Mercurial > emacs
annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 50355:98e3dfa61ee5
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author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Mon, 31 Mar 2003 20:25:02 +0000 |
parents | 23a1cea22d13 |
children | 695cf19ef79e d7ddb3e565de |
rev | line source |
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45938 | 1 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions. |
2 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation. | |
13 | 3 |
14019 | 4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled |
5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than | |
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations: |
13 | 7 |
8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr> | |
9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f. | |
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>. |
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the |
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key. |
13 | 13 |
14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.) | |
15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to | |
16 try using a command. For instance: | |
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17 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>> |
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18 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below] |
13 | 19 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen. |
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20 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v). |
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21 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish |
13 | 22 reading the screen. |
23 | |
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24 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen |
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25 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading |
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26 the text. |
13 | 27 |
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28 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place |
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29 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen, |
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30 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key |
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31 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key). |
13 | 32 |
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33 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times. |
13 | 34 |
35 | |
1375 | 36 * SUMMARY |
37 --------- | |
13 | 38 |
39 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: | |
40 | |
41 C-v Move forward one screenful | |
42 M-v Move backward one screenful | |
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43 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text, |
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44 moving the text around the cursor |
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45 to the center of the screen. |
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46 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.) |
13 | 47 |
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48 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it. |
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49 Then type C-l. |
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50 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text |
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51 is near the cursor now. |
13 | 52 |
47239 | 53 You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if |
54 your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use | |
55 C-v and M-v. | |
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56 |
13 | 57 |
1375 | 58 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL |
59 ---------------------- | |
13 | 60 |
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61 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you |
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62 move to a specific place within the text on the screen? |
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63 |
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64 There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys, |
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65 but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position |
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66 and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters |
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67 are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this: |
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68 |
13 | 69 Previous line, C-p |
70 : | |
71 : | |
72 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f | |
73 : | |
74 : | |
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75 Next line, C-n |
13 | 76 |
77 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram | |
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78 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram |
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79 centered in the screen. |
13 | 80 |
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81 You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for: |
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82 P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You |
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83 will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time. |
13 | 84 |
85 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line. | |
86 | |
87 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's. | |
88 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line. | |
89 | |
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90 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to |
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91 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought |
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92 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have |
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93 one). |
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94 |
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95 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to |
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96 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back |
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97 across the Newline character. |
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98 |
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99 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b. |
13 | 100 |
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101 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is. |
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102 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line. |
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103 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line. |
13 | 104 |
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105 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond |
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106 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It |
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107 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text |
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108 without moving it off the screen. |
13 | 109 |
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110 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and |
13 | 111 see what happens. |
112 | |
113 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f | |
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114 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word. |
13 | 115 |
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116 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's. |
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117 |
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118 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word. |
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119 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the |
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120 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction. |
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121 |
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122 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's |
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123 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various |
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124 places inside and between words. |
13 | 125 |
126 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and | |
127 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for | |
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128 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences, |
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129 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are |
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130 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc). |
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131 |
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132 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to |
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133 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning |
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134 or end of a sentence. |
13 | 135 |
136 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's. | |
137 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's. | |
138 | |
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139 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one |
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140 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems |
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141 natural. |
13 | 142 |
143 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To | |
144 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in | |
145 the text. | |
146 | |
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147 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the |
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148 word and sentence moving commands: |
13 | 149 |
150 C-f Move forward a character | |
151 C-b Move backward a character | |
152 | |
153 M-f Move forward a word | |
154 M-b Move backward a word | |
155 | |
156 C-n Move to next line | |
157 C-p Move to previous line | |
158 | |
159 C-a Move to beginning of line | |
160 C-e Move to end of line | |
161 | |
162 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence | |
163 M-e Move forward to end of sentence | |
164 | |
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165 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice. |
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166 These are the most often used commands. |
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167 |
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168 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than), |
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169 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META |
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170 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text. |
13 | 171 |
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172 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the |
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173 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key |
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174 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma. |
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175 |
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176 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial. |
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177 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here. |
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178 |
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179 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial. |
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180 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here. |
13 | 181 |
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182 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has |
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183 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three |
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184 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once |
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185 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control |
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186 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not |
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187 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once |
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188 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can |
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189 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well. |
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190 |
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191 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this |
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192 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count |
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193 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If |
24287 | 194 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way |
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195 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the |
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196 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on |
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197 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument", |
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198 because you type the argument before the command it applies to. |
13 | 199 |
200 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters. | |
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201 |
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202 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor |
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203 to a line near this one with just one command. |
13 | 204 |
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205 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some |
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206 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of |
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207 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a |
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208 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do |
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209 something different. |
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210 |
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211 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument, |
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212 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a |
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213 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines. |
13 | 214 |
215 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now. | |
216 | |
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217 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like |
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218 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v. |
13 | 219 |
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220 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there |
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221 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the left hand |
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222 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the |
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223 mouse in the scroll bar. |
2863 | 224 |
225 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area | |
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226 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position |
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227 determined by how high or low you click. |
2863 | 228 |
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229 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button |
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230 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as |
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231 you move the mouse. |
2863 | 232 |
13 | 233 |
1375 | 234 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG |
235 -------------------- | |
13 | 236 |
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237 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by |
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238 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too |
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239 long to execute. |
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240 |
13 | 241 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of |
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242 a command that you do not want to finish. |
13 | 243 |
244 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g. | |
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245 Now type C-f. It should move just one character, |
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246 because you canceled the argument with C-g. |
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247 |
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248 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it |
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249 with a C-g. |
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250 |
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251 |
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252 * DISABLED COMMANDS |
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253 ------------------- |
13 | 254 |
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255 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use |
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256 them by accident. |
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257 |
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258 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message |
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259 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go |
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260 ahead and execute the command. |
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262 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the |
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263 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled |
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264 command, answer the question with "n". |
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265 |
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266 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command), |
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267 then type n to answer the question. |
13 | 268 |
269 | |
1375 | 270 * WINDOWS |
271 --------- | |
13 | 272 |
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273 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will |
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274 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to |
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275 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic |
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276 one-window editing. It is simple: |
13 | 277 |
278 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows). | |
279 | |
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280 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window |
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281 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all |
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282 other windows. |
13 | 283 |
284 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l. | |
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285 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f. |
13 | 286 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears |
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287 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command. |
13 | 288 |
289 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear. | |
290 | |
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291 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it |
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292 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x. |
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293 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of |
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294 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things. |
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295 These commands are two, three or four characters long. |
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296 |
13 | 297 |
1375 | 298 * INSERTING AND DELETING |
299 ------------------------ | |
13 | 300 |
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301 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you |
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302 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted |
13 | 303 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a |
304 Newline character. | |
305 | |
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306 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>. |
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307 <Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use, |
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308 outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is |
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309 normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and |
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310 it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace". |
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311 |
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312 If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you |
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313 use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete" |
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314 somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>. |
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315 |
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316 More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the |
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317 current cursor position. |
13 | 318 |
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319 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them |
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320 by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file |
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321 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is |
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322 your personal copy of it. |
13 | 323 |
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324 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line |
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325 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\") |
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326 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the |
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327 right margin indicates a line which has been continued. |
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328 |
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329 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting. |
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330 You'll see a continuation line appear. |
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331 |
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332 >> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen |
13 | 333 line again. The continuation line goes away. |
334 | |
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335 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character. |
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336 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into |
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337 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the |
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338 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line. |
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339 |
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340 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This |
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341 merges that line with the previous line. |
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342 |
13 | 343 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted. |
344 | |
345 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count; | |
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346 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts |
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347 it several times. |
13 | 348 |
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349 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********. |
13 | 350 |
351 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in | |
352 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines | |
353 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations: | |
354 | |
47239 | 355 <Delback> delete the character just before the cursor |
13 | 356 C-d delete the next character after the cursor |
357 | |
47239 | 358 M-<Delback> kill the word immediately before the cursor |
13 | 359 M-d kill the next word after the cursor |
360 | |
361 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line | |
362 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence | |
363 | |
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364 Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel |
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365 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control |
13 | 366 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e |
367 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences. | |
368 | |
23694 | 369 You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method. |
370 Move to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-SPC (either one). | |
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371 (SPC is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type |
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372 C-w. That kills all the text between the two positions. |
23694 | 373 |
374 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph. | |
375 >> Type C-SPC. Emacs should display a message "Mark set" | |
376 at the bottom of the screen. | |
377 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the | |
378 paragraph. | |
379 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y, | |
380 and ending just before the n. | |
381 | |
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382 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text |
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383 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted. |
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384 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the |
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385 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so |
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386 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one |
47239 | 387 character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you |
388 cannot yank that text). | |
13 | 389 |
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390 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty. |
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391 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line. |
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392 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline |
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393 which follows that line. |
13 | 394 |
395 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second | |
24287 | 396 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k |
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397 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND |
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398 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two |
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399 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that. |
13 | 400 |
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401 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as |
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402 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You |
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403 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed, |
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404 or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file. |
47239 | 405 You can yank the same text several times; that makes multiple copies |
406 of it. | |
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407 |
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408 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text, |
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409 at the current cursor position. |
13 | 410 |
411 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back. | |
412 | |
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413 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved |
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414 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once. |
13 | 415 |
416 >> Do this now, type C-k several times. | |
417 | |
418 Now to retrieve that killed text: | |
419 | |
420 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y | |
421 again. You now see how to copy some text. | |
422 | |
423 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then | |
424 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But | |
425 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y | |
426 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing | |
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427 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y |
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428 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have |
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429 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to |
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430 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where |
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431 it is. |
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432 |
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433 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most |
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434 recent kill). |
13 | 435 |
436 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line. | |
437 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line. | |
438 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line. | |
439 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until | |
440 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more. | |
441 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative | |
442 arguments. | |
443 | |
444 | |
1375 | 445 * UNDO |
446 ------ | |
13 | 447 |
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448 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a |
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449 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u. |
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450 |
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451 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat |
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452 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one |
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453 additional command. |
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454 |
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455 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do |
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456 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling |
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457 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups |
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458 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to |
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459 type to undo insertion of text.) |
13 | 460 |
461 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear. | |
462 | |
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463 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u, |
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464 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of |
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465 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That |
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466 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_ |
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467 by typing / while holding down CONTROL. |
13 | 468 |
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469 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count. |
13 | 470 |
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471 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text. |
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472 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects |
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473 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo. |
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474 |
13 | 475 |
1375 | 476 * FILES |
477 ------- | |
13 | 478 |
479 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a | |
480 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes | |
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481 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file |
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482 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.) |
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483 |
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484 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within |
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485 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself. |
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486 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent |
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487 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a |
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488 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when |
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489 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case |
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490 you later decide that your changes were a mistake. |
13 | 491 |
492 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that | |
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493 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or |
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494 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name |
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495 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file |
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496 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs |
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497 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will |
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498 appear in that precise spot. |
13 | 499 |
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500 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you |
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501 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an |
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502 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of |
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503 the file). After you type the command |
13 | 504 |
505 C-x C-f Find a file | |
506 | |
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507 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears |
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508 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the |
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509 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use |
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510 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name. |
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511 |
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512 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input), |
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513 you can cancel the command with C-g. |
13 | 514 |
515 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer, | |
516 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the | |
517 minibuffer. So you do not find any file. | |
518 | |
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519 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to |
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520 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file |
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521 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is |
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522 finished. |
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523 |
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524 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can |
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525 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent, |
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526 type the command |
13 | 527 |
528 C-x C-s Save the file | |
529 | |
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530 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you |
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531 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is |
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532 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the |
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533 original file's name. |
13 | 534 |
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535 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written. |
13 | 536 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much |
537 work if the system should crash. | |
538 | |
539 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial. | |
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540 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen. |
13 | 541 |
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542 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you |
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543 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an |
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544 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the |
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545 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, |
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546 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental |
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547 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature". |
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548 |
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549 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also |
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550 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a |
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551 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then |
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552 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the |
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553 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have |
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554 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an |
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555 already existing file. |
13 | 556 |
557 | |
1375 | 558 * BUFFERS |
559 --------- | |
13 | 560 |
561 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains | |
562 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with | |
563 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs. | |
564 | |
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565 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>. |
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566 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s. |
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567 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return> |
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568 to come back to the tutorial. |
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569 |
21494 | 570 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer". |
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571 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the |
21494 | 572 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type |
13 | 573 |
574 C-x C-b List buffers | |
575 | |
576 >> Try C-x C-b now. | |
577 | |
44730 | 578 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for |
579 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window | |
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580 is always part of some buffer. |
13 | 581 |
582 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list. | |
583 | |
46150 | 584 When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any |
44730 | 585 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another |
586 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer | |
587 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again | |
588 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command. | |
589 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name. | |
590 | |
591 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds | |
592 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> | |
593 to come back to this tutorial. | |
594 | |
595 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name | |
596 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true. | |
597 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of | |
598 every buffer. | |
599 | |
600 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer. | |
601 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer | |
602 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which | |
603 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named | |
604 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the | |
605 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs | |
606 session. | |
607 | |
608 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages. | |
48591 | 609 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial. |
44730 | 610 |
13 | 611 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file, |
612 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs, | |
613 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's | |
614 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful, | |
615 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first | |
616 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to | |
617 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have | |
618 | |
619 C-x s Save some buffers | |
620 | |
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621 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have |
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622 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the |
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623 buffer. |
13 | 624 |
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625 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s. |
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626 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL. |
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627 Answer yes to the question by typing "y". |
13 | 628 |
23387 | 629 |
1375 | 630 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET |
631 --------------------------- | |
13 | 632 |
633 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put | |
634 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with | |
635 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors: | |
636 | |
637 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character. | |
638 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name. | |
639 | |
640 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the | |
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641 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of |
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642 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another |
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643 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command |
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644 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c |
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645 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.) |
13 | 646 |
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647 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go |
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648 back to the same Emacs session afterward. |
13 | 649 |
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650 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns |
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651 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common |
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652 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'. |
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653 |
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654 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell |
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655 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and |
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656 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In |
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657 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to |
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658 Emacs from the subshell. |
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659 |
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660 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also |
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661 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling |
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662 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know |
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663 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances, |
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664 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs |
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665 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs. |
13 | 666 |
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667 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned: |
13 | 668 |
669 C-x C-f Find file. | |
670 C-x C-s Save file. | |
671 C-x C-b List buffers. | |
672 C-x C-c Quit Emacs. | |
23442 | 673 C-x 1 Delete all but one window. |
13 | 674 C-x u Undo. |
675 | |
676 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less | |
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677 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An |
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678 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one |
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679 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the |
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680 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the |
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681 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and |
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682 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found |
32492 | 683 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.) |
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684 End the command name with <Return>. |
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685 |
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686 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be |
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687 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each |
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688 argument with <Return>. |
13 | 689 |
690 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one. | |
691 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>. | |
692 | |
693 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced | |
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694 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred, |
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695 after the initial position of the cursor. |
13 | 696 |
697 | |
10698 | 698 * AUTO SAVE |
699 ----------- | |
700 | |
701 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet, | |
702 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from | |
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703 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that |
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704 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and |
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705 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save |
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706 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way, |
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707 Emacs deletes its auto save file. |
10698 | 708 |
709 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by | |
710 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto | |
21494 | 711 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for |
712 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save | |
10698 | 713 data. |
714 | |
715 | |
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716 * ECHO AREA |
1375 | 717 ----------- |
13 | 718 |
23442 | 719 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it |
720 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the | |
721 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen. | |
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722 |
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|
723 |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
724 * MODE LINE |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
725 ----------- |
13 | 726 |
23442 | 727 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line". |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
728 The mode line says something like this: |
13 | 729 |
20125
5ac02369f793
Fix another instance of mode line format.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
19772
diff
changeset
|
730 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%---------------- |
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
731 |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
732 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
733 the text you are editing. |
13 | 734 |
735 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have | |
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
736 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
737 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
738 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
739 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
740 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
741 the screen, the mode line says --All--. |
13 | 742 |
29395 | 743 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the |
744 current line number of point. | |
745 | |
13 | 746 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text. |
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
747 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
748 no stars, just dashes. |
13 | 749 |
750 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what | |
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
751 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
48591
diff
changeset
|
752 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode". |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
753 |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
754 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for |
17128
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
755 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode, |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
756 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active, |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
757 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
758 "Fundamental" is now. |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
759 |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
760 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example, |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
761 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
762 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
763 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
764 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can |
17128
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
16730
diff
changeset
|
765 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
766 switch to Fundamental mode. |
13 | 767 |
46565
0cda1beae474
Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46150
diff
changeset
|
768 If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you |
13 | 769 should probably use Text Mode. |
21494 | 770 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>. |
13 | 771 |
23442 | 772 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
773 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
774 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode, |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
775 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators. |
13 | 776 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
777 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
778 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
779 differently. |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
780 |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
781 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m. |
13 | 782 |
783 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen. | |
784 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode. | |
785 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen. | |
786 | |
787 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes. | |
24287 | 788 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor |
17128
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
16730
diff
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|
789 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by |
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
16730
diff
changeset
|
790 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your |
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
791 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any |
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
16730
diff
changeset
|
792 combination of several minor modes. |
13 | 793 |
46565
0cda1beae474
Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46150
diff
changeset
|
794 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing |
0cda1beae474
Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46150
diff
changeset
|
795 human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs |
0cda1beae474
Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46150
diff
changeset
|
796 breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert |
0cda1beae474
Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46150
diff
changeset
|
797 text and make a line that is too wide. |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
798 |
21593
98611be1ad61
Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21494
diff
changeset
|
799 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>. |
24287 | 800 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x |
21593
98611be1ad61
Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21494
diff
changeset
|
801 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on, |
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
802 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
803 command "toggles the mode". |
13 | 804 |
21593
98611be1ad61
Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21494
diff
changeset
|
805 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf " |
13 | 806 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in |
807 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces. | |
808 | |
809 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it | |
810 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want | |
811 as a numeric argument. | |
812 | |
813 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). | |
814 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20 | |
815 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using | |
816 C-x f again. | |
817 | |
23442 | 818 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode |
13 | 819 does not re-fill it for you. |
38689
99630a340b59
Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents:
38668
diff
changeset
|
820 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside |
13 | 821 that paragraph. |
822 | |
823 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q. | |
824 | |
23387 | 825 |
1375 | 826 * SEARCHING |
827 ----------- | |
13 | 828 |
829 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous | |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
830 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
831 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command; |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
832 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears. |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
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|
833 |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
834 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
835 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
836 search happens while you type in the string to search for. |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
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|
837 |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
838 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
839 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now. |
6cb6d2fe6999
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parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
840 |
6cb6d2fe6999
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parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
841 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
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|
842 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
843 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that |
21296
25db4bc0e67e
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
20125
diff
changeset
|
844 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search. |
13 | 845 |
846 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time, | |
847 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each | |
848 character to notice what happens to the cursor. | |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
849 Now you have searched for "cursor", once. |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
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|
850 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor". |
47104
2111424826e5
Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46565
diff
changeset
|
851 >> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves. |
21296
25db4bc0e67e
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
20125
diff
changeset
|
852 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search. |
13 | 853 |
854 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to | |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
855 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
856 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such |
24287 | 857 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently |
858 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search. | |
13 | 859 |
8128
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
860 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
861 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
862 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
863 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q. |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
864 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
865 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature". |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
866 |
47104
2111424826e5
Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46565
diff
changeset
|
867 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>, |
13 | 868 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased |
869 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For | |
16730
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parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
870 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
871 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move |
47104
2111424826e5
Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46565
diff
changeset
|
872 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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15443
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|
873 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
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|
874 the first occurrence of "c". |
13 | 875 |
4351
2173e8c3723b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
4190
diff
changeset
|
876 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta |
2173e8c3723b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
4190
diff
changeset
|
877 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in |
2173e8c3723b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
4190
diff
changeset
|
878 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated. |
13 | 879 |
880 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search | |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
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|
881 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for |
6cb6d2fe6999
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parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
882 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we |
6cb6d2fe6999
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
883 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of |
6cb6d2fe6999
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|
884 the search is reversed. |
13 | 885 |
886 | |
1375 | 887 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS |
888 ------------------ | |
476 | 889 |
890 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one | |
891 window on the screen at the same time. | |
892 | |
38689
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893 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not |
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894 CONTROL-1). |
476 | 895 |
896 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows. | |
897 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window. | |
898 | |
899 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window. | |
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900 (If you do not have a real META key, type ESC C-v.) |
476 | 901 |
902 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window. | |
903 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it. | |
904 Keep reading these directions in the top window. | |
905 | |
906 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window. | |
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907 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before. |
476 | 908 |
909 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each | |
910 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually | |
911 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the | |
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912 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window". |
476 | 913 |
914 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one | |
915 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep | |
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916 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance |
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917 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v. |
476 | 918 |
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919 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real |
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920 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while |
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921 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first," |
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922 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type. |
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923 |
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924 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order |
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925 does matter: you must type ESC followed by CONTROL-v, because |
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926 CONTROL-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in |
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927 its own right, not a modifier key. |
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928 |
476 | 929 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window. |
930 | |
931 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid | |
932 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one | |
933 window--the window I am already in.") | |
934 | |
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935 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you |
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936 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not |
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937 change. You can find a file in each window independently. |
476 | 938 |
939 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different | |
940 things: | |
941 | |
942 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files. | |
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943 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom |
476 | 944 window. The cursor goes there, too. |
945 | |
946 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete | |
947 the bottom window. | |
948 | |
949 | |
1375 | 950 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS |
951 -------------------------- | |
13 | 952 |
953 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing | |
954 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line, | |
955 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For | |
956 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental). | |
957 | |
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958 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is |
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|
959 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating |
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|
960 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer. |
13 | 961 |
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962 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out. |
13 | 963 |
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964 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is |
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|
965 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the |
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966 recursive editing level. |
13 | 967 |
968 | |
1375 | 969 * GETTING MORE HELP |
970 ------------------- | |
13 | 971 |
972 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to | |
973 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that | |
974 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want | |
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975 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features. |
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|
976 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs |
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|
977 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character |
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|
978 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character". |
13 | 979 |
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980 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a |
13 | 981 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost, |
982 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give. | |
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983 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just |
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984 type C-g to cancel it. |
13 | 985 |
18579 | 986 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really |
987 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have | |
988 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h | |
989 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try | |
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990 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.) |
6597
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991 |
18579 | 992 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and |
993 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief | |
13 | 994 description of the command. |
995 | |
29395 | 996 >> Type C-h c C-p. |
48591 | 997 |
998 The message should be something like this: | |
13 | 999 |
1000 C-p runs the command previous-line | |
1001 | |
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1002 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used |
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|
1003 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names |
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|
1004 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as |
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|
1005 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you |
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|
1006 have already learned. |
13 | 1007 |
1008 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or | |
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|
1009 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c. |
13 | 1010 |
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1011 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c. |
13 | 1012 |
29395 | 1013 >> Type C-h k C-p. |
13 | 1014 |
477 | 1015 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its |
1016 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the | |
1017 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have | |
1018 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring | |
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|
1019 to the help text, and then type C-x 1. |
13 | 1020 |
1021 Here are some other useful C-h options: | |
1022 | |
1023 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the | |
1024 function. | |
1025 | |
1026 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>. | |
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Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
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1027 This displays all the information Emacs has about the |
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|
1028 function which implements the C-p command. |
13 | 1029 |
38785
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Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
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|
1030 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose |
38668
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1031 values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
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|
1032 the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it. |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1033 |
13 | 1034 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list |
1035 all the commands whose names contain that keyword. | |
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Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
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|
1036 These commands can all be invoked with META-x. |
13 | 1037 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one |
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|
1038 or two character sequence which runs the same command. |
13 | 1039 |
477 | 1040 >> Type C-h a file<Return>. |
1041 | |
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|
1042 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file" |
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|
1043 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed |
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|
1044 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file. |
477 | 1045 |
1046 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times. | |
1047 | |
1048 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window. | |
13 | 1049 |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1050 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1051 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1052 can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on |
1a12e25dfd9b
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1053 your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1054 manual. If you have never before used Info, type ? |
1a12e25dfd9b
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1055 and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1056 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial, |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1057 you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1058 primary documentation. |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
1059 |
13 | 1060 |
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|
1061 * MORE FEATURES |
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|
1062 --------------- |
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|
1063 |
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|
1064 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book |
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|
1065 or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
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|
1066 that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and |
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Mention the Emacs manual.
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changeset
|
1067 dired, which simplifies file handling. |
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|
1068 |
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|
1069 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you |
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Mention the Emacs manual.
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|
1070 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab> |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
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|
1071 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can |
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|
1072 determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described |
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|
1073 in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion". |
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|
1074 |
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Mention the Emacs manual.
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|
1075 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its |
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|
1076 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and |
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Mention the Emacs manual.
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|
1077 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the |
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|
1078 Emacs manual in the node called "Dired". |
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|
1079 |
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|
1080 The manual also describes many other Emacs features. |
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|
1081 |
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1082 |
1375 | 1083 * CONCLUSION |
1084 ------------ | |
13 | 1085 |
1086 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell | |
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1087 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z. |
13 | 1088 |
1089 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if | |
1090 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain! | |
1091 | |
1092 | |
23387 | 1093 * COPYING |
1094 --------- | |
13 | 1095 |
1096 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials | |
1097 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs. | |
1098 | |
1099 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and | |
1100 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions: | |
1101 | |
45938 | 1102 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation |
13 | 1103 |
1104 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies | |
1105 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the | |
1106 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, | |
1107 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission | |
1108 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. | |
1109 | |
1110 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions | |
1111 of this document, or of portions of it, | |
1112 under the above conditions, provided also that they | |
1113 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them. | |
1114 | |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
1115 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
1116 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
1117 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
1118 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software! |