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annotate man/mule.texi @ 82182:78ee45af2b61
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author | Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz> |
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date | Sat, 28 Jul 2007 01:24:33 +0000 |
parents | 4805684e0b00 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
75348 | 3 @c 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top | |
6 @chapter International Character Set Support | |
7 @cindex MULE | |
8 @cindex international scripts | |
9 @cindex multibyte characters | |
10 @cindex encoding of characters | |
11 | |
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12 @cindex Celtic |
25829 | 13 @cindex Chinese |
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14 @cindex Cyrillic |
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15 @cindex Czech |
25829 | 16 @cindex Devanagari |
17 @cindex Hindi | |
18 @cindex Marathi | |
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19 @cindex Ethiopic |
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20 @cindex German |
25829 | 21 @cindex Greek |
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22 @cindex Hebrew |
25829 | 23 @cindex IPA |
24 @cindex Japanese | |
25 @cindex Korean | |
26 @cindex Lao | |
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27 @cindex Latin |
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28 @cindex Polish |
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29 @cindex Romanian |
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30 @cindex Slovak |
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31 @cindex Slovenian |
25829 | 32 @cindex Thai |
33 @cindex Tibetan | |
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34 @cindex Turkish |
25829 | 35 @cindex Vietnamese |
35163 | 36 @cindex Dutch |
37 @cindex Spanish | |
25829 | 38 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets, |
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39 including European and Vietnamese variants of the Latin alphabet, as |
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40 well as Cyrillic, Devanagari (for Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, |
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41 Han (for Chinese and Japanese), Hangul (for Korean), Hebrew, IPA, |
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42 Kannada, Lao, Malayalam, Tamil, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. |
68549 | 43 Emacs also supports various encodings of these characters used by |
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44 other internationalized software, such as word processors and mailers. |
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45 |
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46 Emacs allows editing text with international characters by supporting |
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47 all the related activities: |
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48 |
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49 @itemize @bullet |
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50 @item |
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51 You can visit files with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, save non-@acronym{ASCII} text, and |
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52 pass non-@acronym{ASCII} text between Emacs and programs it invokes (such as |
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53 compilers, spell-checkers, and mailers). Setting your language |
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54 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) takes care of setting up the |
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55 coding systems and other options for a specific language or culture. |
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56 Alternatively, you can specify how Emacs should encode or decode text |
68549 | 57 for each command; see @ref{Text Coding}. |
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58 |
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59 @item |
68549 | 60 You can display non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded by the various |
61 scripts. This works by using appropriate fonts on graphics displays | |
62 (@pxref{Defining Fontsets}), and by sending special codes to text-only | |
63 displays (@pxref{Terminal Coding}). If some characters are displayed | |
64 incorrectly, refer to @ref{Undisplayable Characters}, which describes | |
65 possible problems and explains how to solve them. | |
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66 |
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67 @item |
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68 You can insert non-@acronym{ASCII} characters or search for them. To do that, |
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69 you can specify an input method (@pxref{Select Input Method}) suitable |
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70 for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set |
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71 your language environment. If |
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72 your keyboard can produce non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can select an |
68549 | 73 appropriate keyboard coding system (@pxref{Terminal Coding}), and Emacs |
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74 will accept those characters. Latin-1 characters can also be input by |
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75 using the @kbd{C-x 8} prefix, see @ref{Unibyte Mode}. |
68549 | 76 |
77 On X Window systems, your locale should be set to an appropriate value | |
78 to make sure Emacs interprets keyboard input correctly; see | |
79 @ref{Language Environments, locales}. | |
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80 @end itemize |
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81 |
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82 The rest of this chapter describes these issues in detail. |
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83 |
25829 | 84 @menu |
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85 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
25829 | 86 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
87 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
88 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
89 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
90 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. | |
91 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
92 write files, and so on. | |
93 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
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94 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly. |
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95 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output. |
68549 | 96 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. |
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97 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. |
68549 | 98 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. |
99 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting | |
100 terminal input and output. | |
25829 | 101 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts |
102 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
103 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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104 * Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display. |
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105 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set |
62476 | 106 to use without multibyte characters. |
43439 | 107 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
25829 | 108 @end menu |
109 | |
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110 @node International Chars |
25829 | 111 @section Introduction to International Character Sets |
112 | |
68549 | 113 The users of international character sets and scripts have |
114 established many more-or-less standard coding systems for storing | |
115 files. Emacs internally uses a single multibyte character encoding, | |
116 so that it can intermix characters from all these scripts in a single | |
117 buffer or string. This encoding represents each non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
118 character as a sequence of bytes in the range 0200 through 0377. | |
119 Emacs translates between the multibyte character encoding and various | |
120 other coding systems when reading and writing files, when exchanging | |
121 data with subprocesses, and (in some cases) in the @kbd{C-q} command | |
122 (@pxref{Multibyte Conversion}). | |
25829 | 123 |
124 @kindex C-h h | |
125 @findex view-hello-file | |
35206 | 126 @cindex undisplayable characters |
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127 @cindex @samp{?} in display |
25829 | 128 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file |
129 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages. | |
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130 This illustrates various scripts. If some characters can't be |
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131 displayed on your terminal, they appear as @samp{?} or as hollow boxes |
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132 (@pxref{Undisplayable Characters}). |
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133 |
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134 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, |
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135 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs |
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136 supports various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or |
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137 language, to make it convenient to type them. |
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138 |
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139 @kindex C-x RET |
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140 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain |
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141 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. |
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142 |
25829 | 143 @node Enabling Multibyte |
144 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters | |
145 | |
68549 | 146 By default, Emacs starts in multibyte mode, because that allows you to |
147 use all the supported languages and scripts without limitations. | |
148 | |
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149 @cindex turn multibyte support on or off |
25829 | 150 You can enable or disable multibyte character support, either for |
68549 | 151 Emacs as a whole, or for a single buffer. When multibyte characters |
152 are disabled in a buffer, we call that @dfn{unibyte mode}. Then each | |
153 byte in that buffer represents a character, even codes 0200 through | |
154 0377. | |
25829 | 155 |
68549 | 156 The old features for supporting the European character sets, ISO |
157 Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2, work in unibyte mode as they did in Emacs 19 | |
158 and also work for the other ISO 8859 character sets. However, there | |
159 is no need to turn off multibyte character support to use ISO Latin; | |
160 the Emacs multibyte character set includes all the characters in these | |
161 character sets, and Emacs can translate automatically to and from the | |
162 ISO codes. | |
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163 |
25829 | 164 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using |
165 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. To convert a buffer in | |
166 multibyte representation into a single-byte representation of the same | |
167 characters, the easiest way is to save the contents in a file, kill the | |
168 buffer, and find the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. You | |
169 can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
170 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} as | |
68549 | 171 the coding system with which to find or save a file. @xref{Text |
25829 | 172 Coding}. Finding a file as @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format |
173 conversion, uncompression and auto mode selection as | |
174 @code{find-file-literally} does. | |
175 | |
176 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters | |
177 @vindex default-enable-multibyte-characters | |
178 To turn off multibyte character support by default, start Emacs with | |
179 the @samp{--unibyte} option (@pxref{Initial Options}), or set the | |
29107 | 180 environment variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}. You can also customize |
25829 | 181 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} or, equivalently, directly set the |
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182 variable @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in |
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183 your init file to have basically the same effect as @samp{--unibyte}. |
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184 |
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185 @findex toggle-enable-multibyte-characters |
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186 To convert a unibyte session to a multibyte session, set |
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187 @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{t}. Buffers which |
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188 were created in the unibyte session before you turn on multibyte support |
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189 will stay unibyte. You can turn on multibyte support in a specific |
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190 buffer by invoking the command @code{toggle-enable-multibyte-characters} |
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191 in that buffer. |
25829 | 192 |
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193 @cindex Lisp files, and multibyte operation |
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194 @cindex multibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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195 @cindex unibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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196 @cindex init file, and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
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197 @cindex environment variables, and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
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198 With @samp{--unibyte}, multibyte strings are not created during |
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199 initialization from the values of environment variables, |
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200 @file{/etc/passwd} entries etc.@: that contain non-@acronym{ASCII} 8-bit |
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201 characters. |
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202 |
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203 Emacs normally loads Lisp files as multibyte, regardless of whether |
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204 you used @samp{--unibyte}. This includes the Emacs initialization file, |
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205 @file{.emacs}, and the initialization files of Emacs packages such as |
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206 Gnus. However, you can specify unibyte loading for a particular Lisp |
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207 file, by putting @w{@samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-}} in a comment on the first |
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208 line (@pxref{File Variables}). Then that file is always loaded as |
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209 unibyte text, even if you did not start Emacs with @samp{--unibyte}. |
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210 The motivation for these conventions is that it is more reliable to |
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211 always load any particular Lisp file in the same way. However, you can |
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212 load a Lisp file as unibyte, on any one occasion, by typing @kbd{C-x |
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213 @key{RET} c raw-text @key{RET}} immediately before loading it. |
25829 | 214 |
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215 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is |
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216 enabled in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more |
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217 characters (most often two dashes) near the beginning of the mode |
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218 line, before the indication of the visited file's end-of-line |
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219 convention (colon, backslash, etc.). When multibyte characters |
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220 are not enabled, nothing precedes the colon except a single dash. |
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221 @xref{Mode Line}, for more details about this. |
25829 | 222 |
223 @node Language Environments | |
224 @section Language Environments | |
225 @cindex language environments | |
226 | |
227 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever | |
228 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a | |
229 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs | |
230 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language environment} | |
231 in order to set various defaults. The language environment really | |
232 represents a choice of preferred script (more or less) rather than a | |
233 choice of language. | |
234 | |
235 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize | |
236 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files, | |
237 incoming mail, netnews, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may | |
238 also specify the default coding system to use when you create a file. | |
239 Each language environment also specifies a default input method. | |
240 | |
241 @findex set-language-environment | |
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242 @vindex current-language-environment |
44325 | 243 To select a language environment, you can customize the variable |
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244 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x |
25829 | 245 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is |
246 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally to | |
247 the Emacs session. The supported language environments include: | |
248 | |
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249 @cindex Euro sign |
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250 @cindex UTF-8 |
25829 | 251 @quotation |
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252 ASCII, Belarusian, Brazilian Portuguese, Bulgarian, Chinese-BIG5, |
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253 Chinese-CNS, Chinese-EUC-TW, Chinese-GB, Croatian, Cyrillic-ALT, |
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254 Cyrillic-ISO, Cyrillic-KOI8, Czech, Devanagari, Dutch, English, |
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255 Esperanto, Ethiopic, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Hebrew, IPA, |
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256 Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3, |
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257 Latin-4, Latin-5, Latin-6, Latin-7, Latin-8 (Celtic), Latin-9 (updated |
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258 Latin-1 with the Euro sign), Latvian, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Polish, |
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259 Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tajik, Tamil, |
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260 Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, UTF-8 (for a setup which prefers Unicode |
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261 characters and files encoded in UTF-8), Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Welsh, |
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262 and Windows-1255 (for a setup which prefers Cyrillic characters and |
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263 files encoded in Windows-1255). |
77129 | 264 @tex |
265 \hbadness=10000\par % just avoid underfull hbox warning | |
266 @end tex | |
25829 | 267 @end quotation |
268 | |
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269 @cindex fonts for various scripts |
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270 @cindex Intlfonts package, installation |
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271 To display the script(s) used by your language environment on a |
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272 graphical display, you need to have a suitable font. If some of the |
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273 characters appear as empty boxes, you should install the GNU Intlfonts |
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274 package, which includes fonts for most supported scripts.@footnote{If |
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275 you run Emacs on X, you need to inform the X server about the location |
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276 of the newly installed fonts with the following commands: |
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277 |
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278 @example |
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279 xset fp+ /usr/local/share/emacs/fonts |
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280 xset fp rehash |
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281 @end example |
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282 } |
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283 @xref{Fontsets}, for more details about setting up your fonts. |
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284 |
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285 @findex set-locale-environment |
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286 @vindex locale-language-names |
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287 @vindex locale-charset-language-names |
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288 @cindex locales |
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289 Some operating systems let you specify the character-set locale you |
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290 are using by setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, |
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291 @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}.@footnote{If more than one of these is |
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292 set, the first one that is nonempty specifies your locale for this |
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293 purpose.} During startup, Emacs looks up your character-set locale's |
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294 name in the system locale alias table, matches its canonical name |
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295 against entries in the value of the variables |
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296 @code{locale-charset-language-names} and @code{locale-language-names}, |
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297 and selects the corresponding language environment if a match is found. |
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298 (The former variable overrides the latter.) It also adjusts the display |
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299 table and terminal coding system, the locale coding system, the |
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300 preferred coding system as needed for the locale, and---last but not |
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301 least---the way Emacs decodes non-@acronym{ASCII} characters sent by your keyboard. |
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302 |
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303 If you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG} |
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304 environment variables while running Emacs, you may want to invoke the |
38786 | 305 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards to readjust the |
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306 language environment from the new locale. |
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307 |
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308 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems |
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309 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred |
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310 coding system established by the language environment to decode system |
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311 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable |
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312 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding |
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313 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK} |
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314 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in |
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315 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even |
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316 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}. |
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317 |
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318 You can override the language environment chosen at startup with |
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319 explicit use of the command @code{set-language-environment}, or with |
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320 customization of @code{current-language-environment} in your init |
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321 file. |
25829 | 322 |
323 @kindex C-h L | |
324 @findex describe-language-environment | |
325 To display information about the effects of a certain language | |
326 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env} | |
68549 | 327 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you |
328 which languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the | |
25829 | 329 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It |
68549 | 330 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this |
331 language environment. If you give an empty input for @var{lang-env}, | |
332 this command describes the chosen language environment. | |
25829 | 333 |
334 @vindex set-language-environment-hook | |
335 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook | |
336 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command | |
337 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new | |
338 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific | |
339 language environment by checking the variable | |
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340 @code{current-language-environment}. This hook is where you should |
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341 put non-default settings for specific language environment, such as |
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342 coding systems for keyboard input and terminal output, the default |
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343 input method, etc. |
25829 | 344 |
345 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook | |
346 Before it starts to set up the new language environment, | |
347 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook | |
348 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing | |
349 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}. | |
350 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language | |
351 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set | |
352 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding | |
353 for that key. | |
354 | |
355 @node Input Methods | |
356 @section Input Methods | |
357 | |
358 @cindex input methods | |
359 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed | |
360 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language | |
361 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same | |
362 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several | |
363 input methods. | |
364 | |
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365 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping @acronym{ASCII} letters |
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367 instead of @acronym{ASCII}. The Greek and Russian input methods |
38786 | 368 work this way. |
25829 | 369 |
370 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of | |
371 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition | |
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372 to produce a single non-@acronym{ASCII} letter from a sequence that consists of a |
25829 | 373 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some |
374 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter. | |
375 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do | |
376 is compose sequences of printing characters. | |
377 | |
378 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed | |
379 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. | |
380 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone | |
381 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are | |
382 mapped into one syllable sign. | |
383 | |
384 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input | |
385 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in | |
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386 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of |
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387 portions of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and |
38786 | 388 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). One input sequence typically |
389 corresponds to many possible Chinese characters. You select the one | |
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390 you mean using keys such as @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n}, |
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391 @kbd{C-p}, and digits, which have special meanings in this situation. |
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392 |
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393 The possible characters are conceptually arranged in several rows, |
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394 with each row holding up to 10 alternatives. Normally, Emacs displays |
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395 just one row at a time, in the echo area; @code{(@var{i}/@var{j})} |
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396 appears at the beginning, to indicate that this is the @var{i}th row |
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397 out of a total of @var{j} rows. Type @kbd{C-n} or @kbd{C-p} to |
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398 display the next row or the previous row. |
25829 | 399 |
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400 Type @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} to move forward and backward among |
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401 the alternatives in the current row. As you do this, Emacs highlights |
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402 the current alternative with a special color; type @code{C-@key{SPC}} |
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403 to select the current alternative and use it as input. The |
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404 alternatives in the row are also numbered; the number appears before |
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405 the alternative. Typing a digit @var{n} selects the @var{n}th |
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406 alternative of the current row and uses it as input. |
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407 |
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408 @key{TAB} in these Chinese input methods displays a buffer showing |
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409 all the possible characters at once; then clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on |
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410 one of them selects that alternative. The keys @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, |
38786 | 411 @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits continue to work as usual, but they |
412 do the highlighting in the buffer showing the possible characters, | |
413 rather than in the echo area. | |
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414 |
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415 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using |
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416 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs |
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417 converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One |
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418 phonetic spelling corresponds to a number of different Japanese words; |
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419 to select one of them, use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through |
25829 | 420 the alternatives. |
421 | |
422 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the | |
423 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent | |
424 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the | |
425 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if | |
426 you want to enter them as separate characters? | |
427 | |
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428 One way is to type the accent twice; this is a special feature for |
25829 | 429 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives |
430 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter | |
431 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and | |
432 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL} | |
433 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}. | |
434 | |
435 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use | |
436 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This | |
437 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice. | |
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438 @ifnottex |
25829 | 439 @xref{Select Input Method}. |
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440 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 441 |
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442 @cindex incremental search, input method interference |
25829 | 443 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search, |
444 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts | |
445 searching for what you have already entered. | |
446 | |
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447 To find out how to input the character after point using the current |
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448 input method, type @kbd{C-u C-x =}. @xref{Position Info}. |
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449 |
25829 | 450 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag |
451 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag | |
452 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and | |
37870 | 453 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain |
454 what is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is | |
455 non-@code{nil}, the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer (for | |
456 most input methods---some disable this feature). If | |
457 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of | |
458 possible characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but | |
459 not when you are in the minibuffer). | |
25829 | 460 |
461 @node Select Input Method | |
462 @section Selecting an Input Method | |
463 | |
464 @table @kbd | |
465 @item C-\ | |
466 Enable or disable use of the selected input method. | |
467 | |
468 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
469 Select a new input method for the current buffer. | |
470 | |
471 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET} | |
472 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
473 @findex describe-input-method | |
474 @kindex C-h I | |
475 @kindex C-h C-\ | |
476 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}). | |
31204 | 477 By default, it describes the current input method (if any). This |
478 description should give you the full details of how to use any | |
31270 | 479 particular input method. |
25829 | 480 |
481 @item M-x list-input-methods | |
482 Display a list of all the supported input methods. | |
483 @end table | |
484 | |
485 @findex set-input-method | |
486 @vindex current-input-method | |
487 @kindex C-x RET C-\ | |
488 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x | |
489 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the | |
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490 input method name from the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the |
25829 | 491 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable |
492 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected. | |
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493 |
25829 | 494 @findex toggle-input-method |
495 @kindex C-\ | |
68549 | 496 Input methods use various sequences of @acronym{ASCII} characters to |
497 stand for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. Sometimes it is useful to | |
498 turn off the input method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\} | |
25829 | 499 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type |
500 @kbd{C-\} again. | |
501 | |
502 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method, | |
503 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using | |
504 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method. | |
505 | |
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506 When invoked with a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u C-\}, |
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507 @code{toggle-input-method} always prompts you for an input method, |
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508 suggesting the most recently selected one as the default. |
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509 |
25829 | 510 @vindex default-input-method |
511 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for | |
512 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can | |
513 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable | |
514 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method | |
515 (@code{nil} means there is none). | |
516 | |
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517 In some language environments, which support several different input |
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518 methods, you might want to use an input method different from the |
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519 default chosen by @code{set-language-environment}. You can instruct |
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520 Emacs to select a different default input method for a certain |
37870 | 521 language environment, if you wish, by using |
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522 @code{set-language-environment-hook} (@pxref{Language Environments, |
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523 set-language-environment-hook}). For example: |
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524 |
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525 @lisp |
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526 (defun my-chinese-setup () |
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527 "Set up my private Chinese environment." |
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528 (if (equal current-language-environment "Chinese-GB") |
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529 (setq default-input-method "chinese-tonepy"))) |
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530 (add-hook 'set-language-environment-hook 'my-chinese-setup) |
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531 @end lisp |
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532 |
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533 @noindent |
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534 This sets the default input method to be @code{chinese-tonepy} |
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535 whenever you choose a Chinese-GB language environment. |
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536 |
25829 | 537 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout |
538 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect) | |
539 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used | |
540 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your | |
541 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use | |
542 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}. | |
543 | |
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544 @findex quail-show-key |
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545 You can use the command @kbd{M-x quail-show-key} to show what key (or |
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546 key sequence) to type in order to input the character following point, |
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547 using the selected keyboard layout. The command @kbd{C-u C-x =} also |
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548 shows that information in addition to the other information about the |
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549 character. |
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550 |
25829 | 551 @findex list-input-methods |
71593 | 552 To see a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x |
25829 | 553 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input |
554 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line. | |
555 | |
556 @node Multibyte Conversion | |
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557 @section Unibyte and Multibyte Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
25829 | 558 |
559 When multibyte characters are enabled, character codes 0240 (octal) | |
560 through 0377 (octal) are not really legitimate in the buffer. The valid | |
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561 non-@acronym{ASCII} printing characters have codes that start from 0400. |
25829 | 562 |
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563 If you type a self-inserting character in the range 0240 through |
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564 0377, or if you use @kbd{C-q} to insert one, Emacs assumes you |
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565 intended to use one of the ISO Latin-@var{n} character sets, and |
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566 converts it to the Emacs code representing that Latin-@var{n} |
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567 character. You select @emph{which} ISO Latin character set to use |
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568 through your choice of language environment |
25829 | 569 @iftex |
570 (see above). | |
571 @end iftex | |
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572 @ifnottex |
25829 | 573 (@pxref{Language Environments}). |
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574 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 575 If you do not specify a choice, the default is Latin-1. |
576 | |
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577 If you insert a character in the range 0200 through 0237, which |
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578 forms the @code{eight-bit-control} character set, it is inserted |
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579 literally. You should normally avoid doing this since buffers |
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580 containing such characters have to be written out in either the |
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581 @code{emacs-mule} or @code{raw-text} coding system, which is usually |
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582 not what you want. |
25829 | 583 |
584 @node Coding Systems | |
585 @section Coding Systems | |
586 @cindex coding systems | |
587 | |
588 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard | |
589 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding | |
590 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to | |
591 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding | |
592 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is | |
593 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the | |
594 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses. | |
595 | |
596 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are | |
597 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the | |
598 language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages; | |
599 their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also special | |
600 coding systems @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text} and | |
601 @code{emacs-mule} which do not convert printing characters at all. | |
602 | |
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603 @cindex international files from DOS/Windows systems |
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604 A special class of coding systems, collectively known as |
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605 @dfn{codepages}, is designed to support text encoded by MS-Windows and |
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606 MS-DOS software. The names of these coding systems are |
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607 @code{cp@var{nnnn}}, where @var{nnnn} is a 3- or 4-digit number of the |
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608 codepage. You can use these encodings just like any other coding |
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609 system; for example, to visit a file encoded in codepage 850, type |
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610 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c cp850 @key{RET} C-x C-f @var{filename} |
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611 @key{RET}}@footnote{ |
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612 In the MS-DOS port of Emacs, you need to create a @code{cp@var{nnn}} |
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613 coding system with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}, before you can use it. |
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614 @iftex |
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615 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE,,,emacs-extra,Specialized Emacs Features}. |
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616 @end iftex |
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617 @ifnottex |
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618 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}. |
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619 @end ifnottex |
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620 }. |
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621 |
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622 In addition to converting various representations of non-@acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 623 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs |
624 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file: | |
625 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return. | |
626 | |
627 @table @kbd | |
628 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
629 Describe coding system @var{coding}. | |
630 | |
631 @item C-h C @key{RET} | |
632 Describe the coding systems currently in use. | |
633 | |
634 @item M-x list-coding-systems | |
635 Display a list of all the supported coding systems. | |
636 @end table | |
637 | |
638 @kindex C-h C | |
639 @findex describe-coding-system | |
640 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays | |
70621 | 641 information about particular coding systems, including the end-of-line |
642 conversion specified by those coding systems. You can specify a coding | |
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643 system name as the argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it |
25829 | 644 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, |
645 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list | |
646 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). | |
647 | |
648 @findex list-coding-systems | |
649 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x | |
650 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding | |
651 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line | |
652 (@pxref{Mode Line}). | |
653 | |
654 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
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655 @cindex line endings |
25829 | 656 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion |
657 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion | |
658 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for | |
659 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies | |
660 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of | |
661 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file. | |
662 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return | |
663 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used. | |
664 | |
665 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify | |
666 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion: | |
667 | |
668 @table @code | |
669 @item @dots{}-unix | |
670 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses | |
671 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used | |
672 on Unix and GNU systems.) | |
673 | |
674 @item @dots{}-dos | |
675 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do | |
676 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on | |
36185 | 677 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME @samp{text/*} |
25829 | 678 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different |
679 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which | |
680 Emacs doesn't support directly.}) | |
681 | |
682 @item @dots{}-mac | |
683 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the | |
684 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the | |
685 Macintosh system.) | |
686 @end table | |
687 | |
688 These variant coding systems are omitted from the | |
689 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely | |
690 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has | |
691 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and | |
692 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}. | |
693 | |
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694 @cindex @code{undecided}, coding system |
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695 The coding systems @code{unix}, @code{dos}, and @code{mac} are |
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|
696 aliases for @code{undecided-unix}, @code{undecided-dos}, and |
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697 @code{undecided-mac}, respectively. These coding systems specify only |
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698 the end-of-line conversion, and leave the character code conversion to |
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699 be deduced from the text itself. |
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700 |
25829 | 701 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly |
68549 | 702 @acronym{ASCII} text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are |
703 not meant to encode non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. With | |
704 @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those byte values unchanged, and sets | |
705 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in the current buffer | |
706 so that they will be interpreted properly. @code{raw-text} handles | |
707 end-of-line conversion in the usual way, based on the data | |
708 encountered, and has the usual three variants to specify the kind of | |
709 end-of-line conversion to use. | |
25829 | 710 |
711 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no | |
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712 character code conversion at all---none for non-@acronym{ASCII} byte values and |
25829 | 713 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary |
714 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It, | |
715 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}. | |
716 | |
717 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with | |
718 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses | |
719 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that | |
720 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}. | |
721 | |
722 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} means that the file contains | |
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|
723 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It |
25829 | 724 handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has |
725 the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion. | |
726 | |
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727 @findex unify-8859-on-decoding-mode |
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728 @anchor{Character Translation} |
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729 The @dfn{character translation} feature can modify the effect of |
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730 various coding systems, by changing the internal Emacs codes that |
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731 decoding produces. For instance, the command |
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732 @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode} enables a mode that ``unifies'' the |
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|
733 Latin alphabets when decoding text. This works by converting all |
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|
734 non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin-@var{n} characters to either Latin-1 or |
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|
735 Unicode characters. This way it is easier to use various |
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736 Latin-@var{n} alphabets together. (In a future Emacs version we hope |
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737 to move towards full Unicode support and complete unification of |
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|
738 character sets.) |
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|
739 |
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|
740 @vindex enable-character-translation |
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741 If you set the variable @code{enable-character-translation} to |
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742 @code{nil}, that disables all character translation (including |
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743 @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode}). |
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744 |
25829 | 745 @node Recognize Coding |
746 @section Recognizing Coding Systems | |
747 | |
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748 Emacs tries to recognize which coding system to use for a given text |
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749 as an integral part of reading that text. (This applies to files |
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750 being read, output from subprocesses, text from X selections, etc.) |
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751 Emacs can select the right coding system automatically most of the |
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752 time---once you have specified your preferences. |
25829 | 753 |
754 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte | |
755 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that | |
756 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no | |
757 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte | |
758 values with different meanings. | |
759 | |
760 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding | |
761 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding | |
762 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system, | |
763 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it | |
764 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file | |
765 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system. | |
766 | |
767 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language | |
768 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use | |
769 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use | |
770 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the | |
771 reasons to specify a language environment. | |
772 | |
773 @findex prefer-coding-system | |
44325 | 774 However, you can alter the coding system priority list in detail |
775 with the command @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads | |
776 the name of a coding system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the | |
777 front of the priority list, so that it is preferred to all others. If | |
778 you use this command several times, each use adds one element to the | |
779 front of the priority list. | |
25829 | 780 |
781 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion | |
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782 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what this means is that Emacs |
25829 | 783 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should |
38786 | 784 use DOS end-of-line conversion when it does recognize @code{iso-8859-1}. |
25829 | 785 |
786 @vindex file-coding-system-alist | |
787 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the | |
788 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this | |
789 correspondence. There is a special function | |
790 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For | |
791 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system | |
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792 @code{chinese-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression: |
25829 | 793 |
794 @smallexample | |
63680
834cdf15f68b
(International): List all supported scripts. Adjust
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
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changeset
|
795 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'chinese-iso-8bit) |
25829 | 796 @end smallexample |
797 | |
798 @noindent | |
799 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be | |
800 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and | |
801 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files. | |
802 | |
803 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion | |
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(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
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|
804 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display |
25829 | 805 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on |
806 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only | |
807 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line | |
808 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of | |
809 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion} | |
37019
1deafff9fd1f
(Language Environments): Explain how to update the X
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|
810 to non-@code{nil}. If you do that, DOS-style files will be displayed |
1deafff9fd1f
(Language Environments): Explain how to update the X
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|
811 with the @samp{^M} characters visible in the buffer; some people |
1deafff9fd1f
(Language Environments): Explain how to update the X
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
812 prefer this to the more subtle @samp{(DOS)} end-of-line type |
1deafff9fd1f
(Language Environments): Explain how to update the X
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|
813 indication near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line, |
37081 | 814 eol-mnemonic}). |
25829 | 815 |
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|
816 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection |
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
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|
817 @cindex escape sequences in files |
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(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
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|
818 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to |
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
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diff
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|
819 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin |
36170
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Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
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|
820 with an escape character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022 |
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Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
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changeset
|
821 code, that tells Emacs to use one of the ISO-2022 encodings to decode |
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Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
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|
822 the file. |
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|
823 |
36170
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Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
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|
824 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences |
0fd801cdb9fd
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|
825 in a file as is. In such a case, you can set the variable |
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|
826 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code |
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|
827 detection ignores any escape sequences, and never uses an ISO-2022 |
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|
828 encoding. The result is that all escape sequences become visible in |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
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|
829 the buffer. |
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|
830 |
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|
831 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is |
36170
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|
832 @code{nil}. We recommend that you not change it permanently, only for |
0fd801cdb9fd
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|
833 one specific operation. That's because many Emacs Lisp source files |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
834 in the Emacs distribution contain non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded in the |
38460
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
835 coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit}, and they won't be |
36170
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changeset
|
836 decoded correctly when you visit those files if you suppress the |
0fd801cdb9fd
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|
837 escape sequence detection. |
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|
838 |
25829 | 839 @vindex auto-coding-alist |
37766
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Add something for auto-coding-regexp-alist.
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|
840 @vindex auto-coding-regexp-alist |
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|
841 @vindex auto-coding-functions |
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|
842 The variables @code{auto-coding-alist}, |
99b053f1b7f6
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|
843 @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} and @code{auto-coding-functions} are |
99b053f1b7f6
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changeset
|
844 the strongest way to specify the coding system for certain patterns of |
99b053f1b7f6
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|
845 file names, or for files containing certain patterns; these variables |
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|
846 even override @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs |
99b053f1b7f6
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changeset
|
847 uses @code{auto-coding-alist} for tar and archive files, to prevent it |
37766
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|
848 from being confused by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the |
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|
849 archive and thinking it applies to the archive file as a whole. |
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|
850 Likewise, Emacs uses @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} to ensure that |
45451
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changeset
|
851 RMAIL files, whose names in general don't match any particular |
99b053f1b7f6
(Recognize Coding): Note addition of `auto-coding-functions'.
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|
852 pattern, are decoded correctly. One of the builtin |
99b053f1b7f6
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|
853 @code{auto-coding-functions} detects the encoding for XML files. |
25829 | 854 |
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|
855 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset |
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|
856 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated |
349f782668a9
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|
857 automatically from the coding system it is written in, as if it were a |
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|
858 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you |
349f782668a9
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diff
changeset
|
859 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail |
349f782668a9
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|
860 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is |
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|
861 @code{nil}. |
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|
862 |
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|
863 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system |
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diff
changeset
|
864 For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses the coding |
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|
865 system specified by the variable @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The |
349f782668a9
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|
866 default value is @code{nil}, which means that Rmail files are not |
349f782668a9
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|
867 translated (they are read and written in the Emacs internal character |
349f782668a9
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|
868 code). |
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changeset
|
869 |
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|
870 @node Specify Coding |
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|
871 @section Specifying a File's Coding System |
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872 |
37584
9a7fd51a92b3
(International): Add an overview of Mule features, with pointers to
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37086
diff
changeset
|
873 If Emacs recognizes the encoding of a file incorrectly, you can |
9a7fd51a92b3
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parents:
37086
diff
changeset
|
874 reread the file using the correct coding system by typing @kbd{C-x |
68549 | 875 @key{RET} r @var{coding-system} @key{RET}}. To see what coding system |
876 Emacs actually used to decode the file, look at the coding system | |
877 mnemonic letter near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode | |
878 Line}), or type @kbd{C-h C @key{RET}}. | |
37584
9a7fd51a92b3
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37086
diff
changeset
|
879 |
71582
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diff
changeset
|
880 @vindex coding |
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changeset
|
881 You can specify the coding system for a particular file in the file |
349f782668a9
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|
882 itself, using the @w{@samp{-*-@dots{}-*-}} construct at the beginning, |
349f782668a9
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|
883 or a local variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do |
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diff
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|
884 this by defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. |
349f782668a9
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parents:
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885 Emacs does not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of |
349f782668a9
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changeset
|
886 setting a variable, this uses the specified coding system for the |
349f782668a9
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parents:
71308
diff
changeset
|
887 file. For example, @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies |
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changeset
|
888 use of the Latin-1 coding system, as well as C mode. When you specify |
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diff
changeset
|
889 the coding explicitly in the file, that overrides |
349f782668a9
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|
890 @code{file-coding-system-alist}. |
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diff
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|
891 |
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|
892 If you add the character @samp{!} at the end of the coding system |
71617
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Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
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changeset
|
893 name in @code{coding}, it disables any character translation |
e2891f905379
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changeset
|
894 (@pxref{Character Translation}) while decoding the file. This is |
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parents:
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diff
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|
895 useful when you need to make sure that the character codes in the |
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parents:
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896 Emacs buffer will not vary due to changes in user settings; for |
e2891f905379
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897 instance, for the sake of strings in Emacs Lisp source files. |
71582
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|
898 |
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|
899 @node Output Coding |
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|
900 @section Choosing Coding Systems for Output |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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45451
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|
901 |
25829 | 902 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system |
903 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that | |
71582
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|
904 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. That makes it the |
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|
905 default for operations that write from this buffer into a file, such |
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changeset
|
906 as @code{save-buffer} and @code{write-region}. You can specify a |
349f782668a9
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|
907 different coding system for further file output from the buffer using |
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|
908 @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Text Coding}). |
25829 | 909 |
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|
910 You can insert any character Emacs supports into any Emacs buffer, |
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911 but most coding systems can only handle a subset of these characters. |
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|
912 Therefore, you can insert characters that cannot be encoded with the |
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|
913 coding system that will be used to save the buffer. For example, you |
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|
914 could start with an @acronym{ASCII} file and insert a few Latin-1 |
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|
915 characters into it, or you could edit a text file in Polish encoded in |
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|
916 @code{iso-8859-2} and add some Russian words to it. When you save |
349f782668a9
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diff
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|
917 that buffer, Emacs cannot use the current value of |
38786 | 918 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, because the characters you added |
919 cannot be encoded by that coding system. | |
31021
5380bd6b450e
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changeset
|
920 |
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|
921 When that happens, Emacs tries the most-preferred coding system (set |
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922 by @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system} or @kbd{M-x |
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923 set-language-environment}), and if that coding system can safely |
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924 encode all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs uses it, and stores |
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925 its value in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. Otherwise, Emacs |
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926 displays a list of coding systems suitable for encoding the buffer's |
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927 contents, and asks you to choose one of those coding systems. |
31021
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928 |
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929 If you insert the unsuitable characters in a mail message, Emacs |
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930 behaves a bit differently. It additionally checks whether the |
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931 most-preferred coding system is recommended for use in MIME messages; |
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932 if not, Emacs tells you that the most-preferred coding system is not |
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933 recommended and prompts you for another coding system. This is so you |
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934 won't inadvertently send a message encoded in a way that your |
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935 recipient's mail software will have difficulty decoding. (You can |
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936 still use an unsuitable coding system if you type its name in response |
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937 to the question.) |
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938 |
25829 | 939 @vindex sendmail-coding-system |
940 When you send a message with Mail mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), Emacs has | |
941 four different ways to determine the coding system to use for encoding | |
942 the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of | |
943 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise, | |
944 it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that is | |
945 non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system for | |
946 new files, which is controlled by your choice of language environment, | |
947 if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values are @code{nil}, | |
948 Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding system. | |
949 | |
68549 | 950 @node Text Coding |
951 @section Specifying a Coding System for File Text | |
25829 | 952 |
953 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding | |
68549 | 954 system for a file's contents, you can use these commands to specify |
955 one: | |
25829 | 956 |
957 @table @kbd | |
958 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
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959 Use coding system @var{coding} for saving or revisiting the visited |
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960 file in the current buffer. |
25829 | 961 |
962 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
963 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
964 command. | |
965 | |
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966 @item C-x @key{RET} r @var{coding} @key{RET} |
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967 Revisit the current file using the coding system @var{coding}. |
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968 |
68549 | 969 @item M-x recode-region @key{RET} @var{right} @key{RET} @var{wrong} @key{RET} |
970 Convert a region that was decoded using coding system @var{wrong}, | |
971 decoding it using coding system @var{right} instead. | |
25829 | 972 @end table |
973 | |
974 @kindex C-x RET f | |
975 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system | |
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976 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} |
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977 (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system}) sets the file coding system for |
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978 the current buffer---in other words, it says which coding system to |
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979 use when saving or reverting the visited file. You specify which |
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980 coding system using the minibuffer. If you specify a coding system |
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981 that cannot handle all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs warns |
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982 you about the troublesome characters when you actually save the |
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983 buffer. |
25829 | 984 |
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985 @cindex specify end-of-line conversion |
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986 You can also use this command to specify the end-of-line conversion |
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987 (@pxref{Coding Systems, end-of-line conversion}) for encoding the |
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988 current buffer. For example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f dos @key{RET}} will |
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989 cause Emacs to save the current buffer's text with DOS-style CRLF line |
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990 endings. |
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991 |
25829 | 992 @kindex C-x RET c |
993 @findex universal-coding-system-argument | |
994 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit | |
995 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
996 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the | |
997 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer, | |
998 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following | |
999 command}. | |
1000 | |
1001 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example, | |
1002 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding | |
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1003 system for when you later save the file). Or if the immediately following |
25829 | 1004 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system. |
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1005 When you specify the coding system for saving in this way, instead |
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1006 of with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f}, there is no warning if the buffer |
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1007 contains characters that the coding system cannot handle. |
25829 | 1008 |
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1009 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include |
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1010 @kbd{C-x i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants |
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1011 of @kbd{C-x C-f}. @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that |
68549 | 1012 start subprocesses, including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}). If the |
1013 immediately following command does not use the coding system, then | |
1014 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect. | |
25829 | 1015 |
1016 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x | |
1017 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}. | |
1018 | |
1019 @vindex default-buffer-file-coding-system | |
1020 The variable @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} specifies the | |
1021 choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies | |
1022 when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it | |
1023 in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this | |
1024 variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language | |
1025 environment. | |
1026 | |
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1027 @kindex C-x RET r |
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1028 @findex revert-buffer-with-coding-system |
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1029 If you visit a file with a wrong coding system, you can correct this |
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1030 with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} r} (@code{revert-buffer-with-coding-system}). |
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1031 This visits the current file again, using a coding system you specify. |
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1032 |
68549 | 1033 @findex recode-region |
1034 If a piece of text has already been inserted into a buffer using the | |
1035 wrong coding system, you can redo the decoding of it using @kbd{M-x | |
1036 recode-region}. This prompts you for the proper coding system, then | |
1037 for the wrong coding system that was actually used, and does the | |
1038 conversion. It first encodes the region using the wrong coding system, | |
1039 then decodes it again using the proper coding system. | |
1040 | |
1041 @node Communication Coding | |
1042 @section Coding Systems for Interprocess Communication | |
1043 | |
1044 This section explains how to specify coding systems for use | |
1045 in communication with other processes. | |
1046 | |
1047 @table @kbd | |
1048 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1049 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from | |
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1050 other window-based applications. |
68549 | 1051 |
1052 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1053 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one} | |
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1054 selection---the next one---to or from another window-based application. |
68549 | 1055 |
1056 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET} | |
1057 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for | |
1058 subprocess input and output in the current buffer. | |
1059 | |
1060 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1061 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
1062 command. | |
1063 @end table | |
1064 | |
1065 @kindex C-x RET x | |
1066 @kindex C-x RET X | |
1067 @findex set-selection-coding-system | |
1068 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system | |
1069 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system}) | |
1070 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to other windowing | |
1071 applications, and for receiving the text of selections made in other | |
1072 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until | |
1073 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x | |
1074 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the | |
1075 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs. | |
1076 | |
1077 @kindex C-x RET p | |
1078 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system | |
1079 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system}) | |
1080 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This | |
1081 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its | |
1082 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to | |
1083 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the | |
1084 corresponding buffer. | |
1085 | |
1086 You can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} just before the command that | |
1087 runs or starts a subprocess, to specify the coding system to use for | |
1088 communication with that subprocess. | |
1089 | |
1090 The default for translation of process input and output depends on the | |
1091 current language environment. | |
1092 | |
1093 @vindex locale-coding-system | |
1094 @cindex decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X | |
1095 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system | |
1096 to use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error | |
1097 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. That | |
1098 coding system is also used for decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X | |
1099 Window systems. You should choose a coding system that is compatible | |
1100 with the underlying system's text representation, which is normally | |
1101 specified by one of the environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, | |
1102 @env{LC_CTYPE}, and @env{LANG}. (The first one, in the order | |
1103 specified above, whose value is nonempty is the one that determines | |
1104 the text representation.) | |
1105 | |
1106 @node File Name Coding | |
1107 @section Coding Systems for File Names | |
1108 | |
1109 @table @kbd | |
1110 @item C-x @key{RET} F @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1111 Use coding system @var{coding} for encoding and decoding file | |
1112 @emph{names}. | |
1113 @end table | |
1114 | |
1115 @vindex file-name-coding-system | |
1116 @cindex file names with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters | |
1117 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding | |
1118 system to use for encoding file names. It has no effect on reading | |
1119 and writing the @emph{contents} of files. | |
1120 | |
1121 @findex set-file-name-coding-system | |
1122 @kindex C-x @key{RET} F | |
1123 If you set the variable to a coding system name (as a Lisp symbol or | |
1124 a string), Emacs encodes file names using that coding system for all | |
1125 file operations. This makes it possible to use non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1126 characters in file names---or, at least, those non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1127 characters which the specified coding system can encode. Use @kbd{C-x | |
1128 @key{RET} F} (@code{set-file-name-coding-system}) to specify this | |
1129 interactively. | |
1130 | |
1131 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a | |
1132 default coding system determined by the selected language environment. | |
1133 In the default language environment, any non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1134 characters in file names are not encoded specially; they appear in the | |
1135 file system using the internal Emacs representation. | |
1136 | |
1137 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the | |
1138 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can | |
1139 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using | |
1140 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded | |
1141 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of | |
1142 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file | |
1143 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x | |
1144 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer. | |
1145 | |
1146 @findex recode-file-name | |
1147 If a mistake occurs when encoding a file name, use the command | |
1148 @kbd{M-x recode-file-name} to change the file name's coding | |
1149 system. This prompts for an existing file name, its old coding | |
1150 system, and the coding system to which you wish to convert. | |
1151 | |
1152 @node Terminal Coding | |
1153 @section Coding Systems for Terminal I/O | |
1154 | |
1155 @table @kbd | |
1156 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1157 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input. | |
1158 | |
1159 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1160 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output. | |
1161 @end table | |
1162 | |
25829 | 1163 @kindex C-x RET t |
1164 @findex set-terminal-coding-system | |
1165 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system}) | |
1166 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a | |
1167 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the | |
1168 terminal are translated into that coding system. | |
1169 | |
1170 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to | |
1171 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European | |
1172 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to | |
1173 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that | |
1174 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle. | |
1175 | |
1176 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless | |
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1177 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type or |
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1178 your locale specification (@pxref{Language Environments}). |
25829 | 1179 |
1180 @kindex C-x RET k | |
1181 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system | |
34691 | 1182 @vindex keyboard-coding-system |
25829 | 1183 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system}) |
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1184 or the variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} specifies the coding |
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1185 system for keyboard input. Character-code translation of keyboard |
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1186 input is useful for terminals with keys that send non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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|
1187 graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed for ISO |
48aa868cde0b
Don't say just "option" when talking about variables.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
58624
diff
changeset
|
1188 Latin-1 or subsets of it. |
25829 | 1189 |
46236
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1190 By default, keyboard input is translated based on your system locale |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1191 setting. If your terminal does not really support the encoding |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1192 implied by your locale (for example, if you find it inserts a |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1193 non-@acronym{ASCII} character if you type @kbd{M-i}), you will need to set |
46236
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1194 @code{keyboard-coding-system} to @code{nil} to turn off encoding. |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1195 You can do this by putting |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1196 |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1197 @lisp |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1198 (set-keyboard-coding-system nil) |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1199 @end lisp |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1200 |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1201 @noindent |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1202 in your @file{~/.emacs} file. |
25829 | 1203 |
1204 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for | |
1205 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of | |
1206 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input | |
1207 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and | |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1208 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of @acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 1209 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of |
1210 non-graphic characters. | |
1211 | |
1212 @node Fontsets | |
1213 @section Fontsets | |
1214 @cindex fontsets | |
1215 | |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1216 A font typically defines shapes for a single alphabet or script. |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1217 Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs supports |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1218 requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a collection is |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1219 called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of fonts, each |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1220 assigned to handle a range of character codes. |
25829 | 1221 |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1222 Each fontset has a name, like a font. However, while fonts are |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1223 stored in the system and the available font names are defined by the |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1224 system, fontsets are defined within Emacs itself. Once you have |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1225 defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by specifying its name, |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1226 anywhere that you could use a single font. Of course, Emacs fontsets |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1227 can use only the fonts that the system supports; if certain characters |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1228 appear on the screen as hollow boxes, this means that the fontset in |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1229 use for them has no font for those characters.@footnote{The Emacs |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1230 installation instructions have information on additional font |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1231 support.} |
25829 | 1232 |
1233 Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset} | |
1234 and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to | |
68549 | 1235 have fonts for a wide variety of non-@acronym{ASCII} characters; |
1236 however, this is not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs | |
1237 tries to find a font that has bold and italic variants.) You can | |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1238 specify use of the standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option. For |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1239 example, |
25829 | 1240 |
1241 @example | |
1242 emacs -fn fontset-standard | |
1243 @end example | |
1244 | |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1245 @noindent |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1246 You can also specify a fontset with the @samp{Font} resource (@pxref{X |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1247 Resources}). |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1248 |
25829 | 1249 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character |
1250 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it | |
1251 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot | |
1252 display that character properly. It will display that character as an | |
1253 empty box instead. | |
1254 | |
1255 @node Defining Fontsets | |
1256 @section Defining fontsets | |
1257 | |
1258 @vindex standard-fontset-spec | |
1259 @cindex standard fontset | |
1260 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value | |
1261 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is | |
1262 | |
1263 @example | |
1264 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard | |
1265 @end example | |
1266 | |
1267 @noindent | |
1268 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short. | |
1269 | |
1270 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are | |
1271 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of | |
1272 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both. | |
1273 | |
1274 @cindex startup fontset | |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1275 If you specify a default @acronym{ASCII} font with the @samp{Font} resource or |
25829 | 1276 the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it |
1277 automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is | |
1278 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry}, | |
1279 @var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the | |
1280 font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with | |
1281 @samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with | |
1282 @samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset. | |
1283 | |
1284 For instance, if you start Emacs this way, | |
1285 | |
1286 @example | |
1287 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1" | |
1288 @end example | |
1289 | |
1290 @noindent | |
1291 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X | |
1292 window frame: | |
1293 | |
1294 @example | |
1295 -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup | |
1296 @end example | |
1297 | |
1298 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name | |
1299 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset | |
1300 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard | |
38495 | 1301 specification matches various other resources, such as for menus, and |
25829 | 1302 menus cannot handle fontsets. |
1303 | |
1304 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named | |
1305 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0. | |
1306 The resource value should have this form: | |
1307 | |
1308 @smallexample | |
74189
affcf7c0ac19
(Defining Fontsets): Fix use of `charset' and `font'.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
72348
diff
changeset
|
1309 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charset}:@var{font}@r{]@dots{}} |
25829 | 1310 @end smallexample |
1311 | |
1312 @noindent | |
1313 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except | |
1314 for the last two fields. They should have the form | |
1315 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. | |
1316 | |
1317 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is | |
1318 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You | |
1319 can refer to the fontset by either name. | |
1320 | |
1321 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to | |
1322 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, | |
1323 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the | |
1324 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any | |
1325 number of times in defining one fontset. | |
1326 | |
1327 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on | |
1328 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values | |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1329 that describe the character set. For the @acronym{ASCII} character font, |
25829 | 1330 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}. |
1331 | |
1332 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs | |
1333 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of | |
1334 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable | |
1335 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is | |
38460
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1336 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which is what Emacs |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1337 does. |
25829 | 1338 |
1339 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, | |
1340 | |
1341 @example | |
1342 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
1343 @end example | |
1344 | |
1345 @noindent | |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1346 the font specification for @acronym{ASCII} characters would be this: |
25829 | 1347 |
1348 @example | |
1349 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
1350 @end example | |
1351 | |
1352 @noindent | |
1353 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: | |
1354 | |
1355 @example | |
1356 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1357 @end example | |
1358 | |
1359 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font | |
1360 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that | |
1361 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In | |
1362 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: | |
1363 | |
1364 @smallexample | |
1365 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ | |
1366 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1367 @end smallexample | |
1368 | |
1369 @noindent | |
1370 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have | |
1371 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for | |
1372 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} | |
1373 field. | |
1374 | |
1375 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec | |
1376 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the | |
1377 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also | |
1378 call this function explicitly to create a fontset. | |
1379 | |
1380 @xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X. | |
1381 | |
33745
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1382 @node Undisplayable Characters |
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1383 @section Undisplayable Characters |
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1384 |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1385 There may be a some non-@acronym{ASCII} characters that your terminal cannot |
68549 | 1386 display. Most text-only terminals support just a single character |
44325 | 1387 set (use the variable @code{default-terminal-coding-system} |
68549 | 1388 (@pxref{Terminal Coding}) to tell Emacs which one); characters which |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1389 can't be encoded in that coding system are displayed as @samp{?} by |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1390 default. |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1391 |
68549 | 1392 Graphical displays can display a broader range of characters, but |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1393 you may not have fonts installed for all of them; characters that have |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1394 no font appear as a hollow box. |
33745
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1395 |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1396 If you use Latin-1 characters but your terminal can't display |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1397 Latin-1, you can arrange to display mnemonic @acronym{ASCII} sequences |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1398 instead, e.g.@: @samp{"o} for o-umlaut. Load the library |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1399 @file{iso-ascii} to do this. |
33745
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1400 |
36875 | 1401 @vindex latin1-display |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1402 If your terminal can display Latin-1, you can display characters |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1403 from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent |
59796
48aa868cde0b
Don't say just "option" when talking about variables.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
58624
diff
changeset
|
1404 Latin-1 characters and @acronym{ASCII} mnemonics. Customize the variable |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1405 @code{latin1-display} to enable this. The mnemonic @acronym{ASCII} |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1406 sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods. |
33745
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1407 |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1408 @node Unibyte Mode |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1409 @section Unibyte Editing Mode |
25829 | 1410 |
1411 @cindex European character sets | |
1412 @cindex accented characters | |
1413 @cindex ISO Latin character sets | |
1414 @cindex Unibyte operation | |
1415 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in | |
38460
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1416 the range 0240 to 0377 octal (160 to 255 decimal) to handle the |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1417 accented letters and punctuation needed by various European languages |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1418 (and some non-European ones). If you disable multibyte characters, |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1419 Emacs can still handle @emph{one} of these character codes at a time. |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1420 To specify @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke @kbd{M-x |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1421 set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language environment |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1422 such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}. |
25829 | 1423 |
1424 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling | |
1425 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that | |
68549 | 1426 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain |
1427 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. | |
25829 | 1428 |
1429 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment | |
1430 Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font | |
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1431 in use supports them. This works automatically. Alternatively, on a |
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1432 graphical display, Emacs can also display single-byte characters |
25829 | 1433 through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte |
1434 characters according to the current language environment. To request | |
1435 this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment} | |
1436 to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
1437 | |
1438 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library | |
1439 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character | |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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1440 set, Emacs can display these characters as @acronym{ASCII} sequences which at |
25829 | 1441 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this, |
1442 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other | |
1443 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have | |
1444 them yet. | |
1445 | |
1446 @findex standard-display-8bit | |
1447 @cindex 8-bit display | |
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Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
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1448 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (decimal codes between 128 and 159 |
25829 | 1449 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for |
36185 | 1450 non-standard ``extended'' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the |
25829 | 1451 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library. |
1452 | |
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
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1453 There are two ways to input single-byte non-@acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 1454 characters: |
1455 | |
1456 @itemize @bullet | |
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Don't conflate single-byte with European.
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1457 @cindex 8-bit input |
25829 | 1458 @item |
1459 You can use an input method for the selected language environment. | |
1460 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer, | |
52979
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
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1461 the non-@acronym{ASCII} character you specify with it is converted to unibyte. |
25829 | 1462 |
1463 @item | |
60884
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1464 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 (decimal) and up, |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
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parents:
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1465 representing non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can type those character codes |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
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1466 directly. |
25829 | 1467 |
68549 | 1468 On a graphical display, you should not need to do anything special to use |
60884
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1469 these keys; they should simply work. On a text-only terminal, you |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1470 should use the command @code{M-x set-keyboard-coding-system} or the |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
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1471 variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} to specify which coding system |
68549 | 1472 your keyboard uses (@pxref{Terminal Coding}). Enabling this feature |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1473 will probably require you to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta characters; |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1474 however, on a console terminal or in @code{xterm}, you can arrange for |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1475 Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and still be able type 8-bit |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
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1476 characters present directly on the keyboard or using @kbd{Compose} or |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
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1477 @kbd{AltGr} keys. @xref{User Input}. |
61122
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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1478 |
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1479 @kindex C-x 8 |
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1480 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library |
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1481 @cindex compose character |
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1482 @cindex dead character |
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1483 @item |
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1484 For Latin-1 only, you can use the key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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1485 character'' prefix for entry of non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin-1 printing |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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1486 characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for insertion (in the minibuffer as |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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1487 well as other buffers), for searching, and in any other context where |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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1488 a key sequence is allowed. |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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|
1489 |
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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1490 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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changeset
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1491 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if the keyboard has |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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changeset
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1492 one, serves the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}: use @key{ALT} together |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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|
1493 with an accent character to modify the following letter. In addition, |
30ce20575d8b
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changeset
|
1494 if the keyboard has keys for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters,'' |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1495 they too are defined to compose with the following character, once |
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1496 @code{iso-transl} is loaded. |
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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|
1497 |
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1498 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list all the available @kbd{C-x 8} translations. |
25829 | 1499 @end itemize |
43439 | 1500 |
1501 @node Charsets | |
1502 @section Charsets | |
1503 @cindex charsets | |
1504 | |
1505 Emacs groups all supported characters into disjoint @dfn{charsets}. | |
1506 Each character code belongs to one and only one charset. For | |
1507 historical reasons, Emacs typically divides an 8-bit character code | |
68549 | 1508 for an extended version of @acronym{ASCII} into two charsets: |
1509 @acronym{ASCII}, which covers the codes 0 through 127, plus another | |
1510 charset which covers the ``right-hand part'' (the codes 128 and up). | |
1511 For instance, the characters of Latin-1 include the Emacs charset | |
1512 @code{ascii} plus the Emacs charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}. | |
43439 | 1513 |
1514 Emacs characters belonging to different charsets may look the same, | |
1515 but they are still different characters. For example, the letter | |
1516 @samp{o} with acute accent in charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}, used for | |
1517 Latin-1, is different from the letter @samp{o} with acute accent in | |
1518 charset @code{latin-iso8859-2}, used for Latin-2. | |
1519 | |
1520 @findex list-charset-chars | |
1521 @cindex characters in a certain charset | |
1522 @findex describe-character-set | |
1523 There are two commands for obtaining information about Emacs | |
1524 charsets. The command @kbd{M-x list-charset-chars} prompts for a name | |
1525 of a character set, and displays all the characters in that character | |
1526 set. The command @kbd{M-x describe-character-set} prompts for a | |
1527 charset name and displays information about that charset, including | |
1528 its internal representation within Emacs. | |
1529 | |
1530 To find out which charset a character in the buffer belongs to, | |
1531 put point before it and type @kbd{C-u C-x =}. | |
52401 | 1532 |
1533 @ignore | |
1534 arch-tag: 310ba60d-31ef-4ce7-91f1-f282dd57b6b3 | |
1535 @end ignore |