annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 66418:78ad7c173e94

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author Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
date Tue, 25 Oct 2005 02:21:28 +0000
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1 Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
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2
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3 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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4 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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5 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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7 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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8 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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9 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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10 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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11 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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13 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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14 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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15 try using a command. For instance:
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16 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
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17 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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21 reading the screen.
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22
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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25 the text.
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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31
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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35 * SUMMARY
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36 ---------
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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39
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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43 moving the text around the cursor
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44 to the center of the screen.
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45 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
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46
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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48 Then type C-l.
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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50 is near the cursor now.
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51
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52 You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
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53 your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
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54 C-v and M-v.
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55
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57 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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58 ----------------------
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59
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60 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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61 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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62
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63 There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys,
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64 but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
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65 and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
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66 are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
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67
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68 Previous line, C-p
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69 :
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70 :
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71 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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72 :
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73 :
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74 Next line, C-n
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76 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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77 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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78 centered in the screen.
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79
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80 You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
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81 P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You
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82 will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
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83
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84 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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85
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86 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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87 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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88
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89 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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90 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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91 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
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92 one).
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93
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94 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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95 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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96 across the Newline character.
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97
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98 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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99
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100 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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101 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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102 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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103
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104 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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105 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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106 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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107 without moving it off the screen.
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108
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109 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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110 see what happens.
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111
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112 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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113 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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114
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115 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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116
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117 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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118 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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119 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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120
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121 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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122 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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123 places inside and between words.
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124
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125 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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126 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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127 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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128 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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129 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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130
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131 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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132 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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133 or end of a sentence.
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134
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135 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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136 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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137
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138 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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139 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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140 natural.
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142 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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143 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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144 the text.
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145
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146 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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147 word and sentence moving commands:
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148
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149 C-f Move forward a character
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150 C-b Move backward a character
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151
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152 M-f Move forward a word
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153 M-b Move backward a word
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154
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155 C-n Move to next line
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156 C-p Move to previous line
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157
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158 C-a Move to beginning of line
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159 C-e Move to end of line
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160
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161 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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162 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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163
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164 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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165 These are the most often used commands.
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166
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167 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
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168 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
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169 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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170
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171 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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172 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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173 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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174
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175 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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176 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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177
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178 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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179 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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180
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181 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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182 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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183 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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184 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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185 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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186 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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187 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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188 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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189
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190 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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191 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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192 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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193 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
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194 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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195 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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196 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
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197 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
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198
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199 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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200
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201 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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202 to a line near this one with just one command.
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203
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204 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
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205 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
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206 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
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207 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
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208 something different.
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209
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210 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
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211 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
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212 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
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213
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214 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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215
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216 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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217 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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218
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219 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
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220 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the left hand
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221 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the
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222 mouse in the scroll bar.
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223
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224 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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225 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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226 determined by how high or low you click.
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227
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228 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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229 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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230 you move the mouse.
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231
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232
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233 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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234 --------------------
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235
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236 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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237 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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238 long to execute.
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239
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240 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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241 a command that you do not want to finish.
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242
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243 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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244 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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245 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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246
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247 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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248 with a C-g.
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249
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250
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251 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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252 -------------------
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253
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254 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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255 them by accident.
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256
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257 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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258 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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259 ahead and execute the command.
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260
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261 If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in
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262 answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the
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263 disabled command, answer the question with "n".
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264
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265 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
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266 then type n to answer the question.
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268
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269 * WINDOWS
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270 ---------
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271
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272 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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273 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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274 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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275 one-window editing. It is simple:
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277 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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278
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279 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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280 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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281 other windows.
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283 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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284 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
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285 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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286 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
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288 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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289
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290 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
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291 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
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292 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
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293 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
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294 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
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295
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296
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297 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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298 ------------------------
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299
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300 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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301 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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302 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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303 Newline character.
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304
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305 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
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306 <Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
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307 outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is
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308 normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
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309 it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
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310
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311 If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
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312 use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
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313 somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
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314
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315 More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
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316 current cursor position.
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317
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318 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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319 by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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320 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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321 your personal copy of it.
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322
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323 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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324 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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325 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
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326 right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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327
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328 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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329 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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330
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331 >> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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332 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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333
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334 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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335 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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336 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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337 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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338
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339 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This
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340 merges that line with the previous line.
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341
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342 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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343
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344 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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345 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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346 it several times.
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347
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348 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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349
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350 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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351 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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352 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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353
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354 <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor
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355 C-d Delete the next character after the cursor
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356
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357 M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor
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358 M-d Kill the next word after the cursor
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359
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360 C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line
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361 M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence
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362
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363 Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
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364 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
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365 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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366 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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367
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368 You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move
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369 to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC>
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370 is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.
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371 That kills all the text between the two positions.
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372
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373 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
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374 >> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
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375 at the bottom of the screen.
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376 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
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377 paragraph.
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378 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
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379 and ending just before the n.
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380
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381 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
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382 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
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383 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
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384 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
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385 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
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386 character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
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387 cannot yank that text).
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388
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389 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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390 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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391 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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392 which follows that line.
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393
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394 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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395 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
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396 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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397 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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398 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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399
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400 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
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401 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
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402 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
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403 or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a
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404 different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes
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405 multiple copies of it.
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406
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407 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
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408 at the current cursor position.
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409
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410 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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411
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412 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
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413 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
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414
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415 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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416
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417 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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418
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419 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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420 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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421
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422 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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423 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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424 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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425 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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426 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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427 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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428 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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429 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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430 it is.
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431
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432 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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433 recent kill).
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434
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435 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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436 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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437 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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438 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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439 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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440 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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441 arguments.
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442
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443
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577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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444 * UNDO
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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445 ------
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446
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447 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
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448 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
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449
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450 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
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451 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
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452 additional command.
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453
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454 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
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455 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
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diff changeset
456 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
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457 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
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458 type to undo insertion of text.)
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459
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460 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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461
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462 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
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463 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
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464 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
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465 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
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466 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
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467
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468 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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469
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470 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
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471 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
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472 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
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473
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474
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
475 * FILES
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
476 -------
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477
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478 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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479 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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480 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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481 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
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482
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483 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
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diff changeset
484 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
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485 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
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486 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
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487 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
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488 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
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489 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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490
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491 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
19772
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492 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
diff changeset
493 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
diff changeset
494 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
diff changeset
495 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
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parents: 18579
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496 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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diff changeset
497 appear in that precise spot.
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498
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499 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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500 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
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501 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
502 the file). After you type the command
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503
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504 C-x C-f Find a file
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505
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506 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
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diff changeset
507 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
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diff changeset
508 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
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509 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
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diff changeset
510
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diff changeset
511 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
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diff changeset
512 you can cancel the command with C-g.
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513
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514 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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parents:
diff changeset
515 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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parents:
diff changeset
516 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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517
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518 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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519 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
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diff changeset
520 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
521 finished.
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diff changeset
522
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
523 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
524 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
525 type the command
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526
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parents:
diff changeset
527 C-x C-s Save the file
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parents:
diff changeset
528
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diff changeset
529 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
530 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
531 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
532 original file's name.
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parents:
diff changeset
533
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4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
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parents: 38689
diff changeset
534 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
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parents:
diff changeset
535 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
536 work if the system should crash.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
537
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parents:
diff changeset
538 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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parents: 38689
diff changeset
539 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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parents:
diff changeset
540
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
541 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
542 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
543 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
544 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
545 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
546 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
547
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
548 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
549 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
550 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
551 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
552 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
553 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
554 already existing file.
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parents:
diff changeset
555
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
556
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
557 * BUFFERS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
558 ---------
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parents:
diff changeset
559
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parents:
diff changeset
560 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
561 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
562 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
563
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
564 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
565 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
566 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
567 to come back to the tutorial.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
568
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
569 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
570 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
571 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
13
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parents:
diff changeset
572
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parents:
diff changeset
573 C-x C-b List buffers
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parents:
diff changeset
574
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575 >> Try C-x C-b now.
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parents:
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576
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0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
577 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
578 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
579 is always part of some buffer.
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parents:
diff changeset
580
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parents:
diff changeset
581 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
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parents:
diff changeset
582
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5d6d01bbbe87 Fix typo.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 45938
diff changeset
583 When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
44730
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
584 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
585 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
586 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
587 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
588 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
589
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
590 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
591 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
592 to come back to this tutorial.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
593
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
594 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
595 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
596 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
597 every buffer.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
598
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
599 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
600 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
601 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
602 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
603 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
604 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
605 session.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
606
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
607 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
48591
afd7191c989c Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47239
diff changeset
608 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
44730
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
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parents: 44427
diff changeset
609
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parents:
diff changeset
610 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
611 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
612 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
613 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
614 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
615 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
616 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
617
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
618 C-x s Save some buffers
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parents:
diff changeset
619
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
620 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
621 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
622 buffer.
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parents:
diff changeset
623
16730
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
624 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
625 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
626 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
13
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parents:
diff changeset
627
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
628
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
629 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
630 ---------------------------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
631
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
632 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
633 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
634 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
635
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
636 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
637 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
638
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
639 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
640 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
641 of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
642 example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
643 session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
644 changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
645 it kills the Emacs.)
13
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parents:
diff changeset
646
9560
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
647 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
648 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
649
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
650 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
651 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
652 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
653
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
654 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
655 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
656 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
657 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
658 Emacs from the subshell.
9560
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
659
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
660 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
661 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
662 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
663 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
664 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
665 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
666
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
667 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
668
59989
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Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
669 C-x C-f Find file
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
670 C-x C-s Save file
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
671 C-x s Save some buffers
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
672 C-x C-b List buffers
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
673 C-x b Switch buffer
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
674 C-x C-c Quit Emacs
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
675 C-x 1 Delete all but one window
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
676 C-x u Undo
13
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parents:
diff changeset
677
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
678 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
679 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
680 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
681 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
682 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
683 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
684 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
32492
e4721c5ab8dd Fix a typo.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32393
diff changeset
685 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
686 End the command name with <Return>.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
687
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
688 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
689 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
690 argument with <Return>.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
691
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
692 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
693 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
694
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
695 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
696 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
697 after the initial position of the cursor.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
698
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
699
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
700 * AUTO SAVE
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
701 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
702
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
703 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
704 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
705 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
706 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
707 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
708 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
709 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
710
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
711 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
712 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
713 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
714 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
715 data.
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
716
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
717
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
718 * ECHO AREA
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
719 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
720
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
721 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
722 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
723 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
724
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
725
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
726 * MODE LINE
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
727 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
728
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
729 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
730 The mode line says something like this:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
731
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
732 --:** TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)-----------------------
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
733
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
734 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
735 the text you are editing.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
736
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
737 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
738 found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
739 NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
740 the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
741 bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
742 looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
743 line says "All".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
744
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
745 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
746 current line number of point.
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
747
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
748 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
749 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
750 no stars, just dashes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
751
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
752 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
753 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48591
diff changeset
754 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
755
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
756 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
757 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
758 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
759 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
760 "Fundamental" is now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
761
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
762 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
763 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
764 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
765 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
766 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
767 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
768 switch to Fundamental mode.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
769
46565
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
770 If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
771 should probably use Text Mode.
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
772
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
773 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
774
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
775 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
776 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
777 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
778 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
779
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
780 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
781 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
782 differently.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
783
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
784 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
785
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
786 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
787 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
788 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
789
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
790 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
791 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
792 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
793 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
794 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
795 combination of several minor modes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
796
46565
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
797 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
798 human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
799 breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
800 text and make a line that is too wide.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
801
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
802 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
803 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
804 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
805 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
806 command "toggles the mode".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
807
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
808 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
809 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
810 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
811
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
812 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
813 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
814 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
815
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
816 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
817 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
818 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
819 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
820
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
821 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
822 does not re-fill it for you.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
823 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
824 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
825
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
826 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
827
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
828
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
829 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
830 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
831
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
832 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
833 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
834 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
835 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
836
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
837 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
838 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
839 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
840
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
841 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
842 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
843
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
844 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
845 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
846 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
847 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
848
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
849 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
850 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
851 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
852 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
853 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
854 >> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
855 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
856
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
857 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
858 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
859 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
860 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
861 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
862
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
863 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
864 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
865 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
866 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
867 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
868 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
869
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
870 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
871 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
872 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
873 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
874 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
875 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
876 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
877 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
878
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
879 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
880 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
881 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
882
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
883 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
884 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
885 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
886 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
887 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
888
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
889
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
890 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
891 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
892
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
893 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
894 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
895
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
896 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
897 CONTROL-1).
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
898
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
899 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
900 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
901
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
902 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
903 (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
904
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
905 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
906 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
907 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
908
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
909 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
910 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
911
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
912 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
913 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
914 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
915 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
916
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
917 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
918 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
919 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
920 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
921
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
922 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
923 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
924 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
925 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
926
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
927 If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
928 order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
929 CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
930 in its own right, not a modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
931
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
932 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
933
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
934 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
935 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
936 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
937
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
938 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
939 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
940 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
941
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
942 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
943 things:
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
944
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
945 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
946 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
947 window. The cursor goes there, too.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
948
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
949 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
950 the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
951
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
952
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
953 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
954 --------------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
955
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
956 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
957 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
958 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
959 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
960
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
961 To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>.
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
962 That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
963 eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
964
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
965 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
966 get out.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
967
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
968 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
969 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
970 recursive editing level.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
971
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
972
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
973 * GETTING MORE HELP
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
974 -------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
975
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
976 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
977 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
978 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
979 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
980 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
981 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
982 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
983
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
984 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
985 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
986 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
987 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
988 type C-g to cancel it.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
989
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
990 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
991 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
992 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
993 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
994 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
6597
c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6276
diff changeset
995
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
996 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
997 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
998 description of the command.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
999
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
1000 >> Type C-h c C-p.
48591
afd7191c989c Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47239
diff changeset
1001
afd7191c989c Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47239
diff changeset
1002 The message should be something like this:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1003
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 C-p runs the command previous-line
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1005
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1006 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1007 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1008 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1009 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1010 have already learned.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1011
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parents:
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1012 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
1013 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1014
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1015 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1016
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
1017 >> Type C-h k C-p.
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1018
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1019 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1020 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1021 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1022 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1023 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1024
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 Here are some other useful C-h options:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1026
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 function.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1029
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
38785
4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
1031 This displays all the information Emacs has about the
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
1032 function which implements the C-p command.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1033
38785
4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
1034 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
38668
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1035 values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1036 the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1037
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1039 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
1040 These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
1042 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1043
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1044 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1045
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1046 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1047 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1048 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1049
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1050 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1051
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1052 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1053
38668
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1054 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1055 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1056 can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1057 your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1058 manual. If you have never before used Info, type ?
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1059 and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1060 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial,
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1061 you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1062 primary documentation.
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1063
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1064
44782
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1065 * MORE FEATURES
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1066 ---------------
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1067
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1068 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1069 or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1070 that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1071 dired, which simplifies file handling.
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1072
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1073 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1074 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1075 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1076 determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1077 in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1078
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1079 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1080 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1081 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1082 Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1083
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1084 The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1085
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1086
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
1087 * CONCLUSION
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
1088 ------------
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1089
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1091 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1092
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1094 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1095
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1096
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
1097 * COPYING
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
1098 ---------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1099
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1102
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1105
65088
f05a048483cc Update years in copyright notice; nfc.
Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents: 61186
diff changeset
1106 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
f05a048483cc Update years in copyright notice; nfc.
Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents: 61186
diff changeset
1107 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1108
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1113 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1114
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1115 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1116 of this document, or of portions of it,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1117 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1119
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1120 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1121 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1122 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1123 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
1124
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
1125 ;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55