annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 74734:8a1893a214bd

* configure.in: Check if Gtk+ compiles at all.
author Jan Djärv <jan.h.d@swipnet.se>
date Tue, 19 Dec 2006 06:48:25 +0000
parents a2bfb826940c
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1 Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
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2
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3 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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4 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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5 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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6
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7 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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8 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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9 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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10 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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11 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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13 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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14 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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15 try using a command. For instance:
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16 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
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17 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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21 reading the screen.
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22
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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25 the text.
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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31
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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34
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35 * SUMMARY
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36 ---------
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37
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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39
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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43 moving the text around the cursor
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44 to the center of the screen.
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45 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
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46
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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48 Then type C-l.
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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50 is near the cursor now.
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51
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52 You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
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53 your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
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54 C-v and M-v.
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55
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57 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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58 ----------------------
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59
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60 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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61 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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62
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63 There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys,
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64 but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
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65 and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
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66 are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
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67
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68 Previous line, C-p
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69 :
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70 :
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71 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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72 :
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73 :
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74 Next line, C-n
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76 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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77 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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78 centered in the screen.
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79
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80 You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
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81 P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You
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82 will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
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83
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84 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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85
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86 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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87 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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88
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89 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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90 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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91 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
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92 one).
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93
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94 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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95 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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96 across the Newline character.
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97
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98 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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99
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100 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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101 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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102 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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103
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104 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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105 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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106 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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107 without moving it off the screen.
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108
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109 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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110 see what happens.
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111
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112 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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113 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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114
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115 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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116
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117 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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118 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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119 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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120
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121 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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122 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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123 places inside and between words.
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124
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125 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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126 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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127 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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128 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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129 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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130
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131 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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132 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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133 or end of a sentence.
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134
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135 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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136 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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137
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138 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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139 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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140 natural.
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142 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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143 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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144 the text.
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145
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146 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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147 word and sentence moving commands:
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148
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149 C-f Move forward a character
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150 C-b Move backward a character
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151
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152 M-f Move forward a word
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153 M-b Move backward a word
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154
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155 C-n Move to next line
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156 C-p Move to previous line
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157
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158 C-a Move to beginning of line
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159 C-e Move to end of line
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160
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161 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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162 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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163
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164 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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165 These are the most often used commands.
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166
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167 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
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168 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
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169 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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170
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171 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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172 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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173 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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174
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175 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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176 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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177
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178 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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179 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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180
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181 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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182 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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183 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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184 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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185 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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186 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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187 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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188 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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189
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190 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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191 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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192 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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193 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
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194 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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195 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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196 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
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197 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
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198
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199 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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200
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201 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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202 to a line near this one with just one command.
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203
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204 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
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205 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
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206 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
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207 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
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208 something different.
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209
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210 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
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211 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
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212 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
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213
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214 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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215
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216 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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217 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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218
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219 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
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220 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the
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221 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the
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222 mouse in the scroll bar.
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223
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224 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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225 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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226 determined by how high or low you click.
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227
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228 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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229 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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230 you move the mouse.
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231
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232
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233 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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234 --------------------
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235
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236 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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237 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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238 long to execute.
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239
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240 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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241 a command that you do not want to finish.
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242
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243 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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244 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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245 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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246
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247 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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248 with a C-g.
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249
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250
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251 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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252 -------------------
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253
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254 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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255 them by accident.
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256
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257 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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258 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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259 ahead and execute the command.
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260
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261 If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in
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262 answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the
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263 disabled command, answer the question with "n".
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264
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265 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
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266 then type n to answer the question.
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268
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269 * WINDOWS
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270 ---------
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271
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272 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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273 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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274 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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275 one-window editing. It is simple:
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277 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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278
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279 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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280 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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281 other windows.
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283 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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284 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
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285 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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286 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
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288 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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289
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290 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
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291 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
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292 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
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293 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
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294 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
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295
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296
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297 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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298 ------------------------
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299
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300 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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301 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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302 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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303 Newline character.
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304
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305 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
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306 <Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
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307 outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is
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308 normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
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309 it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
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310
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311 If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
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312 use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
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313 somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
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314
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315 More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
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316 current cursor position.
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317
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318 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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319 by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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320 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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321 your personal copy of it.
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322
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323 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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324 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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325 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
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326 right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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327
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328 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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329 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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330
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331 >> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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332 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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333
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334 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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335 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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336 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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337 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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338
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339 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This
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340 merges that line with the previous line.
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341
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342 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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343
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344 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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345 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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346 it several times.
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347
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348 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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349
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350 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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351 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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352 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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353
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354 <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor
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355 C-d Delete the next character after the cursor
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356
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357 M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor
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358 M-d Kill the next word after the cursor
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359
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360 C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line
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361 M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence
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362
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363 Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
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364 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
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365 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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366 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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367
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368 You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move
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369 to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC>
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370 is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.
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371 That kills all the text between the two positions.
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372
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373 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
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374 >> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
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375 at the bottom of the screen.
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376 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
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377 paragraph.
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378 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
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379 and ending just before the n.
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380
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381 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
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382 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
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383 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
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384 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
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385 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
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386 character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
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a2bfb826940c Say that C-d and DEL with arg do killing.
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387 cannot yank that text). <Delback> and C-d do deletion in the simplest
a2bfb826940c Say that C-d and DEL with arg do killing.
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388 case, with no argument. When given an argument, they kill instead.
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389
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390 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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391 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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392 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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393 which follows that line.
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394
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395 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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396 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
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397 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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398 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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399 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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400
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401 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
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402 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
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403 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
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404 or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a
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405 different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes
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406 multiple copies of it.
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407
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408 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
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409 at the current cursor position.
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410
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411 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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412
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413 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
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414 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
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415
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416 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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417
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418 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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419
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420 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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421 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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422
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423 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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424 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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425 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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426 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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427 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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428 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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429 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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430 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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431 it is.
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432
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433 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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434 recent kill).
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435
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436 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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437 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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438 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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439 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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440 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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441 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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442 arguments.
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443
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444
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445 * UNDO
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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446 ------
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447
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448 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
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449 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
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450
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451 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
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452 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
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453 additional command.
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454
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455 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
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456 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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457 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
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458 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
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459 type to undo insertion of text.)
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460
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461 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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462
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463 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
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464 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
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465 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
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466 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
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467 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
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468
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469 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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470
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471 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
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472 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
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473 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
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474
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parents:
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475
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577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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476 * FILES
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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477 -------
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478
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479 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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480 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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481 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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482 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
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483
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484 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
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485 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
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486 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
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487 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
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488 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
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489 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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490 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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491
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492 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
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493 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
diff changeset
494 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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495 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
diff changeset
496 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
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497 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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498 appear in that precise spot.
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499
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parents: 20125
diff changeset
500 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
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501 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
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502 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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503 the file). After you type the command
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parents:
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504
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505 C-x C-f Find a file
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506
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507 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
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diff changeset
508 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
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diff changeset
509 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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510 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
511
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diff changeset
512 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
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diff changeset
513 you can cancel the command with C-g.
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parents:
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514
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parents:
diff changeset
515 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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parents:
diff changeset
516 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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diff changeset
517 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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parents:
diff changeset
518
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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519 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
520 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
521 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
522 finished.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
523
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
524 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
525 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
526 type the command
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527
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parents:
diff changeset
528 C-x C-s Save the file
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parents:
diff changeset
529
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
530 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
531 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
532 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
533 original file's name.
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parents:
diff changeset
534
38785
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
535 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
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parents:
diff changeset
536 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
537 work if the system should crash.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
538
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
539 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
38785
4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
540 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
541
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027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
542 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
543 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
544 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
545 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
546 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
547 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
548
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
549 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
550 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
551 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
552 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
553 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
554 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
555 already existing file.
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parents:
diff changeset
556
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
557
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
558 * BUFFERS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
559 ---------
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parents:
diff changeset
560
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parents:
diff changeset
561 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
562 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
563 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
564
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
565 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
566 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
567 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
568 to come back to the tutorial.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
569
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
570 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
571 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
572 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
13
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573
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574 C-x C-b List buffers
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parents:
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575
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576 >> Try C-x C-b now.
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parents:
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577
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0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
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578 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
579 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
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580 is always part of some buffer.
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parents:
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581
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parents:
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582 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
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parents:
diff changeset
583
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5d6d01bbbe87 Fix typo.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 45938
diff changeset
584 When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
44730
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
585 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
586 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
587 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
588 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
589 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
590
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
591 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
592 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
593 to come back to this tutorial.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
594
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
595 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
596 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
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597 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
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598 every buffer.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
599
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
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600 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
601 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
602 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
603 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
604 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
605 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
606 session.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
607
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
608 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
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afd7191c989c Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47239
diff changeset
609 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
44730
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
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parents: 44427
diff changeset
610
13
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611 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
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parents:
diff changeset
612 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
613 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
614 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
615 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
616 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
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617 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
618
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parents:
diff changeset
619 C-x s Save some buffers
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parents:
diff changeset
620
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
621 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
622 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
623 buffer.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
624
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
625 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
626 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
627 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
13
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parents:
diff changeset
628
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
629
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
630 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
631 ---------------------------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
632
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
633 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
634 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
635 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
636
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
637 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
638 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
639
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
640 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
641 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
642 of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
643 example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
644 session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
645 changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
646 it kills the Emacs.)
13
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parents:
diff changeset
647
72517
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
648 If you are using a graphical display that supports multiple
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
649 applications in parallel, you don't need any special command to move
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
650 from Emacs to another application. You can do this with the mouse or
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
651 with window manager commands. However, if you're using a text
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
652 terminal which can only show one application at a time, you need to
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
653 "suspend" Emacs to move to any other program.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
654
72517
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
655 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
656 back to the same Emacs session afterward. When Emacs is running on a
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
657 text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
658 but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common shells, you can
873ae07c54d4 Give priority to graphical terminals over text terminals regarding C-z.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 72332
diff changeset
659 resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
9560
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
660
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
661 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
662 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
663 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
664 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
665 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
666 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
667
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
668 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
669
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
670 C-x C-f Find file
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
671 C-x C-s Save file
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
672 C-x s Save some buffers
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
673 C-x C-b List buffers
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
674 C-x b Switch buffer
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
675 C-x C-c Quit Emacs
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
676 C-x 1 Delete all but one window
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
677 C-x u Undo
13
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parents:
diff changeset
678
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
679 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
680 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
681 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
682 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
683 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
684 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
685 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
32492
e4721c5ab8dd Fix a typo.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32393
diff changeset
686 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
687 End the command name with <Return>.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
688
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
689 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
690 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
691 argument with <Return>.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
692
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
693 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
694 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
695
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
696 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
697 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
698 after the initial position of the cursor.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
699
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
700
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
701 * AUTO SAVE
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
702 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
703
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
704 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
705 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
706 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
707 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
708 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
709 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
710 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
711
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
712 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
713 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
714 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
715 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
716 data.
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
717
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
718
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
719 * ECHO AREA
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
720 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
721
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
722 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
723 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
724 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
725
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
726
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
727 * MODE LINE
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
728 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
729
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
730 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
731 The mode line says something like this:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
732
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
733 --:** TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)-----------------------
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
734
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
735 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
736 the text you are editing.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
737
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
738 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
739 found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
740 NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
741 the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
742 bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
743 looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
744 line says "All".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
745
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
746 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
747 current line number of point.
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
748
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
749 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
750 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
751 no stars, just dashes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
752
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
753 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
754 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
49600
23a1cea22d13 Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 48591
diff changeset
755 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
756
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
757 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
758 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
759 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
760 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
761 "Fundamental" is now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
762
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
763 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
764 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
765 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
766 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
767 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
768 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
769 switch to Fundamental mode.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
770
46565
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
771 If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
772 should probably use Text Mode.
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
773
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
774 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
775
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
776 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
777 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
778 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
779 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
780
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
781 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
782 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
783 differently.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
784
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
785 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
786
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
787 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
788 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
789 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
790
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
791 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
792 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
793 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
794 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
795 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
796 combination of several minor modes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
797
46565
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
798 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
799 human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
800 breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
801 text and make a line that is too wide.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
802
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
803 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
804 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
805 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
806 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
807 command "toggles the mode".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
808
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
809 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
810 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
811 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
812
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
813 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
814 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
815 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
816
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
817 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
818 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
819 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
820 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
821
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
822 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
823 does not re-fill it for you.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
824 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
825 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
826
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
827 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
828
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
829
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
830 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
831 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
832
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
833 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
834 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
835 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
836 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
837
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
838 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
839 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
840 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
841
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
842 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
843 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
844
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
845 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
846 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
847 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
848 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
849
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
850 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
851 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
852 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
853 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
854 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
855 >> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
856 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
857
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
858 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
859 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
860 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
861 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
862 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
863
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
864 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
865 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
866 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
867 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
868 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
869 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
870
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
871 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
872 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
873 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
874 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
875 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
876 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
877 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
878 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
879
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
880 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
881 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
882 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
883
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
884 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
885 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
886 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
887 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
888 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
889
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
890
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
891 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
892 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
893
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
894 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
895 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
896
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
897 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
898 CONTROL-1).
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
899
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
900 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
901 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
902
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
903 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
904 (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
905
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
906 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
907 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
908 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
909
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
910 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
911 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
912
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
913 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
914 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
915 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
916 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
917
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
918 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
919 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
920 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
921 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
922
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
923 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
924 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
925 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
926 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
927
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
928 If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
929 order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
930 CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
931 in its own right, not a modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
932
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
933 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
934
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
935 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
936 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
937 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
938
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
939 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
940 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
941 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
942
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
943 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
944 things:
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
945
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
946 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
947 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
948 window. The cursor goes there, too.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
949
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
950 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
951 the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
952
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
953
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
954 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
955 --------------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
956
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
957 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
958 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
959 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
960 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
961
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
962 To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>.
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
963 That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
964 eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
965
59989
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
966 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to
caec6f76657e Remove some uses of the term "buffer" before it is properly
Lute Kamstra <lute@gnu.org>
parents: 52401
diff changeset
967 get out.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
968
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
969 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
970 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
971 recursive editing level.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
972
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
973
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
974 * GETTING MORE HELP
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
975 -------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
976
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
977 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
978 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
979 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
980 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
981 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
982 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
983 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
984
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
985 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
986 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
987 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
988 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
989 type C-g to cancel it.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
990
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
991 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
992 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
993 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
994 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
995 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
6597
c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6276
diff changeset
996
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
997 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
998 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
999 description of the command.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1000
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
1001 >> Type C-h c C-p.
48591
afd7191c989c Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47239
diff changeset
1002
afd7191c989c Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47239
diff changeset
1003 The message should be something like this:
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1004
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parents:
diff changeset
1005 C-p runs the command previous-line
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parents:
diff changeset
1006
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
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1007 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1008 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1009 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1010 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1011 have already learned.
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parents:
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1012
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parents:
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1013 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
1014 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1015
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1016 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
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parents:
diff changeset
1017
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
1018 >> Type C-h k C-p.
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parents:
diff changeset
1019
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1020 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1021 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1022 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1023 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1024 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
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parents:
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1025
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parents:
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1026 Here are some other useful C-h options:
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
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1027
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parents:
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1028 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 function.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
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1030
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
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1031 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
38785
4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
1032 This displays all the information Emacs has about the
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
1033 function which implements the C-p command.
13
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parents:
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1034
38785
4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
1035 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
38668
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1036 values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1037 the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1038
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1039 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
1041 These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
1043 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
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parents:
diff changeset
1044
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1045 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1046
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1047 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1048 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1049 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1050
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1051 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1052
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1053 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
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parents:
diff changeset
1054
38668
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1055 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1056 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1057 can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1058 your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1059 manual. If you have never before used Info, type ?
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1060 and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1061 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial,
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1062 you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1063 primary documentation.
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1064
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parents:
diff changeset
1065
44782
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1066 * MORE FEATURES
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1067 ---------------
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1068
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1069 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1070 or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1071 that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1072 dired, which simplifies file handling.
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1073
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1074 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1075 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1076 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1077 determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1078 in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1079
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1080 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1081 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1082 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1083 Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1084
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1085 The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1086
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1087
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
1088 * CONCLUSION
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
1089 ------------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1090
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1091 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1092 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1093
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1094 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1096
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1097
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
1098 * COPYING
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
1099 ---------
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1100
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1102 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1103
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1106
65088
f05a048483cc Update years in copyright notice; nfc.
Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents: 61186
diff changeset
1107 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
68640
e8a3fb527b77 Update years in copyright notice; nfc.
Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents: 65088
diff changeset
1108 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1109
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1113 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1114 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1115
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1116 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1117 of this document, or of portions of it,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1119 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1120
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1121 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1122 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1123 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1124 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
1125
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 49600
diff changeset
1126 ;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55