annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 23387:842d6539989b

Minor formatting changes.
author Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
date Tue, 06 Oct 1998 23:32:03 +0000
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children ded299082c16
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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.
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2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
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3
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4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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7
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8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v).
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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21 reading the screen.
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22
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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25 the text.
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26
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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31
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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35 * SUMMARY
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36 ---------
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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39
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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43 moving the text around the cursor
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44 to the center of the screen.
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45 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
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46
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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48 Then type C-l.
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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50 is near the cursor now.
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52
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53 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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54 ----------------------
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55
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56 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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57 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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58
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59 There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use
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60 the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves the
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61 cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.
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62 Here is a table showing these four commands and shows the directions
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63 they move:
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65 Previous line, C-p
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66 :
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67 :
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68 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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69 :
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70 :
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71 Next line, C-n
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73 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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74 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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75 centered in the screen.
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77 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for
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78 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the
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79 basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the
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80 time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
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82 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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84 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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85 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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86
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87 Each of text line ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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88 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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89 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
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90 one).
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91
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92 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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93 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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94 across the Newline character.
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95
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96 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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97
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98 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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99 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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100 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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101
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102 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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103 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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104 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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105 without moving it off the screen.
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106
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107 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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108 see what happens.
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109
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110 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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111 (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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112
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113 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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114
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115 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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116 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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117 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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118
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119 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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120 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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121 places inside and between words.
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123 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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124 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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125 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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126 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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127 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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128
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129 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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130 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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131 or end of a sentence.
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133 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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134 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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135
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136 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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137 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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138 natural.
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140 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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141 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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142 the text.
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143
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144 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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145 word and sentence moving commands:
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147 C-f Move forward a character
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148 C-b Move backward a character
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149
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150 M-f Move forward a word
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151 M-b Move backward a word
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152
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153 C-n Move to next line
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154 C-p Move to previous line
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155
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156 C-a Move to beginning of line
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157 C-e Move to end of line
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158
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159 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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160 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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161
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162 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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163 These are the most often used commands.
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164
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165 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
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166 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta
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167 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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168
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169 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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170 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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171 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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172
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173 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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174 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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175
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176 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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177 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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178
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179 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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180 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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181 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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182 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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183 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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184 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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185 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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186 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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187
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188 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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189 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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190 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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191 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another alternative way
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192 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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193 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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194 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
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195 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
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196
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197 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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198
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199 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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200 to a line near this one with just one command.
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201
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202 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
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203 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
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204 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
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205 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
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206 something different.
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207
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208 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
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209 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
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210 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
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211
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212 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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213
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214 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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215 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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216
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217 If you are using X Windows, there should be a tall rectangular area
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218 called a scroll bar at the left hand side of the Emacs window. You
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219 can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.
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220
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221 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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222 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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223 determined by how high or low you click.
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224
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225 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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226 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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227 you move the mouse.
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228
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229
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230 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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231 --------------------
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232
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233 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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234 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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235 long to execute.
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236
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237 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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238 a command that you do not want to finish.
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239
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240 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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241 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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242 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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243
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244 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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245 with a C-g.
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246
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247
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248 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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249 -------------------
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250
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251 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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252 them by accident.
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253
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254 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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255 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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256 ahead and execute the command.
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257
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258 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
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259 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
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260 command, answer the question with "n".
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261
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262 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
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263 then type n to answer the question.
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266 * WINDOWS
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267 ---------
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268
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269 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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270 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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271 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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272 one-window editing. It is simple:
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274 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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275
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276 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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277 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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278 other windows.
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279
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280 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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281 >> Type Control-h k Control-f.
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282 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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283 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
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284
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285 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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286
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287 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
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288 consists of two characters. It starts with the character Control-x.
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289 There is a whole series of commands that start with Control-x; many of
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290 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
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291 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
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292
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293
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294 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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295 ------------------------
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296
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297 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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298 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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299 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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300 Newline character.
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301
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302 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
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303 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
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304 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
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305
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306 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
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307 current cursor position.
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308
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309 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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310 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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311 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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312 your personal copy of it.
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313
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314 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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315 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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316 at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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317
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318 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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319 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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320
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321 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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322 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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323
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324 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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325 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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326 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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327 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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328
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329 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
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330 merges that line with the previous line.
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331
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332 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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333
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334 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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335 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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336 it several times.
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337
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338 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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339
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340 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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341 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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342 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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343
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344 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
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345 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
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346
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347 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
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348 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
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349
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350 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
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351 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
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352
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353 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
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354 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
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355 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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356 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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357
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358 When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves the
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359 deleted text so that you can bring it back. Bringing back killed text
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360 is called "yanking". You can yank the killed text either at the same
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361 place where it was killed, or at some other place in the text. You
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362 can yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies of
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363 it. The command to yank is C-y.
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364
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365 Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is
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366 that "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.
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367 Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text,
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368 while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank lines
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369 and spaces, do not save the deleted text.
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370
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371 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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372 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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373 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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374 which follows that line.
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375
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376 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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377 C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. C-k
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378 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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379 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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380 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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381
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382 To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently
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383 is, type C-y.
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384
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385 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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386
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387 Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone took
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388 away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all of
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389 the killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all of
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390 the lines.
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391
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392 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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393
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394 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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395
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396 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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397 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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398
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399 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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400 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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401 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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402 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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403 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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404 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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405 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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406 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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407 it is.
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408
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409 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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410 recent kill).
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411
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412 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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413 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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414 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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415 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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416 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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417 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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418 arguments.
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419
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420
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421 * UNDO
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422 ------
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423
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424 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
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425 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
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426
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427 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
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428 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
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429 additional command.
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430
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431 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
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432 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
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433 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
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434 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
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435 type to undo insertion of text.)
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436
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437 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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438
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439 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
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440 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
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441 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
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442 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
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443 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
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444
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445 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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446
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447
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448 * FILES
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449 -------
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450
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451 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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452 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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453 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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454 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
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455
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456 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
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457 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
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458 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
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459 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
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460 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
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461 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
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462 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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463
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464 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
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465 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
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466 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
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467 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
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468 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
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469 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
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470 appear in that precise spot.
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471
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472 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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473 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
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474 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
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475 the file). After you type the command
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476
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477 C-x C-f Find a file
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478
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479 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
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480 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
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481 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
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482 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
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483
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484 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
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485 you can cancel the command with C-g.
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486
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487 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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488 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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489 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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490
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491 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
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492 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
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493 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
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494 finished.
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495
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496 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
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497 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
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498 type the command
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499
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500 C-x C-s Save the file
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501
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502 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
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503 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
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504 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
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505 original file's name.
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506
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507 When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
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508 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
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509 work if the system should crash.
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510
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511 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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512 This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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513
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514 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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515 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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516 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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517 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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518 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
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519 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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520
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521 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
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522 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
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523 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
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diff changeset
524 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
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525 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
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diff changeset
526 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
527 already existing file.
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diff changeset
528
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529
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diff changeset
530 * BUFFERS
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diff changeset
531 ---------
13
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532
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533 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
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diff changeset
534 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
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diff changeset
535 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
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parents:
diff changeset
536
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diff changeset
537 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
538 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
539 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
540 to come back to the tutorial.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
541
21494
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
542 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
543 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
544 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
13
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parents:
diff changeset
545
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diff changeset
546 C-x C-b List buffers
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parents:
diff changeset
547
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diff changeset
548 >> Try C-x C-b now.
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parents:
diff changeset
549
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diff changeset
550 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
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parents:
diff changeset
551 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
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parents:
diff changeset
552 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
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parents:
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553 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
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parents:
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554 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
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diff changeset
555 is always part of some buffer.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
556
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parents:
diff changeset
557 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
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parents:
diff changeset
558
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diff changeset
559 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
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parents:
diff changeset
560 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
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parents:
diff changeset
561 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
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parents:
diff changeset
562 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
563 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
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parents:
diff changeset
564 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
565 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
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parents:
diff changeset
566
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parents:
diff changeset
567 C-x s Save some buffers
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parents:
diff changeset
568
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diff changeset
569 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
570 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
571 buffer.
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parents:
diff changeset
572
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diff changeset
573 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
574 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
575 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
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parents:
diff changeset
576
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
577
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
578 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
579 ---------------------------
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parents:
diff changeset
580
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parents:
diff changeset
581 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
582 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
583 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
584
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diff changeset
585 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
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parents:
diff changeset
586 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
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parents:
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587
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588 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
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589 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
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590 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
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591 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
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592 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
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593 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
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594
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595 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
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596 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
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597
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598 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
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599 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
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600 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
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601
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diff changeset
602 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
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603 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
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604 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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605 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
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606 Emacs from the subshell.
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diff changeset
607
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
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608 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
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609 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
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610 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
611 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
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parents: 15443
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612 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
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613 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
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614
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615 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
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616
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617 C-x C-f Find file.
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618 C-x C-s Save file.
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619 C-x C-b List buffers.
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620 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
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621 C-x u Undo.
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622
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623 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
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624 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
625 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
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626 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
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diff changeset
627 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
628 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
629 Emacs will complete the name. End the command name with <Return>.
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parents: 15443
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630
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
631 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
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parents: 15443
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632 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
633 argument with <Return>.
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634
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635 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
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diff changeset
636 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
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637
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638 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
639 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
640 after the initial position of the cursor.
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parents:
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641
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parents:
diff changeset
642
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
643 * AUTO SAVE
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
644 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
645
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
646 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
647 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
648 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
649 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
650 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
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diff changeset
651 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
652 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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parents: 9560
diff changeset
653
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
654 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
655 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
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34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21296
diff changeset
656 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21296
diff changeset
657 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
10698
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diff changeset
658 data.
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
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659
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
660
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661 * ECHO AREA
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577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
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diff changeset
662 -----------
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663
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parents:
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664 If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
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parents: 21296
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665 at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area". The echo
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666 area contains the bottom line of the screen.
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parents: 15443
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667
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
668
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
669 * MODE LINE
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
670 -----------
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parents:
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671
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672 The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "mode line".
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673 The mode line says something like this:
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parents:
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674
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parents: 19772
diff changeset
675 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
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676
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parents: 15443
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677 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
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diff changeset
678 the text you are editing.
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parents:
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679
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680 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
681 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
682 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
683 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
684 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
685 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
686 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
687
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parents:
diff changeset
688 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
689 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
690 no stars, just dashes.
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parents:
diff changeset
691
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parents:
diff changeset
692 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
693 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
694 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
695
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
696 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
697 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
698 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
699 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
700 "Fundamental" is now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
701
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
702 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
703 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
704 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
705 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
706 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
707 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
708 switch to Fundamental mode.
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parents:
diff changeset
709
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
710 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
711 should probably use Text Mode.
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21296
diff changeset
712 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
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parents:
diff changeset
713
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parents:
diff changeset
714 Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
715 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
716 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
717 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
718
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
719 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
720 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
721 differently.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
722
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
723 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
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parents:
diff changeset
724
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parents:
diff changeset
725 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
726 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
727 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
728
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parents:
diff changeset
729 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
730 Minor modes are alternatives not to the major modes, just minor
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
731 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
732 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
733 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
734 combination of several minor modes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
735
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
736 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
737 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
738 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
739 line that is too wide.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
740
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
741 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
742 When the mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
743 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
744 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
745 command "toggles the mode".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
746
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
747 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
748 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
749 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
750
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
751 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
752 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
753 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
754
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
755 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
756 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
757 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
758 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
759
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
760 If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
761 does not re-fill it for you.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
762 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
763 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
764
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
765 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
766
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
767
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
768 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
769 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
770
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
771 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
772 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
773 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
774 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
775
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
776 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
777 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
778 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
779
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
780 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
781 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
782
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
783 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
784 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
785 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
786 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
787
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
788 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
789 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
790 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
791 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
792 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
793 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
794 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
795
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
796 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
797 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
798 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
799 occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
800 "failing", C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
801
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
802 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
803 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
804 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
805 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
806 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
807 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
808
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
809 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
810 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
811 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
812 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
813 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
814 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
815 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
816 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
817
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
818 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
819 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
820 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
821
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
822 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
823 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
824 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
825 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
826 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
827
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
828
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
829 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
830 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
831
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
832 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
833 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
834
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
835 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
836
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
837 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
838 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
839
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
840 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
841 (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
842
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
843 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
844 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
845 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
846
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
847 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
848 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
849
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
850 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
851 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
852 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
853 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
854
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
855 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
856 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
857 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
858 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
859
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
860 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
861 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
862 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
863 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
864
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
865 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
866 does matter: you must type ESC followed by Control-v, because
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
867 Control-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
868 its own right, not a modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
869
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
870 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
871
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
872 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
873 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
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parents: 34
diff changeset
874 window--the window I am already in.")
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parents: 34
diff changeset
875
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diff changeset
876 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
877 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
878 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
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879
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diff changeset
880 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
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diff changeset
881 things:
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882
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883 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
884 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
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885 window. The cursor goes there, too.
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886
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887 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
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888 the bottom window.
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diff changeset
889
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diff changeset
890
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diff changeset
891 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
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parents: 477
diff changeset
892 --------------------------
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893
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894 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
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895 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
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896 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
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897 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
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parents:
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898
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7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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parents: 15291
diff changeset
899 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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parents: 15291
diff changeset
900 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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parents: 15291
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901 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
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parents:
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902
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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diff changeset
903 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
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parents:
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904
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905 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
906 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
907 recursive editing level.
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parents:
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908
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909
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910 * GETTING MORE HELP
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parents: 477
diff changeset
911 -------------------
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912
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913 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
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914 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
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915 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
16730
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916 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
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917 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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918 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
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919 Control-h, which is called "the Help character".
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920
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921 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
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922 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
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923 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
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924 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
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parents: 4190
diff changeset
925 type C-g to cancel it.
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926
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6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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diff changeset
927 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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parents: 17128
diff changeset
928 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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parents: 17128
diff changeset
929 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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parents: 17128
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930 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
diff changeset
931 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
6597
c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
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parents: 6276
diff changeset
932
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6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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diff changeset
933 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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parents: 17128
diff changeset
934 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
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diff changeset
935 description of the command.
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936
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937 >> Type C-h c Control-p.
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diff changeset
938 The message should be something like
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parents:
diff changeset
939
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940 C-p runs the command previous-line
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941
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diff changeset
942 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
943 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
944 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
945 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
946 have already learned.
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diff changeset
947
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948 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
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diff changeset
949 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
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parents:
diff changeset
950
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951 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
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952
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953 >> Type C-h k Control-p.
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diff changeset
954
477
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diff changeset
955 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
956 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
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diff changeset
957 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
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diff changeset
958 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
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diff changeset
959 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
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diff changeset
960
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961 Here are some other useful C-h options:
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diff changeset
962
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963 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
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diff changeset
964 function.
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diff changeset
965
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diff changeset
966 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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967 This prints all the information Emacs has about the
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
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parents: 4190
diff changeset
968 function which implements the C-p command.
13
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diff changeset
969
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diff changeset
970 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
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diff changeset
971 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
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parents:
diff changeset
972 These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
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diff changeset
973 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
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diff changeset
974 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
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diff changeset
975
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
976 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
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parents: 476
diff changeset
977
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diff changeset
978 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
979 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
980 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
981
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
982 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
983
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
984 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
985
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diff changeset
986
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diff changeset
987 * CONCLUSION
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diff changeset
988 ------------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
989
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diff changeset
990 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
991 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
992
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diff changeset
993 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
994 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
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parents:
diff changeset
995
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parents:
diff changeset
996
23387
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
997 * COPYING
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
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parents: 23183
diff changeset
998 ---------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
999
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1000 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1001 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1002
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parents:
diff changeset
1003 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1004 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1005
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1006 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1007
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parents:
diff changeset
1008 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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parents:
diff changeset
1009 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1010 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1011 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1012 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1013
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1014 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1015 of this document, or of portions of it,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1016 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1017 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1018
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
1019 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1020 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
1021 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
1022 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!