Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/mule.texi @ 60489:7d03f539a034
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author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Mon, 07 Mar 2005 13:43:34 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top | |
5 @chapter International Character Set Support | |
6 @cindex MULE | |
7 @cindex international scripts | |
8 @cindex multibyte characters | |
9 @cindex encoding of characters | |
10 | |
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11 @cindex Celtic |
25829 | 12 @cindex Chinese |
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13 @cindex Cyrillic |
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14 @cindex Czech |
25829 | 15 @cindex Devanagari |
16 @cindex Hindi | |
17 @cindex Marathi | |
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18 @cindex Ethiopic |
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19 @cindex German |
25829 | 20 @cindex Greek |
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21 @cindex Hebrew |
25829 | 22 @cindex IPA |
23 @cindex Japanese | |
24 @cindex Korean | |
25 @cindex Lao | |
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26 @cindex Latin |
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27 @cindex Polish |
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28 @cindex Romanian |
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29 @cindex Slovak |
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30 @cindex Slovenian |
25829 | 31 @cindex Thai |
32 @cindex Tibetan | |
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33 @cindex Turkish |
25829 | 34 @cindex Vietnamese |
35163 | 35 @cindex Dutch |
36 @cindex Spanish | |
25829 | 37 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets, |
38 including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese, | |
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39 Cyrillic, Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, IPA, |
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40 Japanese, Korean, Lao, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These features |
25829 | 41 have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as MULE (for |
42 ``MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs'') | |
43 | |
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44 Emacs also supports various encodings of these characters used by |
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45 other internationalized software, such as word processors and mailers. |
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46 |
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47 Emacs allows editing text with international characters by supporting |
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48 all the related activities: |
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49 |
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50 @itemize @bullet |
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51 @item |
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52 You can visit files with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, save non-@acronym{ASCII} text, and |
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53 pass non-@acronym{ASCII} text between Emacs and programs it invokes (such as |
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54 compilers, spell-checkers, and mailers). Setting your language |
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55 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) takes care of setting up the |
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56 coding systems and other options for a specific language or culture. |
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57 Alternatively, you can specify how Emacs should encode or decode text |
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58 for each command; see @ref{Specify Coding}. |
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59 |
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60 @item |
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61 You can display non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded by the various scripts. |
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62 This works by using appropriate fonts on X and similar graphics |
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63 displays (@pxref{Defining Fontsets}), and by sending special codes to |
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64 text-only displays (@pxref{Specify Coding}). If some characters are |
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65 displayed incorrectly, refer to @ref{Undisplayable Characters}, which |
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66 describes possible problems and explains how to solve them. |
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67 |
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68 @item |
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69 You can insert non-@acronym{ASCII} characters or search for them. To do that, |
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70 you can specify an input method (@pxref{Select Input Method}) suitable |
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71 for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set |
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72 your language environment. (Emacs input methods are part of the Leim |
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73 package, which must be installed for you to be able to use them.) If |
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74 your keyboard can produce non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can select an |
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75 appropriate keyboard coding system (@pxref{Specify Coding}), and Emacs |
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76 will accept those characters. Latin-1 characters can also be input by |
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77 using the @kbd{C-x 8} prefix, see @ref{Single-Byte Character Support, |
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78 C-x 8}. On X Window systems, your locale should be set to an |
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79 appropriate value to make sure Emacs interprets keyboard input |
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80 correctly; see @ref{Language Environments, locales}. |
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81 @end itemize |
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82 |
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83 The rest of this chapter describes these issues in detail. |
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84 |
25829 | 85 @menu |
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86 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
25829 | 87 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
88 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
89 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
90 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
91 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. | |
92 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
93 write files, and so on. | |
94 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
95 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
96 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
97 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
98 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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99 * Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display. |
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100 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
25829 | 101 You can pick one European character set |
102 to use without multibyte characters. | |
43439 | 103 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
25829 | 104 @end menu |
105 | |
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106 @node International Chars |
25829 | 107 @section Introduction to International Character Sets |
108 | |
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109 The users of international character sets and scripts have established |
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110 many more-or-less standard coding systems for storing files. Emacs |
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111 internally uses a single multibyte character encoding, so that it can |
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112 intermix characters from all these scripts in a single buffer or string. |
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113 This encoding represents each non-@acronym{ASCII} character as a sequence of bytes |
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114 in the range 0200 through 0377. Emacs translates between the multibyte |
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115 character encoding and various other coding systems when reading and |
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116 writing files, when exchanging data with subprocesses, and (in some |
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117 cases) in the @kbd{C-q} command (@pxref{Multibyte Conversion}). |
25829 | 118 |
119 @kindex C-h h | |
120 @findex view-hello-file | |
35206 | 121 @cindex undisplayable characters |
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122 @cindex @samp{?} in display |
25829 | 123 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file |
124 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages. | |
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125 This illustrates various scripts. If some characters can't be |
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126 displayed on your terminal, they appear as @samp{?} or as hollow boxes |
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127 (@pxref{Undisplayable Characters}). |
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128 |
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129 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, |
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130 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs |
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131 supports various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or |
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132 language, to make it convenient to type them. |
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133 |
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134 @kindex C-x RET |
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135 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain |
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136 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. |
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137 |
25829 | 138 @node Enabling Multibyte |
139 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters | |
140 | |
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141 @cindex turn multibyte support on or off |
25829 | 142 You can enable or disable multibyte character support, either for |
143 Emacs as a whole, or for a single buffer. When multibyte characters are | |
144 disabled in a buffer, then each byte in that buffer represents a | |
145 character, even codes 0200 through 0377. The old features for | |
146 supporting the European character sets, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2, | |
147 work as they did in Emacs 19 and also work for the other ISO 8859 | |
148 character sets. | |
149 | |
150 However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to | |
151 use ISO Latin; the Emacs multibyte character set includes all the | |
152 characters in these character sets, and Emacs can translate | |
153 automatically to and from the ISO codes. | |
154 | |
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155 By default, Emacs starts in multibyte mode, because that allows you to |
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156 use all the supported languages and scripts without limitations. |
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157 |
25829 | 158 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using |
159 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. To convert a buffer in | |
160 multibyte representation into a single-byte representation of the same | |
161 characters, the easiest way is to save the contents in a file, kill the | |
162 buffer, and find the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. You | |
163 can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
164 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} as | |
165 the coding system with which to find or save a file. @xref{Specify | |
166 Coding}. Finding a file as @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format | |
167 conversion, uncompression and auto mode selection as | |
168 @code{find-file-literally} does. | |
169 | |
170 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters | |
171 @vindex default-enable-multibyte-characters | |
172 To turn off multibyte character support by default, start Emacs with | |
173 the @samp{--unibyte} option (@pxref{Initial Options}), or set the | |
29107 | 174 environment variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}. You can also customize |
25829 | 175 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} or, equivalently, directly set the |
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176 variable @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in |
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177 your init file to have basically the same effect as @samp{--unibyte}. |
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178 |
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179 @findex toggle-enable-multibyte-characters |
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180 To convert a unibyte session to a multibyte session, set |
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181 @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{t}. Buffers which |
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182 were created in the unibyte session before you turn on multibyte support |
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183 will stay unibyte. You can turn on multibyte support in a specific |
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184 buffer by invoking the command @code{toggle-enable-multibyte-characters} |
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185 in that buffer. |
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187 @cindex Lisp files, and multibyte operation |
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188 @cindex multibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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189 @cindex unibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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190 @cindex init file, and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
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191 @cindex environment variables, and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
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192 With @samp{--unibyte}, multibyte strings are not created during |
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193 initialization from the values of environment variables, |
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194 @file{/etc/passwd} entries etc.@: that contain non-@acronym{ASCII} 8-bit |
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195 characters. |
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196 |
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197 Emacs normally loads Lisp files as multibyte, regardless of whether |
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198 you used @samp{--unibyte}. This includes the Emacs initialization file, |
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199 @file{.emacs}, and the initialization files of Emacs packages such as |
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200 Gnus. However, you can specify unibyte loading for a particular Lisp |
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201 file, by putting @w{@samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-}} in a comment on the first |
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202 line (@pxref{File Variables}). Then that file is always loaded as |
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203 unibyte text, even if you did not start Emacs with @samp{--unibyte}. |
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204 The motivation for these conventions is that it is more reliable to |
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205 always load any particular Lisp file in the same way. However, you can |
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206 load a Lisp file as unibyte, on any one occasion, by typing @kbd{C-x |
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207 @key{RET} c raw-text @key{RET}} immediately before loading it. |
25829 | 208 |
209 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is enabled | |
210 in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more characters (most | |
211 often two dashes) before the colon near the beginning of the mode line. | |
212 When multibyte characters are not enabled, just one dash precedes the | |
213 colon. | |
214 | |
215 @node Language Environments | |
216 @section Language Environments | |
217 @cindex language environments | |
218 | |
219 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever | |
220 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a | |
221 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs | |
222 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language environment} | |
223 in order to set various defaults. The language environment really | |
224 represents a choice of preferred script (more or less) rather than a | |
225 choice of language. | |
226 | |
227 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize | |
228 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files, | |
229 incoming mail, netnews, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may | |
230 also specify the default coding system to use when you create a file. | |
231 Each language environment also specifies a default input method. | |
232 | |
233 @findex set-language-environment | |
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234 @vindex current-language-environment |
44325 | 235 To select a language environment, you can customize the variable |
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236 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x |
25829 | 237 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is |
238 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally to | |
239 the Emacs session. The supported language environments include: | |
240 | |
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241 @cindex Euro sign |
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242 @cindex UTF-8 |
25829 | 243 @quotation |
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244 Chinese-BIG5, Chinese-CNS, Chinese-GB, Cyrillic-ALT, Cyrillic-ISO, |
37870 | 245 Cyrillic-KOI8, Czech, Devanagari, Dutch, English, Ethiopic, German, |
246 Greek, Hebrew, IPA, Japanese, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3, | |
247 Latin-4, Latin-5, Latin-8 (Celtic), Latin-9 (updated Latin-1, with the | |
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248 Euro sign), Polish, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Thai, Tibetan, |
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249 Turkish, UTF-8 (for a setup which prefers Unicode characters and files |
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250 encoded in UTF-8), and Vietnamese. |
25829 | 251 @end quotation |
252 | |
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253 @cindex fonts for various scripts |
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254 @cindex Intlfonts package, installation |
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255 To display the script(s) used by your language environment on a |
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256 graphical display, you need to have a suitable font. If some of the |
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257 characters appear as empty boxes, you should install the GNU Intlfonts |
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258 package, which includes fonts for all supported scripts.@footnote{If |
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259 you run Emacs on X, you need to inform the X server about the location |
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260 of the newly installed fonts with the following commands: |
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261 |
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262 @example |
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263 xset fp+ /usr/local/share/emacs/fonts |
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264 xset fp rehash |
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265 @end example |
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266 } |
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267 @xref{Fontsets}, for more details about setting up your fonts. |
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268 |
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269 @findex set-locale-environment |
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270 @vindex locale-language-names |
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271 @vindex locale-charset-language-names |
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272 @cindex locales |
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273 Some operating systems let you specify the character-set locale you |
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274 are using by setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, |
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275 @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}.@footnote{If more than one of these is |
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276 set, the first one that is nonempty specifies your locale for this |
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277 purpose.} During startup, Emacs looks up your character-set locale's |
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278 name in the system locale alias table, matches its canonical name |
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279 against entries in the value of the variables |
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280 @code{locale-charset-language-names} and @code{locale-language-names}, |
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281 and selects the corresponding language environment if a match is found. |
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282 (The former variable overrides the latter.) It also adjusts the display |
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283 table and terminal coding system, the locale coding system, the |
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284 preferred coding system as needed for the locale, and---last but not |
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285 least---the way Emacs decodes non-@acronym{ASCII} characters sent by your keyboard. |
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286 |
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287 If you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG} |
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288 environment variables while running Emacs, you may want to invoke the |
38786 | 289 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards to readjust the |
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290 language environment from the new locale. |
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291 |
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292 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems |
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293 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred |
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294 coding system established by the language environment to decode system |
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295 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable |
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296 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding |
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297 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK} |
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298 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in |
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299 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even |
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300 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}. |
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301 |
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302 You can override the language environment chosen at startup with |
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303 explicit use of the command @code{set-language-environment}, or with |
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304 customization of @code{current-language-environment} in your init |
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305 file. |
25829 | 306 |
307 @kindex C-h L | |
308 @findex describe-language-environment | |
309 To display information about the effects of a certain language | |
310 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env} | |
311 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you which | |
312 languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the | |
313 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It | |
314 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this language | |
315 environment. By default, this command describes the chosen language | |
316 environment. | |
317 | |
318 @vindex set-language-environment-hook | |
319 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook | |
320 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command | |
321 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new | |
322 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific | |
323 language environment by checking the variable | |
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324 @code{current-language-environment}. This hook is where you should |
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325 put non-default settings for specific language environment, such as |
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326 coding systems for keyboard input and terminal output, the default |
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327 input method, etc. |
25829 | 328 |
329 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook | |
330 Before it starts to set up the new language environment, | |
331 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook | |
332 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing | |
333 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}. | |
334 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language | |
335 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set | |
336 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding | |
337 for that key. | |
338 | |
339 @node Input Methods | |
340 @section Input Methods | |
341 | |
342 @cindex input methods | |
343 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed | |
344 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language | |
345 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same | |
346 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several | |
347 input methods. | |
348 | |
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349 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping @acronym{ASCII} letters |
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351 instead of @acronym{ASCII}. The Greek and Russian input methods |
38786 | 352 work this way. |
25829 | 353 |
354 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of | |
355 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition | |
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356 to produce a single non-@acronym{ASCII} letter from a sequence that consists of a |
25829 | 357 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some |
358 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter. | |
359 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do | |
360 is compose sequences of printing characters. | |
361 | |
362 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed | |
363 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. | |
364 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone | |
365 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are | |
366 mapped into one syllable sign. | |
367 | |
368 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input | |
369 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in | |
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370 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of |
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371 portions of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and |
38786 | 372 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). One input sequence typically |
373 corresponds to many possible Chinese characters. You select the one | |
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374 you mean using keys such as @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n}, |
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375 @kbd{C-p}, and digits, which have special meanings in this situation. |
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376 |
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377 The possible characters are conceptually arranged in several rows, |
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378 with each row holding up to 10 alternatives. Normally, Emacs displays |
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379 just one row at a time, in the echo area; @code{(@var{i}/@var{j})} |
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380 appears at the beginning, to indicate that this is the @var{i}th row |
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381 out of a total of @var{j} rows. Type @kbd{C-n} or @kbd{C-p} to |
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382 display the next row or the previous row. |
25829 | 383 |
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384 Type @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} to move forward and backward among |
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385 the alternatives in the current row. As you do this, Emacs highlights |
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386 the current alternative with a special color; type @code{C-@key{SPC}} |
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387 to select the current alternative and use it as input. The |
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388 alternatives in the row are also numbered; the number appears before |
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389 the alternative. Typing a digit @var{n} selects the @var{n}th |
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390 alternative of the current row and uses it as input. |
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391 |
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392 @key{TAB} in these Chinese input methods displays a buffer showing |
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393 all the possible characters at once; then clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on |
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394 one of them selects that alternative. The keys @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, |
38786 | 395 @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits continue to work as usual, but they |
396 do the highlighting in the buffer showing the possible characters, | |
397 rather than in the echo area. | |
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398 |
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399 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using |
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400 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs |
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401 converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One |
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402 phonetic spelling corresponds to a number of different Japanese words; |
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403 to select one of them, use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through |
25829 | 404 the alternatives. |
405 | |
406 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the | |
407 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent | |
408 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the | |
409 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if | |
410 you want to enter them as separate characters? | |
411 | |
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412 One way is to type the accent twice; this is a special feature for |
25829 | 413 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives |
414 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter | |
415 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and | |
416 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL} | |
417 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}. | |
418 | |
419 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use | |
420 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This | |
421 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice. | |
422 @ifinfo | |
423 @xref{Select Input Method}. | |
424 @end ifinfo | |
425 | |
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426 @cindex incremental search, input method interference |
25829 | 427 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search, |
428 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts | |
429 searching for what you have already entered. | |
430 | |
431 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag | |
432 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag | |
433 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and | |
37870 | 434 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain |
435 what is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is | |
436 non-@code{nil}, the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer (for | |
437 most input methods---some disable this feature). If | |
438 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of | |
439 possible characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but | |
440 not when you are in the minibuffer). | |
25829 | 441 |
31077 | 442 @cindex Leim package |
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443 Input methods are implemented in the separate Leim package: they are |
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444 available only if the system administrator used Leim when building |
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445 Emacs. If Emacs was built without Leim, you will find that no input |
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446 methods are defined. |
31077 | 447 |
25829 | 448 @node Select Input Method |
449 @section Selecting an Input Method | |
450 | |
451 @table @kbd | |
452 @item C-\ | |
453 Enable or disable use of the selected input method. | |
454 | |
455 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
456 Select a new input method for the current buffer. | |
457 | |
458 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET} | |
459 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
460 @findex describe-input-method | |
461 @kindex C-h I | |
462 @kindex C-h C-\ | |
463 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}). | |
31204 | 464 By default, it describes the current input method (if any). This |
465 description should give you the full details of how to use any | |
31270 | 466 particular input method. |
25829 | 467 |
468 @item M-x list-input-methods | |
469 Display a list of all the supported input methods. | |
470 @end table | |
471 | |
472 @findex set-input-method | |
473 @vindex current-input-method | |
474 @kindex C-x RET C-\ | |
475 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x | |
476 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the | |
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477 input method name from the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the |
25829 | 478 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable |
479 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected. | |
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480 |
25829 | 481 @findex toggle-input-method |
482 @kindex C-\ | |
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483 Input methods use various sequences of @acronym{ASCII} characters to stand for |
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484 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. Sometimes it is useful to turn off the input |
25829 | 485 method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\} |
486 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type | |
487 @kbd{C-\} again. | |
488 | |
489 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method, | |
490 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using | |
491 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method. | |
492 | |
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493 When invoked with a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u C-\}, |
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494 @code{toggle-input-method} always prompts you for an input method, |
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495 suggesting the most recently selected one as the default. |
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496 |
25829 | 497 @vindex default-input-method |
498 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for | |
499 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can | |
500 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable | |
501 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method | |
502 (@code{nil} means there is none). | |
503 | |
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504 In some language environments, which support several different input |
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505 methods, you might want to use an input method different from the |
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506 default chosen by @code{set-language-environment}. You can instruct |
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507 Emacs to select a different default input method for a certain |
37870 | 508 language environment, if you wish, by using |
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509 @code{set-language-environment-hook} (@pxref{Language Environments, |
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510 set-language-environment-hook}). For example: |
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511 |
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512 @lisp |
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513 (defun my-chinese-setup () |
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514 "Set up my private Chinese environment." |
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515 (if (equal current-language-environment "Chinese-GB") |
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516 (setq default-input-method "chinese-tonepy"))) |
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517 (add-hook 'set-language-environment-hook 'my-chinese-setup) |
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518 @end lisp |
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519 |
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520 @noindent |
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521 This sets the default input method to be @code{chinese-tonepy} |
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522 whenever you choose a Chinese-GB language environment. |
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523 |
25829 | 524 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout |
525 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect) | |
526 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used | |
527 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your | |
528 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use | |
529 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}. | |
530 | |
531 @findex list-input-methods | |
532 To display a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x | |
533 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input | |
534 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line. | |
535 | |
536 @node Multibyte Conversion | |
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537 @section Unibyte and Multibyte Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
25829 | 538 |
539 When multibyte characters are enabled, character codes 0240 (octal) | |
540 through 0377 (octal) are not really legitimate in the buffer. The valid | |
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541 non-@acronym{ASCII} printing characters have codes that start from 0400. |
25829 | 542 |
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543 If you type a self-inserting character in the range 0240 through |
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544 0377, or if you use @kbd{C-q} to insert one, Emacs assumes you |
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545 intended to use one of the ISO Latin-@var{n} character sets, and |
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546 converts it to the Emacs code representing that Latin-@var{n} |
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547 character. You select @emph{which} ISO Latin character set to use |
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548 through your choice of language environment |
25829 | 549 @iftex |
550 (see above). | |
551 @end iftex | |
552 @ifinfo | |
553 (@pxref{Language Environments}). | |
554 @end ifinfo | |
555 If you do not specify a choice, the default is Latin-1. | |
556 | |
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557 If you insert a character in the range 0200 through 0237, which |
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558 forms the @code{eight-bit-control} character set, it is inserted |
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559 literally. You should normally avoid doing this since buffers |
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560 containing such characters have to be written out in either the |
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561 @code{emacs-mule} or @code{raw-text} coding system, which is usually |
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562 not what you want. |
25829 | 563 |
564 @node Coding Systems | |
565 @section Coding Systems | |
566 @cindex coding systems | |
567 | |
568 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard | |
569 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding | |
570 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to | |
571 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding | |
572 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is | |
573 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the | |
574 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses. | |
575 | |
576 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are | |
577 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the | |
578 language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages; | |
579 their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also special | |
580 coding systems @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text} and | |
581 @code{emacs-mule} which do not convert printing characters at all. | |
582 | |
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583 @cindex international files from DOS/Windows systems |
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584 A special class of coding systems, collectively known as |
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585 @dfn{codepages}, is designed to support text encoded by MS-Windows and |
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586 MS-DOS software. To use any of these systems, you need to create it |
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587 with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}. @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}. After |
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588 creating the coding system for the codepage, you can use it as any |
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589 other coding system. For example, to visit a file encoded in codepage |
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590 850, type @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c cp850 @key{RET} C-x C-f @var{filename} |
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591 @key{RET}}. |
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592 |
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593 In addition to converting various representations of non-@acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 594 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs |
595 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file: | |
596 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return. | |
597 | |
598 @table @kbd | |
599 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
600 Describe coding system @var{coding}. | |
601 | |
602 @item C-h C @key{RET} | |
603 Describe the coding systems currently in use. | |
604 | |
605 @item M-x list-coding-systems | |
606 Display a list of all the supported coding systems. | |
607 @end table | |
608 | |
609 @kindex C-h C | |
610 @findex describe-coding-system | |
611 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays | |
612 information about particular coding systems. You can specify a coding | |
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613 system name as the argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it |
25829 | 614 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, |
615 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list | |
616 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). | |
617 | |
618 @findex list-coding-systems | |
619 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x | |
620 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding | |
621 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line | |
622 (@pxref{Mode Line}). | |
623 | |
624 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
625 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion | |
626 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion | |
627 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for | |
628 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies | |
629 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of | |
630 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file. | |
631 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return | |
632 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used. | |
633 | |
634 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify | |
635 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion: | |
636 | |
637 @table @code | |
638 @item @dots{}-unix | |
639 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses | |
640 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used | |
641 on Unix and GNU systems.) | |
642 | |
643 @item @dots{}-dos | |
644 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do | |
645 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on | |
36185 | 646 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME @samp{text/*} |
25829 | 647 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different |
648 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which | |
649 Emacs doesn't support directly.}) | |
650 | |
651 @item @dots{}-mac | |
652 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the | |
653 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the | |
654 Macintosh system.) | |
655 @end table | |
656 | |
657 These variant coding systems are omitted from the | |
658 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely | |
659 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has | |
660 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and | |
661 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}. | |
662 | |
663 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly | |
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664 @acronym{ASCII} text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are not meant to |
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665 encode non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. With @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those |
25829 | 666 byte values unchanged, and sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to |
667 @code{nil} in the current buffer so that they will be interpreted | |
668 properly. @code{raw-text} handles end-of-line conversion in the usual | |
669 way, based on the data encountered, and has the usual three variants to | |
670 specify the kind of end-of-line conversion to use. | |
671 | |
672 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no | |
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673 character code conversion at all---none for non-@acronym{ASCII} byte values and |
25829 | 674 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary |
675 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It, | |
676 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}. | |
677 | |
678 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with | |
679 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses | |
680 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that | |
681 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}. | |
682 | |
683 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} means that the file contains | |
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684 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It |
25829 | 685 handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has |
686 the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion. | |
687 | |
688 @node Recognize Coding | |
689 @section Recognizing Coding Systems | |
690 | |
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691 Emacs tries to recognize which coding system to use for a given text |
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692 as an integral part of reading that text. (This applies to files |
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693 being read, output from subprocesses, text from X selections, etc.) |
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694 Emacs can select the right coding system automatically most of the |
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695 time---once you have specified your preferences. |
25829 | 696 |
697 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte | |
698 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that | |
699 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no | |
700 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte | |
701 values with different meanings. | |
702 | |
703 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding | |
704 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding | |
705 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system, | |
706 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it | |
707 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file | |
708 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system. | |
709 | |
710 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language | |
711 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use | |
712 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use | |
713 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the | |
714 reasons to specify a language environment. | |
715 | |
716 @findex prefer-coding-system | |
44325 | 717 However, you can alter the coding system priority list in detail |
718 with the command @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads | |
719 the name of a coding system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the | |
720 front of the priority list, so that it is preferred to all others. If | |
721 you use this command several times, each use adds one element to the | |
722 front of the priority list. | |
25829 | 723 |
724 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion | |
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725 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what this means is that Emacs |
25829 | 726 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should |
38786 | 727 use DOS end-of-line conversion when it does recognize @code{iso-8859-1}. |
25829 | 728 |
729 @vindex file-coding-system-alist | |
730 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the | |
731 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this | |
732 correspondence. There is a special function | |
733 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For | |
734 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system | |
735 @code{china-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression: | |
736 | |
737 @smallexample | |
738 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'china-iso-8bit) | |
739 @end smallexample | |
740 | |
741 @noindent | |
742 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be | |
743 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and | |
744 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files. | |
745 | |
746 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion | |
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747 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display |
25829 | 748 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on |
749 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only | |
750 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line | |
751 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of | |
752 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion} | |
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753 to non-@code{nil}. If you do that, DOS-style files will be displayed |
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754 with the @samp{^M} characters visible in the buffer; some people |
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755 prefer this to the more subtle @samp{(DOS)} end-of-line type |
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756 indication near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line, |
37081 | 757 eol-mnemonic}). |
25829 | 758 |
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759 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection |
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760 @cindex escape sequences in files |
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761 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to |
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762 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin |
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763 with an escape character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022 |
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764 code, that tells Emacs to use one of the ISO-2022 encodings to decode |
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765 the file. |
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766 |
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767 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences |
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768 in a file as is. In such a case, you can set the variable |
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769 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code |
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770 detection ignores any escape sequences, and never uses an ISO-2022 |
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771 encoding. The result is that all escape sequences become visible in |
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772 the buffer. |
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773 |
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774 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is |
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775 @code{nil}. We recommend that you not change it permanently, only for |
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776 one specific operation. That's because many Emacs Lisp source files |
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777 in the Emacs distribution contain non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded in the |
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778 coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit}, and they won't be |
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779 decoded correctly when you visit those files if you suppress the |
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780 escape sequence detection. |
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781 |
25829 | 782 @vindex coding |
783 You can specify the coding system for a particular file using the | |
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784 @w{@samp{-*-@dots{}-*-}} construct at the beginning of a file, or a |
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785 local variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do this |
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786 by defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. Emacs |
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787 does not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of setting a |
38786 | 788 variable, this uses the specified coding system for the file. For |
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789 example, @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies use of the |
38786 | 790 Latin-1 coding system, as well as C mode. When you specify the coding |
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791 explicitly in the file, that overrides |
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792 @code{file-coding-system-alist}. |
25829 | 793 |
794 @vindex auto-coding-alist | |
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795 @vindex auto-coding-regexp-alist |
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796 @vindex auto-coding-functions |
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797 The variables @code{auto-coding-alist}, |
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798 @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} and @code{auto-coding-functions} are |
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|
799 the strongest way to specify the coding system for certain patterns of |
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|
800 file names, or for files containing certain patterns; these variables |
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|
801 even override @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs |
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|
802 uses @code{auto-coding-alist} for tar and archive files, to prevent it |
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|
803 from being confused by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the |
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|
804 archive and thinking it applies to the archive file as a whole. |
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|
805 Likewise, Emacs uses @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} to ensure that |
45451
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|
806 RMAIL files, whose names in general don't match any particular |
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|
807 pattern, are decoded correctly. One of the builtin |
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|
808 @code{auto-coding-functions} detects the encoding for XML files. |
25829 | 809 |
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810 If Emacs recognizes the encoding of a file incorrectly, you can |
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811 reread the file using the correct coding system by typing @kbd{C-x |
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812 @key{RET} c @var{coding-system} @key{RET} M-x revert-buffer |
38133 | 813 @key{RET}}. To see what coding system Emacs actually used to decode |
814 the file, look at the coding system mnemonic letter near the left edge | |
815 of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line}), or type @kbd{C-h C @key{RET}}. | |
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|
816 |
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|
817 @findex unify-8859-on-decoding-mode |
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818 The command @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode} enables a mode that |
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819 ``unifies'' the Latin alphabets when decoding text. This works by |
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820 converting all non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin-@var{n} characters to either Latin-1 or |
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821 Unicode characters. This way it is easier to use various |
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|
822 Latin-@var{n} alphabets together. In a future Emacs version we hope |
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823 to move towards full Unicode support and complete unification of |
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|
824 character sets. |
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|
825 |
25829 | 826 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system |
827 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that | |
828 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system} and uses that coding | |
829 system, by default, for operations that write from this buffer into a | |
830 file. This includes the commands @code{save-buffer} and | |
831 @code{write-region}. If you want to write files from this buffer using | |
832 a different coding system, you can specify a different coding system for | |
833 the buffer using @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Specify | |
834 Coding}). | |
835 | |
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836 You can insert any possible character into any Emacs buffer, but |
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|
837 most coding systems can only handle some of the possible characters. |
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838 This means that it is possible for you to insert characters that |
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|
839 cannot be encoded with the coding system that will be used to save the |
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|
840 buffer. For example, you could start with an @acronym{ASCII} file and insert a |
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|
841 few Latin-1 characters into it, or you could edit a text file in |
38786 | 842 Polish encoded in @code{iso-8859-2} and add some Russian words to it. |
843 When you save the buffer, Emacs cannot use the current value of | |
844 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, because the characters you added | |
845 cannot be encoded by that coding system. | |
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846 |
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|
847 When that happens, Emacs tries the most-preferred coding system (set |
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|
848 by @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system} or @kbd{M-x |
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|
849 set-language-environment}), and if that coding system can safely |
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|
850 encode all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs uses it, and stores |
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|
851 its value in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. Otherwise, Emacs |
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|
852 displays a list of coding systems suitable for encoding the buffer's |
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|
853 contents, and asks you to choose one of those coding systems. |
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|
854 |
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|
855 If you insert the unsuitable characters in a mail message, Emacs |
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|
856 behaves a bit differently. It additionally checks whether the |
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|
857 most-preferred coding system is recommended for use in MIME messages; |
38863 | 858 if not, Emacs tells you that the most-preferred coding system is |
36170
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|
859 not recommended and prompts you for another coding system. This is so |
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|
860 you won't inadvertently send a message encoded in a way that your |
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|
861 recipient's mail software will have difficulty decoding. (If you do |
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|
862 want to use the most-preferred coding system, you can still type its |
38133 | 863 name in response to the question.) |
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|
864 |
25829 | 865 @vindex sendmail-coding-system |
866 When you send a message with Mail mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), Emacs has | |
867 four different ways to determine the coding system to use for encoding | |
868 the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of | |
869 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise, | |
870 it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that is | |
871 non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system for | |
872 new files, which is controlled by your choice of language environment, | |
873 if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values are @code{nil}, | |
874 Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding system. | |
875 | |
876 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset | |
877 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated | |
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878 automatically from the coding system it is written in, as if it were a |
25829 | 879 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you |
880 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail | |
881 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is | |
882 @code{nil}. | |
883 | |
884 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system | |
885 For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses the coding | |
886 system specified by the variable @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The | |
887 default value is @code{nil}, which means that Rmail files are not | |
888 translated (they are read and written in the Emacs internal character | |
889 code). | |
890 | |
891 @node Specify Coding | |
892 @section Specifying a Coding System | |
893 | |
894 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding | |
895 system, you can use these commands to specify one: | |
896 | |
897 @table @kbd | |
898 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
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899 Use coding system @var{coding} for saving or revisiting the visited |
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Explain how C-x RET f and C-x RET c affect saving.
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|
900 file in the current buffer. |
25829 | 901 |
902 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
903 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
904 command. | |
905 | |
906 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
907 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input. | |
908 | |
909 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
910 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output. | |
911 | |
912 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET} | |
913 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for | |
914 subprocess input and output in the current buffer. | |
915 | |
916 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
917 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from | |
918 other programs through the window system. | |
919 | |
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(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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920 @item C-x @key{RET} F @var{coding} @key{RET} |
7232ffdd33dd
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|
921 Use coding system @var{coding} for encoding and decoding file |
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(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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diff
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|
922 @emph{names}. This affects the use of non-ASCII characters in file |
7232ffdd33dd
(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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|
923 names. It has no effect on reading and writing the @emph{contents} of |
7232ffdd33dd
(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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|
924 files. |
7232ffdd33dd
(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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diff
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|
925 |
25829 | 926 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET} |
927 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one} | |
928 selection---the next one---to or from the window system. | |
929 @end table | |
930 | |
931 @kindex C-x RET f | |
932 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system | |
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|
933 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} |
487968d71def
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|
934 (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system}) sets the file coding system for |
487968d71def
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|
935 the current buffer---in other words, it says which coding system to |
487968d71def
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|
936 use when saving or reverting the visited file. You specify which |
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937 coding system using the minibuffer. If you specify a coding system |
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|
938 that cannot handle all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs warns |
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|
939 you about the troublesome characters when you actually save the |
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|
940 buffer. |
25829 | 941 |
942 @kindex C-x RET c | |
943 @findex universal-coding-system-argument | |
944 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit | |
945 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
946 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the | |
947 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer, | |
948 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following | |
949 command}. | |
950 | |
951 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example, | |
952 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding | |
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953 system for when you later save the file). Or if the immediately following |
25829 | 954 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system. |
46912
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|
955 When you specify the coding system for saving in this way, instead |
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|
956 of with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f}, there is no warning if the buffer |
487968d71def
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|
957 contains characters that the coding system cannot handle. |
25829 | 958 |
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959 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include |
487968d71def
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|
960 @kbd{C-x C-i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants |
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|
961 of @kbd{C-x C-f}. @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that |
487968d71def
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|
962 start subprocesses, including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}). |
25829 | 963 |
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|
964 If the immediately following command does not use the coding system, |
487968d71def
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965 then @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect. |
25829 | 966 |
967 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x | |
968 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}. | |
969 | |
970 @vindex default-buffer-file-coding-system | |
971 The variable @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} specifies the | |
972 choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies | |
973 when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it | |
974 in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this | |
975 variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language | |
976 environment. | |
977 | |
978 @kindex C-x RET t | |
979 @findex set-terminal-coding-system | |
980 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system}) | |
981 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a | |
982 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the | |
983 terminal are translated into that coding system. | |
984 | |
985 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to | |
986 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European | |
987 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to | |
988 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that | |
989 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle. | |
990 | |
991 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless | |
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
992 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type or |
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993 your locale specification (@pxref{Language Environments}). |
25829 | 994 |
995 @kindex C-x RET k | |
996 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system | |
34691 | 997 @vindex keyboard-coding-system |
25829 | 998 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system}) |
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999 or the variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} specifies the coding |
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1000 system for keyboard input. Character-code translation of keyboard |
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|
1001 input is useful for terminals with keys that send non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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|
1002 graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed for ISO |
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|
1003 Latin-1 or subsets of it. |
25829 | 1004 |
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1005 By default, keyboard input is translated based on your system locale |
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1006 setting. If your terminal does not really support the encoding |
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|
1007 implied by your locale (for example, if you find it inserts a |
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1008 non-@acronym{ASCII} character if you type @kbd{M-i}), you will need to set |
46236
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|
1009 @code{keyboard-coding-system} to @code{nil} to turn off encoding. |
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|
1010 You can do this by putting |
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|
1011 |
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|
1012 @lisp |
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|
1013 (set-keyboard-coding-system nil) |
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1014 @end lisp |
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|
1015 |
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|
1016 @noindent |
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1017 in your @file{~/.emacs} file. |
25829 | 1018 |
1019 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for | |
1020 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of | |
1021 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input | |
1022 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and | |
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1023 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of @acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 1024 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of |
1025 non-graphic characters. | |
1026 | |
1027 @kindex C-x RET x | |
1028 @kindex C-x RET X | |
1029 @findex set-selection-coding-system | |
1030 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system | |
1031 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system}) | |
1032 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to the window | |
1033 system, and for receiving the text of selections made in other | |
1034 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until | |
1035 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x | |
1036 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the | |
1037 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs. | |
1038 | |
1039 @kindex C-x RET p | |
1040 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system | |
1041 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system}) | |
1042 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This | |
1043 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its | |
1044 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to | |
1045 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the | |
1046 corresponding buffer. | |
1047 | |
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1048 The default for translation of process input and output depends on the |
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1049 current language environment. |
25829 | 1050 |
1051 @vindex file-name-coding-system | |
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|
1052 @cindex file names with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
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(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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1053 @findex set-file-name-coding-system |
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(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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1054 @kindex C-x @key{RET} F |
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(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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|
1055 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding |
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1056 system to use for encoding file names. If you set the variable to a |
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(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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|
1057 coding system name (as a Lisp symbol or a string), Emacs encodes file |
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|
1058 names using that coding system for all file operations. This makes it |
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(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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|
1059 possible to use non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in file names---or, at |
7232ffdd33dd
(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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|
1060 least, those non-@acronym{ASCII} characters which the specified coding |
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|
1061 system can encode. Use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} F} |
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(Specify Coding): Doc C-x RET F.
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|
1062 (@code{set-file-name-coding-system}) to specify this interactively. |
25829 | 1063 |
1064 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default | |
1065 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the | |
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1066 default language environment, any non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in file names are |
25829 | 1067 not encoded specially; they appear in the file system using the internal |
1068 Emacs representation. | |
1069 | |
1070 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the | |
1071 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can | |
1072 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using | |
1073 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded | |
1074 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of | |
1075 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file | |
1076 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x | |
1077 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer. | |
1078 | |
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|
1079 @vindex locale-coding-system |
52979
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|
1080 @cindex decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X |
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|
1081 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system |
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|
1082 to use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error |
43633
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(International, Language Environments, Specify Coding): Make it clear
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diff
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|
1083 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. That |
52979
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|
1084 coding system is also used for decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X |
43633
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1085 Window systems. You should choose a coding system that is compatible |
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1086 with the underlying system's text representation, which is normally |
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1087 specified by one of the environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, |
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|
1088 @env{LC_CTYPE}, and @env{LANG}. (The first one, in the order |
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(International, Language Environments, Specify Coding): Make it clear
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1089 specified above, whose value is nonempty is the one that determines |
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1090 the text representation.) |
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1091 |
25829 | 1092 @node Fontsets |
1093 @section Fontsets | |
1094 @cindex fontsets | |
1095 | |
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1096 A font for X typically defines shapes for a single alphabet or script. |
35188
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1097 Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs supports |
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|
1098 requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a collection is |
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|
1099 called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of fonts, each |
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|
1100 assigned to handle a range of character codes. |
25829 | 1101 |
1102 Each fontset has a name, like a font. The available X fonts are | |
1103 defined by the X server; fontsets, however, are defined within Emacs | |
1104 itself. Once you have defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by | |
1105 specifying its name, anywhere that you could use a single font. Of | |
1106 course, Emacs fontsets can use only the fonts that the X server | |
1107 supports; if certain characters appear on the screen as hollow boxes, | |
1108 this means that the fontset in use for them has no font for those | |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1109 characters.@footnote{The Emacs installation instructions have information on |
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1110 additional font support.} |
25829 | 1111 |
1112 Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset} | |
1113 and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to | |
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1114 have fonts for a wide variety of non-@acronym{ASCII} characters; however, this is |
25829 | 1115 not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs tries to find a |
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1116 font that has bold and italic variants.) You can specify use of the |
25829 | 1117 standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option, or with the @samp{Font} X |
1118 resource (@pxref{Font X}). For example, | |
1119 | |
1120 @example | |
1121 emacs -fn fontset-standard | |
1122 @end example | |
1123 | |
1124 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character | |
1125 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it | |
1126 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot | |
1127 display that character properly. It will display that character as an | |
1128 empty box instead. | |
1129 | |
1130 @node Defining Fontsets | |
1131 @section Defining fontsets | |
1132 | |
1133 @vindex standard-fontset-spec | |
1134 @cindex standard fontset | |
1135 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value | |
1136 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is | |
1137 | |
1138 @example | |
1139 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard | |
1140 @end example | |
1141 | |
1142 @noindent | |
1143 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short. | |
1144 | |
1145 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are | |
1146 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of | |
1147 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both. | |
1148 | |
1149 @cindex startup fontset | |
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1150 If you specify a default @acronym{ASCII} font with the @samp{Font} resource or |
25829 | 1151 the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it |
1152 automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is | |
1153 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry}, | |
1154 @var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the | |
1155 font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with | |
1156 @samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with | |
1157 @samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset. | |
1158 | |
1159 For instance, if you start Emacs this way, | |
1160 | |
1161 @example | |
1162 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1" | |
1163 @end example | |
1164 | |
1165 @noindent | |
1166 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X | |
1167 window frame: | |
1168 | |
1169 @example | |
1170 -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup | |
1171 @end example | |
1172 | |
1173 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name | |
1174 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset | |
1175 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard | |
38495 | 1176 specification matches various other resources, such as for menus, and |
25829 | 1177 menus cannot handle fontsets. |
1178 | |
1179 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named | |
1180 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0. | |
1181 The resource value should have this form: | |
1182 | |
1183 @smallexample | |
1184 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charsetname}:@var{fontname}@r{]@dots{}} | |
1185 @end smallexample | |
1186 | |
1187 @noindent | |
1188 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except | |
1189 for the last two fields. They should have the form | |
1190 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. | |
1191 | |
1192 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is | |
1193 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You | |
1194 can refer to the fontset by either name. | |
1195 | |
1196 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to | |
1197 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, | |
1198 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the | |
1199 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any | |
1200 number of times in defining one fontset. | |
1201 | |
1202 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on | |
1203 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values | |
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|
1204 that describe the character set. For the @acronym{ASCII} character font, |
25829 | 1205 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}. |
1206 | |
1207 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs | |
1208 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of | |
1209 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable | |
1210 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is | |
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|
1211 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which is what Emacs |
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|
1212 does. |
25829 | 1213 |
1214 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, | |
1215 | |
1216 @example | |
1217 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
1218 @end example | |
1219 | |
1220 @noindent | |
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|
1221 the font specification for @acronym{ASCII} characters would be this: |
25829 | 1222 |
1223 @example | |
1224 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
1225 @end example | |
1226 | |
1227 @noindent | |
1228 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: | |
1229 | |
1230 @example | |
1231 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1232 @end example | |
1233 | |
1234 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font | |
1235 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that | |
1236 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In | |
1237 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: | |
1238 | |
1239 @smallexample | |
1240 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ | |
1241 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1242 @end smallexample | |
1243 | |
1244 @noindent | |
1245 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have | |
1246 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for | |
1247 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} | |
1248 field. | |
1249 | |
1250 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec | |
1251 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the | |
1252 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also | |
1253 call this function explicitly to create a fontset. | |
1254 | |
1255 @xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X. | |
1256 | |
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1257 @node Undisplayable Characters |
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1258 @section Undisplayable Characters |
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1259 |
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1260 There may be a some non-@acronym{ASCII} characters that your terminal cannot |
44325 | 1261 display. Most non-windowing terminals support just a single character |
1262 set (use the variable @code{default-terminal-coding-system} | |
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1263 (@pxref{Specify Coding}) to tell Emacs which one); characters which |
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1264 can't be encoded in that coding system are displayed as @samp{?} by |
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|
1265 default. |
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1266 |
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|
1267 Windowing terminals can display a broader range of characters, but |
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Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
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|
1268 you may not have fonts installed for all of them; characters that have |
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1269 no font appear as a hollow box. |
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|
1270 |
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|
1271 If you use Latin-1 characters but your terminal can't display |
52979
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1272 Latin-1, you can arrange to display mnemonic @acronym{ASCII} sequences |
36170
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|
1273 instead, e.g.@: @samp{"o} for o-umlaut. Load the library |
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1274 @file{iso-ascii} to do this. |
33745
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1275 |
36875 | 1276 @vindex latin1-display |
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1277 If your terminal can display Latin-1, you can display characters |
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|
1278 from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1279 Latin-1 characters and @acronym{ASCII} mnemonics. Customize the variable |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
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|
1280 @code{latin1-display} to enable this. The mnemonic @acronym{ASCII} |
36170
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|
1281 sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods. |
33745
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|
1282 |
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1283 @node Single-Byte Character Support |
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|
1284 @section Single-byte Character Set Support |
25829 | 1285 |
1286 @cindex European character sets | |
1287 @cindex accented characters | |
1288 @cindex ISO Latin character sets | |
1289 @cindex Unibyte operation | |
1290 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in | |
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|
1291 the range 0240 to 0377 octal (160 to 255 decimal) to handle the |
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diff
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|
1292 accented letters and punctuation needed by various European languages |
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|
1293 (and some non-European ones). If you disable multibyte characters, |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1294 Emacs can still handle @emph{one} of these character codes at a time. |
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diff
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|
1295 To specify @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke @kbd{M-x |
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diff
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|
1296 set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language environment |
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diff
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|
1297 such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}. |
25829 | 1298 |
1299 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling | |
1300 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that | |
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|
1301 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain non-@acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 1302 characters. |
1303 | |
1304 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment | |
1305 Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font | |
1306 in use supports them. This works automatically. Alternatively, if you | |
1307 are using a window system, Emacs can also display single-byte characters | |
1308 through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte | |
1309 characters according to the current language environment. To request | |
1310 this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment} | |
1311 to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
1312 | |
1313 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library | |
1314 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character | |
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Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1315 set, Emacs can display these characters as @acronym{ASCII} sequences which at |
25829 | 1316 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this, |
1317 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other | |
1318 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have | |
1319 them yet. | |
1320 | |
1321 @findex standard-display-8bit | |
1322 @cindex 8-bit display | |
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1323 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (decimal codes between 128 and 159 |
25829 | 1324 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for |
36185 | 1325 non-standard ``extended'' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the |
25829 | 1326 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library. |
1327 | |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1328 There are several ways you can input single-byte non-@acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 1329 characters: |
1330 | |
1331 @itemize @bullet | |
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1332 @cindex 8-bit input |
25829 | 1333 @item |
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|
1334 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 (decimal) and up, |
52979
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|
1335 representing non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can type those character codes |
38460
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|
1336 directly. |
25829 | 1337 |
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1338 On a windowing terminal, you should not need to do anything special to |
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1339 use these keys; they should simply work. On a text-only terminal, you |
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|
1340 should use the command @code{M-x set-keyboard-coding-system} or the |
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1341 variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} to specify which coding |
36170
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1342 system your keyboard uses (@pxref{Specify Coding}). Enabling this |
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|
1343 feature will probably require you to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta |
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1344 characters; however, on a console terminal or in @code{xterm}, you can |
36170
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1345 arrange for Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and still be able type |
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1346 8-bit characters present directly on the keyboard or using |
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1347 @kbd{Compose} or @kbd{AltGr} keys. @xref{User Input}. |
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1348 |
25829 | 1349 @item |
1350 You can use an input method for the selected language environment. | |
1351 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer, | |
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|
1352 the non-@acronym{ASCII} character you specify with it is converted to unibyte. |
25829 | 1353 |
1354 @kindex C-x 8 | |
1355 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library | |
31077 | 1356 @cindex compose character |
1357 @cindex dead character | |
25829 | 1358 @item |
1359 For Latin-1 only, you can use the | |
1360 key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose character'' prefix for entry of | |
52979
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|
1361 non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin-1 printing characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for |
25829 | 1362 insertion (in the minibuffer as well as other buffers), for searching, |
1363 and in any other context where a key sequence is allowed. | |
1364 | |
1365 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that | |
1366 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if you have one, serves | |
1367 the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}; use @key{ALT} together with an accent | |
1368 character to modify the following letter. In addition, if you have keys | |
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1369 for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters,'' they too are defined to |
25829 | 1370 compose with the following character, once @code{iso-transl} is loaded. |
28552 | 1371 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list the available translations as mnemonic |
1372 command names. | |
1373 | |
31077 | 1374 @item |
28552 | 1375 @cindex @code{iso-acc} library |
31077 | 1376 @cindex ISO Accents mode |
1377 @findex iso-accents-mode | |
31280
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Modify iso-accents-mode index entry.
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diff
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|
1378 @cindex Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3 input mode |
38133 | 1379 For Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3, @kbd{M-x iso-accents-mode} enables |
1380 a minor mode that works much like the @code{latin-1-prefix} input | |
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89031b4b9a28
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|
1381 method, but does not depend on having the input methods installed. This |
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|
1382 mode is buffer-local. It can be customized for various languages with |
0fd801cdb9fd
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|
1383 @kbd{M-x iso-accents-customize}. |
25829 | 1384 @end itemize |
43439 | 1385 |
1386 @node Charsets | |
1387 @section Charsets | |
1388 @cindex charsets | |
1389 | |
1390 Emacs groups all supported characters into disjoint @dfn{charsets}. | |
1391 Each character code belongs to one and only one charset. For | |
1392 historical reasons, Emacs typically divides an 8-bit character code | |
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|
1393 for an extended version of @acronym{ASCII} into two charsets: @acronym{ASCII}, which |
43439 | 1394 covers the codes 0 through 127, plus another charset which covers the |
1395 ``right-hand part'' (the codes 128 and up). For instance, the | |
1396 characters of Latin-1 include the Emacs charset @code{ascii} plus the | |
1397 Emacs charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}. | |
1398 | |
1399 Emacs characters belonging to different charsets may look the same, | |
1400 but they are still different characters. For example, the letter | |
1401 @samp{o} with acute accent in charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}, used for | |
1402 Latin-1, is different from the letter @samp{o} with acute accent in | |
1403 charset @code{latin-iso8859-2}, used for Latin-2. | |
1404 | |
1405 @findex list-charset-chars | |
1406 @cindex characters in a certain charset | |
1407 @findex describe-character-set | |
1408 There are two commands for obtaining information about Emacs | |
1409 charsets. The command @kbd{M-x list-charset-chars} prompts for a name | |
1410 of a character set, and displays all the characters in that character | |
1411 set. The command @kbd{M-x describe-character-set} prompts for a | |
1412 charset name and displays information about that charset, including | |
1413 its internal representation within Emacs. | |
1414 | |
1415 To find out which charset a character in the buffer belongs to, | |
1416 put point before it and type @kbd{C-u C-x =}. | |
52401 | 1417 |
1418 @ignore | |
1419 arch-tag: 310ba60d-31ef-4ce7-91f1-f282dd57b6b3 | |
1420 @end ignore |