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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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3 @c 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top
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6 @chapter International Character Set Support
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7 @cindex MULE
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8 @cindex international scripts
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9 @cindex multibyte characters
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10 @cindex encoding of characters
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11
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12 @cindex Celtic
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13 @cindex Chinese
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14 @cindex Cyrillic
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15 @cindex Czech
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16 @cindex Devanagari
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17 @cindex Hindi
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18 @cindex Marathi
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19 @cindex Ethiopic
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20 @cindex German
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21 @cindex Greek
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22 @cindex Hebrew
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23 @cindex IPA
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24 @cindex Japanese
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25 @cindex Korean
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26 @cindex Lao
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27 @cindex Latin
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28 @cindex Polish
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29 @cindex Romanian
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30 @cindex Slovak
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31 @cindex Slovenian
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32 @cindex Thai
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33 @cindex Tibetan
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34 @cindex Turkish
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35 @cindex Vietnamese
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36 @cindex Dutch
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37 @cindex Spanish
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38 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets,
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39 including European and Vietnamese variants of the Latin alphabet, as
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40 well as Cyrillic, Devanagari (for Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek,
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41 Han (for Chinese and Japanese), Hangul (for Korean), Hebrew, IPA,
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42 Kannada, Lao, Malayalam, Tamil, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts.
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43 Emacs also supports various encodings of these characters used by
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44 other internationalized software, such as word processors and mailers.
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45
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46 Emacs allows editing text with international characters by supporting
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47 all the related activities:
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48
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49 @itemize @bullet
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50 @item
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51 You can visit files with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, save non-@acronym{ASCII} text, and
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52 pass non-@acronym{ASCII} text between Emacs and programs it invokes (such as
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53 compilers, spell-checkers, and mailers). Setting your language
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54 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) takes care of setting up the
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55 coding systems and other options for a specific language or culture.
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56 Alternatively, you can specify how Emacs should encode or decode text
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57 for each command; see @ref{Text Coding}.
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58
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59 @item
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60 You can display non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded by the various
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61 scripts. This works by using appropriate fonts on graphics displays
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62 (@pxref{Defining Fontsets}), and by sending special codes to text-only
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63 displays (@pxref{Terminal Coding}). If some characters are displayed
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64 incorrectly, refer to @ref{Undisplayable Characters}, which describes
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65 possible problems and explains how to solve them.
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66
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67 @item
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68 You can insert non-@acronym{ASCII} characters or search for them. To do that,
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69 you can specify an input method (@pxref{Select Input Method}) suitable
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70 for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set
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71 your language environment. If
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72 your keyboard can produce non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can select an
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73 appropriate keyboard coding system (@pxref{Terminal Coding}), and Emacs
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74 will accept those characters. Latin-1 characters can also be input by
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75 using the @kbd{C-x 8} prefix, see @ref{Unibyte Mode}.
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76
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77 On X Window systems, your locale should be set to an appropriate value
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78 to make sure Emacs interprets keyboard input correctly; see
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79 @ref{Language Environments, locales}.
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80 @end itemize
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81
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82 The rest of this chapter describes these issues in detail.
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83
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84 @menu
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85 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
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86 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
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87 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
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88 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
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89 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
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90 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte.
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91 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
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92 write files, and so on.
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93 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
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94 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
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95 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output.
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96 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text.
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97 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication.
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98 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}.
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99 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting
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100 terminal input and output.
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101 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
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102 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
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103 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
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104 * Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display.
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105 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set
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106 to use without multibyte characters.
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107 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
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108 @end menu
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109
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110 @node International Chars
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111 @section Introduction to International Character Sets
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112
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113 The users of international character sets and scripts have
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114 established many more-or-less standard coding systems for storing
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115 files. Emacs internally uses a single multibyte character encoding,
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116 so that it can intermix characters from all these scripts in a single
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117 buffer or string. This encoding represents each non-@acronym{ASCII}
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118 character as a sequence of bytes in the range 0200 through 0377.
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119 Emacs translates between the multibyte character encoding and various
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120 other coding systems when reading and writing files, when exchanging
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121 data with subprocesses, and (in some cases) in the @kbd{C-q} command
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122 (@pxref{Multibyte Conversion}).
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123
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124 @kindex C-h h
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125 @findex view-hello-file
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126 @cindex undisplayable characters
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127 @cindex @samp{?} in display
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128 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file
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129 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages.
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130 This illustrates various scripts. If some characters can't be
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131 displayed on your terminal, they appear as @samp{?} or as hollow boxes
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132 (@pxref{Undisplayable Characters}).
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133
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134 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used,
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135 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs
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136 supports various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or
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137 language, to make it convenient to type them.
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138
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139 @kindex C-x RET
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140 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain
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141 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods.
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142
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143 @node Enabling Multibyte
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144 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters
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145
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146 By default, Emacs starts in multibyte mode, because that allows you to
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147 use all the supported languages and scripts without limitations.
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148
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149 @cindex turn multibyte support on or off
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150 You can enable or disable multibyte character support, either for
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151 Emacs as a whole, or for a single buffer. When multibyte characters
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152 are disabled in a buffer, we call that @dfn{unibyte mode}. Then each
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153 byte in that buffer represents a character, even codes 0200 through
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154 0377.
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155
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156 The old features for supporting the European character sets, ISO
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157 Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2, work in unibyte mode as they did in Emacs 19
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158 and also work for the other ISO 8859 character sets. However, there
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159 is no need to turn off multibyte character support to use ISO Latin;
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160 the Emacs multibyte character set includes all the characters in these
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161 character sets, and Emacs can translate automatically to and from the
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162 ISO codes.
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163
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164 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using
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165 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. To convert a buffer in
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166 multibyte representation into a single-byte representation of the same
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167 characters, the easiest way is to save the contents in a file, kill the
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168 buffer, and find the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. You
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169 can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c}
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170 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} as
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171 the coding system with which to find or save a file. @xref{Text
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172 Coding}. Finding a file as @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format
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173 conversion, uncompression and auto mode selection as
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174 @code{find-file-literally} does.
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175
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176 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters
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177 @vindex default-enable-multibyte-characters
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178 To turn off multibyte character support by default, start Emacs with
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179 the @samp{--unibyte} option (@pxref{Initial Options}), or set the
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180 environment variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}. You can also customize
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181 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} or, equivalently, directly set the
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182 variable @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in
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183 your init file to have basically the same effect as @samp{--unibyte}.
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184
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185 @findex toggle-enable-multibyte-characters
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186 To convert a unibyte session to a multibyte session, set
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187 @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{t}. Buffers which
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188 were created in the unibyte session before you turn on multibyte support
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189 will stay unibyte. You can turn on multibyte support in a specific
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190 buffer by invoking the command @code{toggle-enable-multibyte-characters}
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191 in that buffer.
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192
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193 @cindex Lisp files, and multibyte operation
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194 @cindex multibyte operation, and Lisp files
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195 @cindex unibyte operation, and Lisp files
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196 @cindex init file, and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters
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197 @cindex environment variables, and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters
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198 With @samp{--unibyte}, multibyte strings are not created during
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199 initialization from the values of environment variables,
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200 @file{/etc/passwd} entries etc.@: that contain non-@acronym{ASCII} 8-bit
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201 characters.
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202
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203 Emacs normally loads Lisp files as multibyte, regardless of whether
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204 you used @samp{--unibyte}. This includes the Emacs initialization file,
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205 @file{.emacs}, and the initialization files of Emacs packages such as
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206 Gnus. However, you can specify unibyte loading for a particular Lisp
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207 file, by putting @w{@samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-}} in a comment on the first
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208 line (@pxref{File Variables}). Then that file is always loaded as
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209 unibyte text, even if you did not start Emacs with @samp{--unibyte}.
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210 The motivation for these conventions is that it is more reliable to
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211 always load any particular Lisp file in the same way. However, you can
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212 load a Lisp file as unibyte, on any one occasion, by typing @kbd{C-x
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213 @key{RET} c raw-text @key{RET}} immediately before loading it.
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214
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215 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is
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216 enabled in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more
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217 characters (most often two dashes) near the beginning of the mode
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218 line, before the indication of the visited file's end-of-line
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219 convention (colon, backslash, etc.). When multibyte characters
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220 are not enabled, nothing precedes the colon except a single dash.
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221 @xref{Mode Line}, for more details about this.
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222
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223 @node Language Environments
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224 @section Language Environments
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225 @cindex language environments
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226
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227 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever
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228 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a
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229 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs
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230 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language environment}
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231 in order to set various defaults. The language environment really
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232 represents a choice of preferred script (more or less) rather than a
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233 choice of language.
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234
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235 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize
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236 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files,
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237 incoming mail, netnews, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may
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238 also specify the default coding system to use when you create a file.
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239 Each language environment also specifies a default input method.
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240
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241 @findex set-language-environment
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242 @vindex current-language-environment
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243 To select a language environment, you can customize the variable
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244 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x
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245 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is
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246 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally to
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247 the Emacs session. The supported language environments include:
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248
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249 @cindex Euro sign
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250 @cindex UTF-8
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251 @quotation
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252 ASCII, Belarusian, Brazilian Portuguese, Bulgarian, Chinese-BIG5,
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253 Chinese-CNS, Chinese-EUC-TW, Chinese-GB, Croatian, Cyrillic-ALT,
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254 Cyrillic-ISO, Cyrillic-KOI8, Czech, Devanagari, Dutch, English,
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255 Esperanto, Ethiopic, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Hebrew, IPA,
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256 Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3,
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257 Latin-4, Latin-5, Latin-6, Latin-7, Latin-8 (Celtic), Latin-9 (updated
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258 Latin-1 with the Euro sign), Latvian, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Polish,
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259 Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tajik, Tamil,
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260 Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, UTF-8 (for a setup which prefers Unicode
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261 characters and files encoded in UTF-8), Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Welsh,
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262 and Windows-1255 (for a setup which prefers Cyrillic characters and
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263 files encoded in Windows-1255).
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264 @tex
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265 \hbadness=10000\par % just avoid underfull hbox warning
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266 @end tex
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267 @end quotation
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268
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269 @cindex fonts for various scripts
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270 @cindex Intlfonts package, installation
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271 To display the script(s) used by your language environment on a
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272 graphical display, you need to have a suitable font. If some of the
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273 characters appear as empty boxes, you should install the GNU Intlfonts
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274 package, which includes fonts for most supported scripts.@footnote{If
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275 you run Emacs on X, you need to inform the X server about the location
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276 of the newly installed fonts with the following commands:
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277
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278 @example
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279 xset fp+ /usr/local/share/emacs/fonts
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280 xset fp rehash
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281 @end example
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282 }
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283 @xref{Fontsets}, for more details about setting up your fonts.
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284
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285 @findex set-locale-environment
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286 @vindex locale-language-names
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287 @vindex locale-charset-language-names
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288 @cindex locales
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289 Some operating systems let you specify the character-set locale you
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290 are using by setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL},
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291 @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}.@footnote{If more than one of these is
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292 set, the first one that is nonempty specifies your locale for this
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293 purpose.} During startup, Emacs looks up your character-set locale's
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294 name in the system locale alias table, matches its canonical name
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295 against entries in the value of the variables
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296 @code{locale-charset-language-names} and @code{locale-language-names},
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297 and selects the corresponding language environment if a match is found.
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298 (The former variable overrides the latter.) It also adjusts the display
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299 table and terminal coding system, the locale coding system, the
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300 preferred coding system as needed for the locale, and---last but not
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301 least---the way Emacs decodes non-@acronym{ASCII} characters sent by your keyboard.
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302
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303 If you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}
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304 environment variables while running Emacs, you may want to invoke the
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305 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards to readjust the
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306 language environment from the new locale.
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307
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308 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems
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309 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred
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310 coding system established by the language environment to decode system
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311 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable
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312 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding
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313 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK}
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314 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in
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315 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even
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316 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}.
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317
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318 You can override the language environment chosen at startup with
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319 explicit use of the command @code{set-language-environment}, or with
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320 customization of @code{current-language-environment} in your init
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321 file.
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322
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323 @kindex C-h L
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324 @findex describe-language-environment
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325 To display information about the effects of a certain language
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326 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env}
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327 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you
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328 which languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the
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329 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It
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330 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this
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331 language environment. If you give an empty input for @var{lang-env},
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332 this command describes the chosen language environment.
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333
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334 @vindex set-language-environment-hook
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335 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook
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336 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command
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337 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new
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|
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338 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific
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|
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339 language environment by checking the variable
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340 @code{current-language-environment}. This hook is where you should
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341 put non-default settings for specific language environment, such as
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|
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342 coding systems for keyboard input and terminal output, the default
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343 input method, etc.
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344
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345 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook
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346 Before it starts to set up the new language environment,
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347 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook
|
|
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348 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing
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349 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}.
|
|
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350 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language
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|
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351 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set
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352 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding
|
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353 for that key.
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|
|
354
|
|
|
355 @node Input Methods
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|
|
356 @section Input Methods
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|
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357
|
|
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358 @cindex input methods
|
|
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359 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed
|
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360 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language
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361 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same
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362 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several
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363 input methods.
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364
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365 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping @acronym{ASCII} letters
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366 into another alphabet; this allows you to use one other alphabet
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367 instead of @acronym{ASCII}. The Greek and Russian input methods
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368 work this way.
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369
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|
370 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of
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371 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition
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372 to produce a single non-@acronym{ASCII} letter from a sequence that consists of a
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373 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some
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|
374 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter.
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375 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do
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376 is compose sequences of printing characters.
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377
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378 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed
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379 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way.
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380 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone
|
|
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381 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are
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382 mapped into one syllable sign.
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383
|
|
|
384 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input
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|
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385 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in
|
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38685
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386 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of
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|
|
387 portions of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and
|
|
38786
|
388 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). One input sequence typically
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|
|
389 corresponds to many possible Chinese characters. You select the one
|
|
38685
|
390 you mean using keys such as @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n},
|
|
|
391 @kbd{C-p}, and digits, which have special meanings in this situation.
|
|
|
392
|
|
|
393 The possible characters are conceptually arranged in several rows,
|
|
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394 with each row holding up to 10 alternatives. Normally, Emacs displays
|
|
|
395 just one row at a time, in the echo area; @code{(@var{i}/@var{j})}
|
|
|
396 appears at the beginning, to indicate that this is the @var{i}th row
|
|
|
397 out of a total of @var{j} rows. Type @kbd{C-n} or @kbd{C-p} to
|
|
|
398 display the next row or the previous row.
|
|
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|
399
|
|
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|
400 Type @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} to move forward and backward among
|
|
|
401 the alternatives in the current row. As you do this, Emacs highlights
|
|
|
402 the current alternative with a special color; type @code{C-@key{SPC}}
|
|
|
403 to select the current alternative and use it as input. The
|
|
|
404 alternatives in the row are also numbered; the number appears before
|
|
|
405 the alternative. Typing a digit @var{n} selects the @var{n}th
|
|
|
406 alternative of the current row and uses it as input.
|
|
|
407
|
|
|
408 @key{TAB} in these Chinese input methods displays a buffer showing
|
|
|
409 all the possible characters at once; then clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on
|
|
|
410 one of them selects that alternative. The keys @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b},
|
|
38786
|
411 @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits continue to work as usual, but they
|
|
|
412 do the highlighting in the buffer showing the possible characters,
|
|
|
413 rather than in the echo area.
|
|
38685
|
414
|
|
|
415 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using
|
|
|
416 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs
|
|
|
417 converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One
|
|
|
418 phonetic spelling corresponds to a number of different Japanese words;
|
|
|
419 to select one of them, use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through
|
|
25829
|
420 the alternatives.
|
|
|
421
|
|
|
422 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the
|
|
|
423 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent
|
|
|
424 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the
|
|
|
425 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if
|
|
|
426 you want to enter them as separate characters?
|
|
|
427
|
|
38460
|
428 One way is to type the accent twice; this is a special feature for
|
|
25829
|
429 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives
|
|
|
430 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter
|
|
|
431 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and
|
|
|
432 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL}
|
|
|
433 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}.
|
|
|
434
|
|
|
435 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use
|
|
|
436 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This
|
|
|
437 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice.
|
|
70753
|
438 @ifnottex
|
|
25829
|
439 @xref{Select Input Method}.
|
|
70753
|
440 @end ifnottex
|
|
25829
|
441
|
|
37019
|
442 @cindex incremental search, input method interference
|
|
25829
|
443 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search,
|
|
|
444 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts
|
|
|
445 searching for what you have already entered.
|
|
|
446
|
|
61097
|
447 To find out how to input the character after point using the current
|
|
|
448 input method, type @kbd{C-u C-x =}. @xref{Position Info}.
|
|
61067
|
449
|
|
25829
|
450 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag
|
|
|
451 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag
|
|
|
452 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and
|
|
37870
|
453 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain
|
|
|
454 what is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is
|
|
|
455 non-@code{nil}, the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer (for
|
|
|
456 most input methods---some disable this feature). If
|
|
|
457 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of
|
|
|
458 possible characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but
|
|
|
459 not when you are in the minibuffer).
|
|
25829
|
460
|
|
|
461 @node Select Input Method
|
|
|
462 @section Selecting an Input Method
|
|
|
463
|
|
|
464 @table @kbd
|
|
|
465 @item C-\
|
|
|
466 Enable or disable use of the selected input method.
|
|
|
467
|
|
|
468 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET}
|
|
|
469 Select a new input method for the current buffer.
|
|
|
470
|
|
|
471 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET}
|
|
|
472 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET}
|
|
|
473 @findex describe-input-method
|
|
|
474 @kindex C-h I
|
|
|
475 @kindex C-h C-\
|
|
|
476 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}).
|
|
31204
|
477 By default, it describes the current input method (if any). This
|
|
|
478 description should give you the full details of how to use any
|
|
31270
|
479 particular input method.
|
|
25829
|
480
|
|
|
481 @item M-x list-input-methods
|
|
|
482 Display a list of all the supported input methods.
|
|
|
483 @end table
|
|
|
484
|
|
|
485 @findex set-input-method
|
|
|
486 @vindex current-input-method
|
|
|
487 @kindex C-x RET C-\
|
|
|
488 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
489 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the
|
|
38460
|
490 input method name from the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the
|
|
25829
|
491 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable
|
|
|
492 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected.
|
|
49600
|
493
|
|
25829
|
494 @findex toggle-input-method
|
|
|
495 @kindex C-\
|
|
68549
|
496 Input methods use various sequences of @acronym{ASCII} characters to
|
|
|
497 stand for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. Sometimes it is useful to
|
|
|
498 turn off the input method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\}
|
|
25829
|
499 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type
|
|
|
500 @kbd{C-\} again.
|
|
|
501
|
|
|
502 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method,
|
|
|
503 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using
|
|
|
504 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method.
|
|
|
505
|
|
36850
|
506 When invoked with a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u C-\},
|
|
|
507 @code{toggle-input-method} always prompts you for an input method,
|
|
|
508 suggesting the most recently selected one as the default.
|
|
|
509
|
|
25829
|
510 @vindex default-input-method
|
|
|
511 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for
|
|
|
512 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can
|
|
|
513 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable
|
|
|
514 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method
|
|
|
515 (@code{nil} means there is none).
|
|
|
516
|
|
37019
|
517 In some language environments, which support several different input
|
|
|
518 methods, you might want to use an input method different from the
|
|
|
519 default chosen by @code{set-language-environment}. You can instruct
|
|
|
520 Emacs to select a different default input method for a certain
|
|
37870
|
521 language environment, if you wish, by using
|
|
37019
|
522 @code{set-language-environment-hook} (@pxref{Language Environments,
|
|
|
523 set-language-environment-hook}). For example:
|
|
|
524
|
|
|
525 @lisp
|
|
|
526 (defun my-chinese-setup ()
|
|
|
527 "Set up my private Chinese environment."
|
|
|
528 (if (equal current-language-environment "Chinese-GB")
|
|
|
529 (setq default-input-method "chinese-tonepy")))
|
|
|
530 (add-hook 'set-language-environment-hook 'my-chinese-setup)
|
|
|
531 @end lisp
|
|
|
532
|
|
|
533 @noindent
|
|
|
534 This sets the default input method to be @code{chinese-tonepy}
|
|
|
535 whenever you choose a Chinese-GB language environment.
|
|
|
536
|
|
25829
|
537 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout
|
|
|
538 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect)
|
|
|
539 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used
|
|
|
540 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your
|
|
|
541 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use
|
|
|
542 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}.
|
|
|
543
|
|
60800
|
544 @findex quail-show-key
|
|
63683
|
545 You can use the command @kbd{M-x quail-show-key} to show what key (or
|
|
|
546 key sequence) to type in order to input the character following point,
|
|
|
547 using the selected keyboard layout. The command @kbd{C-u C-x =} also
|
|
|
548 shows that information in addition to the other information about the
|
|
|
549 character.
|
|
60800
|
550
|
|
25829
|
551 @findex list-input-methods
|
|
71593
|
552 To see a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x
|
|
25829
|
553 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input
|
|
|
554 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line.
|
|
|
555
|
|
|
556 @node Multibyte Conversion
|
|
52979
|
557 @section Unibyte and Multibyte Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters
|
|
25829
|
558
|
|
|
559 When multibyte characters are enabled, character codes 0240 (octal)
|
|
|
560 through 0377 (octal) are not really legitimate in the buffer. The valid
|
|
52979
|
561 non-@acronym{ASCII} printing characters have codes that start from 0400.
|
|
25829
|
562
|
|
36170
|
563 If you type a self-inserting character in the range 0240 through
|
|
|
564 0377, or if you use @kbd{C-q} to insert one, Emacs assumes you
|
|
|
565 intended to use one of the ISO Latin-@var{n} character sets, and
|
|
|
566 converts it to the Emacs code representing that Latin-@var{n}
|
|
|
567 character. You select @emph{which} ISO Latin character set to use
|
|
|
568 through your choice of language environment
|
|
25829
|
569 @iftex
|
|
|
570 (see above).
|
|
|
571 @end iftex
|
|
70753
|
572 @ifnottex
|
|
25829
|
573 (@pxref{Language Environments}).
|
|
70753
|
574 @end ifnottex
|
|
25829
|
575 If you do not specify a choice, the default is Latin-1.
|
|
|
576
|
|
36170
|
577 If you insert a character in the range 0200 through 0237, which
|
|
|
578 forms the @code{eight-bit-control} character set, it is inserted
|
|
33745
|
579 literally. You should normally avoid doing this since buffers
|
|
|
580 containing such characters have to be written out in either the
|
|
36170
|
581 @code{emacs-mule} or @code{raw-text} coding system, which is usually
|
|
|
582 not what you want.
|
|
25829
|
583
|
|
|
584 @node Coding Systems
|
|
|
585 @section Coding Systems
|
|
|
586 @cindex coding systems
|
|
|
587
|
|
|
588 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard
|
|
|
589 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding
|
|
|
590 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to
|
|
|
591 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding
|
|
|
592 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is
|
|
|
593 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the
|
|
|
594 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses.
|
|
|
595
|
|
|
596 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are
|
|
|
597 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the
|
|
|
598 language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages;
|
|
|
599 their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also special
|
|
|
600 coding systems @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text} and
|
|
|
601 @code{emacs-mule} which do not convert printing characters at all.
|
|
|
602
|
|
37584
|
603 @cindex international files from DOS/Windows systems
|
|
32386
|
604 A special class of coding systems, collectively known as
|
|
|
605 @dfn{codepages}, is designed to support text encoded by MS-Windows and
|
64744
f0a26f676016
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
606 MS-DOS software. The names of these coding systems are
|
f0a26f676016
(Coding Systems): Rephrase the paragraph about codepages: no need for
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
607 @code{cp@var{nnnn}}, where @var{nnnn} is a 3- or 4-digit number of the
|
f0a26f676016
(Coding Systems): Rephrase the paragraph about codepages: no need for
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
608 codepage. You can use these encodings just like any other coding
|
f0a26f676016
(Coding Systems): Rephrase the paragraph about codepages: no need for
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
609 system; for example, to visit a file encoded in codepage 850, type
|
f0a26f676016
(Coding Systems): Rephrase the paragraph about codepages: no need for
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
610 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c cp850 @key{RET} C-x C-f @var{filename}
|
f0a26f676016
(Coding Systems): Rephrase the paragraph about codepages: no need for
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
611 @key{RET}}@footnote{
|
f0a26f676016
(Coding Systems): Rephrase the paragraph about codepages: no need for
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
612 In the MS-DOS port of Emacs, you need to create a @code{cp@var{nnn}}
|
f0a26f676016
(Coding Systems): Rephrase the paragraph about codepages: no need for
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
613 coding system with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}, before you can use it.
|
71265
926ae2520213
(Coding Systems): Footnote xref "MS-DOS and MULE" in main manual for @ifnottex,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
614 @iftex
|
926ae2520213
(Coding Systems): Footnote xref "MS-DOS and MULE" in main manual for @ifnottex,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
615 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE,,,emacs-extra,Specialized Emacs Features}.
|
926ae2520213
(Coding Systems): Footnote xref "MS-DOS and MULE" in main manual for @ifnottex,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
616 @end iftex
|
926ae2520213
(Coding Systems): Footnote xref "MS-DOS and MULE" in main manual for @ifnottex,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
617 @ifnottex
|
926ae2520213
(Coding Systems): Footnote xref "MS-DOS and MULE" in main manual for @ifnottex,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
618 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}.
|
926ae2520213
(Coding Systems): Footnote xref "MS-DOS and MULE" in main manual for @ifnottex,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
619 @end ifnottex
|
926ae2520213
(Coding Systems): Footnote xref "MS-DOS and MULE" in main manual for @ifnottex,
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
620 }.
|
|
32386
|
621
|
|
52979
|
622 In addition to converting various representations of non-@acronym{ASCII}
|
|
25829
|
623 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs
|
|
|
624 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file:
|
|
|
625 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return.
|
|
|
626
|
|
|
627 @table @kbd
|
|
|
628 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
629 Describe coding system @var{coding}.
|
|
|
630
|
|
|
631 @item C-h C @key{RET}
|
|
|
632 Describe the coding systems currently in use.
|
|
|
633
|
|
|
634 @item M-x list-coding-systems
|
|
|
635 Display a list of all the supported coding systems.
|
|
|
636 @end table
|
|
|
637
|
|
|
638 @kindex C-h C
|
|
|
639 @findex describe-coding-system
|
|
|
640 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays
|
|
70621
|
641 information about particular coding systems, including the end-of-line
|
|
|
642 conversion specified by those coding systems. You can specify a coding
|
|
38460
|
643 system name as the argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it
|
|
25829
|
644 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes,
|
|
|
645 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list
|
|
|
646 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}).
|
|
|
647
|
|
|
648 @findex list-coding-systems
|
|
|
649 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x
|
|
|
650 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding
|
|
|
651 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line
|
|
|
652 (@pxref{Mode Line}).
|
|
|
653
|
|
|
654 @cindex end-of-line conversion
|
70611
4ac7143739ae
(Coding Systems, Text Coding): More indexing. Mention that C-x RET f can set
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
655 @cindex line endings
|
|
25829
|
656 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion
|
|
|
657 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion
|
|
|
658 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for
|
|
|
659 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies
|
|
|
660 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of
|
|
|
661 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file.
|
|
|
662 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return
|
|
|
663 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used.
|
|
|
664
|
|
|
665 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify
|
|
|
666 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion:
|
|
|
667
|
|
|
668 @table @code
|
|
|
669 @item @dots{}-unix
|
|
|
670 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses
|
|
|
671 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used
|
|
|
672 on Unix and GNU systems.)
|
|
|
673
|
|
|
674 @item @dots{}-dos
|
|
|
675 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do
|
|
|
676 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on
|
|
36185
|
677 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME @samp{text/*}
|
|
25829
|
678 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different
|
|
|
679 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which
|
|
|
680 Emacs doesn't support directly.})
|
|
|
681
|
|
|
682 @item @dots{}-mac
|
|
|
683 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the
|
|
|
684 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the
|
|
|
685 Macintosh system.)
|
|
|
686 @end table
|
|
|
687
|
|
|
688 These variant coding systems are omitted from the
|
|
|
689 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely
|
|
|
690 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has
|
|
|
691 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and
|
|
|
692 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}.
|
|
|
693
|
70785
99eb5fe9736b
(Coding Systems): Mention the undecided-* coding systems and their aliases.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
694 @cindex @code{undecided}, coding system
|
99eb5fe9736b
(Coding Systems): Mention the undecided-* coding systems and their aliases.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
695 The coding systems @code{unix}, @code{dos}, and @code{mac} are
|
99eb5fe9736b
(Coding Systems): Mention the undecided-* coding systems and their aliases.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
696 aliases for @code{undecided-unix}, @code{undecided-dos}, and
|
99eb5fe9736b
(Coding Systems): Mention the undecided-* coding systems and their aliases.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
697 @code{undecided-mac}, respectively. These coding systems specify only
|
99eb5fe9736b
(Coding Systems): Mention the undecided-* coding systems and their aliases.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
698 the end-of-line conversion, and leave the character code conversion to
|
99eb5fe9736b
(Coding Systems): Mention the undecided-* coding systems and their aliases.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
699 be deduced from the text itself.
|
99eb5fe9736b
(Coding Systems): Mention the undecided-* coding systems and their aliases.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
700
|
|
25829
|
701 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly
|
|
68549
|
702 @acronym{ASCII} text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are
|
|
|
703 not meant to encode non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. With
|
|
|
704 @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those byte values unchanged, and sets
|
|
|
705 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in the current buffer
|
|
|
706 so that they will be interpreted properly. @code{raw-text} handles
|
|
|
707 end-of-line conversion in the usual way, based on the data
|
|
|
708 encountered, and has the usual three variants to specify the kind of
|
|
|
709 end-of-line conversion to use.
|
|
25829
|
710
|
|
|
711 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no
|
|
52979
|
712 character code conversion at all---none for non-@acronym{ASCII} byte values and
|
|
25829
|
713 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary
|
|
|
714 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It,
|
|
|
715 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}.
|
|
|
716
|
|
|
717 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with
|
|
|
718 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses
|
|
|
719 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that
|
|
|
720 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}.
|
|
|
721
|
|
|
722 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} means that the file contains
|
|
52979
|
723 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It
|
|
25829
|
724 handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has
|
|
|
725 the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion.
|
|
|
726
|
|
71582
|
727 @findex unify-8859-on-decoding-mode
|
71617
e2891f905379
(Coding Systems, Specify Coding): Link descriptions of character translation.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
diff
changeset
|
728 @anchor{Character Translation}
|
|
71582
|
729 The @dfn{character translation} feature can modify the effect of
|
|
|
730 various coding systems, by changing the internal Emacs codes that
|
|
|
731 decoding produces. For instance, the command
|
|
|
732 @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode} enables a mode that ``unifies'' the
|
|
|
733 Latin alphabets when decoding text. This works by converting all
|
|
|
734 non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin-@var{n} characters to either Latin-1 or
|
|
|
735 Unicode characters. This way it is easier to use various
|
|
|
736 Latin-@var{n} alphabets together. (In a future Emacs version we hope
|
|
|
737 to move towards full Unicode support and complete unification of
|
|
|
738 character sets.)
|
|
|
739
|
|
|
740 @vindex enable-character-translation
|
|
|
741 If you set the variable @code{enable-character-translation} to
|
|
|
742 @code{nil}, that disables all character translation (including
|
|
|
743 @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode}).
|
|
|
744
|
|
25829
|
745 @node Recognize Coding
|
|
|
746 @section Recognizing Coding Systems
|
|
|
747
|
|
37584
|
748 Emacs tries to recognize which coding system to use for a given text
|
|
|
749 as an integral part of reading that text. (This applies to files
|
|
|
750 being read, output from subprocesses, text from X selections, etc.)
|
|
|
751 Emacs can select the right coding system automatically most of the
|
|
|
752 time---once you have specified your preferences.
|
|
25829
|
753
|
|
|
754 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte
|
|
|
755 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that
|
|
|
756 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no
|
|
|
757 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte
|
|
|
758 values with different meanings.
|
|
|
759
|
|
|
760 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding
|
|
|
761 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding
|
|
|
762 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system,
|
|
|
763 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it
|
|
|
764 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file
|
|
|
765 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system.
|
|
|
766
|
|
|
767 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language
|
|
|
768 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use
|
|
|
769 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use
|
|
|
770 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the
|
|
|
771 reasons to specify a language environment.
|
|
|
772
|
|
|
773 @findex prefer-coding-system
|
|
44325
|
774 However, you can alter the coding system priority list in detail
|
|
|
775 with the command @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads
|
|
|
776 the name of a coding system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the
|
|
|
777 front of the priority list, so that it is preferred to all others. If
|
|
|
778 you use this command several times, each use adds one element to the
|
|
|
779 front of the priority list.
|
|
25829
|
780
|
|
|
781 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion
|
|
38460
|
782 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what this means is that Emacs
|
|
25829
|
783 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should
|
|
38786
|
784 use DOS end-of-line conversion when it does recognize @code{iso-8859-1}.
|
|
25829
|
785
|
|
|
786 @vindex file-coding-system-alist
|
|
|
787 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the
|
|
|
788 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this
|
|
|
789 correspondence. There is a special function
|
|
|
790 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For
|
|
|
791 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system
|
|
72348
|
792 @code{chinese-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression:
|
|
25829
|
793
|
|
|
794 @smallexample
|
|
63680
|
795 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'chinese-iso-8bit)
|
|
25829
|
796 @end smallexample
|
|
|
797
|
|
|
798 @noindent
|
|
|
799 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be
|
|
|
800 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and
|
|
|
801 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files.
|
|
|
802
|
|
|
803 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
804 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display
|
|
25829
|
805 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on
|
|
|
806 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only
|
|
|
807 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line
|
|
|
808 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of
|
|
|
809 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion}
|
|
37019
|
810 to non-@code{nil}. If you do that, DOS-style files will be displayed
|
|
|
811 with the @samp{^M} characters visible in the buffer; some people
|
|
|
812 prefer this to the more subtle @samp{(DOS)} end-of-line type
|
|
|
813 indication near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line,
|
|
37081
|
814 eol-mnemonic}).
|
|
25829
|
815
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
816 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection
|
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
817 @cindex escape sequences in files
|
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
818 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to
|
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
819 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin
|
|
36170
|
820 with an escape character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022
|
|
|
821 code, that tells Emacs to use one of the ISO-2022 encodings to decode
|
|
|
822 the file.
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
823
|
|
36170
|
824 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences
|
|
|
825 in a file as is. In such a case, you can set the variable
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
826 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code
|
|
36170
|
827 detection ignores any escape sequences, and never uses an ISO-2022
|
|
|
828 encoding. The result is that all escape sequences become visible in
|
|
|
829 the buffer.
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
830
|
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
831 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is
|
|
36170
|
832 @code{nil}. We recommend that you not change it permanently, only for
|
|
|
833 one specific operation. That's because many Emacs Lisp source files
|
|
52979
|
834 in the Emacs distribution contain non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded in the
|
|
38460
|
835 coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit}, and they won't be
|
|
36170
|
836 decoded correctly when you visit those files if you suppress the
|
|
|
837 escape sequence detection.
|
30375
5c4951d58989
(Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
838
|
|
25829
|
839 @vindex auto-coding-alist
|
|
37766
|
840 @vindex auto-coding-regexp-alist
|
|
45451
|
841 @vindex auto-coding-functions
|
|
|
842 The variables @code{auto-coding-alist},
|
|
|
843 @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} and @code{auto-coding-functions} are
|
|
|
844 the strongest way to specify the coding system for certain patterns of
|
|
|
845 file names, or for files containing certain patterns; these variables
|
|
|
846 even override @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs
|
|
|
847 uses @code{auto-coding-alist} for tar and archive files, to prevent it
|
|
37766
|
848 from being confused by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the
|
|
|
849 archive and thinking it applies to the archive file as a whole.
|
|
|
850 Likewise, Emacs uses @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} to ensure that
|
|
45451
|
851 RMAIL files, whose names in general don't match any particular
|
|
|
852 pattern, are decoded correctly. One of the builtin
|
|
|
853 @code{auto-coding-functions} detects the encoding for XML files.
|
|
25829
|
854
|
|
71582
|
855 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset
|
|
|
856 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated
|
|
|
857 automatically from the coding system it is written in, as if it were a
|
|
|
858 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you
|
|
|
859 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail
|
|
|
860 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is
|
|
|
861 @code{nil}.
|
|
|
862
|
|
|
863 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system
|
|
|
864 For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses the coding
|
|
|
865 system specified by the variable @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The
|
|
|
866 default value is @code{nil}, which means that Rmail files are not
|
|
|
867 translated (they are read and written in the Emacs internal character
|
|
|
868 code).
|
|
|
869
|
|
|
870 @node Specify Coding
|
|
|
871 @section Specifying a File's Coding System
|
|
|
872
|
|
37584
|
873 If Emacs recognizes the encoding of a file incorrectly, you can
|
|
|
874 reread the file using the correct coding system by typing @kbd{C-x
|
|
68549
|
875 @key{RET} r @var{coding-system} @key{RET}}. To see what coding system
|
|
|
876 Emacs actually used to decode the file, look at the coding system
|
|
|
877 mnemonic letter near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode
|
|
|
878 Line}), or type @kbd{C-h C @key{RET}}.
|
|
37584
|
879
|
|
71582
|
880 @vindex coding
|
|
|
881 You can specify the coding system for a particular file in the file
|
|
|
882 itself, using the @w{@samp{-*-@dots{}-*-}} construct at the beginning,
|
|
|
883 or a local variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do
|
|
|
884 this by defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}.
|
|
|
885 Emacs does not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of
|
|
|
886 setting a variable, this uses the specified coding system for the
|
|
|
887 file. For example, @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies
|
|
|
888 use of the Latin-1 coding system, as well as C mode. When you specify
|
|
|
889 the coding explicitly in the file, that overrides
|
|
|
890 @code{file-coding-system-alist}.
|
|
|
891
|
|
|
892 If you add the character @samp{!} at the end of the coding system
|
71617
e2891f905379
(Coding Systems, Specify Coding): Link descriptions of character translation.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
diff
changeset
|
893 name in @code{coding}, it disables any character translation
|
e2891f905379
(Coding Systems, Specify Coding): Link descriptions of character translation.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
diff
changeset
|
894 (@pxref{Character Translation}) while decoding the file. This is
|
e2891f905379
(Coding Systems, Specify Coding): Link descriptions of character translation.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
diff
changeset
|
895 useful when you need to make sure that the character codes in the
|
e2891f905379
(Coding Systems, Specify Coding): Link descriptions of character translation.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
diff
changeset
|
896 Emacs buffer will not vary due to changes in user settings; for
|
e2891f905379
(Coding Systems, Specify Coding): Link descriptions of character translation.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
diff
changeset
|
897 instance, for the sake of strings in Emacs Lisp source files.
|
|
71582
|
898
|
|
|
899 @node Output Coding
|
|
|
900 @section Choosing Coding Systems for Output
|
|
46204
|
901
|
|
25829
|
902 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system
|
|
|
903 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that
|
|
71582
|
904 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. That makes it the
|
|
|
905 default for operations that write from this buffer into a file, such
|
|
|
906 as @code{save-buffer} and @code{write-region}. You can specify a
|
|
|
907 different coding system for further file output from the buffer using
|
|
|
908 @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Text Coding}).
|
|
25829
|
909
|
|
71582
|
910 You can insert any character Emacs supports into any Emacs buffer,
|
|
|
911 but most coding systems can only handle a subset of these characters.
|
|
|
912 Therefore, you can insert characters that cannot be encoded with the
|
|
|
913 coding system that will be used to save the buffer. For example, you
|
|
|
914 could start with an @acronym{ASCII} file and insert a few Latin-1
|
|
|
915 characters into it, or you could edit a text file in Polish encoded in
|
|
|
916 @code{iso-8859-2} and add some Russian words to it. When you save
|
|
|
917 that buffer, Emacs cannot use the current value of
|
|
38786
|
918 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, because the characters you added
|
|
|
919 cannot be encoded by that coding system.
|
|
31021
|
920
|
|
|
921 When that happens, Emacs tries the most-preferred coding system (set
|
|
|
922 by @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system} or @kbd{M-x
|
|
36170
|
923 set-language-environment}), and if that coding system can safely
|
|
|
924 encode all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs uses it, and stores
|
|
|
925 its value in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. Otherwise, Emacs
|
|
|
926 displays a list of coding systems suitable for encoding the buffer's
|
38050
89031b4b9a28
Proofreading fixes from Tim Sanders <tim@timsanders.freeserve.co.uk>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
927 contents, and asks you to choose one of those coding systems.
|
|
31021
|
928
|
|
36170
|
929 If you insert the unsuitable characters in a mail message, Emacs
|
|
|
930 behaves a bit differently. It additionally checks whether the
|
|
|
931 most-preferred coding system is recommended for use in MIME messages;
|
|
71582
|
932 if not, Emacs tells you that the most-preferred coding system is not
|
|
|
933 recommended and prompts you for another coding system. This is so you
|
|
|
934 won't inadvertently send a message encoded in a way that your
|
|
|
935 recipient's mail software will have difficulty decoding. (You can
|
|
|
936 still use an unsuitable coding system if you type its name in response
|
|
|
937 to the question.)
|
|
31021
|
938
|
|
25829
|
939 @vindex sendmail-coding-system
|
|
|
940 When you send a message with Mail mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), Emacs has
|
|
|
941 four different ways to determine the coding system to use for encoding
|
|
|
942 the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of
|
|
|
943 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise,
|
|
|
944 it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that is
|
|
|
945 non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system for
|
|
|
946 new files, which is controlled by your choice of language environment,
|
|
|
947 if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values are @code{nil},
|
|
|
948 Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding system.
|
|
|
949
|
|
68549
|
950 @node Text Coding
|
|
|
951 @section Specifying a Coding System for File Text
|
|
25829
|
952
|
|
|
953 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding
|
|
68549
|
954 system for a file's contents, you can use these commands to specify
|
|
|
955 one:
|
|
25829
|
956
|
|
|
957 @table @kbd
|
|
|
958 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
46912
|
959 Use coding system @var{coding} for saving or revisiting the visited
|
|
|
960 file in the current buffer.
|
|
25829
|
961
|
|
|
962 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
963 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following
|
|
|
964 command.
|
|
|
965
|
|
60800
|
966 @item C-x @key{RET} r @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
967 Revisit the current file using the coding system @var{coding}.
|
|
|
968
|
|
68549
|
969 @item M-x recode-region @key{RET} @var{right} @key{RET} @var{wrong} @key{RET}
|
|
|
970 Convert a region that was decoded using coding system @var{wrong},
|
|
|
971 decoding it using coding system @var{right} instead.
|
|
25829
|
972 @end table
|
|
|
973
|
|
|
974 @kindex C-x RET f
|
|
|
975 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system
|
|
46912
|
976 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f}
|
|
|
977 (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system}) sets the file coding system for
|
|
|
978 the current buffer---in other words, it says which coding system to
|
|
|
979 use when saving or reverting the visited file. You specify which
|
|
|
980 coding system using the minibuffer. If you specify a coding system
|
|
|
981 that cannot handle all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs warns
|
|
|
982 you about the troublesome characters when you actually save the
|
|
|
983 buffer.
|
|
25829
|
984
|
70611
4ac7143739ae
(Coding Systems, Text Coding): More indexing. Mention that C-x RET f can set
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
985 @cindex specify end-of-line conversion
|
4ac7143739ae
(Coding Systems, Text Coding): More indexing. Mention that C-x RET f can set
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
986 You can also use this command to specify the end-of-line conversion
|
4ac7143739ae
(Coding Systems, Text Coding): More indexing. Mention that C-x RET f can set
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
987 (@pxref{Coding Systems, end-of-line conversion}) for encoding the
|
4ac7143739ae
(Coding Systems, Text Coding): More indexing. Mention that C-x RET f can set
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
988 current buffer. For example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f dos @key{RET}} will
|
4ac7143739ae
(Coding Systems, Text Coding): More indexing. Mention that C-x RET f can set
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
989 cause Emacs to save the current buffer's text with DOS-style CRLF line
|
4ac7143739ae
(Coding Systems, Text Coding): More indexing. Mention that C-x RET f can set
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
990 endings.
|
4ac7143739ae
(Coding Systems, Text Coding): More indexing. Mention that C-x RET f can set
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
diff
changeset
|
991
|
|
25829
|
992 @kindex C-x RET c
|
|
|
993 @findex universal-coding-system-argument
|
|
|
994 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit
|
|
|
995 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c}
|
|
|
996 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the
|
|
|
997 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer,
|
|
|
998 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following
|
|
|
999 command}.
|
|
|
1000
|
|
|
1001 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example,
|
|
|
1002 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding
|
|
46912
|
1003 system for when you later save the file). Or if the immediately following
|
|
25829
|
1004 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system.
|
|
46912
|
1005 When you specify the coding system for saving in this way, instead
|
|
|
1006 of with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f}, there is no warning if the buffer
|
|
|
1007 contains characters that the coding system cannot handle.
|
|
25829
|
1008
|
|
46912
|
1009 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include
|
|
72348
|
1010 @kbd{C-x i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants
|
|
46912
|
1011 of @kbd{C-x C-f}. @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that
|
|
68549
|
1012 start subprocesses, including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}). If the
|
|
|
1013 immediately following command does not use the coding system, then
|
|
|
1014 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect.
|
|
25829
|
1015
|
|
|
1016 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x
|
|
|
1017 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}.
|
|
|
1018
|
|
|
1019 @vindex default-buffer-file-coding-system
|
|
|
1020 The variable @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} specifies the
|
|
|
1021 choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies
|
|
|
1022 when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it
|
|
|
1023 in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this
|
|
|
1024 variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language
|
|
|
1025 environment.
|
|
|
1026
|
|
60800
|
1027 @kindex C-x RET r
|
|
|
1028 @findex revert-buffer-with-coding-system
|
|
|
1029 If you visit a file with a wrong coding system, you can correct this
|
|
|
1030 with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} r} (@code{revert-buffer-with-coding-system}).
|
|
|
1031 This visits the current file again, using a coding system you specify.
|
|
|
1032
|
|
68549
|
1033 @findex recode-region
|
|
|
1034 If a piece of text has already been inserted into a buffer using the
|
|
|
1035 wrong coding system, you can redo the decoding of it using @kbd{M-x
|
|
|
1036 recode-region}. This prompts you for the proper coding system, then
|
|
|
1037 for the wrong coding system that was actually used, and does the
|
|
|
1038 conversion. It first encodes the region using the wrong coding system,
|
|
|
1039 then decodes it again using the proper coding system.
|
|
|
1040
|
|
|
1041 @node Communication Coding
|
|
|
1042 @section Coding Systems for Interprocess Communication
|
|
|
1043
|
|
|
1044 This section explains how to specify coding systems for use
|
|
|
1045 in communication with other processes.
|
|
|
1046
|
|
|
1047 @table @kbd
|
|
|
1048 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
1049 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from
|
|
68694
|
1050 other window-based applications.
|
|
68549
|
1051
|
|
|
1052 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
1053 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one}
|
|
68694
|
1054 selection---the next one---to or from another window-based application.
|
|
68549
|
1055
|
|
|
1056 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
1057 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for
|
|
|
1058 subprocess input and output in the current buffer.
|
|
|
1059
|
|
|
1060 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
1061 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following
|
|
|
1062 command.
|
|
|
1063 @end table
|
|
|
1064
|
|
|
1065 @kindex C-x RET x
|
|
|
1066 @kindex C-x RET X
|
|
|
1067 @findex set-selection-coding-system
|
|
|
1068 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system
|
|
|
1069 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system})
|
|
|
1070 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to other windowing
|
|
|
1071 applications, and for receiving the text of selections made in other
|
|
|
1072 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until
|
|
|
1073 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
1074 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the
|
|
|
1075 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs.
|
|
|
1076
|
|
|
1077 @kindex C-x RET p
|
|
|
1078 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system
|
|
|
1079 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system})
|
|
|
1080 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This
|
|
|
1081 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its
|
|
|
1082 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to
|
|
|
1083 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the
|
|
|
1084 corresponding buffer.
|
|
|
1085
|
|
|
1086 You can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} just before the command that
|
|
|
1087 runs or starts a subprocess, to specify the coding system to use for
|
|
|
1088 communication with that subprocess.
|
|
|
1089
|
|
|
1090 The default for translation of process input and output depends on the
|
|
|
1091 current language environment.
|
|
|
1092
|
|
|
1093 @vindex locale-coding-system
|
|
|
1094 @cindex decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X
|
|
|
1095 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system
|
|
|
1096 to use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error
|
|
|
1097 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. That
|
|
|
1098 coding system is also used for decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X
|
|
|
1099 Window systems. You should choose a coding system that is compatible
|
|
|
1100 with the underlying system's text representation, which is normally
|
|
|
1101 specified by one of the environment variables @env{LC_ALL},
|
|
|
1102 @env{LC_CTYPE}, and @env{LANG}. (The first one, in the order
|
|
|
1103 specified above, whose value is nonempty is the one that determines
|
|
|
1104 the text representation.)
|
|
|
1105
|
|
|
1106 @node File Name Coding
|
|
|
1107 @section Coding Systems for File Names
|
|
|
1108
|
|
|
1109 @table @kbd
|
|
|
1110 @item C-x @key{RET} F @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
1111 Use coding system @var{coding} for encoding and decoding file
|
|
|
1112 @emph{names}.
|
|
|
1113 @end table
|
|
|
1114
|
|
|
1115 @vindex file-name-coding-system
|
|
|
1116 @cindex file names with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters
|
|
|
1117 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding
|
|
|
1118 system to use for encoding file names. It has no effect on reading
|
|
|
1119 and writing the @emph{contents} of files.
|
|
|
1120
|
|
|
1121 @findex set-file-name-coding-system
|
|
|
1122 @kindex C-x @key{RET} F
|
|
|
1123 If you set the variable to a coding system name (as a Lisp symbol or
|
|
|
1124 a string), Emacs encodes file names using that coding system for all
|
|
|
1125 file operations. This makes it possible to use non-@acronym{ASCII}
|
|
|
1126 characters in file names---or, at least, those non-@acronym{ASCII}
|
|
|
1127 characters which the specified coding system can encode. Use @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
1128 @key{RET} F} (@code{set-file-name-coding-system}) to specify this
|
|
|
1129 interactively.
|
|
|
1130
|
|
|
1131 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a
|
|
|
1132 default coding system determined by the selected language environment.
|
|
|
1133 In the default language environment, any non-@acronym{ASCII}
|
|
|
1134 characters in file names are not encoded specially; they appear in the
|
|
|
1135 file system using the internal Emacs representation.
|
|
|
1136
|
|
|
1137 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the
|
|
|
1138 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can
|
|
|
1139 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using
|
|
|
1140 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded
|
|
|
1141 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of
|
|
|
1142 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file
|
|
|
1143 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x
|
|
|
1144 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer.
|
|
|
1145
|
|
|
1146 @findex recode-file-name
|
|
|
1147 If a mistake occurs when encoding a file name, use the command
|
|
|
1148 @kbd{M-x recode-file-name} to change the file name's coding
|
|
|
1149 system. This prompts for an existing file name, its old coding
|
|
|
1150 system, and the coding system to which you wish to convert.
|
|
|
1151
|
|
|
1152 @node Terminal Coding
|
|
|
1153 @section Coding Systems for Terminal I/O
|
|
|
1154
|
|
|
1155 @table @kbd
|
|
|
1156 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
1157 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input.
|
|
|
1158
|
|
|
1159 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET}
|
|
|
1160 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output.
|
|
|
1161 @end table
|
|
|
1162
|
|
25829
|
1163 @kindex C-x RET t
|
|
|
1164 @findex set-terminal-coding-system
|
|
|
1165 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system})
|
|
|
1166 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a
|
|
|
1167 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the
|
|
|
1168 terminal are translated into that coding system.
|
|
|
1169
|
|
|
1170 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to
|
|
|
1171 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European
|
|
|
1172 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to
|
|
|
1173 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that
|
|
|
1174 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle.
|
|
|
1175
|
|
|
1176 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless
|
|
33745
|
1177 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type or
|
|
|
1178 your locale specification (@pxref{Language Environments}).
|
|
25829
|
1179
|
|
|
1180 @kindex C-x RET k
|
|
|
1181 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system
|
|
34691
|
1182 @vindex keyboard-coding-system
|
|
25829
|
1183 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system})
|
|
59796
|
1184 or the variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} specifies the coding
|
|
|
1185 system for keyboard input. Character-code translation of keyboard
|
|
|
1186 input is useful for terminals with keys that send non-@acronym{ASCII}
|
|
|
1187 graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed for ISO
|
|
|
1188 Latin-1 or subsets of it.
|
|
25829
|
1189
|
|
46236
|
1190 By default, keyboard input is translated based on your system locale
|
|
|
1191 setting. If your terminal does not really support the encoding
|
|
|
1192 implied by your locale (for example, if you find it inserts a
|
|
52979
|
1193 non-@acronym{ASCII} character if you type @kbd{M-i}), you will need to set
|
|
46236
|
1194 @code{keyboard-coding-system} to @code{nil} to turn off encoding.
|
|
|
1195 You can do this by putting
|
|
|
1196
|
|
|
1197 @lisp
|
|
|
1198 (set-keyboard-coding-system nil)
|
|
|
1199 @end lisp
|
|
|
1200
|
|
|
1201 @noindent
|
|
|
1202 in your @file{~/.emacs} file.
|
|
25829
|
1203
|
|
|
1204 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for
|
|
|
1205 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of
|
|
|
1206 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input
|
|
|
1207 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and
|
|
52979
|
1208 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of @acronym{ASCII}
|
|
25829
|
1209 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of
|
|
|
1210 non-graphic characters.
|
|
|
1211
|
|
|
1212 @node Fontsets
|
|
|
1213 @section Fontsets
|
|
|
1214 @cindex fontsets
|
|
|
1215
|
|
68694
|
1216 A font typically defines shapes for a single alphabet or script.
|
|
|
1217 Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs supports
|
|
|
1218 requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a collection is
|
|
|
1219 called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of fonts, each
|
|
|
1220 assigned to handle a range of character codes.
|
|
25829
|
1221
|
|
68694
|
1222 Each fontset has a name, like a font. However, while fonts are
|
|
|
1223 stored in the system and the available font names are defined by the
|
|
|
1224 system, fontsets are defined within Emacs itself. Once you have
|
|
|
1225 defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by specifying its name,
|
|
|
1226 anywhere that you could use a single font. Of course, Emacs fontsets
|
|
|
1227 can use only the fonts that the system supports; if certain characters
|
|
|
1228 appear on the screen as hollow boxes, this means that the fontset in
|
|
|
1229 use for them has no font for those characters.@footnote{The Emacs
|
|
|
1230 installation instructions have information on additional font
|
|
|
1231 support.}
|
|
25829
|
1232
|
|
|
1233 Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset}
|
|
|
1234 and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to
|
|
68549
|
1235 have fonts for a wide variety of non-@acronym{ASCII} characters;
|
|
|
1236 however, this is not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs
|
|
|
1237 tries to find a font that has bold and italic variants.) You can
|
|
68694
|
1238 specify use of the standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option. For
|
|
|
1239 example,
|
|
25829
|
1240
|
|
|
1241 @example
|
|
|
1242 emacs -fn fontset-standard
|
|
|
1243 @end example
|
|
|
1244
|
|
68694
|
1245 @noindent
|
|
|
1246 You can also specify a fontset with the @samp{Font} resource (@pxref{X
|
|
|
1247 Resources}).
|
|
|
1248
|
|
25829
|
1249 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character
|
|
|
1250 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it
|
|
|
1251 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot
|
|
|
1252 display that character properly. It will display that character as an
|
|
|
1253 empty box instead.
|
|
|
1254
|
|
|
1255 @node Defining Fontsets
|
|
|
1256 @section Defining fontsets
|
|
|
1257
|
|
|
1258 @vindex standard-fontset-spec
|
|
|
1259 @cindex standard fontset
|
|
|
1260 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value
|
|
|
1261 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is
|
|
|
1262
|
|
|
1263 @example
|
|
|
1264 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard
|
|
|
1265 @end example
|
|
|
1266
|
|
|
1267 @noindent
|
|
|
1268 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short.
|
|
|
1269
|
|
|
1270 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are
|
|
|
1271 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of
|
|
|
1272 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both.
|
|
|
1273
|
|
|
1274 @cindex startup fontset
|
|
52979
|
1275 If you specify a default @acronym{ASCII} font with the @samp{Font} resource or
|
|
25829
|
1276 the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it
|
|
|
1277 automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is
|
|
|
1278 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry},
|
|
|
1279 @var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the
|
|
|
1280 font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with
|
|
|
1281 @samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with
|
|
|
1282 @samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset.
|
|
|
1283
|
|
|
1284 For instance, if you start Emacs this way,
|
|
|
1285
|
|
|
1286 @example
|
|
|
1287 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1"
|
|
|
1288 @end example
|
|
|
1289
|
|
|
1290 @noindent
|
|
|
1291 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X
|
|
|
1292 window frame:
|
|
|
1293
|
|
|
1294 @example
|
|
|
1295 -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup
|
|
|
1296 @end example
|
|
|
1297
|
|
|
1298 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name
|
|
|
1299 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset
|
|
|
1300 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard
|
|
38495
|
1301 specification matches various other resources, such as for menus, and
|
|
25829
|
1302 menus cannot handle fontsets.
|
|
|
1303
|
|
|
1304 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named
|
|
|
1305 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0.
|
|
|
1306 The resource value should have this form:
|
|
|
1307
|
|
|
1308 @smallexample
|
|
74189
|
1309 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charset}:@var{font}@r{]@dots{}}
|
|
25829
|
1310 @end smallexample
|
|
|
1311
|
|
|
1312 @noindent
|
|
|
1313 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except
|
|
|
1314 for the last two fields. They should have the form
|
|
|
1315 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}.
|
|
|
1316
|
|
|
1317 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is
|
|
|
1318 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You
|
|
|
1319 can refer to the fontset by either name.
|
|
|
1320
|
|
|
1321 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to
|
|
|
1322 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here,
|
|
|
1323 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the
|
|
|
1324 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any
|
|
|
1325 number of times in defining one fontset.
|
|
|
1326
|
|
|
1327 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on
|
|
|
1328 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values
|
|
52979
|
1329 that describe the character set. For the @acronym{ASCII} character font,
|
|
25829
|
1330 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}.
|
|
|
1331
|
|
|
1332 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs
|
|
|
1333 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of
|
|
|
1334 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable
|
|
|
1335 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is
|
|
38460
|
1336 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which is what Emacs
|
|
|
1337 does.
|
|
25829
|
1338
|
|
|
1339 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this,
|
|
|
1340
|
|
|
1341 @example
|
|
|
1342 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24
|
|
|
1343 @end example
|
|
|
1344
|
|
|
1345 @noindent
|
|
52979
|
1346 the font specification for @acronym{ASCII} characters would be this:
|
|
25829
|
1347
|
|
|
1348 @example
|
|
|
1349 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1
|
|
|
1350 @end example
|
|
|
1351
|
|
|
1352 @noindent
|
|
|
1353 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this:
|
|
|
1354
|
|
|
1355 @example
|
|
|
1356 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-*
|
|
|
1357 @end example
|
|
|
1358
|
|
|
1359 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font
|
|
|
1360 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that
|
|
|
1361 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In
|
|
|
1362 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below:
|
|
|
1363
|
|
|
1364 @smallexample
|
|
|
1365 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\
|
|
|
1366 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-*
|
|
|
1367 @end smallexample
|
|
|
1368
|
|
|
1369 @noindent
|
|
|
1370 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have
|
|
|
1371 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for
|
|
|
1372 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family}
|
|
|
1373 field.
|
|
|
1374
|
|
|
1375 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec
|
|
|
1376 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the
|
|
|
1377 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also
|
|
|
1378 call this function explicitly to create a fontset.
|
|
|
1379
|
|
|
1380 @xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X.
|
|
|
1381
|
|
33745
|
1382 @node Undisplayable Characters
|
|
|
1383 @section Undisplayable Characters
|
|
|
1384
|
|
52979
|
1385 There may be a some non-@acronym{ASCII} characters that your terminal cannot
|
|
68549
|
1386 display. Most text-only terminals support just a single character
|
|
44325
|
1387 set (use the variable @code{default-terminal-coding-system}
|
|
68549
|
1388 (@pxref{Terminal Coding}) to tell Emacs which one); characters which
|
|
36170
|
1389 can't be encoded in that coding system are displayed as @samp{?} by
|
|
|
1390 default.
|
|
|
1391
|
|
68549
|
1392 Graphical displays can display a broader range of characters, but
|
|
36170
|
1393 you may not have fonts installed for all of them; characters that have
|
|
|
1394 no font appear as a hollow box.
|
|
33745
|
1395
|
|
36170
|
1396 If you use Latin-1 characters but your terminal can't display
|
|
52979
|
1397 Latin-1, you can arrange to display mnemonic @acronym{ASCII} sequences
|
|
36170
|
1398 instead, e.g.@: @samp{"o} for o-umlaut. Load the library
|
|
|
1399 @file{iso-ascii} to do this.
|
|
33745
|
1400
|
|
36875
|
1401 @vindex latin1-display
|
|
36170
|
1402 If your terminal can display Latin-1, you can display characters
|
|
|
1403 from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent
|
|
59796
|
1404 Latin-1 characters and @acronym{ASCII} mnemonics. Customize the variable
|
|
52979
|
1405 @code{latin1-display} to enable this. The mnemonic @acronym{ASCII}
|
|
36170
|
1406 sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods.
|
|
33745
|
1407
|
|
68694
|
1408 @node Unibyte Mode
|
|
|
1409 @section Unibyte Editing Mode
|
|
25829
|
1410
|
|
|
1411 @cindex European character sets
|
|
|
1412 @cindex accented characters
|
|
|
1413 @cindex ISO Latin character sets
|
|
|
1414 @cindex Unibyte operation
|
|
|
1415 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in
|
|
38460
|
1416 the range 0240 to 0377 octal (160 to 255 decimal) to handle the
|
|
|
1417 accented letters and punctuation needed by various European languages
|
|
|
1418 (and some non-European ones). If you disable multibyte characters,
|
|
|
1419 Emacs can still handle @emph{one} of these character codes at a time.
|
|
|
1420 To specify @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke @kbd{M-x
|
|
|
1421 set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language environment
|
|
|
1422 such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}.
|
|
25829
|
1423
|
|
|
1424 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling
|
|
|
1425 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that
|
|
68549
|
1426 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain
|
|
|
1427 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters.
|
|
25829
|
1428
|
|
|
1429 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment
|
|
|
1430 Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font
|
|
68694
|
1431 in use supports them. This works automatically. Alternatively, on a
|
|
|
1432 graphical display, Emacs can also display single-byte characters
|
|
25829
|
1433 through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte
|
|
|
1434 characters according to the current language environment. To request
|
|
|
1435 this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment}
|
|
|
1436 to a non-@code{nil} value.
|
|
|
1437
|
|
|
1438 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library
|
|
|
1439 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character
|
|
52979
|
1440 set, Emacs can display these characters as @acronym{ASCII} sequences which at
|
|
25829
|
1441 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this,
|
|
|
1442 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other
|
|
|
1443 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have
|
|
|
1444 them yet.
|
|
|
1445
|
|
|
1446 @findex standard-display-8bit
|
|
|
1447 @cindex 8-bit display
|
|
38460
|
1448 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (decimal codes between 128 and 159
|
|
25829
|
1449 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for
|
|
36185
|
1450 non-standard ``extended'' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the
|
|
25829
|
1451 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library.
|
|
|
1452
|
|
60884
|
1453 There are two ways to input single-byte non-@acronym{ASCII}
|
|
25829
|
1454 characters:
|
|
|
1455
|
|
|
1456 @itemize @bullet
|
|
27211
|
1457 @cindex 8-bit input
|
|
25829
|
1458 @item
|
|
|
1459 You can use an input method for the selected language environment.
|
|
|
1460 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer,
|
|
52979
|
1461 the non-@acronym{ASCII} character you specify with it is converted to unibyte.
|
|
25829
|
1462
|
|
|
1463 @item
|
|
60884
|
1464 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 (decimal) and up,
|
|
|
1465 representing non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can type those character codes
|
|
|
1466 directly.
|
|
25829
|
1467
|
|
68549
|
1468 On a graphical display, you should not need to do anything special to use
|
|
60884
|
1469 these keys; they should simply work. On a text-only terminal, you
|
|
|
1470 should use the command @code{M-x set-keyboard-coding-system} or the
|
|
|
1471 variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} to specify which coding system
|
|
68549
|
1472 your keyboard uses (@pxref{Terminal Coding}). Enabling this feature
|
|
60884
|
1473 will probably require you to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta characters;
|
|
|
1474 however, on a console terminal or in @code{xterm}, you can arrange for
|
|
|
1475 Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and still be able type 8-bit
|
|
|
1476 characters present directly on the keyboard or using @kbd{Compose} or
|
|
|
1477 @kbd{AltGr} keys. @xref{User Input}.
|
|
61122
|
1478
|
|
|
1479 @kindex C-x 8
|
|
|
1480 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library
|
|
|
1481 @cindex compose character
|
|
|
1482 @cindex dead character
|
|
|
1483 @item
|
|
|
1484 For Latin-1 only, you can use the key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose
|
|
|
1485 character'' prefix for entry of non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin-1 printing
|
|
|
1486 characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for insertion (in the minibuffer as
|
|
|
1487 well as other buffers), for searching, and in any other context where
|
|
|
1488 a key sequence is allowed.
|
|
|
1489
|
|
|
1490 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that
|
|
|
1491 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if the keyboard has
|
|
|
1492 one, serves the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}: use @key{ALT} together
|
|
|
1493 with an accent character to modify the following letter. In addition,
|
|
|
1494 if the keyboard has keys for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters,''
|
|
|
1495 they too are defined to compose with the following character, once
|
|
|
1496 @code{iso-transl} is loaded.
|
|
|
1497
|
|
|
1498 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list all the available @kbd{C-x 8} translations.
|
|
25829
|
1499 @end itemize
|
|
43439
|
1500
|
|
|
1501 @node Charsets
|
|
|
1502 @section Charsets
|
|
|
1503 @cindex charsets
|
|
|
1504
|
|
|
1505 Emacs groups all supported characters into disjoint @dfn{charsets}.
|
|
|
1506 Each character code belongs to one and only one charset. For
|
|
|
1507 historical reasons, Emacs typically divides an 8-bit character code
|
|
68549
|
1508 for an extended version of @acronym{ASCII} into two charsets:
|
|
|
1509 @acronym{ASCII}, which covers the codes 0 through 127, plus another
|
|
|
1510 charset which covers the ``right-hand part'' (the codes 128 and up).
|
|
|
1511 For instance, the characters of Latin-1 include the Emacs charset
|
|
|
1512 @code{ascii} plus the Emacs charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}.
|
|
43439
|
1513
|
|
|
1514 Emacs characters belonging to different charsets may look the same,
|
|
|
1515 but they are still different characters. For example, the letter
|
|
|
1516 @samp{o} with acute accent in charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}, used for
|
|
|
1517 Latin-1, is different from the letter @samp{o} with acute accent in
|
|
|
1518 charset @code{latin-iso8859-2}, used for Latin-2.
|
|
|
1519
|
|
|
1520 @findex list-charset-chars
|
|
|
1521 @cindex characters in a certain charset
|
|
|
1522 @findex describe-character-set
|
|
|
1523 There are two commands for obtaining information about Emacs
|
|
|
1524 charsets. The command @kbd{M-x list-charset-chars} prompts for a name
|
|
|
1525 of a character set, and displays all the characters in that character
|
|
|
1526 set. The command @kbd{M-x describe-character-set} prompts for a
|
|
|
1527 charset name and displays information about that charset, including
|
|
|
1528 its internal representation within Emacs.
|
|
|
1529
|
|
|
1530 To find out which charset a character in the buffer belongs to,
|
|
|
1531 put point before it and type @kbd{C-u C-x =}.
|
|
52401
|
1532
|
|
|
1533 @ignore
|
|
|
1534 arch-tag: 310ba60d-31ef-4ce7-91f1-f282dd57b6b3
|
|
|
1535 @end ignore
|
