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annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 44819:9ce753124d1b
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author | Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz> |
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date | Wed, 24 Apr 2002 18:26:48 +0000 |
parents | 302fc364e776 |
children | 82749144e314 |
rev | line source |
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13 | 1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions. |
2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial. | |
3 | |
14019 | 4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled |
5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than | |
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations: |
13 | 7 |
8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr> | |
9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f. | |
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>. |
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the |
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key. |
13 | 13 |
14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.) | |
15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to | |
16 try using a command. For instance: | |
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17 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>> |
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18 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below] |
13 | 19 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen. |
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20 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v). |
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21 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish |
13 | 22 reading the screen. |
23 | |
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24 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen |
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25 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading |
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26 the text. |
13 | 27 |
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28 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place |
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29 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen, |
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30 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key |
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31 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key). |
13 | 32 |
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33 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times. |
13 | 34 |
35 | |
1375 | 36 * SUMMARY |
37 --------- | |
13 | 38 |
39 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: | |
40 | |
41 C-v Move forward one screenful | |
42 M-v Move backward one screenful | |
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43 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text, |
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44 moving the text around the cursor |
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45 to the center of the screen. |
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46 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.) |
13 | 47 |
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48 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it. |
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49 Then type C-l. |
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50 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text |
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51 is near the cursor now. |
13 | 52 |
53 | |
1375 | 54 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL |
55 ---------------------- | |
13 | 56 |
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57 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you |
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58 move to a specific place within the text on the screen? |
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59 |
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60 There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use |
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61 the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves the |
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62 cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen. |
24287 | 63 Here is a table showing these four commands and the directions they |
64 move: | |
13 | 65 |
66 Previous line, C-p | |
67 : | |
68 : | |
69 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f | |
70 : | |
71 : | |
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72 Next line, C-n |
13 | 73 |
74 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram | |
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75 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram |
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76 centered in the screen. |
13 | 77 |
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78 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for |
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79 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the |
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80 basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the |
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81 time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now. |
13 | 82 |
83 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line. | |
84 | |
85 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's. | |
86 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line. | |
87 | |
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88 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to |
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89 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought |
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90 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have |
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91 one). |
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92 |
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93 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to |
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94 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back |
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95 across the Newline character. |
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96 |
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97 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b. |
13 | 98 |
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99 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is. |
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100 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line. |
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101 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line. |
13 | 102 |
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103 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond |
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104 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It |
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105 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text |
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106 without moving it off the screen. |
13 | 107 |
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108 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and |
13 | 109 see what happens. |
110 | |
111 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f | |
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112 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word. |
13 | 113 |
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114 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's. |
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115 |
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116 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word. |
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117 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the |
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118 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction. |
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119 |
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120 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's |
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121 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various |
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122 places inside and between words. |
13 | 123 |
124 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and | |
125 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for | |
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126 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences, |
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127 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are |
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128 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc). |
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129 |
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130 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to |
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131 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning |
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132 or end of a sentence. |
13 | 133 |
134 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's. | |
135 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's. | |
136 | |
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137 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one |
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138 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems |
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139 natural. |
13 | 140 |
141 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To | |
142 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in | |
143 the text. | |
144 | |
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145 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the |
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146 word and sentence moving commands: |
13 | 147 |
148 C-f Move forward a character | |
149 C-b Move backward a character | |
150 | |
151 M-f Move forward a word | |
152 M-b Move backward a word | |
153 | |
154 C-n Move to next line | |
155 C-p Move to previous line | |
156 | |
157 C-a Move to beginning of line | |
158 C-e Move to end of line | |
159 | |
160 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence | |
161 M-e Move forward to end of sentence | |
162 | |
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163 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice. |
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164 These are the most often used commands. |
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165 |
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166 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than), |
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167 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META |
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168 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text. |
13 | 169 |
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170 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the |
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171 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key |
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172 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma. |
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173 |
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174 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial. |
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175 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here. |
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176 |
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177 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial. |
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178 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here. |
13 | 179 |
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180 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has |
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181 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three |
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182 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once |
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183 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control |
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184 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not |
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185 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once |
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186 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can |
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187 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well. |
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188 |
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189 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this |
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190 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count |
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191 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If |
24287 | 192 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way |
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193 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the |
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194 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on |
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195 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument", |
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196 because you type the argument before the command it applies to. |
13 | 197 |
198 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters. | |
199 | |
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200 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor |
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201 to a line near this one with just one command. |
13 | 202 |
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203 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some |
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204 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of |
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205 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a |
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206 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do |
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207 something different. |
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208 |
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209 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument, |
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210 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a |
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211 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines. |
13 | 212 |
213 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now. | |
214 | |
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215 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like |
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216 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v. |
13 | 217 |
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218 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there |
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219 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the left hand |
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220 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the |
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221 mouse in the scroll bar. |
2863 | 222 |
223 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area | |
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224 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position |
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225 determined by how high or low you click. |
2863 | 226 |
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227 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button |
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228 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as |
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229 you move the mouse. |
2863 | 230 |
13 | 231 |
1375 | 232 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG |
233 -------------------- | |
13 | 234 |
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235 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by |
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236 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too |
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237 long to execute. |
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238 |
13 | 239 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of |
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240 a command that you do not want to finish. |
13 | 241 |
242 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g. | |
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243 Now type C-f. It should move just one character, |
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244 because you canceled the argument with C-g. |
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245 |
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246 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it |
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247 with a C-g. |
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248 |
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249 |
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250 * DISABLED COMMANDS |
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251 ------------------- |
13 | 252 |
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253 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use |
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254 them by accident. |
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255 |
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256 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message |
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257 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go |
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258 ahead and execute the command. |
13 | 259 |
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260 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the |
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261 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled |
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262 command, answer the question with "n". |
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263 |
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264 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command), |
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265 then type n to answer the question. |
13 | 266 |
267 | |
1375 | 268 * WINDOWS |
269 --------- | |
13 | 270 |
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271 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will |
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272 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to |
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273 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic |
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274 one-window editing. It is simple: |
13 | 275 |
276 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows). | |
277 | |
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278 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window |
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279 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all |
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280 other windows. |
13 | 281 |
282 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l. | |
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283 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f. |
13 | 284 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears |
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285 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command. |
13 | 286 |
287 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear. | |
288 | |
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289 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it |
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290 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x. |
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291 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of |
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292 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things. |
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293 These commands are two, three or four characters long. |
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294 |
13 | 295 |
1375 | 296 * INSERTING AND DELETING |
297 ------------------------ | |
13 | 298 |
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299 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you |
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300 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted |
13 | 301 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a |
302 Newline character. | |
303 | |
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304 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>. |
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305 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In |
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306 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always! |
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307 |
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308 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the |
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309 current cursor position. |
13 | 310 |
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311 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them |
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312 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file |
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313 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is |
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314 your personal copy of it. |
13 | 315 |
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316 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line |
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317 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\") |
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318 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the |
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319 right margin indicates a line which has been continued. |
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320 |
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321 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting. |
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322 You'll see a continuation line appear. |
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323 |
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324 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen |
13 | 325 line again. The continuation line goes away. |
326 | |
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327 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character. |
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328 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into |
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329 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the |
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330 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line. |
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331 |
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332 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This |
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333 merges that line with the previous line. |
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334 |
13 | 335 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted. |
336 | |
337 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count; | |
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338 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts |
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339 it several times. |
13 | 340 |
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341 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********. |
13 | 342 |
343 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in | |
344 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines | |
345 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations: | |
346 | |
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347 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor |
13 | 348 C-d delete the next character after the cursor |
349 | |
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350 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor |
13 | 351 M-d kill the next word after the cursor |
352 | |
353 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line | |
354 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence | |
355 | |
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356 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel |
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357 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control |
13 | 358 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e |
359 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences. | |
360 | |
23694 | 361 You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method. |
362 Move to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-SPC (either one). | |
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363 (SPC is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type |
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364 C-w. That kills all the text between the two positions. |
23694 | 365 |
366 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph. | |
367 >> Type C-SPC. Emacs should display a message "Mark set" | |
368 at the bottom of the screen. | |
369 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the | |
370 paragraph. | |
371 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y, | |
372 and ending just before the n. | |
373 | |
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374 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text |
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375 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted. |
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376 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the |
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377 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so |
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378 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one |
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379 character, or just blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you cannot |
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380 yank that text). |
13 | 381 |
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382 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty. |
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383 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line. |
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384 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline |
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385 which follows that line. |
13 | 386 |
387 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second | |
24287 | 388 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k |
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389 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND |
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390 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two |
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391 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that. |
13 | 392 |
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393 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as |
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394 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You |
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395 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed, |
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396 or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file. |
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397 You can yank the text several times, which makes multiple copies of |
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398 it. |
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399 |
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400 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text, |
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401 at the current cursor position. |
13 | 402 |
403 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back. | |
404 | |
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405 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved |
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406 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once. |
13 | 407 |
408 >> Do this now, type C-k several times. | |
409 | |
410 Now to retrieve that killed text: | |
411 | |
412 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y | |
413 again. You now see how to copy some text. | |
414 | |
415 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then | |
416 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But | |
417 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y | |
418 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing | |
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419 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y |
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420 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have |
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421 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to |
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422 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where |
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423 it is. |
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424 |
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425 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most |
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426 recent kill). |
13 | 427 |
428 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line. | |
429 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line. | |
430 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line. | |
431 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until | |
432 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more. | |
433 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative | |
434 arguments. | |
435 | |
436 | |
1375 | 437 * UNDO |
438 ------ | |
13 | 439 |
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440 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a |
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441 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u. |
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442 |
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443 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat |
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444 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one |
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445 additional command. |
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446 |
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447 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do |
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448 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling |
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449 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups |
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450 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to |
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451 type to undo insertion of text.) |
13 | 452 |
453 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear. | |
454 | |
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455 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u, |
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456 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of |
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457 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That |
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458 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_ |
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459 by typing / while holding down CONTROL. |
13 | 460 |
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461 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count. |
13 | 462 |
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463 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text. |
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464 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects |
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465 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo. |
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466 |
13 | 467 |
1375 | 468 * FILES |
469 ------- | |
13 | 470 |
471 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a | |
472 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes | |
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473 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file |
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474 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.) |
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475 |
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476 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within |
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477 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself. |
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478 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent |
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479 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a |
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480 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when |
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481 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case |
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482 you later decide that your changes were a mistake. |
13 | 483 |
484 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that | |
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485 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or |
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486 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name |
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487 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file |
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488 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs |
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489 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will |
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490 appear in that precise spot. |
13 | 491 |
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492 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you |
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493 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an |
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494 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of |
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495 the file). After you type the command |
13 | 496 |
497 C-x C-f Find a file | |
498 | |
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499 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears |
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500 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the |
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501 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use |
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502 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name. |
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503 |
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504 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input), |
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505 you can cancel the command with C-g. |
13 | 506 |
507 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer, | |
508 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the | |
509 minibuffer. So you do not find any file. | |
510 | |
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511 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to |
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512 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file |
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513 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is |
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514 finished. |
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515 |
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516 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can |
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517 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent, |
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518 type the command |
13 | 519 |
520 C-x C-s Save the file | |
521 | |
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522 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you |
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523 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is |
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524 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the |
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525 original file's name. |
13 | 526 |
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527 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written. |
13 | 528 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much |
529 work if the system should crash. | |
530 | |
531 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial. | |
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532 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen. |
13 | 533 |
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534 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you |
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535 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an |
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536 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the |
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537 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, |
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538 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental |
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539 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature". |
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540 |
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541 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also |
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542 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a |
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543 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then |
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544 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the |
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545 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have |
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546 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an |
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547 already existing file. |
13 | 548 |
549 | |
1375 | 550 * BUFFERS |
551 --------- | |
13 | 552 |
553 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains | |
554 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with | |
555 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs. | |
556 | |
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557 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>. |
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558 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s. |
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559 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return> |
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560 to come back to the tutorial. |
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561 |
21494 | 562 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer". |
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563 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the |
21494 | 564 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type |
13 | 565 |
566 C-x C-b List buffers | |
567 | |
568 >> Try C-x C-b now. | |
569 | |
44730 | 570 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for |
571 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window | |
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572 is always part of some buffer. |
13 | 573 |
574 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list. | |
575 | |
44730 | 576 When you have several buffers, only of of them is "current" at any |
577 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another | |
578 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer | |
579 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again | |
580 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command. | |
581 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name. | |
582 | |
583 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds | |
584 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> | |
585 to come back to this tutorial. | |
586 | |
587 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name | |
588 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true. | |
589 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of | |
590 every buffer. | |
591 | |
592 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer. | |
593 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer | |
594 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which | |
595 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named | |
596 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the | |
597 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs | |
598 session. | |
599 | |
600 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages. | |
601 Then type C-b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial. | |
602 | |
13 | 603 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file, |
604 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs, | |
605 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's | |
606 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful, | |
607 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first | |
608 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to | |
609 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have | |
610 | |
611 C-x s Save some buffers | |
612 | |
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613 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have |
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614 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the |
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615 buffer. |
13 | 616 |
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617 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s. |
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618 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL. |
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619 Answer yes to the question by typing "y". |
13 | 620 |
23387 | 621 |
1375 | 622 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET |
623 --------------------------- | |
13 | 624 |
625 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put | |
626 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with | |
627 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors: | |
628 | |
629 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character. | |
630 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name. | |
631 | |
632 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the | |
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633 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of |
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634 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another |
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635 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command |
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636 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c |
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637 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.) |
13 | 638 |
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639 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go |
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640 back to the same Emacs session afterward. |
13 | 641 |
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642 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns |
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643 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common |
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644 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'. |
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645 |
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646 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell |
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647 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and |
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648 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In |
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649 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to |
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650 Emacs from the subshell. |
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651 |
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652 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also |
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653 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling |
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654 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know |
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655 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances, |
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656 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs |
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657 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs. |
13 | 658 |
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659 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned: |
13 | 660 |
661 C-x C-f Find file. | |
662 C-x C-s Save file. | |
663 C-x C-b List buffers. | |
664 C-x C-c Quit Emacs. | |
23442 | 665 C-x 1 Delete all but one window. |
13 | 666 C-x u Undo. |
667 | |
668 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less | |
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669 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An |
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670 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one |
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671 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the |
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672 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the |
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673 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and |
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674 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found |
32492 | 675 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.) |
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676 End the command name with <Return>. |
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677 |
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678 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be |
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679 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each |
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680 argument with <Return>. |
13 | 681 |
682 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one. | |
683 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>. | |
684 | |
685 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced | |
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686 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred, |
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687 after the initial position of the cursor. |
13 | 688 |
689 | |
10698 | 690 * AUTO SAVE |
691 ----------- | |
692 | |
693 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet, | |
694 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from | |
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695 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that |
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696 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and |
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697 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save |
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698 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way, |
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699 Emacs deletes its auto save file. |
10698 | 700 |
701 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by | |
702 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto | |
21494 | 703 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for |
704 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save | |
10698 | 705 data. |
706 | |
707 | |
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708 * ECHO AREA |
1375 | 709 ----------- |
13 | 710 |
23442 | 711 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it |
712 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the | |
713 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen. | |
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714 |
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715 |
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716 * MODE LINE |
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717 ----------- |
13 | 718 |
23442 | 719 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line". |
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720 The mode line says something like this: |
13 | 721 |
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722 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%---------------- |
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723 |
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724 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and |
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|
725 the text you are editing. |
13 | 726 |
727 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have | |
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff
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|
728 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
729 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
730 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
731 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
732 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
733 the screen, the mode line says --All--. |
13 | 734 |
29395 | 735 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the |
736 current line number of point. | |
737 | |
13 | 738 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text. |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
739 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
740 no stars, just dashes. |
13 | 741 |
742 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what | |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
743 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
744 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode". |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
745 |
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
746 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for |
17128
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
747 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode, |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
748 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active, |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
749 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
750 "Fundamental" is now. |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
751 |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
752 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example, |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
753 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
754 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
755 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
756 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can |
17128
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
757 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to |
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
758 switch to Fundamental mode. |
13 | 759 |
760 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you | |
761 should probably use Text Mode. | |
21494 | 762 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>. |
13 | 763 |
23442 | 764 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
765 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
766 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode, |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
767 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators. |
13 | 768 |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
769 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
770 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
771 differently. |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
772 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
773 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m. |
13 | 774 |
775 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen. | |
776 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode. | |
777 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen. | |
778 | |
779 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes. | |
24287 | 780 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor |
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
781 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by |
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
782 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your |
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
16730
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changeset
|
783 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any |
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
784 combination of several minor modes. |
13 | 785 |
786 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English | |
787 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line | |
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
788 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
789 line that is too wide. |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
790 |
21593
98611be1ad61
Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
791 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>. |
24287 | 792 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x |
21593
98611be1ad61
Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
793 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on, |
16730
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parents:
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|
794 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
795 command "toggles the mode". |
13 | 796 |
21593
98611be1ad61
Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21494
diff
changeset
|
797 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf " |
13 | 798 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in |
799 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces. | |
800 | |
801 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it | |
802 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want | |
803 as a numeric argument. | |
804 | |
805 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). | |
806 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20 | |
807 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using | |
808 C-x f again. | |
809 | |
23442 | 810 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode |
13 | 811 does not re-fill it for you. |
38689
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Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
812 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside |
13 | 813 that paragraph. |
814 | |
815 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q. | |
816 | |
23387 | 817 |
1375 | 818 * SEARCHING |
819 ----------- | |
13 | 820 |
821 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous | |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
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parents:
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diff
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|
822 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
823 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command; |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
824 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears. |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
825 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
826 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
827 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
828 search happens while you type in the string to search for. |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
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|
829 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
830 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
831 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now. |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
832 |
6cb6d2fe6999
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
833 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
changeset
|
834 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
835 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that |
21296
25db4bc0e67e
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
20125
diff
changeset
|
836 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search. |
13 | 837 |
838 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time, | |
839 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each | |
840 character to notice what happens to the cursor. | |
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|
841 Now you have searched for "cursor", once. |
6cb6d2fe6999
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
842 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor". |
11903
5d0ad882565c
Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
843 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves. |
21296
25db4bc0e67e
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
844 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search. |
13 | 845 |
846 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to | |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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|
847 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
848 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such |
24287 | 849 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently |
850 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search. | |
13 | 851 |
8128
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
852 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
853 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
854 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
855 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q. |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
856 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
857 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature". |
027fb17a2952
Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6597
diff
changeset
|
858 |
11903
5d0ad882565c
Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
10699
diff
changeset
|
859 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>, |
13 | 860 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased |
861 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For | |
16730
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|
862 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first |
6cb6d2fe6999
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parents:
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|
863 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move |
6cb6d2fe6999
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
864 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
865 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to |
6cb6d2fe6999
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|
866 the first occurrence of "c". |
13 | 867 |
4351
2173e8c3723b
*** empty log message ***
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4190
diff
changeset
|
868 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta |
2173e8c3723b
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
4190
diff
changeset
|
869 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in |
2173e8c3723b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
4190
diff
changeset
|
870 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated. |
13 | 871 |
872 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search | |
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|
873 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for |
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|
874 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents:
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diff
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|
875 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of |
6cb6d2fe6999
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changeset
|
876 the search is reversed. |
13 | 877 |
878 | |
1375 | 879 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS |
880 ------------------ | |
476 | 881 |
882 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one | |
883 window on the screen at the same time. | |
884 | |
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885 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not |
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changeset
|
886 CONTROL-1). |
476 | 887 |
888 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows. | |
889 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window. | |
890 | |
891 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window. | |
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892 (If you do not have a real META key, type ESC C-v.) |
476 | 893 |
894 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window. | |
895 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it. | |
896 Keep reading these directions in the top window. | |
897 | |
898 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window. | |
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|
899 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before. |
476 | 900 |
901 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each | |
902 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually | |
903 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the | |
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|
904 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window". |
476 | 905 |
906 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one | |
907 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep | |
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|
908 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance |
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|
909 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v. |
476 | 910 |
12647
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Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
911 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real |
21296
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|
912 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while |
25db4bc0e67e
*** empty log message ***
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diff
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|
913 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first," |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
914 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type. |
12647
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Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
915 |
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
916 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order |
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Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
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|
917 does matter: you must type ESC followed by CONTROL-v, because |
99630a340b59
Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents:
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|
918 CONTROL-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in |
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|
919 its own right, not a modifier key. |
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Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
920 |
476 | 921 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window. |
922 | |
923 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid | |
924 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one | |
925 window--the window I am already in.") | |
926 | |
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|
927 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you |
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
928 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not |
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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|
929 change. You can find a file in each window independently. |
476 | 930 |
931 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different | |
932 things: | |
933 | |
934 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files. | |
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
935 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom |
476 | 936 window. The cursor goes there, too. |
937 | |
938 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete | |
939 the bottom window. | |
940 | |
941 | |
1375 | 942 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS |
943 -------------------------- | |
13 | 944 |
945 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing | |
946 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line, | |
947 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For | |
948 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental). | |
949 | |
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7a3398850d94
Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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|
950 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is |
7a3398850d94
Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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parents:
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|
951 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating |
7a3398850d94
Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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changeset
|
952 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer. |
13 | 953 |
15443
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Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
954 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out. |
13 | 955 |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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|
956 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
957 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
958 recursive editing level. |
13 | 959 |
960 | |
1375 | 961 * GETTING MORE HELP |
962 ------------------- | |
13 | 963 |
964 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to | |
965 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that | |
966 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want | |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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|
967 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features. |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
968 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
969 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character |
38689
99630a340b59
Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents:
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changeset
|
970 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character". |
13 | 971 |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
972 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a |
13 | 973 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost, |
974 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give. | |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
975 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just |
4351
2173e8c3723b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
976 type C-g to cancel it. |
13 | 977 |
18579 | 978 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really |
979 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have | |
980 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h | |
981 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try | |
21296
25db4bc0e67e
*** empty log message ***
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diff
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|
982 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.) |
6597
c78bae220849
Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6276
diff
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|
983 |
18579 | 984 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and |
985 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief | |
13 | 986 description of the command. |
987 | |
29395 | 988 >> Type C-h c C-p. |
13 | 989 The message should be something like |
990 | |
991 C-p runs the command previous-line | |
992 | |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
993 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
994 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
15443
diff
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|
995 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
996 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
997 have already learned. |
13 | 998 |
999 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or | |
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6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1000 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c. |
13 | 1001 |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1002 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c. |
13 | 1003 |
29395 | 1004 >> Type C-h k C-p. |
13 | 1005 |
477 | 1006 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its |
1007 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the | |
1008 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have | |
1009 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring | |
16730
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1010 to the help text, and then type C-x 1. |
13 | 1011 |
1012 Here are some other useful C-h options: | |
1013 | |
1014 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the | |
1015 function. | |
1016 | |
1017 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>. | |
38785
4545461cb478
Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38689
diff
changeset
|
1018 This displays all the information Emacs has about the |
4351
2173e8c3723b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
4190
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|
1019 function which implements the C-p command. |
13 | 1020 |
38785
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Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38689
diff
changeset
|
1021 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose |
38668
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1022 values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1023 the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it. |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1024 |
13 | 1025 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list |
1026 all the commands whose names contain that keyword. | |
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Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents:
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diff
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|
1027 These commands can all be invoked with META-x. |
13 | 1028 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one |
17128
6de8cf26e115
Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents:
16730
diff
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|
1029 or two character sequence which runs the same command. |
13 | 1030 |
477 | 1031 >> Type C-h a file<Return>. |
1032 | |
16730
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1033 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file" |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1034 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1035 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file. |
477 | 1036 |
1037 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times. | |
1038 | |
1039 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window. | |
13 | 1040 |
38668
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1041 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1042 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1043 can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1044 your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1045 manual. If you have never before used Info, type ? |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1046 and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1047 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial, |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
34913
diff
changeset
|
1048 you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1049 primary documentation. |
1a12e25dfd9b
Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1050 |
13 | 1051 |
44782
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Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1052 * MORE FEATURES |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1053 --------------- |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1054 |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1055 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1056 or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1057 that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
44730
diff
changeset
|
1058 dired, which simplifies file handling. |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1059 |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1060 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1061 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab> |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1062 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1063 determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
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|
1064 in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion". |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
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changeset
|
1065 |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
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diff
changeset
|
1066 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1067 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1068 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1069 Emacs manual in the node called "Dired". |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1070 |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1071 The manual also describes many other Emacs features. |
302fc364e776
Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1072 |
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Mention the Emacs manual.
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|
1073 |
1375 | 1074 * CONCLUSION |
1075 ------------ | |
13 | 1076 |
1077 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell | |
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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|
1078 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z. |
13 | 1079 |
1080 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if | |
1081 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain! | |
1082 | |
1083 | |
23387 | 1084 * COPYING |
1085 --------- | |
13 | 1086 |
1087 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials | |
1088 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs. | |
1089 | |
1090 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and | |
1091 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions: | |
1092 | |
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1093 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation |
13 | 1094 |
1095 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies | |
1096 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the | |
1097 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, | |
1098 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission | |
1099 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. | |
1100 | |
1101 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions | |
1102 of this document, or of portions of it, | |
1103 under the above conditions, provided also that they | |
1104 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them. | |
1105 | |
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Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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|
1106 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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|
1107 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1108 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism |
6cb6d2fe6999
Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1109 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software! |