, 06 May 2001 08:13:03 +0000
parents 998a6a032874
children f15d449b3167
files doc/Makefile.am doc/rfc1459.txt
diffstat 2 files changed, 3644 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-) [+]
line wrap: on
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--- a/doc/Makefile.am	Sun May 06 00:18:17 2001 +0000
+++ b/doc/Makefile.am	Sun May 06 08:13:03 2001 +0000
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-EXTRA_DIST = gaim.1 the_penguin.txt CREDITS FAQ gaims_funniest_home_convos.txt PROTOCOL
+EXTRA_DIST = gaim.1 the_penguin.txt CREDITS FAQ gaims_funniest_home_convos.txt PROTOCOL MSN-PROTOCOL rfc1459.txt
 	
 man_MANS = gaim.1
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/rfc1459.txt	Sun May 06 08:13:03 2001 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,3643 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Network Working Group                                      J. Oikarinen
+Request for Comments: 1459                                      D. Reed
+                                                               May 1993
+
+
+                      Internet Relay Chat Protocol
+
+Status of This Memo
+
+   This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
+   community.  Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
+   Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol
+   Standards" for the standardization state and status of this protocol.
+   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+Abstract
+
+   The IRC protocol was developed over the last 4 years since it was
+   first implemented as a means for users on a BBS to chat amongst
+   themselves.  Now it supports a world-wide network of servers and
+   clients, and is stringing to cope with growth. Over the past 2 years,
+   the average number of users connected to the main IRC network has
+   grown by a factor of 10.
+
+   The IRC protocol is a text-based protocol, with the simplest client
+   being any socket program capable of connecting to the server.
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   1.  INTRODUCTION ...............................................    4
+      1.1  Servers ................................................    4
+      1.2  Clients ................................................    5
+         1.2.1 Operators ..........................................    5
+      1.3 Channels ................................................    5
+      1.3.1  Channel Operators ....................................    6
+   2. THE IRC SPECIFICATION .......................................    7
+      2.1 Overview ................................................    7
+      2.2 Character codes .........................................    7
+      2.3 Messages ................................................    7
+         2.3.1  Message format in 'pseudo' BNF ....................    8
+      2.4 Numeric replies .........................................   10
+   3. IRC Concepts ................................................   10
+      3.1 One-to-one communication ................................   10
+      3.2 One-to-many .............................................   11
+         3.2.1 To a list ..........................................   11
+         3.2.2 To a group (channel) ...............................   11
+         3.2.3 To a host/server mask ..............................   12
+      3.3 One to all ..............................................   12
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                                [Page 1]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+         3.3.1 Client to Client ...................................   12
+         3.3.2 Clients to Server ..................................   12
+         3.3.3 Server to Server ...................................   12
+   4. MESSAGE DETAILS .............................................   13
+      4.1 Connection Registration .................................   13
+         4.1.1 Password message ...................................   14
+         4.1.2 Nickname message ...................................   14
+         4.1.3 User message .......................................   15
+         4.1.4 Server message .....................................   16
+         4.1.5 Operator message ...................................   17
+         4.1.6 Quit message .......................................   17
+         4.1.7 Server Quit message ................................   18
+      4.2 Channel operations ......................................   19
+         4.2.1 Join message .......................................   19
+         4.2.2 Part message .......................................   20
+         4.2.3 Mode message .......................................   21
+            4.2.3.1 Channel modes .................................   21
+            4.2.3.2 User modes ....................................   22
+         4.2.4 Topic message ......................................   23
+         4.2.5 Names message ......................................   24
+         4.2.6 List message .......................................   24
+         4.2.7 Invite message .....................................   25
+         4.2.8 Kick message .......................................   25
+      4.3 Server queries and commands .............................   26
+         4.3.1 Version message ....................................   26
+         4.3.2 Stats message ......................................   27
+         4.3.3 Links message ......................................   28
+         4.3.4 Time message .......................................   29
+         4.3.5 Connect message ....................................   29
+         4.3.6 Trace message ......................................   30
+         4.3.7 Admin message ......................................   31
+         4.3.8 Info message .......................................   31
+      4.4 Sending messages ........................................   32
+         4.4.1 Private messages ...................................   32
+         4.4.2 Notice messages ....................................   33
+      4.5 User-based queries ......................................   33
+         4.5.1 Who query ..........................................   33
+         4.5.2 Whois query ........................................   34
+         4.5.3 Whowas message .....................................   35
+      4.6 Miscellaneous messages ..................................   35
+         4.6.1 Kill message .......................................   36
+         4.6.2 Ping message .......................................   37
+         4.6.3 Pong message .......................................   37
+         4.6.4 Error message ......................................   38
+   5. OPTIONAL MESSAGES ...........................................   38
+      5.1 Away message ............................................   38
+      5.2 Rehash command ..........................................   39
+      5.3 Restart command .........................................   39
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                                [Page 2]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+      5.4 Summon message ..........................................   40
+      5.5 Users message ...........................................   40
+      5.6 Operwall command ........................................   41
+      5.7 Userhost message ........................................   42
+      5.8 Ison message ............................................   42
+   6. REPLIES .....................................................   43
+      6.1 Error Replies ...........................................   43
+      6.2 Command responses .......................................   48
+      6.3 Reserved numerics .......................................   56
+   7. Client and server authentication ............................   56
+   8. Current Implementations Details .............................   56
+      8.1 Network protocol: TCP ...................................   57
+         8.1.1 Support of Unix sockets ............................   57
+      8.2 Command Parsing .........................................   57
+      8.3 Message delivery ........................................   57
+      8.4 Connection 'Liveness' ...................................   58
+      8.5 Establishing a server-client connection .................   58
+      8.6 Establishing a server-server connection .................   58
+         8.6.1 State information exchange when connecting .........   59
+      8.7 Terminating server-client connections ...................   59
+      8.8 Terminating server-server connections ...................   59
+      8.9 Tracking nickname changes ...............................   60
+      8.10 Flood control of clients ...............................   60
+      8.11 Non-blocking lookups ...................................   61
+         8.11.1 Hostname (DNS) lookups ............................   61
+         8.11.2 Username (Ident) lookups ..........................   61
+      8.12 Configuration file .....................................   61
+         8.12.1 Allowing clients to connect .......................   62
+         8.12.2 Operators .........................................   62
+         8.12.3 Allowing servers to connect .......................   62
+         8.12.4 Administrivia .....................................   63
+      8.13 Channel membership .....................................   63
+   9. Current problems ............................................   63
+      9.1 Scalability .............................................   63
+      9.2 Labels ..................................................   63
+         9.2.1 Nicknames ..........................................   63
+         9.2.2 Channels ...........................................   64
+         9.2.3 Servers ............................................   64
+      9.3 Algorithms ..............................................   64
+   10. Support and availability ...................................   64
+   11. Security Considerations ....................................   65
+   12. Authors' Addresses .........................................   65
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                                [Page 3]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+1.  INTRODUCTION
+
+   The IRC (Internet Relay Chat) protocol has been designed over a
+   number of years for use with text based conferencing.  This document
+   describes the current IRC protocol.
+
+   The IRC protocol has been developed on systems using the TCP/IP
+   network protocol, although there is no requirement that this remain
+   the only sphere in which it operates.
+
+   IRC itself is a teleconferencing system, which (through the use of
+   the client-server model) is well-suited to running on many machines
+   in a distributed fashion.  A typical setup involves a single process
+   (the server) forming a central point for clients (or other servers)
+   to connect to, performing the required message delivery/multiplexing
+   and other functions.
+
+1.1 Servers
+
+   The server forms the backbone of IRC, providing a point to which
+   clients may connect to to talk to each other, and a point for other
+   servers to connect to, forming an IRC network.  The only network
+   configuration allowed for IRC servers is that of a spanning tree [see
+   Fig. 1] where each server acts as a central node for the rest of the
+   net it sees.
+
+
+                           [ Server 15 ]  [ Server 13 ] [ Server 14]
+                                 /                \         /
+                                /                  \       /
+        [ Server 11 ] ------ [ Server 1 ]       [ Server 12]
+                              /        \          /
+                             /          \        /
+                  [ Server 2 ]          [ Server 3 ]
+                    /       \                      \
+                   /         \                      \
+           [ Server 4 ]    [ Server 5 ]         [ Server 6 ]
+            /    |    \                           /
+           /     |     \                         /
+          /      |      \____                   /
+         /       |           \                 /
+ [ Server 7 ] [ Server 8 ] [ Server 9 ]   [ Server 10 ]
+
+                                  :
+                               [ etc. ]
+                                  :
+
+                 [ Fig. 1. Format of IRC server network ]
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                                [Page 4]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+1.2 Clients
+
+   A client is anything connecting to a server that is not another
+   server.  Each client is distinguished from other clients by a unique
+   nickname having a maximum length of nine (9) characters.  See the
+   protocol grammar rules for what may and may not be used in a
+   nickname.  In addition to the nickname, all servers must have the
+   following information about all clients: the real name of the host
+   that the client is running on, the username of the client on that
+   host, and the server to which the client is connected.
+
+1.2.1 Operators
+
+   To allow a reasonable amount of order to be kept within the IRC
+   network, a special class of clients (operators) is allowed to perform
+   general maintenance functions on the network.  Although the powers
+   granted to an operator can be considered as 'dangerous', they are
+   nonetheless required.  Operators should be able to perform basic
+   network tasks such as disconnecting and reconnecting servers as
+   needed to prevent long-term use of bad network routing.  In
+   recognition of this need, the protocol discussed herein provides for
+   operators only to be able to perform such functions.  See sections
+   4.1.7 (SQUIT) and 4.3.5 (CONNECT).
+
+   A more controversial power of operators is the ability  to  remove  a
+   user  from  the connected network by 'force', i.e. operators are able
+   to close the connection between any client and server.   The
+   justification for  this  is delicate since its abuse is both
+   destructive and annoying.  For further details on this type of
+   action, see section 4.6.1 (KILL).
+
+1.3 Channels
+
+   A channel is a named group of one or more clients which will all
+   receive messages addressed to that channel.  The channel is created
+   implicitly when the first client joins it, and the channel ceases to
+   exist when the last client leaves it.  While channel exists, any
+   client can reference the channel using the name of the channel.
+
+   Channels names are strings (beginning with a '&' or '#' character) of
+   length up to 200 characters.  Apart from the the requirement that the
+   first character being either '&' or '#'; the only restriction on a
+   channel name is that it may not contain any spaces (' '), a control G
+   (^G or ASCII 7), or a comma (',' which is used as a list item
+   separator by the protocol).
+
+   There are two types of channels allowed by this protocol.  One is a
+   distributed channel which is known to all the servers that are
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                                [Page 5]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   connected to the network. These channels are marked by the first
+   character being a only clients on the server where it exists may join
+   it.  These are distinguished by a leading '&' character.  On top of
+   these two types, there are the various channel modes available to
+   alter the characteristics of individual channels.  See section 4.2.3
+   (MODE command) for more details on this.
+
+   To create a new channel or become part of an existing channel, a user
+   is required to JOIN the channel.  If the channel doesn't exist prior
+   to joining, the channel is created and the creating user becomes a
+   channel operator.  If the channel already exists, whether or not your
+   request to JOIN that channel is honoured depends on the current modes
+   of the channel. For example, if the channel is invite-only, (+i),
+   then you may only join if invited.  As part of the protocol, a user
+   may be a part of several channels at once, but a limit of ten (10)
+   channels is recommended as being ample for both experienced and
+   novice users.  See section 8.13 for more information on this.
+
+   If the IRC network becomes disjoint because of a split between two
+   servers, the channel on each side is only composed of those clients
+   which are connected to servers on the respective sides of the split,
+   possibly ceasing to exist on one side of the split.  When the split
+   is healed, the connecting servers announce to each other who they
+   think is in each channel and the mode of that channel.  If the
+   channel exists on both sides, the JOINs and MODEs are interpreted in
+   an inclusive manner so that both sides of the new connection will
+   agree about which clients are in the channel and what modes the
+   channel has.
+
+1.3.1 Channel Operators
+
+   The channel operator (also referred to as a "chop" or "chanop") on a
+   given channel is considered to 'own' that channel.  In recognition of
+   this status, channel operators are endowed with certain powers which
+   enable them to keep control and some sort of sanity in their channel.
+   As an owner of a channel, a channel operator is not required to have
+   reasons for their actions, although if their actions are generally
+   antisocial or otherwise abusive, it might be reasonable to ask an IRC
+   operator to intervene, or for the usersjust leave and go elsewhere
+   and form their own channel.
+
+   The commands which may only be used by channel operators are:
+
+        KICK    - Eject a client from the channel
+        MODE    - Change the channel's mode
+        INVITE  - Invite a client to an invite-only channel (mode +i)
+        TOPIC   - Change the channel topic in a mode +t channel
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                                [Page 6]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   A channel operator is identified by the '@' symbol next to their
+   nickname whenever it is associated with a channel (ie replies to the
+   NAMES, WHO and WHOIS commands).
+
+2. The IRC Specification
+
+2.1 Overview
+
+   The protocol as described herein is for use both with server to
+   server and client to server connections.  There are, however, more
+   restrictions on client connections (which are considered to be
+   untrustworthy) than on server connections.
+
+2.2 Character codes
+
+   No specific character set is specified. The protocol is based on a a
+   set of codes which are composed of eight (8) bits, making up an
+   octet.  Each message may be composed of any number of these octets;
+   however, some octet values are used for control codes which act as
+   message delimiters.
+
+   Regardless of being an 8-bit protocol, the delimiters and keywords
+   are such that protocol is mostly usable from USASCII terminal and a
+   telnet connection.
+
+   Because of IRC's scandanavian origin, the characters {}| are
+   considered to be the lower case equivalents of the characters []\,
+   respectively. This is a critical issue when determining the
+   equivalence of two nicknames.
+
+2.3 Messages
+
+   Servers and clients send eachother messages which may or may not
+   generate a reply.  If the message contains a valid command, as
+   described in later sections, the client should expect a reply as
+   specified but it is not advised to wait forever for the reply; client
+   to server and server to server communication is essentially
+   asynchronous in nature.
+
+   Each IRC message may consist of up to three main parts: the prefix
+   (optional), the command, and the command parameters (of which there
+   may be up to 15).  The prefix, command, and all parameters are
+   separated by one (or more) ASCII space character(s) (0x20).
+
+   The presence of a prefix is indicated with a single leading ASCII
+   colon character (':', 0x3b), which must be the first character of the
+   message itself.  There must be no gap (whitespace) between the colon
+   and the prefix.  The prefix is used by servers to indicate the true
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                                [Page 7]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   origin of the message.  If the prefix is missing from the message, it
+   is assumed to have originated from the connection from which it was
+   received.  Clients should not use prefix when sending a message from
+   themselves; if they use a prefix, the only valid prefix is the
+   registered nickname associated with the client.  If the source
+   identified by the prefix cannot be found from the server's internal
+   database, or if the source is registered from a different link than
+   from which the message arrived, the server must ignore the message
+   silently.
+
+   The command must either be a valid IRC command or a three (3) digit
+   number represented in ASCII text.
+
+   IRC messages are always lines of characters terminated with a CR-LF
+   (Carriage Return - Line Feed) pair, and these messages shall not
+   exceed 512 characters in length, counting all characters including
+   the trailing CR-LF. Thus, there are 510 characters maximum allowed
+   for the command and its parameters.  There is no provision for
+   continuation message lines.  See section 7 for more details about
+   current implementations.
+
+2.3.1 Message format in 'pseudo' BNF
+
+   The protocol messages must be extracted from the contiguous stream of
+   octets.  The current solution is to designate two characters, CR and
+   LF, as message separators.   Empty  messages  are  silently  ignored,
+   which permits  use  of  the  sequence  CR-LF  between  messages
+   without extra problems.
+
+   The extracted message is parsed into the components <prefix>,
+   <command> and list of parameters matched either by <middle> or
+   <trailing> components.
+
+   The BNF representation for this is:
+
+
+<message>  ::= [':' <prefix> <SPACE> ] <command> <params> <crlf>
+<prefix>   ::= <servername> | <nick> [ '!' <user> ] [ '@' <host> ]
+<command>  ::= <letter> { <letter> } | <number> <number> <number>
+<SPACE>    ::= ' ' { ' ' }
+<params>   ::= <SPACE> [ ':' <trailing> | <middle> <params> ]
+
+<middle>   ::= <Any *non-empty* sequence of octets not including SPACE
+               or NUL or CR or LF, the first of which may not be ':'>
+<trailing> ::= <Any, possibly *empty*, sequence of octets not including
+                 NUL or CR or LF>
+
+<crlf>     ::= CR LF
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                                [Page 8]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+NOTES:
+
+  1)    <SPACE> is consists only of SPACE character(s) (0x20).
+        Specially notice that TABULATION, and all other control
+        characters are considered NON-WHITE-SPACE.
+
+  2)    After extracting the parameter list, all parameters are equal,
+        whether matched by <middle> or <trailing>. <Trailing> is just
+        a syntactic trick to allow SPACE within parameter.
+
+  3)    The fact that CR and LF cannot appear in parameter strings is
+        just artifact of the message framing. This might change later.
+
+  4)    The NUL character is not special in message framing, and
+        basically could end up inside a parameter, but as it would
+        cause extra complexities in normal C string handling. Therefore
+        NUL is not allowed within messages.
+
+  5)    The last parameter may be an empty string.
+
+  6)    Use of the extended prefix (['!' <user> ] ['@' <host> ]) must
+        not be used in server to server communications and is only
+        intended for server to client messages in order to provide
+        clients with more useful information about who a message is
+        from without the need for additional queries.
+
+   Most protocol messages specify additional semantics and syntax for
+   the extracted parameter strings dictated by their position in the
+   list.  For example, many server commands will assume that the first
+   parameter after the command is the list of targets, which can be
+   described with:
+
+   <target>     ::= <to> [ "," <target> ]
+   <to>         ::= <channel> | <user> '@' <servername> | <nick> | <mask>
+   <channel>    ::= ('#' | '&') <chstring>
+   <servername> ::= <host>
+   <host>       ::= see RFC 952 [DNS:4] for details on allowed hostnames
+   <nick>       ::= <letter> { <letter> | <number> | <special> }
+   <mask>       ::= ('#' | '$') <chstring>
+   <chstring>   ::= <any 8bit code except SPACE, BELL, NUL, CR, LF and
+                     comma (',')>
+
+   Other parameter syntaxes are:
+
+   <user>       ::= <nonwhite> { <nonwhite> }
+   <letter>     ::= 'a' ... 'z' | 'A' ... 'Z'
+   <number>     ::= '0' ... '9'
+   <special>    ::= '-' | '[' | ']' | '\' | '`' | '^' | '{' | '}'
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                                [Page 9]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   <nonwhite>   ::= <any 8bit code except SPACE (0x20), NUL (0x0), CR
+                     (0xd), and LF (0xa)>
+
+2.4 Numeric replies
+
+   Most of the messages sent to the server generate a reply of some
+   sort.  The most common reply is the numeric reply, used for both
+   errors and normal replies.  The numeric reply must be sent as one
+   message consisting of the sender prefix, the three digit numeric, and
+   the target of the reply.  A numeric reply is not allowed to originate
+   from a client; any such messages received by a server are silently
+   dropped. In all other respects, a numeric reply is just like a normal
+   message, except that the keyword is made up of 3 numeric digits
+   rather than a string of letters.  A list of different replies is
+   supplied in section 6.
+
+3. IRC Concepts.
+
+   This section is devoted to describing the actual concepts behind  the
+   organization  of  the  IRC  protocol and how the current
+   implementations deliver different classes of messages.
+
+
+
+                          1--\
+                              A        D---4
+                          2--/ \      /
+                                B----C
+                               /      \
+                              3        E
+
+   Servers: A, B, C, D, E         Clients: 1, 2, 3, 4
+
+                    [ Fig. 2. Sample small IRC network ]
+
+3.1 One-to-one communication
+
+   Communication on a one-to-one basis is usually only performed by
+   clients, since most server-server traffic is not a result of servers
+   talking only to each other.  To provide a secure means for clients to
+   talk to each other, it is required that all servers be able to send a
+   message in exactly one direction along the spanning tree in order to
+   reach any client.  The path of a message being delivered is the
+   shortest path between any two points on the spanning tree.
+
+   The following examples all refer to Figure 2 above.
+
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 10]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+Example 1:
+     A message between clients 1 and 2 is only seen by server A, which
+     sends it straight to client 2.
+
+Example 2:
+     A message between clients 1 and 3 is seen by servers A & B, and
+     client 3.  No other clients or servers are allowed see the message.
+
+Example 3:
+     A message between clients 2 and 4 is seen by servers A, B, C & D
+     and client 4 only.
+
+3.2 One-to-many
+
+   The main goal of IRC is to provide a  forum  which  allows  easy  and
+   efficient  conferencing (one to many conversations).  IRC offers
+   several means to achieve this, each serving its own purpose.
+
+3.2.1 To a list
+
+   The least efficient style of one-to-many conversation is through
+   clients talking to a 'list' of users.  How this is done is almost
+   self explanatory: the client gives a list of destinations to which
+   the message is to be delivered and the server breaks it up and
+   dispatches a separate copy of the message to each given destination.
+   This isn't as efficient as using a group since the destination list
+   is broken up and the dispatch sent without checking to make sure
+   duplicates aren't sent down each path.
+
+3.2.2 To a group (channel)
+
+   In IRC the channel has a role equivalent to that of the multicast
+   group; their existence is dynamic (coming and going as people join
+   and leave channels) and the actual conversation carried out on a
+   channel is only sent to servers which are supporting users on a given
+   channel.  If there are multiple users on a server in the same
+   channel, the message text is sent only once to that server and then
+   sent to each client on the channel.  This action is then repeated for
+   each client-server combination until the original message has fanned
+   out and reached each member of the channel.
+
+   The following examples all refer to Figure 2.
+
+Example 4:
+     Any channel with 1 client in it. Messages to the channel go to the
+     server and then nowhere else.
+
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 11]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+Example 5:
+     2 clients in a channel. All messages traverse a path as if they
+     were private messages between the two clients outside a channel.
+
+Example 6:
+     Clients 1, 2 and 3 in a channel.  All messages to the channel are
+     sent to all clients and only those servers which must be traversed
+     by the message if it were a private message to a single client.  If
+     client 1 sends a message, it goes back to client 2 and then via
+     server B to client 3.
+
+3.2.3 To a host/server mask
+
+   To provide IRC operators with some mechanism to send  messages  to  a
+   large body of related users, host and server mask messages are
+   provided.  These messages are sent to users whose host or server
+   information  match that  of  the mask.  The messages are only sent to
+   locations where users are, in a fashion similar to that of channels.
+
+3.3 One-to-all
+
+   The one-to-all type of message is better described as a broadcast
+   message, sent to all clients or servers or both.  On a large network
+   of users and servers, a single message can result in a lot of traffic
+   being sent over the network in an effort to reach all of the desired
+   destinations.
+
+   For some messages, there is no option but to broadcast it to all
+   servers so that the state information held by each server is
+   reasonably consistent between servers.
+
+3.3.1 Client-to-Client
+
+   There is no class of message which, from a single message, results in
+   a message being sent to every other client.
+
+3.3.2 Client-to-Server
+
+   Most of the commands which result in a change of state information
+   (such as channel membership, channel mode, user status, etc) must be
+   sent to all servers by default, and this distribution may not be
+   changed by the client.
+
+3.3.3 Server-to-Server.
+
+   While most messages between servers are distributed to all 'other'
+   servers, this is only required for any message that affects either a
+   user, channel or server.  Since these are the basic items found in
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 12]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   IRC, nearly all messages originating from a server are broadcast to
+   all other connected servers.
+
+4. Message details
+
+   On the following pages are descriptions of each message recognized by
+   the IRC server and client.  All commands described in this section
+   must be implemented by any server for this protocol.
+
+   Where the reply ERR_NOSUCHSERVER is listed, it means that the
+   <server> parameter could not be found.  The server must not send any
+   other replies after this for that command.
+
+   The server to which a client is connected is required to parse the
+   complete message, returning any appropriate errors.  If the server
+   encounters a fatal error while parsing a message, an error must be
+   sent back to the client and the parsing terminated.  A fatal error
+   may be considered to be incorrect command, a destination which is
+   otherwise unknown to the server (server, nick or channel names fit
+   this category), not enough parameters or incorrect privileges.
+
+   If a full set of parameters is presented, then each must be checked
+   for validity and appropriate responses sent back to the client.  In
+   the case of messages which use parameter lists using the comma as an
+   item separator, a reply must be sent for each item.
+
+   In the examples below, some messages appear using the full format:
+
+   :Name COMMAND parameter list
+
+   Such examples represent a message from "Name" in transit between
+   servers, where it is essential to include the name of the original
+   sender of the message so remote servers may send back a reply along
+   the correct path.
+
+4.1 Connection Registration
+
+   The commands described here are used to register a connection with an
+   IRC server as either a user or a server as well as correctly
+   disconnect.
+
+   A "PASS" command is not required for either client or server
+   connection to be registered, but it must precede the server message
+   or the latter of the NICK/USER combination.  It is strongly
+   recommended that all server connections have a password in order to
+   give some level of security to the actual connections.  The
+   recommended order for a client to register is as follows:
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 13]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+           1. Pass message
+           2. Nick message
+           3. User message
+
+4.1.1 Password message
+
+
+      Command: PASS
+   Parameters: <password>
+
+   The PASS command is used to set a 'connection password'.  The
+   password can and must be set before any attempt to register the
+   connection is made.  Currently this requires that clients send a PASS
+   command before sending the NICK/USER combination and servers *must*
+   send a PASS command before any SERVER command.  The password supplied
+   must match the one contained in the C/N lines (for servers) or I
+   lines (for clients).  It is possible to send multiple PASS commands
+   before registering but only the last one sent is used for
+   verification and it may not be changed once registered.  Numeric
+   Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS              ERR_ALREADYREGISTRED
+
+   Example:
+
+           PASS secretpasswordhere
+
+4.1.2 Nick message
+
+      Command: NICK
+   Parameters: <nickname> [ <hopcount> ]
+
+   NICK message is used to give user a nickname or change the previous
+   one.  The <hopcount> parameter is only used by servers to indicate
+   how far away a nick is from its home server.  A local connection has
+   a hopcount of 0.  If supplied by a client, it must be ignored.
+
+   If a NICK message arrives at a server which already knows about an
+   identical nickname for another client, a nickname collision occurs.
+   As a result of a nickname collision, all instances of the nickname
+   are removed from the server's database, and a KILL command is issued
+   to remove the nickname from all other server's database. If the NICK
+   message causing the collision was a nickname change, then the
+   original (old) nick must be removed as well.
+
+   If the server recieves an identical NICK from a client which is
+   directly connected, it may issue an ERR_NICKCOLLISION to the local
+   client, drop the NICK command, and not generate any kills.
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 14]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NONICKNAMEGIVEN             ERR_ERRONEUSNICKNAME
+           ERR_NICKNAMEINUSE               ERR_NICKCOLLISION
+
+   Example:
+
+   NICK Wiz                        ; Introducing new nick "Wiz".
+
+   :WiZ NICK Kilroy                ; WiZ changed his nickname to Kilroy.
+
+4.1.3 User message
+
+      Command: USER
+   Parameters: <username> <hostname> <servername> <realname>
+
+   The USER message is used at the beginning of connection to specify
+   the username, hostname, servername and realname of s new user.  It is
+   also used in communication between servers to indicate new user
+   arriving on IRC, since only after both USER and NICK have been
+   received from a client does a user become registered.
+
+   Between servers USER must to be prefixed with client's NICKname.
+   Note that hostname and servername are normally ignored by the IRC
+   server when the USER command comes from a directly connected client
+   (for security reasons), but they are used in server to server
+   communication.  This means that a NICK must always be sent to a
+   remote server when a new user is being introduced to the rest of the
+   network before the accompanying USER is sent.
+
+   It must be noted that realname parameter must be the last parameter,
+   because it may contain space characters and must be prefixed with a
+   colon (':') to make sure this is recognised as such.
+
+   Since it is easy for a client to lie about its username by relying
+   solely on the USER message, the use of an "Identity Server" is
+   recommended.  If the host which a user connects from has such a
+   server enabled the username is set to that as in the reply from the
+   "Identity Server".
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS              ERR_ALREADYREGISTRED
+
+   Examples:
+
+
+   USER guest tolmoon tolsun :Ronnie Reagan
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 15]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                                   ; User registering themselves with a
+                                   username of "guest" and real name
+                                   "Ronnie Reagan".
+
+
+   :testnick USER guest tolmoon tolsun :Ronnie Reagan
+                                   ; message between servers with the
+                                   nickname for which the USER command
+                                   belongs to
+
+4.1.4 Server message
+
+      Command: SERVER
+   Parameters: <servername> <hopcount> <info>
+
+   The server message is used to tell a server that the other end of a
+   new connection is a server. This message is also used to pass server
+   data over whole net.  When a new server is connected to net,
+   information about it be broadcast to the whole network.  <hopcount>
+   is used to give all servers some internal information on how far away
+   all servers are.  With a full server list, it would be possible to
+   construct a map of the entire server tree, but hostmasks prevent this
+   from being done.
+
+   The SERVER message must only be accepted from either (a) a connection
+   which is yet to be registered and is attempting to register as a
+   server, or (b) an existing connection to another server, in  which
+   case the SERVER message is introducing a new server behind that
+   server.
+
+   Most errors that occur with the receipt of a SERVER command result in
+   the connection being terminated by the destination host (target
+   SERVER).  Error replies are usually sent using the "ERROR" command
+   rather than the numeric since the ERROR command has several useful
+   properties which make it useful here.
+
+   If a SERVER message is parsed and attempts to introduce a server
+   which is already known to the receiving server, the connection from
+   which that message must be closed (following the correct procedures),
+   since a duplicate route to a server has formed and the acyclic nature
+   of the IRC tree broken.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_ALREADYREGISTRED
+
+   Example:
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 16]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+SERVER test.oulu.fi 1 :[tolsun.oulu.fi] Experimental server
+                                ; New server test.oulu.fi introducing
+                                itself and attempting to register.  The
+                                name in []'s is the hostname for the
+                                host running test.oulu.fi.
+
+
+:tolsun.oulu.fi SERVER csd.bu.edu 5 :BU Central Server
+                                ; Server tolsun.oulu.fi is our uplink
+                                for csd.bu.edu which is 5 hops away.
+
+4.1.5 Oper
+
+      Command: OPER
+   Parameters: <user> <password>
+
+   OPER message is used by a normal user to obtain operator privileges.
+   The combination of <user> and <password> are required to gain
+   Operator privileges.
+
+   If the client sending the OPER command supplies the correct password
+   for the given user, the server then informs the rest of the network
+   of the new operator by issuing a "MODE +o" for the clients nickname.
+
+   The OPER message is client-server only.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS              RPL_YOUREOPER
+           ERR_NOOPERHOST                  ERR_PASSWDMISMATCH
+
+   Example:
+
+   OPER foo bar                    ; Attempt to register as an operator
+                                   using a username of "foo" and "bar" as
+                                   the password.
+
+4.1.6 Quit
+
+      Command: QUIT
+   Parameters: [<Quit message>]
+
+   A client session is ended with a quit message.  The server must close
+   the connection to a client which sends a QUIT message. If a "Quit
+   Message" is given, this will be sent instead of the default message,
+   the nickname.
+
+   When netsplits (disconnecting of two servers) occur, the quit message
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 17]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   is composed of the names of two servers involved, separated by a
+   space.  The first name is that of the server which is still connected
+   and the second name is that of the server that has become
+   disconnected.
+
+   If, for some other reason, a client connection is closed without  the
+   client  issuing  a  QUIT  command  (e.g.  client  dies and EOF occurs
+   on socket), the server is required to fill in the quit  message  with
+   some sort  of  message  reflecting the nature of the event which
+   caused it to happen.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           None.
+
+   Examples:
+
+   QUIT :Gone to have lunch        ; Preferred message format.
+
+4.1.7 Server quit message
+
+      Command: SQUIT
+   Parameters: <server> <comment>
+
+   The SQUIT message is needed to tell about quitting or dead servers.
+   If a server wishes to break the connection to another server it must
+   send a SQUIT message to the other server, using the the name of the
+   other server as the server parameter, which then closes its
+   connection to the quitting server.
+
+   This command is also available operators to help keep a network of
+   IRC servers connected in an orderly fashion.  Operators may also
+   issue an SQUIT message for a remote server connection.  In this case,
+   the SQUIT must be parsed by each server inbetween the operator and
+   the remote server, updating the view of the network held by each
+   server as explained below.
+
+   The <comment> should be supplied by all operators who execute a SQUIT
+   for a remote server (that is not connected to the server they are
+   currently on) so that other operators are aware for the reason of
+   this action.  The <comment> is also filled in by servers which may
+   place an error or similar message here.
+
+   Both of the servers which are on either side of the connection being
+   closed are required to to send out a SQUIT message (to all its other
+   server connections) for all other servers which are considered to be
+   behind that link.
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 18]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   Similarly, a QUIT message must be sent to the other connected servers
+   rest of the network on behalf of all clients behind that link.  In
+   addition to this, all channel members of a channel which lost a
+   member due to the split must be sent a QUIT message.
+
+   If a server connection is terminated prematurely (e.g. the server  on
+   the  other  end  of  the  link  died),  the  server  which  detects
+   this disconnection is required to inform the rest of  the  network
+   that  the connection  has  closed  and  fill  in  the comment field
+   with something appropriate.
+
+   Numeric replies:
+
+           ERR_NOPRIVILEGES                ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+
+   Example:
+
+   SQUIT tolsun.oulu.fi :Bad Link ? ; the server link tolson.oulu.fi has
+                                   been terminated because of "Bad Link".
+
+   :Trillian SQUIT cm22.eng.umd.edu :Server out of control
+                                    ; message from Trillian to disconnect
+                                   "cm22.eng.umd.edu" from the net
+                                    because "Server out of control".
+
+4.2 Channel operations
+
+   This group of messages is concerned with manipulating channels, their
+   properties (channel modes), and their contents (typically clients).
+   In implementing these, a number of race conditions are inevitable
+   when clients at opposing ends of a network send commands which will
+   ultimately clash.  It is also required that servers keep a nickname
+   history to ensure that wherever a <nick> parameter is given, the
+   server check its history in case it has recently been changed.
+
+4.2.1 Join message
+
+      Command: JOIN
+   Parameters: <channel>{,<channel>} [<key>{,<key>}]
+
+   The JOIN command is used by client to start listening a specific
+   channel. Whether or not a client is allowed to join a channel is
+   checked only by the server the client is connected to; all other
+   servers automatically add the user to the channel when it is received
+   from other servers.  The conditions which affect this are as follows:
+
+           1.  the user must be invited if the channel is invite-only;
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 19]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+           2.  the user's nick/username/hostname must not match any
+               active bans;
+
+           3.  the correct key (password) must be given if it is set.
+
+   These are discussed in more detail under the MODE command (see
+   section 4.2.3 for more details).
+
+   Once a user has joined a channel, they receive notice about all
+   commands their server receives which affect the channel.  This
+   includes MODE, KICK, PART, QUIT and of course PRIVMSG/NOTICE.  The
+   JOIN command needs to be broadcast to all servers so that each server
+   knows where to find the users who are on the channel.  This allows
+   optimal delivery of PRIVMSG/NOTICE messages to the channel.
+
+   If a JOIN is successful, the user is then sent the channel's topic
+   (using RPL_TOPIC) and the list of users who are on the channel (using
+   RPL_NAMREPLY), which must include the user joining.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS              ERR_BANNEDFROMCHAN
+           ERR_INVITEONLYCHAN              ERR_BADCHANNELKEY
+           ERR_CHANNELISFULL               ERR_BADCHANMASK
+           ERR_NOSUCHCHANNEL               ERR_TOOMANYCHANNELS
+           RPL_TOPIC
+
+   Examples:
+
+   JOIN #foobar                    ; join channel #foobar.
+
+   JOIN &foo fubar                 ; join channel &foo using key "fubar".
+
+   JOIN #foo,&bar fubar            ; join channel #foo using key "fubar"
+                                   and &bar using no key.
+
+   JOIN #foo,#bar fubar,foobar     ; join channel #foo using key "fubar".
+                                   and channel #bar using key "foobar".
+
+   JOIN #foo,#bar                  ; join channels #foo and #bar.
+
+   :WiZ JOIN #Twilight_zone        ; JOIN message from WiZ
+
+4.2.2 Part message
+
+      Command: PART
+   Parameters: <channel>{,<channel>}
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 20]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   The PART message causes the client sending the message to be removed
+   from the list of active users for all given channels listed in the
+   parameter string.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS              ERR_NOSUCHCHANNEL
+           ERR_NOTONCHANNEL
+
+   Examples:
+
+   PART #twilight_zone             ; leave channel "#twilight_zone"
+
+   PART #oz-ops,&group5            ; leave both channels "&group5" and
+                                   "#oz-ops".
+
+4.2.3 Mode message
+
+      Command: MODE
+
+   The MODE command is a dual-purpose command in IRC.  It allows both
+   usernames and channels to have their mode changed.  The rationale for
+   this choice is that one day nicknames will be obsolete and the
+   equivalent property will be the channel.
+
+   When parsing MODE messages, it is recommended that the entire message
+   be parsed first and then the changes which resulted then passed on.
+
+4.2.3.1 Channel modes
+
+   Parameters: <channel> {[+|-]|o|p|s|i|t|n|b|v} [<limit>] [<user>]
+               [<ban mask>]
+
+   The MODE command is provided so that channel operators may change the
+   characteristics of `their' channel.  It is also required that servers
+   be able to change channel modes so that channel operators may be
+   created.
+
+   The various modes available for channels are as follows:
+
+           o - give/take channel operator privileges;
+           p - private channel flag;
+           s - secret channel flag;
+           i - invite-only channel flag;
+           t - topic settable by channel operator only flag;
+           n - no messages to channel from clients on the outside;
+           m - moderated channel;
+           l - set the user limit to channel;
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 21]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+           b - set a ban mask to keep users out;
+           v - give/take the ability to speak on a moderated channel;
+           k - set a channel key (password).
+
+   When using the 'o' and 'b' options, a restriction on a total of three
+   per mode command has been imposed.  That is, any combination of 'o'
+   and
+
+4.2.3.2 User modes
+
+   Parameters: <nickname> {[+|-]|i|w|s|o}
+
+   The user MODEs are typically changes which affect either how the
+   client is seen by others or what 'extra' messages the client is sent.
+   A user MODE command may only be accepted if both the sender of the
+   message and the nickname given as a parameter are both the same.
+
+   The available modes are as follows:
+
+           i - marks a users as invisible;
+           s - marks a user for receipt of server notices;
+           w - user receives wallops;
+           o - operator flag.
+
+   Additional modes may be available later on.
+
+   If a user attempts to make themselves an operator using the "+o"
+   flag, the attempt should be ignored.  There is no restriction,
+   however, on anyone `deopping' themselves (using "-o").  Numeric
+   Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS              RPL_CHANNELMODEIS
+           ERR_CHANOPRIVSNEEDED            ERR_NOSUCHNICK
+           ERR_NOTONCHANNEL                ERR_KEYSET
+           RPL_BANLIST                     RPL_ENDOFBANLIST
+           ERR_UNKNOWNMODE                 ERR_NOSUCHCHANNEL
+
+           ERR_USERSDONTMATCH              RPL_UMODEIS
+           ERR_UMODEUNKNOWNFLAG
+
+   Examples:
+
+           Use of Channel Modes:
+
+MODE #Finnish +im               ; Makes #Finnish channel moderated and
+                                'invite-only'.
+
+MODE #Finnish +o Kilroy         ; Gives 'chanop' privileges to Kilroy on
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 22]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                                channel #Finnish.
+
+MODE #Finnish +v Wiz            ; Allow WiZ to speak on #Finnish.
+
+MODE #Fins -s                   ; Removes 'secret' flag from channel
+                                #Fins.
+
+MODE #42 +k oulu                ; Set the channel key to "oulu".
+
+MODE #eu-opers +l 10            ; Set the limit for the number of users
+                                on channel to 10.
+
+MODE &oulu +b                   ; list ban masks set for channel.
+
+MODE &oulu +b *!*@*             ; prevent all users from joining.
+
+MODE &oulu +b *!*@*.edu         ; prevent any user from a hostname
+                                matching *.edu from joining.
+
+        Use of user Modes:
+
+:MODE WiZ -w                    ; turns reception of WALLOPS messages
+                                off for WiZ.
+
+:Angel MODE Angel +i            ; Message from Angel to make themselves
+                                invisible.
+
+MODE WiZ -o                     ; WiZ 'deopping' (removing operator
+                                status).  The plain reverse of this
+                                command ("MODE WiZ +o") must not be
+                                allowed from users since would bypass
+                                the OPER command.
+
+4.2.4 Topic message
+
+      Command: TOPIC
+   Parameters: <channel> [<topic>]
+
+   The TOPIC message is used to change or view the topic of a channel.
+   The topic for channel <channel> is returned if there is no <topic>
+   given.  If the <topic> parameter is present, the topic for that
+   channel will be changed, if the channel modes permit this action.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS              ERR_NOTONCHANNEL
+           RPL_NOTOPIC                     RPL_TOPIC
+           ERR_CHANOPRIVSNEEDED
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 23]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   Examples:
+
+   :Wiz TOPIC #test :New topic     ;User Wiz setting the topic.
+
+   TOPIC #test :another topic      ;set the topic on #test to "another
+                                   topic".
+
+   TOPIC #test                     ; check the topic for #test.
+
+4.2.5 Names message
+
+      Command: NAMES
+   Parameters: [<channel>{,<channel>}]
+
+   By using the NAMES command, a user can list all nicknames that are
+   visible to them on any channel that they can see.  Channel names
+   which they can see are those which aren't private (+p) or secret (+s)
+   or those which they are actually on.  The <channel> parameter
+   specifies which channel(s) to return information about if valid.
+   There is no error reply for bad channel names.
+
+   If no <channel> parameter is given, a list of all channels and their
+   occupants is returned.  At the end of this list, a list of users who
+   are visible but either not on any channel or not on a visible channel
+   are listed as being on `channel' "*".
+
+   Numerics:
+
+           RPL_NAMREPLY                    RPL_ENDOFNAMES
+
+   Examples:
+
+   NAMES #twilight_zone,#42        ; list visible users on #twilight_zone
+                                   and #42 if the channels are visible to
+                                   you.
+
+   NAMES                           ; list all visible channels and users
+
+4.2.6 List message
+
+      Command: LIST
+   Parameters: [<channel>{,<channel>} [<server>]]
+
+   The list message is used to list channels and their topics.  If  the
+   <channel>  parameter  is  used,  only  the  status  of  that  channel
+   is displayed.  Private  channels  are  listed  (without  their
+   topics)  as channel "Prv" unless the client generating the query is
+   actually on that channel.  Likewise, secret channels are not listed
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 24]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   at  all  unless  the client is a member of the channel in question.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER                RPL_LISTSTART
+           RPL_LIST                        RPL_LISTEND
+
+   Examples:
+
+   LIST                            ; List all channels.
+
+   LIST #twilight_zone,#42         ; List channels #twilight_zone and #42
+
+4.2.7 Invite message
+
+      Command: INVITE
+   Parameters: <nickname> <channel>
+
+   The INVITE message is used to invite users to a channel.  The
+   parameter <nickname> is the nickname of the person to be invited to
+   the target channel <channel>.  There is no requirement that the
+   channel the target user is being invited to must exist or be a valid
+   channel.  To invite a user to a channel which is invite only (MODE
+   +i), the client sending the invite must be recognised as being a
+   channel operator on the given channel.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS              ERR_NOSUCHNICK
+           ERR_NOTONCHANNEL                ERR_USERONCHANNEL
+           ERR_CHANOPRIVSNEEDED
+           RPL_INVITING                    RPL_AWAY
+
+   Examples:
+
+   :Angel INVITE Wiz #Dust         ; User Angel inviting WiZ to channel
+                                   #Dust
+
+   INVITE Wiz #Twilight_Zone       ; Command to invite WiZ to
+                                   #Twilight_zone
+
+4.2.8 Kick command
+
+      Command: KICK
+   Parameters: <channel> <user> [<comment>]
+
+   The KICK command can be  used  to  forcibly  remove  a  user  from  a
+   channel.   It  'kicks  them  out'  of the channel (forced PART).
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 25]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   Only a channel operator may kick another user out of a  channel.
+   Each  server that  receives  a KICK message checks that it is valid
+   (ie the sender is actually a  channel  operator)  before  removing
+   the  victim  from  the channel.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS              ERR_NOSUCHCHANNEL
+           ERR_BADCHANMASK                 ERR_CHANOPRIVSNEEDED
+           ERR_NOTONCHANNEL
+
+   Examples:
+
+KICK &Melbourne Matthew         ; Kick Matthew from &Melbourne
+
+KICK #Finnish John :Speaking English
+                                ; Kick John from #Finnish using
+                                "Speaking English" as the reason
+                                (comment).
+
+:WiZ KICK #Finnish John         ; KICK message from WiZ to remove John
+                                from channel #Finnish
+
+NOTE:
+     It is possible to extend the KICK command parameters to the
+following:
+
+<channel>{,<channel>} <user>{,<user>} [<comment>]
+
+4.3 Server queries and commands
+
+   The server query group of commands has been designed to return
+   information about any server which is connected to the network.  All
+   servers connected must respond to these queries and respond
+   correctly.  Any invalid response (or lack thereof) must be considered
+   a sign of a broken server and it must be disconnected/disabled as
+   soon as possible until the situation is remedied.
+
+   In these queries, where a parameter appears as "<server>", it will
+   usually mean it can be a nickname or a server or a wildcard name of
+   some sort.  For each parameter, however, only one query and set of
+   replies is to be generated.
+
+4.3.1 Version message
+
+      Command: VERSION
+   Parameters: [<server>]
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 26]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   The VERSION message is used  to  query  the  version  of  the  server
+   program.  An optional parameter <server> is used to query the version
+   of the server program which a client is not directly connected to.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER                RPL_VERSION
+
+   Examples:
+
+   :Wiz VERSION *.se               ; message from Wiz to check the version
+                                   of a server matching "*.se"
+
+   VERSION tolsun.oulu.fi          ; check the version of server
+                                   "tolsun.oulu.fi".
+
+4.3.2 Stats message
+
+      Command: STATS
+   Parameters: [<query> [<server>]]
+
+   The stats message is used to query statistics of certain server.  If
+   <server> parameter is omitted, only the end of stats reply is sent
+   back.  The implementation of this command is highly dependent on the
+   server which replies, although the server must be able to supply
+   information as described by the queries below (or similar).
+
+   A query may be given by any single letter which is only checked by
+   the destination server (if given as the <server> parameter) and is
+   otherwise passed on by intermediate servers, ignored and unaltered.
+   The following queries are those found in the current IRC
+   implementation and provide a large portion of the setup information
+   for that server.  Although these may not be supported in the same way
+   by other versions, all servers should be able to supply a valid reply
+   to a STATS query which is consistent with the reply formats currently
+   used and the purpose of the query.
+
+   The currently supported queries are:
+
+           c - returns a list of servers which the server may connect
+               to or allow connections from;
+           h - returns a list of servers which are either forced to be
+               treated as leaves or allowed to act as hubs;
+           i - returns a list of hosts which the server allows a client
+               to connect from;
+           k - returns a list of banned username/hostname combinations
+               for that server;
+           l - returns a list of the server's connections, showing how
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 27]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+               long each connection has been established and the traffic
+               over that connection in bytes and messages for each
+               direction;
+           m - returns a list of commands supported by the server and
+               the usage count for each if the usage count is non zero;
+           o - returns a list of hosts from which normal clients may
+               become operators;
+           y - show Y (Class) lines from server's configuration file;
+           u - returns a string showing how long the server has been up.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+           RPL_STATSCLINE                  RPL_STATSNLINE
+           RPL_STATSILINE                  RPL_STATSKLINE
+           RPL_STATSQLINE                  RPL_STATSLLINE
+           RPL_STATSLINKINFO               RPL_STATSUPTIME
+           RPL_STATSCOMMANDS               RPL_STATSOLINE
+           RPL_STATSHLINE                  RPL_ENDOFSTATS
+
+   Examples:
+
+STATS m                         ; check the command usage for the server
+                                you are connected to
+
+:Wiz STATS c eff.org            ; request by WiZ for C/N line
+                                information from server eff.org
+
+4.3.3 Links message
+
+      Command: LINKS
+   Parameters: [[<remote server>] <server mask>]
+
+   With LINKS, a user can list all servers which are known by the server
+   answering the query.  The returned list of servers must match the
+   mask, or if no mask is given, the full list is returned.
+
+   If <remote server> is given in addition to <server mask>, the LINKS
+   command is forwarded to the first server found that matches that name
+   (if any), and that server is then required to answer the query.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+           RPL_LINKS                       RPL_ENDOFLINKS
+
+   Examples:
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 28]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+LINKS *.au                      ; list all servers which have a name
+                                that matches *.au;
+
+:WiZ LINKS *.bu.edu *.edu       ; LINKS message from WiZ to the first
+                                server matching *.edu for a list of
+                                servers matching *.bu.edu.
+
+4.3.4 Time message
+
+      Command: TIME
+   Parameters: [<server>]
+
+   The time message is used to query local time from the specified
+   server. If the server parameter is not given, the server handling the
+   command must reply to the query.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER                RPL_TIME
+
+   Examples:
+
+   TIME tolsun.oulu.fi             ; check the time on the server
+                                   "tolson.oulu.fi"
+
+   Angel TIME *.au                 ; user angel checking the time on a
+                                   server matching "*.au"
+
+4.3.5 Connect message
+
+      Command: CONNECT
+   Parameters: <target server> [<port> [<remote server>]]
+
+   The CONNECT command can be used to force a server to try to establish
+   a new connection to another server immediately.  CONNECT is a
+   privileged command and is to be available only to IRC Operators.  If
+   a remote server is given then the CONNECT attempt is made by that
+   server to <target server> and <port>.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER                ERR_NOPRIVILEGES
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS
+
+   Examples:
+
+CONNECT tolsun.oulu.fi          ; Attempt to connect a server to
+                                tolsun.oulu.fi
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 29]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+:WiZ CONNECT eff.org 6667 csd.bu.edu
+                                ; CONNECT attempt by WiZ to get servers
+                                eff.org and csd.bu.edu connected on port
+                                6667.
+
+4.3.6 Trace message
+
+      Command: TRACE
+   Parameters: [<server>]
+
+   TRACE command is used to find the route to specific server.  Each
+   server that processes this message must tell the sender about it by
+   sending a reply indicating it is a pass-through link, forming a chain
+   of replies similar to that gained from using "traceroute".  After
+   sending this reply back, it must then send the TRACE message to the
+   next server until given server is reached.  If the <server> parameter
+   is omitted, it is recommended that TRACE command send a message to
+   the sender telling which servers the current server has direct
+   connection to.
+
+   If the destination given by "<server>" is an actual server, then the
+   destination server is required to report all servers and users which
+   are connected to it, although only operators are permitted to see
+   users present.  If the destination given by <server> is a nickname,
+   they only a reply for that nickname is given.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+
+   If the TRACE message is destined for another server, all intermediate
+   servers must return a RPL_TRACELINK reply to indicate that the TRACE
+   passed through it and where its going next.
+
+           RPL_TRACELINK
+   A TRACE reply may be composed of any number of the following numeric
+   replies.
+
+           RPL_TRACECONNECTING             RPL_TRACEHANDSHAKE
+           RPL_TRACEUNKNOWN                RPL_TRACEOPERATOR
+           RPL_TRACEUSER                   RPL_TRACESERVER
+           RPL_TRACESERVICE                RPL_TRACENEWTYPE
+           RPL_TRACECLASS
+
+   Examples:
+
+TRACE *.oulu.fi                 ; TRACE to a server matching *.oulu.fi
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 30]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+:WiZ TRACE AngelDust            ; TRACE issued by WiZ to nick AngelDust
+
+4.3.7 Admin command
+
+      Command: ADMIN
+   Parameters: [<server>]
+
+   The admin message is used to find the name of the administrator of
+   the given server, or current server if <server> parameter is omitted.
+   Each server must have the ability to forward ADMIN messages to other
+   servers.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+           RPL_ADMINME                     RPL_ADMINLOC1
+           RPL_ADMINLOC2                   RPL_ADMINEMAIL
+
+   Examples:
+
+   ADMIN tolsun.oulu.fi            ; request an ADMIN reply from
+                                   tolsun.oulu.fi
+
+   :WiZ ADMIN *.edu                ; ADMIN request from WiZ for first
+                                   server found to match *.edu.
+
+4.3.8 Info command
+
+      Command: INFO
+   Parameters: [<server>]
+
+   The INFO command is required to return information which describes
+   the server: its version, when it was compiled, the patchlevel, when
+   it was started, and any other miscellaneous information which may be
+   considered to be relevant.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+           RPL_INFO                        RPL_ENDOFINFO
+
+   Examples:
+
+   INFO csd.bu.edu                 ; request an INFO reply from
+   csd.bu.edu
+
+   :Avalon INFO *.fi               ; INFO request from Avalon for first
+                                   server found to match *.fi.
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 31]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   INFO Angel                      ; request info from the server that
+                                   Angel is connected to.
+
+4.4 Sending messages
+
+   The main purpose of the IRC protocol is to provide a base for clients
+   to communicate with each other.  PRIVMSG and NOTICE are the only
+   messages available which actually perform delivery of a text message
+   from one client to another - the rest just make it possible and try
+   to ensure it happens in a reliable and structured manner.
+
+4.4.1 Private messages
+
+      Command: PRIVMSG
+   Parameters: <receiver>{,<receiver>} <text to be sent>
+
+   PRIVMSG is used to send private messages between users.  <receiver>
+   is the nickname of the receiver of the message.  <receiver> can also
+   be a list of names or channels separated with commas.
+
+   The <receiver> parameter may also me a host mask  (#mask)  or  server
+   mask  ($mask).   In  both cases the server will only send the PRIVMSG
+   to those who have a server or host matching the mask.  The mask  must
+   have at  least  1  (one)  "."  in it and no wildcards following the
+   last ".".  This requirement exists to prevent people sending messages
+   to  "#*"  or "$*",  which  would  broadcast  to  all  users; from
+   experience, this is abused more than used responsibly and properly.
+   Wildcards are  the  '*' and  '?'   characters.   This  extension  to
+   the PRIVMSG command is only available to Operators.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NORECIPIENT                 ERR_NOTEXTTOSEND
+           ERR_CANNOTSENDTOCHAN            ERR_NOTOPLEVEL
+           ERR_WILDTOPLEVEL                ERR_TOOMANYTARGETS
+           ERR_NOSUCHNICK
+           RPL_AWAY
+
+   Examples:
+
+:Angel PRIVMSG Wiz :Hello are you receiving this message ?
+                                ; Message from Angel to Wiz.
+
+PRIVMSG Angel :yes I'm receiving it !receiving it !'u>(768u+1n) .br ;
+                                Message to Angel.
+
+PRIVMSG jto@tolsun.oulu.fi :Hello !
+                                ; Message to a client on server
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 32]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                                tolsun.oulu.fi with username of "jto".
+
+PRIVMSG $*.fi :Server tolsun.oulu.fi rebooting.
+                                ; Message to everyone on a server which
+                                has a name matching *.fi.
+
+PRIVMSG #*.edu :NSFNet is undergoing work, expect interruptions
+                                ; Message to all users who come from a
+                                host which has a name matching *.edu.
+
+4.4.2 Notice
+
+      Command: NOTICE
+   Parameters: <nickname> <text>
+
+   The NOTICE message is used similarly to PRIVMSG.  The difference
+   between NOTICE and PRIVMSG is that automatic replies must never be
+   sent in response to a NOTICE message.  This rule applies to servers
+   too - they must not send any error reply back to the client on
+   receipt of a notice.  The object of this rule is to avoid loops
+   between a client automatically sending something in response to
+   something it received.  This is typically used by automatons (clients
+   with either an AI or other interactive program controlling their
+   actions) which are always seen to be replying lest they end up in a
+   loop with another automaton.
+
+   See PRIVMSG for more details on replies and examples.
+
+4.5 User based queries
+
+   User queries are a group of commands which are primarily concerned
+   with finding details on a particular user or group users.  When using
+   wildcards with any of these commands, if they match, they will only
+   return information on users who are 'visible' to you.  The visibility
+   of a user is determined as a combination of the user's mode and the
+   common set of channels you are both on.
+
+4.5.1 Who query
+
+      Command: WHO
+   Parameters: [<name> [<o>]]
+
+   The WHO message is used by a client to generate a query which returns
+   a list of information which 'matches' the <name> parameter given by
+   the client.  In the absence of the <name> parameter, all visible
+   (users who aren't invisible (user mode +i) and who don't have a
+   common channel with the requesting client) are listed.  The same
+   result can be achieved by using a <name> of "0" or any wildcard which
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 33]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   will end up matching every entry possible.
+
+   The <name> passed to WHO is matched against users' host, server, real
+   name and nickname if the channel <name> cannot be found.
+
+   If the "o" parameter is passed only operators are returned according
+   to the name mask supplied.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+           RPL_WHOREPLY                    RPL_ENDOFWHO
+
+   Examples:
+
+   WHO *.fi                        ; List all users who match against
+                                   "*.fi".
+
+   WHO jto* o                      ; List all users with a match against
+                                   "jto*" if they are an operator.
+
+4.5.2 Whois query
+
+      Command: WHOIS
+   Parameters: [<server>] <nickmask>[,<nickmask>[,...]]
+
+   This message is used to query information about particular user.  The
+   server will answer this message with several numeric messages
+   indicating different statuses of each user which matches the nickmask
+   (if you are entitled to see them).  If no wildcard is present in the
+   <nickmask>, any information about that nick which you are allowed to
+   see is presented.  A comma (',') separated list of nicknames may be
+   given.
+
+   The latter version sends the query to a specific server.  It is
+   useful if you want to know how long the user in question has been
+   idle as only local server (ie. the server the user is directly
+   connected to) knows that information, while everything else is
+   globally known.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER                ERR_NONICKNAMEGIVEN
+           RPL_WHOISUSER                   RPL_WHOISCHANNELS
+           RPL_WHOISCHANNELS               RPL_WHOISSERVER
+           RPL_AWAY                        RPL_WHOISOPERATOR
+           RPL_WHOISIDLE                   ERR_NOSUCHNICK
+           RPL_ENDOFWHOIS
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 34]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   Examples:
+
+   WHOIS wiz                       ; return available user information
+                                   about nick WiZ
+
+   WHOIS eff.org trillian          ; ask server eff.org for user
+                                   information about trillian
+
+4.5.3 Whowas
+
+      Command: WHOWAS
+   Parameters: <nickname> [<count> [<server>]]
+
+   Whowas asks for information about a nickname which no longer exists.
+   This may either be due to a nickname change or the user leaving IRC.
+   In response to this query, the server searches through its nickname
+   history, looking for any nicks which are lexically the same (no wild
+   card matching here).  The history is searched backward, returning the
+   most recent entry first.  If there are multiple entries, up to
+   <count> replies will be returned (or all of them if no <count>
+   parameter is given).  If a non-positive number is passed as being
+   <count>, then a full search is done.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NONICKNAMEGIVEN             ERR_WASNOSUCHNICK
+           RPL_WHOWASUSER                  RPL_WHOISSERVER
+           RPL_ENDOFWHOWAS
+
+   Examples:
+
+   WHOWAS Wiz                      ; return all information in the nick
+                                   history about nick "WiZ";
+
+   WHOWAS Mermaid 9                ; return at most, the 9 most recent
+                                   entries in the nick history for
+                                   "Mermaid";
+
+   WHOWAS Trillian 1 *.edu         ; return the most recent history for
+                                   "Trillian" from the first server found
+                                   to match "*.edu".
+
+4.6 Miscellaneous messages
+
+   Messages in this category do not fit into any of the above categories
+   but are nonetheless still a part of and required by the protocol.
+
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 35]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+4.6.1 Kill message
+
+      Command: KILL
+   Parameters: <nickname> <comment>
+
+   The KILL message is used to cause a client-server connection to be
+   closed by the server which has the actual connection.  KILL is used
+   by servers when they encounter a duplicate entry in the list of valid
+   nicknames and is used to remove both entries.  It is also available
+   to operators.
+
+   Clients which have automatic reconnect algorithms effectively make
+   this command useless since the disconnection is only brief.  It does
+   however break the flow of data and can be used to stop large amounts
+   of being abused, any user may elect to receive KILL messages
+   generated for others to keep an 'eye' on would be trouble spots.
+
+   In an arena where nicknames are required to be globally unique at all
+   times, KILL messages are sent whenever 'duplicates' are detected
+   (that is an attempt to register two users with the same nickname) in
+   the hope that both of them will disappear and only 1 reappear.
+
+   The comment given must reflect the actual reason for the KILL.  For
+   server-generated KILLs it usually is made up of details concerning
+   the origins of the two conflicting nicknames.  For users it is left
+   up to them to provide an adequate reason to satisfy others who see
+   it.  To prevent/discourage fake KILLs from being generated to hide
+   the identify of the KILLer, the comment also shows a 'kill-path'
+   which is updated by each server it passes through, each prepending
+   its name to the path.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOPRIVILEGES                ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS
+           ERR_NOSUCHNICK                  ERR_CANTKILLSERVER
+
+
+   KILL David (csd.bu.edu <- tolsun.oulu.fi)
+                                   ; Nickname collision between csd.bu.edu
+                                   and tolson.oulu.fi
+
+
+   NOTE:
+   It is recommended that only Operators be allowed to kill other users
+   with KILL message.  In an ideal world not even operators would need
+   to do this and it would be left to servers to deal with.
+
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 36]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+4.6.2 Ping message
+
+      Command: PING
+   Parameters: <server1> [<server2>]
+
+   The PING message is used to test the presence of an active client at
+   the other end of the connection.  A PING message is sent at regular
+   intervals if no other activity detected coming from a connection.  If
+   a connection fails to respond to a PING command within a set amount
+   of time, that connection is closed.
+
+   Any client which receives a PING message must respond to <server1>
+   (server which sent the PING message out) as quickly as possible with
+   an appropriate PONG message to indicate it is still there and alive.
+   Servers should not respond to PING commands but rely on PINGs from
+   the other end of the connection to indicate the connection is alive.
+   If the <server2> parameter is specified, the PING message gets
+   forwarded there.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOORIGIN                    ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+
+   Examples:
+
+   PING tolsun.oulu.fi             ; server sending a PING message to
+                                   another server to indicate it is still
+                                   alive.
+
+   PING WiZ                        ; PING message being sent to nick WiZ
+
+4.6.3 Pong message
+
+      Command: PONG
+   Parameters: <daemon> [<daemon2>]
+
+   PONG message is a reply to ping message.  If parameter <daemon2> is
+   given this message must be forwarded to given daemon.  The <daemon>
+   parameter is the name of the daemon who has responded to PING message
+   and generated this message.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOORIGIN                    ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+
+   Examples:
+
+   PONG csd.bu.edu tolsun.oulu.fi  ; PONG message from csd.bu.edu to
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 37]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                                   tolsun.oulu.fi
+
+4.6.4 Error
+
+      Command: ERROR
+   Parameters: <error message>
+
+   The ERROR command is for use by servers when reporting a serious or
+   fatal error to its operators.  It may also be sent from one server to
+   another but must not be accepted from any normal unknown clients.
+
+   An ERROR message is for use for reporting errors which occur with a
+   server-to-server link only.  An ERROR message is sent to the server
+   at the other end (which sends it to all of its connected operators)
+   and to all operators currently connected.  It is not to be passed
+   onto any other servers by a server if it is received from a server.
+
+   When a server sends a received ERROR message to its operators, the
+   message should be encapsulated inside a NOTICE message, indicating
+   that the client was not responsible for the error.
+
+   Numerics:
+
+           None.
+
+   Examples:
+
+   ERROR :Server *.fi already exists; ERROR message to the other server
+                                   which caused this error.
+
+   NOTICE WiZ :ERROR from csd.bu.edu -- Server *.fi already exists
+                                   ; Same ERROR message as above but sent
+                                   to user WiZ on the other server.
+
+5. OPTIONALS
+
+   This section describes OPTIONAL messages.  They are not required in a
+   working server implementation of the protocol described herein.  In
+   the absence of the option, an error reply message must be generated
+   or an unknown command error.  If the message is destined for another
+   server to answer then it must be passed on (elementary parsing
+   required) The allocated numerics for this are listed with the
+   messages below.
+
+5.1 Away
+
+      Command: AWAY
+   Parameters: [message]
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 38]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   With the AWAY message, clients can set an automatic reply string for
+   any PRIVMSG commands directed at them (not to a channel they are on).
+   The automatic reply is sent by the server to client sending the
+   PRIVMSG command.  The only replying server is the one to which the
+   sending client is connected to.
+
+   The AWAY message is used either with one parameter (to set an AWAY
+   message) or with no parameters (to remove the AWAY message).
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           RPL_UNAWAY                      RPL_NOWAWAY
+
+   Examples:
+
+   AWAY :Gone to lunch.  Back in 5 ; set away message to "Gone to lunch.
+                                   Back in 5".
+
+   :WiZ AWAY                       ; unmark WiZ as being away.
+
+
+5.2 Rehash message
+
+      Command: REHASH
+   Parameters: None
+
+   The rehash message can be used by the operator to force the server to
+   re-read and process its configuration file.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+        RPL_REHASHING                   ERR_NOPRIVILEGES
+
+Examples:
+
+REHASH                          ; message from client with operator
+                                status to server asking it to reread its
+                                configuration file.
+
+5.3 Restart message
+
+      Command: RESTART
+   Parameters: None
+
+   The restart message can only be used by an operator to force a server
+   restart itself.  This message is optional since it may be viewed as a
+   risk to allow arbitrary people to connect to a server as an operator
+   and execute this command, causing (at least) a disruption to service.
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 39]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   The RESTART command must always be fully processed by the server to
+   which the sending client is connected and not be passed onto other
+   connected servers.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOPRIVILEGES
+
+   Examples:
+
+   RESTART                         ; no parameters required.
+
+5.4 Summon message
+
+      Command: SUMMON
+   Parameters: <user> [<server>]
+
+   The SUMMON command can be used to give users who are on a host
+   running an IRC server a message asking them to please join IRC.  This
+   message is only sent if the target server (a) has SUMMON enabled, (b)
+   the user is logged in and (c) the server process can write to the
+   user's tty (or similar).
+
+   If no <server> parameter is given it tries to summon <user> from the
+   server the client is connected to is assumed as the target.
+
+   If summon is not enabled in a server, it must return the
+   ERR_SUMMONDISABLED numeric and pass the summon message onwards.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NORECIPIENT                 ERR_FILEERROR
+           ERR_NOLOGIN                     ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+           RPL_SUMMONING
+
+   Examples:
+
+   SUMMON jto                      ; summon user jto on the server's host
+
+   SUMMON jto tolsun.oulu.fi       ; summon user jto on the host which a
+                                   server named "tolsun.oulu.fi" is
+                                   running.
+
+
+5.5 Users
+
+      Command: USERS
+   Parameters: [<server>]
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 40]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   The USERS command returns a list of users logged into the server in a
+   similar  format  to  who(1),  rusers(1)  and finger(1).  Some people
+   may disable this command on their server for security related
+   reasons.   If disabled, the correct numeric must be returned to
+   indicate this.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NOSUCHSERVER                ERR_FILEERROR
+           RPL_USERSSTART                  RPL_USERS
+           RPL_NOUSERS                     RPL_ENDOFUSERS
+           ERR_USERSDISABLED
+
+   Disabled Reply:
+
+           ERR_USERSDISABLED
+
+   Examples:
+
+USERS eff.org                   ; request a list of users logged in on
+                                server eff.org
+
+:John USERS tolsun.oulu.fi      ; request from John for a list of users
+                                logged in on server tolsun.oulu.fi
+
+5.6 Operwall message
+
+      Command: WALLOPS
+   Parameters: Text to be sent to all operators currently online
+
+   Sends  a  message  to  all   operators   currently   online.    After
+   implementing  WALLOPS  as  a user command it was found that it was
+   often and commonly abused as a means of sending a message to a lot
+   of  people (much  similar to WALL).  Due to this it is recommended
+   that the current implementation of  WALLOPS  be  used  as  an
+   example  by  allowing  and recognising only servers as the senders of
+   WALLOPS.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS
+
+   Examples:
+
+   :csd.bu.edu WALLOPS :Connect '*.uiuc.edu 6667' from Joshua; WALLOPS
+                                   message from csd.bu.edu announcing a
+                                   CONNECT message it received and acted
+                                   upon from Joshua.
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 41]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+5.7 Userhost message
+
+      Command: USERHOST
+   Parameters: <nickname>{<space><nickname>}
+
+   The USERHOST command takes a list of up to 5 nicknames, each
+   separated by a space character and returns a list of information
+   about each nickname that it found.  The returned list has each reply
+   separated by a space.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           RPL_USERHOST                    ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS
+
+   Examples:
+
+   USERHOST Wiz Michael Marty p    ;USERHOST request for information on
+                                   nicks "Wiz", "Michael", "Marty" and "p"
+
+5.8 Ison message
+
+      Command: ISON
+   Parameters: <nickname>{<space><nickname>}
+
+   The ISON command was implemented to provide  a  quick  and  efficient
+   means  to get a response about whether a given nickname was currently
+   on IRC. ISON only takes one (1) parameter: a space-separated list of
+   nicks.  For  each  nickname in the list that is present, the server
+   adds that to its reply string.  Thus the reply string may return
+   empty (none  of  the given  nicks are present), an exact copy of the
+   parameter string (all of them present) or as any other subset of the
+   set of nicks  given  in  the parameter.  The only limit on the number
+   of nicks that may be checked is that the combined length must not be
+   too large as to cause the server to chop it off so it fits in 512
+   characters.
+
+   ISON is only be processed by the server local to the client sending
+   the command and thus not passed onto other servers for further
+   processing.
+
+   Numeric Replies:
+
+           RPL_ISON                ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS
+
+   Examples:
+
+   ISON phone trillian WiZ jarlek Avalon Angel Monstah
+                                   ; Sample ISON request for 7 nicks.
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 42]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+6. REPLIES
+
+   The following is a list of numeric replies which are generated in
+   response to the commands given above.  Each numeric is given with its
+   number, name and reply string.
+
+6.1 Error Replies.
+
+        401     ERR_NOSUCHNICK
+                        "<nickname> :No such nick/channel"
+
+                - Used to indicate the nickname parameter supplied to a
+                  command is currently unused.
+
+        402     ERR_NOSUCHSERVER
+                        "<server name> :No such server"
+
+                - Used to indicate the server name given currently
+                  doesn't exist.
+
+        403     ERR_NOSUCHCHANNEL
+                        "<channel name> :No such channel"
+
+                - Used to indicate the given channel name is invalid.
+
+        404     ERR_CANNOTSENDTOCHAN
+                        "<channel name> :Cannot send to channel"
+
+                - Sent to a user who is either (a) not on a channel
+                  which is mode +n or (b) not a chanop (or mode +v) on
+                  a channel which has mode +m set and is trying to send
+                  a PRIVMSG message to that channel.
+
+        405     ERR_TOOMANYCHANNELS
+                        "<channel name> :You have joined too many \
+                         channels"
+                - Sent to a user when they have joined the maximum
+                  number of allowed channels and they try to join
+                  another channel.
+
+        406     ERR_WASNOSUCHNICK
+                        "<nickname> :There was no such nickname"
+
+                - Returned by WHOWAS to indicate there is no history
+                  information for that nickname.
+
+        407     ERR_TOOMANYTARGETS
+                        "<target> :Duplicate recipients. No message \
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 43]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                         delivered"
+
+                - Returned to a client which is attempting to send a
+                  PRIVMSG/NOTICE using the user@host destination format
+                  and for a user@host which has several occurrences.
+
+        409     ERR_NOORIGIN
+                        ":No origin specified"
+
+                - PING or PONG message missing the originator parameter
+                  which is required since these commands must work
+                  without valid prefixes.
+
+        411     ERR_NORECIPIENT
+                        ":No recipient given (<command>)"
+        412     ERR_NOTEXTTOSEND
+                        ":No text to send"
+        413     ERR_NOTOPLEVEL
+                        "<mask> :No toplevel domain specified"
+        414     ERR_WILDTOPLEVEL
+                        "<mask> :Wildcard in toplevel domain"
+
+                - 412 - 414 are returned by PRIVMSG to indicate that
+                  the message wasn't delivered for some reason.
+                  ERR_NOTOPLEVEL and ERR_WILDTOPLEVEL are errors that
+                  are returned when an invalid use of
+                  "PRIVMSG $<server>" or "PRIVMSG #<host>" is attempted.
+
+        421     ERR_UNKNOWNCOMMAND
+                        "<command> :Unknown command"
+
+                - Returned to a registered client to indicate that the
+                  command sent is unknown by the server.
+
+        422     ERR_NOMOTD
+                        ":MOTD File is missing"
+
+                - Server's MOTD file could not be opened by the server.
+
+        423     ERR_NOADMININFO
+                        "<server> :No administrative info available"
+
+                - Returned by a server in response to an ADMIN message
+                  when there is an error in finding the appropriate
+                  information.
+
+        424     ERR_FILEERROR
+                ":File error doing <file op> on <file>"
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 44]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                - Generic error message used to report a failed file
+                  operation during the processing of a message.
+
+        431     ERR_NONICKNAMEGIVEN
+                        ":No nickname given"
+
+                - Returned when a nickname parameter expected for a
+                  command and isn't found.
+
+        432     ERR_ERRONEUSNICKNAME
+                        "<nick> :Erroneus nickname"
+
+                - Returned after receiving a NICK message which contains
+                  characters which do not fall in the defined set.  See
+                  section x.x.x for details on valid nicknames.
+
+        433     ERR_NICKNAMEINUSE
+                        "<nick> :Nickname is already in use"
+
+                - Returned when a NICK message is processed that results
+                  in an attempt to change to a currently existing
+                  nickname.
+
+        436     ERR_NICKCOLLISION
+                        "<nick> :Nickname collision KILL"
+
+                - Returned by a server to a client when it detects a
+                  nickname collision (registered of a NICK that
+                  already exists by another server).
+
+        441     ERR_USERNOTINCHANNEL
+                        "<nick> <channel> :They aren't on that channel"
+
+                - Returned by the server to indicate that the target
+                  user of the command is not on the given channel.
+
+        442     ERR_NOTONCHANNEL
+                        "<channel> :You're not on that channel"
+
+                - Returned by the server whenever a client tries to
+                  perform a channel effecting command for which the
+                  client isn't a member.
+
+        443     ERR_USERONCHANNEL
+                        "<user> <channel> :is already on channel"
+
+                - Returned when a client tries to invite a user to a
+                  channel they are already on.
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 45]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+        444     ERR_NOLOGIN
+                        "<user> :User not logged in"
+
+                - Returned by the summon after a SUMMON command for a
+                  user was unable to be performed since they were not
+                  logged in.
+
+        445     ERR_SUMMONDISABLED
+                        ":SUMMON has been disabled"
+
+                - Returned as a response to the SUMMON command.  Must be
+                  returned by any server which does not implement it.
+
+        446     ERR_USERSDISABLED
+                        ":USERS has been disabled"
+
+                - Returned as a response to the USERS command.  Must be
+                  returned by any server which does not implement it.
+
+        451     ERR_NOTREGISTERED
+                        ":You have not registered"
+
+                - Returned by the server to indicate that the client
+                  must be registered before the server will allow it
+                  to be parsed in detail.
+
+        461     ERR_NEEDMOREPARAMS
+                        "<command> :Not enough parameters"
+
+                - Returned by the server by numerous commands to
+                  indicate to the client that it didn't supply enough
+                  parameters.
+
+        462     ERR_ALREADYREGISTRED
+                        ":You may not reregister"
+
+                - Returned by the server to any link which tries to
+                  change part of the registered details (such as
+                  password or user details from second USER message).
+
+
+        463     ERR_NOPERMFORHOST
+                        ":Your host isn't among the privileged"
+
+                - Returned to a client which attempts to register with
+                  a server which does not been setup to allow
+                  connections from the host the attempted connection
+                  is tried.
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 46]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+        464     ERR_PASSWDMISMATCH
+                        ":Password incorrect"
+
+                - Returned to indicate a failed attempt at registering
+                  a connection for which a password was required and
+                  was either not given or incorrect.
+
+        465     ERR_YOUREBANNEDCREEP
+                        ":You are banned from this server"
+
+                - Returned after an attempt to connect and register
+                  yourself with a server which has been setup to
+                  explicitly deny connections to you.
+
+        467     ERR_KEYSET
+                        "<channel> :Channel key already set"
+        471     ERR_CHANNELISFULL
+                        "<channel> :Cannot join channel (+l)"
+        472     ERR_UNKNOWNMODE
+                        "<char> :is unknown mode char to me"
+        473     ERR_INVITEONLYCHAN
+                        "<channel> :Cannot join channel (+i)"
+        474     ERR_BANNEDFROMCHAN
+                        "<channel> :Cannot join channel (+b)"
+        475     ERR_BADCHANNELKEY
+                        "<channel> :Cannot join channel (+k)"
+        481     ERR_NOPRIVILEGES
+                        ":Permission Denied- You're not an IRC operator"
+
+                - Any command requiring operator privileges to operate
+                  must return this error to indicate the attempt was
+                  unsuccessful.
+
+        482     ERR_CHANOPRIVSNEEDED
+                        "<channel> :You're not channel operator"
+
+                - Any command requiring 'chanop' privileges (such as
+                  MODE messages) must return this error if the client
+                  making the attempt is not a chanop on the specified
+                  channel.
+
+        483     ERR_CANTKILLSERVER
+                        ":You cant kill a server!"
+
+                - Any attempts to use the KILL command on a server
+                  are to be refused and this error returned directly
+                  to the client.
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 47]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+        491     ERR_NOOPERHOST
+                        ":No O-lines for your host"
+
+                - If a client sends an OPER message and the server has
+                  not been configured to allow connections from the
+                  client's host as an operator, this error must be
+                  returned.
+
+        501     ERR_UMODEUNKNOWNFLAG
+                        ":Unknown MODE flag"
+
+                - Returned by the server to indicate that a MODE
+                  message was sent with a nickname parameter and that
+                  the a mode flag sent was not recognized.
+
+        502     ERR_USERSDONTMATCH
+                        ":Cant change mode for other users"
+
+                - Error sent to any user trying to view or change the
+                  user mode for a user other than themselves.
+
+6.2 Command responses.
+
+        300     RPL_NONE
+                        Dummy reply number. Not used.
+
+        302     RPL_USERHOST
+                        ":[<reply>{<space><reply>}]"
+
+                - Reply format used by USERHOST to list replies to
+                  the query list.  The reply string is composed as
+                  follows:
+
+                  <reply> ::= <nick>['*'] '=' <'+'|'-'><hostname>
+
+                  The '*' indicates whether the client has registered
+                  as an Operator.  The '-' or '+' characters represent
+                  whether the client has set an AWAY message or not
+                  respectively.
+
+        303     RPL_ISON
+                        ":[<nick> {<space><nick>}]"
+
+                - Reply format used by ISON to list replies to the
+                  query list.
+
+        301     RPL_AWAY
+                        "<nick> :<away message>"
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 48]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+        305     RPL_UNAWAY
+                        ":You are no longer marked as being away"
+        306     RPL_NOWAWAY
+                        ":You have been marked as being away"
+
+                - These replies are used with the AWAY command (if
+                  allowed).  RPL_AWAY is sent to any client sending a
+                  PRIVMSG to a client which is away.  RPL_AWAY is only
+                  sent by the server to which the client is connected.
+                  Replies RPL_UNAWAY and RPL_NOWAWAY are sent when the
+                  client removes and sets an AWAY message.
+
+        311     RPL_WHOISUSER
+                        "<nick> <user> <host> * :<real name>"
+        312     RPL_WHOISSERVER
+                        "<nick> <server> :<server info>"
+        313     RPL_WHOISOPERATOR
+                        "<nick> :is an IRC operator"
+        317     RPL_WHOISIDLE
+                        "<nick> <integer> :seconds idle"
+        318     RPL_ENDOFWHOIS
+                        "<nick> :End of /WHOIS list"
+        319     RPL_WHOISCHANNELS
+                        "<nick> :{[@|+]<channel><space>}"
+
+                - Replies 311 - 313, 317 - 319 are all replies
+                  generated in response to a WHOIS message.  Given that
+                  there are enough parameters present, the answering
+                  server must either formulate a reply out of the above
+                  numerics (if the query nick is found) or return an
+                  error reply.  The '*' in RPL_WHOISUSER is there as
+                  the literal character and not as a wild card.  For
+                  each reply set, only RPL_WHOISCHANNELS may appear
+                  more than once (for long lists of channel names).
+                  The '@' and '+' characters next to the channel name
+                  indicate whether a client is a channel operator or
+                  has been granted permission to speak on a moderated
+                  channel.  The RPL_ENDOFWHOIS reply is used to mark
+                  the end of processing a WHOIS message.
+
+        314     RPL_WHOWASUSER
+                        "<nick> <user> <host> * :<real name>"
+        369     RPL_ENDOFWHOWAS
+                        "<nick> :End of WHOWAS"
+
+                - When replying to a WHOWAS message, a server must use
+                  the replies RPL_WHOWASUSER, RPL_WHOISSERVER or
+                  ERR_WASNOSUCHNICK for each nickname in the presented
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 49]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                  list.  At the end of all reply batches, there must
+                  be RPL_ENDOFWHOWAS (even if there was only one reply
+                  and it was an error).
+
+        321     RPL_LISTSTART
+                        "Channel :Users  Name"
+        322     RPL_LIST
+                        "<channel> <# visible> :<topic>"
+        323     RPL_LISTEND
+                        ":End of /LIST"
+
+                - Replies RPL_LISTSTART, RPL_LIST, RPL_LISTEND mark
+                  the start, actual replies with data and end of the
+                  server's response to a LIST command.  If there are
+                  no channels available to return, only the start
+                  and end reply must be sent.
+
+        324     RPL_CHANNELMODEIS
+                        "<channel> <mode> <mode params>"
+
+        331     RPL_NOTOPIC
+                        "<channel> :No topic is set"
+        332     RPL_TOPIC
+                        "<channel> :<topic>"
+
+                - When sending a TOPIC message to determine the
+                  channel topic, one of two replies is sent.  If
+                  the topic is set, RPL_TOPIC is sent back else
+                  RPL_NOTOPIC.
+
+        341     RPL_INVITING
+                        "<channel> <nick>"
+
+                - Returned by the server to indicate that the
+                  attempted INVITE message was successful and is
+                  being passed onto the end client.
+
+        342     RPL_SUMMONING
+                        "<user> :Summoning user to IRC"
+
+                - Returned by a server answering a SUMMON message to
+                  indicate that it is summoning that user.
+
+        351     RPL_VERSION
+                        "<version>.<debuglevel> <server> :<comments>"
+
+                - Reply by the server showing its version details.
+                  The <version> is the version of the software being
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 50]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                  used (including any patchlevel revisions) and the
+                  <debuglevel> is used to indicate if the server is
+                  running in "debug mode".
+
+                  The "comments" field may contain any comments about
+                  the version or further version details.
+
+        352     RPL_WHOREPLY
+                        "<channel> <user> <host> <server> <nick> \
+                         <H|G>[*][@|+] :<hopcount> <real name>"
+        315     RPL_ENDOFWHO
+                        "<name> :End of /WHO list"
+
+                - The RPL_WHOREPLY and RPL_ENDOFWHO pair are used
+                  to answer a WHO message.  The RPL_WHOREPLY is only
+                  sent if there is an appropriate match to the WHO
+                  query.  If there is a list of parameters supplied
+                  with a WHO message, a RPL_ENDOFWHO must be sent
+                  after processing each list item with <name> being
+                  the item.
+
+        353     RPL_NAMREPLY
+                        "<channel> :[[@|+]<nick> [[@|+]<nick> [...]]]"
+        366     RPL_ENDOFNAMES
+                        "<channel> :End of /NAMES list"
+
+                - To reply to a NAMES message, a reply pair consisting
+                  of RPL_NAMREPLY and RPL_ENDOFNAMES is sent by the
+                  server back to the client.  If there is no channel
+                  found as in the query, then only RPL_ENDOFNAMES is
+                  returned.  The exception to this is when a NAMES
+                  message is sent with no parameters and all visible
+                  channels and contents are sent back in a series of
+                  RPL_NAMEREPLY messages with a RPL_ENDOFNAMES to mark
+                  the end.
+
+        364     RPL_LINKS
+                        "<mask> <server> :<hopcount> <server info>"
+        365     RPL_ENDOFLINKS
+                        "<mask> :End of /LINKS list"
+
+                - In replying to the LINKS message, a server must send
+                  replies back using the RPL_LINKS numeric and mark the
+                  end of the list using an RPL_ENDOFLINKS reply.
+
+        367     RPL_BANLIST
+                        "<channel> <banid>"
+        368     RPL_ENDOFBANLIST
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 51]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                        "<channel> :End of channel ban list"
+
+                - When listing the active 'bans' for a given channel,
+                  a server is required to send the list back using the
+                  RPL_BANLIST and RPL_ENDOFBANLIST messages.  A separate
+                  RPL_BANLIST is sent for each active banid.  After the
+                  banids have been listed (or if none present) a
+                  RPL_ENDOFBANLIST must be sent.
+
+        371     RPL_INFO
+                        ":<string>"
+        374     RPL_ENDOFINFO
+                        ":End of /INFO list"
+
+                - A server responding to an INFO message is required to
+                  send all its 'info' in a series of RPL_INFO messages
+                  with a RPL_ENDOFINFO reply to indicate the end of the
+                  replies.
+
+        375     RPL_MOTDSTART
+                        ":- <server> Message of the day - "
+        372     RPL_MOTD
+                        ":- <text>"
+        376     RPL_ENDOFMOTD
+                        ":End of /MOTD command"
+
+                - When responding to the MOTD message and the MOTD file
+                  is found, the file is displayed line by line, with
+                  each line no longer than 80 characters, using
+                  RPL_MOTD format replies.  These should be surrounded
+                  by a RPL_MOTDSTART (before the RPL_MOTDs) and an
+                  RPL_ENDOFMOTD (after).
+
+        381     RPL_YOUREOPER
+                        ":You are now an IRC operator"
+
+                - RPL_YOUREOPER is sent back to a client which has
+                  just successfully issued an OPER message and gained
+                  operator status.
+
+        382     RPL_REHASHING
+                        "<config file> :Rehashing"
+
+                - If the REHASH option is used and an operator sends
+                  a REHASH message, an RPL_REHASHING is sent back to
+                  the operator.
+
+        391     RPL_TIME
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 52]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                        "<server> :<string showing server's local time>"
+
+                - When replying to the TIME message, a server must send
+                  the reply using the RPL_TIME format above.  The string
+                  showing the time need only contain the correct day and
+                  time there.  There is no further requirement for the
+                  time string.
+
+        392     RPL_USERSSTART
+                        ":UserID   Terminal  Host"
+        393     RPL_USERS
+                        ":%-8s %-9s %-8s"
+        394     RPL_ENDOFUSERS
+                        ":End of users"
+        395     RPL_NOUSERS
+                        ":Nobody logged in"
+
+                - If the USERS message is handled by a server, the
+                  replies RPL_USERSTART, RPL_USERS, RPL_ENDOFUSERS and
+                  RPL_NOUSERS are used.  RPL_USERSSTART must be sent
+                  first, following by either a sequence of RPL_USERS
+                  or a single RPL_NOUSER.  Following this is
+                  RPL_ENDOFUSERS.
+
+        200     RPL_TRACELINK
+                        "Link <version & debug level> <destination> \
+                         <next server>"
+        201     RPL_TRACECONNECTING
+                        "Try. <class> <server>"
+        202     RPL_TRACEHANDSHAKE
+                        "H.S. <class> <server>"
+        203     RPL_TRACEUNKNOWN
+                        "???? <class> [<client IP address in dot form>]"
+        204     RPL_TRACEOPERATOR
+                        "Oper <class> <nick>"
+        205     RPL_TRACEUSER
+                        "User <class> <nick>"
+        206     RPL_TRACESERVER
+                        "Serv <class> <int>S <int>C <server> \
+                         <nick!user|*!*>@<host|server>"
+        208     RPL_TRACENEWTYPE
+                        "<newtype> 0 <client name>"
+        261     RPL_TRACELOG
+                        "File <logfile> <debug level>"
+
+                - The RPL_TRACE* are all returned by the server in
+                  response to the TRACE message.  How many are
+                  returned is dependent on the the TRACE message and
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 53]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                  whether it was sent by an operator or not.  There
+                  is no predefined order for which occurs first.
+                  Replies RPL_TRACEUNKNOWN, RPL_TRACECONNECTING and
+                  RPL_TRACEHANDSHAKE are all used for connections
+                  which have not been fully established and are either
+                  unknown, still attempting to connect or in the
+                  process of completing the 'server handshake'.
+                  RPL_TRACELINK is sent by any server which handles
+                  a TRACE message and has to pass it on to another
+                  server.  The list of RPL_TRACELINKs sent in
+                  response to a TRACE command traversing the IRC
+                  network should reflect the actual connectivity of
+                  the servers themselves along that path.
+                  RPL_TRACENEWTYPE is to be used for any connection
+                  which does not fit in the other categories but is
+                  being displayed anyway.
+
+        211     RPL_STATSLINKINFO
+                        "<linkname> <sendq> <sent messages> \
+                         <sent bytes> <received messages> \
+                         <received bytes> <time open>"
+        212     RPL_STATSCOMMANDS
+                        "<command> <count>"
+        213     RPL_STATSCLINE
+                        "C <host> * <name> <port> <class>"
+        214     RPL_STATSNLINE
+                        "N <host> * <name> <port> <class>"
+        215     RPL_STATSILINE
+                        "I <host> * <host> <port> <class>"
+        216     RPL_STATSKLINE
+                        "K <host> * <username> <port> <class>"
+        218     RPL_STATSYLINE
+                        "Y <class> <ping frequency> <connect \
+                         frequency> <max sendq>"
+        219     RPL_ENDOFSTATS
+                        "<stats letter> :End of /STATS report"
+        241     RPL_STATSLLINE
+                        "L <hostmask> * <servername> <maxdepth>"
+        242     RPL_STATSUPTIME
+                        ":Server Up %d days %d:%02d:%02d"
+        243     RPL_STATSOLINE
+                        "O <hostmask> * <name>"
+        244     RPL_STATSHLINE
+                        "H <hostmask> * <servername>"
+
+        221     RPL_UMODEIS
+                        "<user mode string>"
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 54]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+                        - To answer a query about a client's own mode,
+                          RPL_UMODEIS is sent back.
+
+        251     RPL_LUSERCLIENT
+                        ":There are <integer> users and <integer> \
+                         invisible on <integer> servers"
+        252     RPL_LUSEROP
+                        "<integer> :operator(s) online"
+        253     RPL_LUSERUNKNOWN
+                        "<integer> :unknown connection(s)"
+        254     RPL_LUSERCHANNELS
+                        "<integer> :channels formed"
+        255     RPL_LUSERME
+                        ":I have <integer> clients and <integer> \
+                          servers"
+
+                        - In processing an LUSERS message, the server
+                          sends a set of replies from RPL_LUSERCLIENT,
+                          RPL_LUSEROP, RPL_USERUNKNOWN,
+                          RPL_LUSERCHANNELS and RPL_LUSERME.  When
+                          replying, a server must send back
+                          RPL_LUSERCLIENT and RPL_LUSERME.  The other
+                          replies are only sent back if a non-zero count
+                          is found for them.
+
+        256     RPL_ADMINME
+                        "<server> :Administrative info"
+        257     RPL_ADMINLOC1
+                        ":<admin info>"
+        258     RPL_ADMINLOC2
+                        ":<admin info>"
+        259     RPL_ADMINEMAIL
+                        ":<admin info>"
+
+                        - When replying to an ADMIN message, a server
+                          is expected to use replies RLP_ADMINME
+                          through to RPL_ADMINEMAIL and provide a text
+                          message with each.  For RPL_ADMINLOC1 a
+                          description of what city, state and country
+                          the server is in is expected, followed by
+                          details of the university and department
+                          (RPL_ADMINLOC2) and finally the administrative
+                          contact for the server (an email address here
+                          is required) in RPL_ADMINEMAIL.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 55]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+6.3 Reserved numerics.
+
+   These numerics are not described above since they fall into one of
+   the following categories:
+
+        1. no longer in use;
+
+        2. reserved for future planned use;
+
+        3. in current use but are part of a non-generic 'feature' of
+           the current IRC server.
+
+        209     RPL_TRACECLASS          217     RPL_STATSQLINE
+        231     RPL_SERVICEINFO         232     RPL_ENDOFSERVICES
+        233     RPL_SERVICE             234     RPL_SERVLIST
+        235     RPL_SERVLISTEND
+        316     RPL_WHOISCHANOP         361     RPL_KILLDONE
+        362     RPL_CLOSING             363     RPL_CLOSEEND
+        373     RPL_INFOSTART           384     RPL_MYPORTIS
+        466     ERR_YOUWILLBEBANNED     476     ERR_BADCHANMASK
+        492     ERR_NOSERVICEHOST
+
+7. Client and server authentication
+
+   Clients and servers are both subject to the same level of
+   authentication.  For both, an IP number to hostname lookup (and
+   reverse check on this) is performed for all connections made to the
+   server.  Both connections are then subject to a password check (if
+   there is a password set for that connection).  These checks are
+   possible on all connections although the password check is only
+   commonly used with servers.
+
+   An additional check that is becoming of more and more common is that
+   of the username responsible for making the connection.  Finding the
+   username of the other end of the connection typically involves
+   connecting to an authentication server such as IDENT as described in
+   RFC 1413.
+
+   Given that without passwords it is not easy to reliably determine who
+   is on the other end of a network connection, use of passwords is
+   strongly recommended on inter-server connections in addition to any
+   other measures such as using an ident server.
+
+8. Current implementations
+
+   The only current implementation of this protocol is the IRC server,
+   version 2.8. Earlier versions may implement some or all of the
+   commands described by this document with NOTICE messages replacing
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 56]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   many of the numeric replies.  Unfortunately, due to backward
+   compatibility requirements, the implementation of some parts of this
+   document varies with what is laid out.  On notable difference is:
+
+        * recognition that any LF or CR anywhere in a message marks the
+          end of that message (instead of requiring CR-LF);
+
+   The rest of this section deals with issues that are mostly of
+   importance to those who wish to implement a server but some parts
+   also apply directly to clients as well.
+
+8.1 Network protocol: TCP - why it is best used here.
+
+   IRC has been implemented on top of TCP since TCP supplies a reliable
+   network protocol which is well suited to this scale of conferencing.
+   The use of multicast IP is an alternative, but it is not widely
+   available or supported at the present time.
+
+8.1.1 Support of Unix sockets
+
+   Given that Unix domain sockets allow listen/connect operations, the
+   current implementation can be configured to listen and accept both
+   client and server connections on a Unix domain socket.  These are
+   recognized as sockets where the hostname starts with a '/'.
+
+   When providing any information about the connections on a Unix domain
+   socket, the server is required to supplant the actual hostname in
+   place of the pathname unless the actual socket name is being asked
+   for.
+
+8.2 Command Parsing
+
+   To provide useful 'non-buffered' network IO for clients and servers,
+   each connection is given its own private 'input buffer' in which the
+   results of the most recent read and parsing are kept.  A buffer size
+   of 512 bytes is used so as to hold 1 full message, although, this
+   will usually hold several commands.  The private buffer is parsed
+   after every read operation for valid messages.  When dealing with
+   multiple messages from one client in the buffer, care should be taken
+   in case one happens to cause the client to be 'removed'.
+
+8.3 Message delivery
+
+   It is common to find network links saturated or hosts to which you
+   are sending data unable to send data.  Although Unix typically
+   handles this through the TCP window and internal buffers, the server
+   often has large amounts of data to send (especially when a new
+   server-server link forms) and the small buffers provided in the
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 57]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   kernel are not enough for the outgoing queue.  To alleviate this
+   problem, a "send queue" is used as a FIFO queue for data to be sent.
+   A typical "send queue" may grow to 200 Kbytes on a large IRC network
+   with a slow network connection when a new server connects.
+
+   When polling its connections, a server will first read and parse all
+   incoming data, queuing any data to be sent out. When all available
+   input is processed, the queued data is sent. This reduces the number
+   of write() system calls and helps TCP make bigger packets.
+
+8.4 Connection 'Liveness'
+
+   To detect when a connection has died or become unresponsive, the
+   server must ping each of its connections that it doesn't get a
+   response from in a given amount of time.
+
+   If a connection doesn't respond in time, its connection is closed
+   using the appropriate procedures.  A connection is also dropped if
+   its sendq grows beyond the maximum allowed, because it is better to
+   close a slow connection than have a server process block.
+
+8.5 Establishing a server to client connection
+
+   Upon connecting to an IRC server, a client is sent the MOTD (if
+   present) as well as the current user/server count (as per the LUSER
+   command).  The server is also required to give an unambiguous message
+   to the client which states its name and version as well as any other
+   introductory messages which may be deemed appropriate.
+
+   After dealing with this, the server must then send out the new user's
+   nickname and other information as supplied by itself (USER command)
+   and as the server could discover (from DNS/authentication servers).
+   The server must send this information out with NICK first followed by
+   USER.
+
+8.6 Establishing a server-server connection.
+
+   The process of establishing of a server-to-server connection is
+   fraught with danger since there are many possible areas where
+   problems can occur - the least of which are race conditions.
+
+   After a server has received a connection following by a PASS/SERVER
+   pair which were recognised as being valid, the server should then
+   reply with its own PASS/SERVER information for that connection as
+   well as all of the other state information it knows about as
+   described below.
+
+   When the initiating server receives a PASS/SERVER pair, it too then
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 58]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   checks that the server responding is authenticated properly before
+   accepting the connection to be that server.
+
+8.6.1 Server exchange of state information when connecting
+
+   The order of state information being exchanged between servers is
+   essential.  The required order is as follows:
+
+        * all known other servers;
+
+        * all known user information;
+
+        * all known channel information.
+
+   Information regarding servers is sent via extra SERVER messages, user
+   information with NICK/USER/MODE/JOIN messages and channels with MODE
+   messages.
+
+   NOTE: channel topics are *NOT* exchanged here because the TOPIC
+   command overwrites any old topic information, so at best, the two
+   sides of the connection would exchange topics.
+
+   By passing the state information about servers first, any collisions
+   with servers that already exist occur before nickname collisions due
+   to a second server introducing a particular nickname.  Due to the IRC
+   network only being able to exist as an acyclic graph, it may be
+   possible that the network has already reconnected in another
+   location, the place where the collision occurs indicating where the
+   net needs to split.
+
+8.7 Terminating server-client connections
+
+   When a client connection closes, a QUIT message is generated on
+   behalf of the client by the server to which the client connected.  No
+   other message is to be generated or used.
+
+8.8 Terminating server-server connections
+
+   If a server-server connection is closed, either via a remotely
+   generated SQUIT or 'natural' causes, the rest of the connected IRC
+   network must have its information updated with by the server which
+   detected the closure.  The server then sends a list of SQUITs (one
+   for each server behind that connection) and a list of QUITs (again,
+   one for each client behind that connection).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 59]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+8.9 Tracking nickname changes
+
+   All IRC servers are required to keep a history of recent nickname
+   changes.  This is required to allow the server to have a chance of
+   keeping in touch of things when nick-change race conditions occur
+   with commands which manipulate them.  Commands which must trace nick
+   changes are:
+
+        * KILL (the nick being killed)
+
+        * MODE (+/- o,v)
+
+        * KICK (the nick being kicked)
+
+   No other commands are to have nick changes checked for.
+
+   In the above cases, the server is required to first check for the
+   existence of the nickname, then check its history to see who that
+   nick currently belongs to (if anyone!).  This reduces the chances of
+   race conditions but they can still occur with the server ending up
+   affecting the wrong client.  When performing a change trace for an
+   above command it is recommended that a time range be given and
+   entries which are too old ignored.
+
+   For a reasonable history, a server should be able to keep previous
+   nickname for every client it knows about if they all decided to
+   change.  This size is limited by other factors (such as memory, etc).
+
+8.10 Flood control of clients
+
+   With a large network of interconnected IRC servers, it is quite easy
+   for any single client attached to the network to supply a continuous
+   stream of messages that result in not only flooding the network, but
+   also degrading the level of service provided to others.  Rather than
+   require every 'victim' to be provide their own protection, flood
+   protection was written into the server and is applied to all clients
+   except services.  The current algorithm is as follows:
+
+        * check to see if client's `message timer' is less than
+          current time (set to be equal if it is);
+
+        * read any data present from the client;
+
+        * while the timer is less than ten seconds ahead of the current
+          time, parse any present messages and penalize the client by
+          2 seconds for each message;
+
+   which in essence means that the client may send 1 message every 2
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 60]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   seconds without being adversely affected.
+
+8.11 Non-blocking lookups
+
+   In a real-time environment, it is essential that a server process do
+   as little waiting as possible so that all the clients are serviced
+   fairly.  Obviously this requires non-blocking IO on all network
+   read/write operations.  For normal server connections, this was not
+   difficult, but there are other support operations that may cause the
+   server to block (such as disk reads).  Where possible, such activity
+   should be performed with a short timeout.
+
+8.11.1 Hostname (DNS) lookups
+
+   Using the standard resolver libraries from Berkeley and others has
+   meant large delays in some cases where replies have timed out.  To
+   avoid this, a separate set of DNS routines were written which were
+   setup for non-blocking IO operations and then polled from within the
+   main server IO loop.
+
+8.11.2 Username (Ident) lookups
+
+   Although there are numerous ident libraries for use and inclusion
+   into other programs, these caused problems since they operated in a
+   synchronous manner and resulted in frequent delays.  Again the
+   solution was to write a set of routines which would cooperate with
+   the rest of the server and work using non-blocking IO.
+
+8.12 Configuration File
+
+   To provide a flexible way of setting up and running the server, it is
+   recommended that a configuration file be used which contains
+   instructions to the server on the following:
+
+        * which hosts to accept client connections from;
+
+        * which hosts to allow to connect as servers;
+
+        * which hosts to connect to (both actively and
+          passively);
+
+        * information about where the server is (university,
+          city/state, company are examples of this);
+
+        * who is responsible for the server and an email address
+          at which they can be contacted;
+
+        * hostnames and passwords for clients which wish to be given
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 61]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+          access to restricted operator commands.
+
+   In specifying hostnames, both domain names and use of the 'dot'
+   notation (127.0.0.1) should both be accepted.  It must be possible to
+   specify the password to be used/accepted for all outgoing and
+   incoming connections (although the only outgoing connections are
+   those to other servers).
+
+   The above list is the minimum requirement for any server which wishes
+   to make a connection with another server.  Other items which may be
+   of use are:
+
+        * specifying which servers other server may introduce;
+
+        * how deep a server branch is allowed to become;
+
+        * hours during which clients may connect.
+
+8.12.1 Allowing clients to connect
+
+   A server should use some sort of 'access control list' (either in the
+   configuration file or elsewhere) that is read at startup and used to
+   decide what hosts clients may use to connect to it.
+
+   Both 'deny' and 'allow' should be implemented to provide the required
+   flexibility for host access control.
+
+8.12.2 Operators
+
+   The granting of operator privileges to a disruptive person can have
+   dire consequences for the well-being of the IRC net in general due to
+   the powers given to them.  Thus, the acquisition of such powers
+   should not be very easy.  The current setup requires two 'passwords'
+   to be used although one of them is usually easy guessed.  Storage of
+   oper passwords in configuration files is preferable to hard coding
+   them in and should be stored in a crypted format (ie using crypt(3)
+   from Unix) to prevent easy theft.
+
+8.12.3 Allowing servers to connect
+
+   The interconnection of server is not a trivial matter: a bad
+   connection can have a large impact on the usefulness of IRC.  Thus,
+   each server should have a list of servers to which it may connect and
+   which servers may connect to it.  Under no circumstances should a
+   server allow an arbitrary host to connect as a server.  In addition
+   to which servers may and may not connect, the configuration file
+   should also store the password and other characteristics of that
+   link.
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 62]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+8.12.4 Administrivia
+
+   To provide accurate and valid replies to the ADMIN command (see
+   section 4.3.7), the server should find the relevant details in the
+   configuration.
+
+8.13 Channel membership
+
+   The current server allows any registered local user to join upto 10
+   different channels.  There is no limit imposed on non-local users so
+   that the server remains (reasonably) consistant with all others on a
+   channel membership basis
+
+9. Current problems
+
+   There are a number of recognized problems with this protocol, all  of
+   which  hope to be solved sometime in the near future during its
+   rewrite.  Currently, work is underway to find working solutions to
+   these problems.
+
+9.1 Scalability
+
+   It is widely recognized that this protocol does not scale
+   sufficiently well when used in a large arena.  The main problem comes
+   from the requirement that all servers know about all other servers
+   and users and that information regarding them be updated as soon as
+   it changes.  It is also desirable to keep the number of servers low
+   so that the path length between any two points is kept minimal and
+   the spanning tree as strongly branched as possible.
+
+9.2 Labels
+
+   The current IRC protocol has 3 types of labels: the nickname, the
+   channel name and the server name.  Each of the three types has its
+   own domain and no duplicates are allowed inside that domain.
+   Currently, it is possible for users to pick the label for any of the
+   three, resulting in collisions.  It is widely recognized that this
+   needs reworking, with a plan for unique names for channels and nicks
+   that don't collide being desirable as well as a solution allowing a
+   cyclic tree.
+
+9.2.1 Nicknames
+
+   The idea of the nickname on IRC is very convenient for users to use
+   when talking to each other outside of a channel, but there is only a
+   finite nickname space and being what they are, its not uncommon for
+   several people to want to use the same nick.  If a nickname is chosen
+   by two people using this protocol, either one will not succeed or
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 63]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+   both will removed by use of KILL (4.6.1).
+
+9.2.2 Channels
+
+   The current channel layout requires that all servers know about all
+   channels, their inhabitants and properties.  Besides not scaling
+   well, the issue of privacy is also a concern.  A collision of
+   channels is treated as an inclusive event (both people who create the
+   new channel are considered to be members of it) rather than an
+   exclusive one such as used to solve nickname collisions.
+
+9.2.3 Servers
+
+   Although the number of servers is usually small relative to the
+   number of users and channels, they two currently required to be known
+   globally, either each one separately or hidden behind a mask.
+
+9.3 Algorithms
+
+   In some places within the server code, it has not  been  possible  to
+   avoid  N^2  algorithms  such  as  checking  the channel list of a set
+   of clients.
+
+   In current server versions, there are no database consistency checks,
+   each server assumes that a neighbouring server is correct.  This
+   opens the door to large problems if a connecting server is buggy or
+   otherwise tries to introduce contradictions to the existing net.
+
+   Currently, because of the lack of unique internal and global labels,
+   there are a multitude of race conditions that exist.  These race
+   conditions generally arise from the problem of it taking time for
+   messages to traverse and effect the IRC network.  Even by changing to
+   unique labels, there are problems with channel-related commands being
+   disrupted.
+
+10. Current support and availability
+
+           Mailing lists for IRC related discussion:
+                Future protocol: ircd-three-request@eff.org
+                General discussion: operlist-request@eff.org
+
+           Software implemenations
+                cs.bu.edu:/irc
+                nic.funet.fi:/pub/irc
+                coombs.anu.edu.au:/pub/irc
+
+           Newsgroup: alt.irc
+
+
+
+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 64]
+
+RFC 1459              Internet Relay Chat Protocol              May 1993
+
+
+Security Considerations
+
+   Security issues are discussed in sections 4.1, 4.1.1, 4.1.3, 5.5, and
+   7.
+
+12. Authors' Addresses
+
+   Jarkko Oikarinen
+   Tuirantie 17 as 9
+   90500 OULU
+   FINLAND
+
+   Email: jto@tolsun.oulu.fi
+
+
+   Darren Reed
+   4 Pateman Street
+   Watsonia, Victoria 3087
+   Australia
+
+   Email: avalon@coombs.anu.edu.au
+
+
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+
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+
+Oikarinen & Reed                                               [Page 65]
+
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