annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 29197:c58cb815dcfd

* Makefile.in (install-arch-dep): Install fns-*.el only if it exists; it won't in the CANNOT_DUMP case.
author Ken Raeburn <raeburn@raeburn.org>
date Thu, 25 May 2000 16:40:12 +0000
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children 92e31619249c
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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.
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2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
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3
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4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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7
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8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v).
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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21 reading the screen.
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22
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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25 the text.
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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31
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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35 * SUMMARY
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36 ---------
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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39
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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43 moving the text around the cursor
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44 to the center of the screen.
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45 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
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46
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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48 Then type C-l.
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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50 is near the cursor now.
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52
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53 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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54 ----------------------
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55
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56 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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57 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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58
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59 There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use
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60 the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves the
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61 cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.
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62 Here is a table showing these four commands and the directions they
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63 move:
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65 Previous line, C-p
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66 :
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67 :
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68 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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69 :
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70 :
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71 Next line, C-n
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73 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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74 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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75 centered in the screen.
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77 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for
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78 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the
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79 basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the
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80 time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
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82 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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84 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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85 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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86
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87 Each of text line ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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88 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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89 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
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90 one).
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91
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92 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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93 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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94 across the Newline character.
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95
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96 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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97
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98 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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99 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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100 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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101
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102 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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103 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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104 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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105 without moving it off the screen.
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106
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107 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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108 see what happens.
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109
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110 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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111 (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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112
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113 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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114
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115 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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116 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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117 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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118
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119 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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120 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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121 places inside and between words.
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123 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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124 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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125 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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126 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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127 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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128
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129 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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130 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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131 or end of a sentence.
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132
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133 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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134 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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135
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136 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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137 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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138 natural.
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140 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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141 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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142 the text.
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143
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144 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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145 word and sentence moving commands:
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147 C-f Move forward a character
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148 C-b Move backward a character
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149
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150 M-f Move forward a word
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151 M-b Move backward a word
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152
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153 C-n Move to next line
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154 C-p Move to previous line
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155
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156 C-a Move to beginning of line
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157 C-e Move to end of line
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158
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159 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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160 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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161
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162 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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163 These are the most often used commands.
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164
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165 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
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166 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta
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167 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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168
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169 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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170 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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171 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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172
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173 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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174 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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175
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176 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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177 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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178
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179 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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180 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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181 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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182 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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183 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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184 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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185 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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186 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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187
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188 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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189 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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190 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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191 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
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192 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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193 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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194 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
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195 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
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196
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197 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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198
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199 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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200 to a line near this one with just one command.
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201
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202 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
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203 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
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204 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
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205 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
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206 something different.
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207
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208 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
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209 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
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210 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
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211
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212 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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213
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214 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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215 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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216
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217 If you are using X Windows, there should be a tall rectangular area
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218 called a scroll bar at the left hand side of the Emacs window. You
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219 can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.
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220
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221 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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222 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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223 determined by how high or low you click.
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224
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225 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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226 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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227 you move the mouse.
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228
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229
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230 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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231 --------------------
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232
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233 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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234 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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235 long to execute.
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236
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237 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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238 a command that you do not want to finish.
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239
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240 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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241 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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242 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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243
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244 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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245 with a C-g.
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246
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247
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248 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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249 -------------------
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250
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251 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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252 them by accident.
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253
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254 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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255 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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256 ahead and execute the command.
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257
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258 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
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259 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
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260 command, answer the question with "n".
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261
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262 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
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263 then type n to answer the question.
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266 * WINDOWS
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267 ---------
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268
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269 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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270 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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271 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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272 one-window editing. It is simple:
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274 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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275
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276 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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277 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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278 other windows.
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279
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280 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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281 >> Type Control-h k Control-f.
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282 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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283 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
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284
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285 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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286
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287 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
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288 consists of two characters. It starts with the character Control-x.
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289 There is a whole series of commands that start with Control-x; many of
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290 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
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291 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
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292
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293
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294 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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295 ------------------------
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296
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297 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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298 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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299 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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300 Newline character.
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301
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302 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
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303 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
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304 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
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305
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306 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
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307 current cursor position.
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308
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309 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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310 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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311 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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312 your personal copy of it.
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313
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314 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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315 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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316 at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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317
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318 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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319 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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320
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321 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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322 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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323
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324 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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325 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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326 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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327 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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328
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329 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
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330 merges that line with the previous line.
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331
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332 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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333
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334 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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335 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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336 it several times.
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337
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338 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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339
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340 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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341 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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342 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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343
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344 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
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345 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
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346
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347 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
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348 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
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349
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350 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
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351 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
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352
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353 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
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354 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
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355 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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356 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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357
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358 You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method.
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359 Move to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-SPC (either one).
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360 Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w. That kills
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361 all the text between the two positions.
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362
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363 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
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364 >> Type C-SPC. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
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365 at the bottom of the screen.
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366 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
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367 paragraph.
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368 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
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369 and ending just before the n.
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370
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371 When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves the
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372 deleted text so that you can bring it back. Bringing back killed text
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373 is called "yanking". You can yank the killed text either at the same
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374 place where it was killed, or at some other place in the text. You
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375 can yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies of
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376 it. The command to yank is C-y.
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377
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378 Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is
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379 that "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.
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380 Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text,
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381 while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank lines
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382 and spaces, do not save the deleted text.
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383
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384 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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385 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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386 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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387 which follows that line.
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388
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389 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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390 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
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391 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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392 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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393 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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394
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395 To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently
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396 is, type C-y.
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397
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398 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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399
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400 Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone took
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401 away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all of
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402 the killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all of
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403 the lines.
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404
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405 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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406
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407 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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408
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409 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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410 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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411
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412 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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413 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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414 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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415 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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416 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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417 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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418 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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419 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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420 it is.
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421
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422 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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423 recent kill).
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424
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425 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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426 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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427 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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428 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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429 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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430 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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431 arguments.
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432
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433
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434 * UNDO
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435 ------
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436
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437 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
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438 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
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439
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diff changeset
440 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
441 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
442 additional command.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
443
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
444 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
445 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
446 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
447 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
448 type to undo insertion of text.)
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449
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diff changeset
450 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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parents:
diff changeset
451
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452 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
453 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
454 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
455 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
diff changeset
456 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
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parents:
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457
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458 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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parents:
diff changeset
459
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diff changeset
460
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
461 * FILES
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
462 -------
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parents:
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463
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464 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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465 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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466 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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467 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
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468
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469 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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470 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
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diff changeset
471 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
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472 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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473 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
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474 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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475 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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476
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477 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
19772
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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478 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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479 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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diff changeset
480 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
diff changeset
481 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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482 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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483 appear in that precise spot.
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484
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25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
485 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
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486 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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487 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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488 the file). After you type the command
13
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parents:
diff changeset
489
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diff changeset
490 C-x C-f Find a file
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diff changeset
491
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492 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
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diff changeset
493 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
494 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
495 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
496
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diff changeset
497 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
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diff changeset
498 you can cancel the command with C-g.
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diff changeset
499
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diff changeset
500 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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parents:
diff changeset
501 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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parents:
diff changeset
502 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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parents:
diff changeset
503
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504 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
505 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
506 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
507 finished.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
508
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
509 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
510 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
511 type the command
13
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diff changeset
512
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513 C-x C-s Save the file
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parents:
diff changeset
514
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diff changeset
515 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
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diff changeset
516 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
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517 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
518 original file's name.
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519
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parents:
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520 When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
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521 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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diff changeset
522 work if the system should crash.
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parents:
diff changeset
523
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524 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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diff changeset
525 This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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parents:
diff changeset
526
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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parents: 6597
diff changeset
527 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
528 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
529 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
530 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
531 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
532 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
533
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
534 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
535 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
536 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
537 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
538 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
539 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
540 already existing file.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
541
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
542
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
543 * BUFFERS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
544 ---------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
545
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
546 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
547 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
548 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
549
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
550 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
551 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
552 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
553 to come back to the tutorial.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
554
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
555 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
556 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
557 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
558
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
559 C-x C-b List buffers
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
560
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
561 >> Try C-x C-b now.
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parents:
diff changeset
562
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parents:
diff changeset
563 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
564 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
565 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
566 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
567 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
568 is always part of some buffer.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
569
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
570 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
571
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
572 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
573 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
574 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
575 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
576 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
577 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
578 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
579
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
580 C-x s Save some buffers
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
581
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
582 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
583 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
584 buffer.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
585
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586 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
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587 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
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588 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
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589
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842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
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parents: 23183
diff changeset
590
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591 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
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592 ---------------------------
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593
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594 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
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parents:
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595 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
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596 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
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597
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598 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
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parents:
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599 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
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parents:
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600
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601 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
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602 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
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603 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
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604 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
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605 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
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606 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
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607
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608 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
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609 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
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parents:
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610
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611 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
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612 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
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613 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
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614
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
615 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
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616 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
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617 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
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618 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
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619 Emacs from the subshell.
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620
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parents: 8128
diff changeset
621 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
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parents: 8128
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622 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
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623 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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624 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
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parents: 15443
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625 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
626 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
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627
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628 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
13
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629
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630 C-x C-f Find file.
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parents:
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631 C-x C-s Save file.
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parents:
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632 C-x C-b List buffers.
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parents:
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633 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
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634 C-x 1 Delete all but one window.
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parents:
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635 C-x u Undo.
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parents:
diff changeset
636
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637 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
638 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
639 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
640 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
641 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
642 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
643 Emacs will complete the name. End the command name with <Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
644
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
645 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
646 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
647 argument with <Return>.
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parents:
diff changeset
648
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parents:
diff changeset
649 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
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parents:
diff changeset
650 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
651
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parents:
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652 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
653 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
654 after the initial position of the cursor.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
655
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
656
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
657 * AUTO SAVE
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
658 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
659
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
660 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
661 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
662 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
663 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
664 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
665 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
666 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
667
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
668 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
669 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
670 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
671 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
672 data.
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
673
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
674
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
675 * ECHO AREA
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
676 -----------
13
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diff changeset
677
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
678 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
679 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
680 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
681
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
682
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
683 * MODE LINE
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
684 -----------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
685
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
686 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
687 The mode line says something like this:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
688
20125
5ac02369f793 Fix another instance of mode line format.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 19772
diff changeset
689 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
690
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
691 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
692 the text you are editing.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
693
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
694 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
695 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
696 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
697 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
698 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
699 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
700 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
701
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
702 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
703 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
704 no stars, just dashes.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
705
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
706 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
707 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
708 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
709
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
710 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
711 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
712 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
713 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
714 "Fundamental" is now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
715
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
716 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
717 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
718 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
719 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
720 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
721 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
722 switch to Fundamental mode.
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
723
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
724 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
725 should probably use Text Mode.
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
726 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
727
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
728 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
729 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
730 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
731 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
732
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
733 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
734 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
735 differently.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
736
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
737 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
738
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
739 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
740 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
741 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
742
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
743 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
744 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
745 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
746 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
747 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
748 combination of several minor modes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
749
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
750 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
751 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
752 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
753 line that is too wide.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
754
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
755 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
756 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
757 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
758 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
759 command "toggles the mode".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
760
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
761 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
762 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
763 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
764
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
765 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
766 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
767 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
768
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
769 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
770 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
771 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
772 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
773
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
774 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
775 does not re-fill it for you.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
776 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
777 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
778
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
779 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
780
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
781
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
782 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
783 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
784
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
785 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
786 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
787 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
788 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
789
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
790 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
791 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
792 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
793
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
794 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
795 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
796
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
797 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
798 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
799 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
800 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
801
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
802 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
803 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
804 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
805 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
806 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
807 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
808 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
809
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
810 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
811 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
812 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
813 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
814 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
815
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
816 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
817 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
818 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
819 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
820 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
821 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
822
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
823 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
824 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
825 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
826 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
827 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
828 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
829 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
830 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
831
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
832 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
833 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
834 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
835
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
836 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
837 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
838 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
839 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
840 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
841
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
842
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
843 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
844 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
845
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
846 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
847 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
848
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
849 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
850
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
851 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
852 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
853
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
854 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
855 (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
856
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
857 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
858 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
859 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
860
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
861 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
862 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
863
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
864 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
865 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
866 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
867 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
868
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
869 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
870 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
871 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
872 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
873
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
874 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
21296
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parents: 20125
diff changeset
875 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
876 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
877 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
878
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
879 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
diff changeset
880 does matter: you must type ESC followed by Control-v, because
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
diff changeset
881 Control-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
882 its own right, not a modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
883
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
884 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
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parents: 34
diff changeset
885
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
886 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
887 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
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parents: 34
diff changeset
888 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
889
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
890 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
891 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
892 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
893
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
894 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
895 things:
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parents: 34
diff changeset
896
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
897 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
898 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
899 window. The cursor goes there, too.
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parents: 34
diff changeset
900
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parents: 34
diff changeset
901 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
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parents: 34
diff changeset
902 the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
903
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
904
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parents: 477
diff changeset
905 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
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parents: 477
diff changeset
906 --------------------------
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parents:
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907
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parents:
diff changeset
908 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
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parents:
diff changeset
909 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
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parents:
diff changeset
910 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
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parents:
diff changeset
911 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
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parents:
diff changeset
912
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
913 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
914 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
915 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
916
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
917 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
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parents:
diff changeset
918
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
919 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
920 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
921 recursive editing level.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
922
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diff changeset
923
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parents: 477
diff changeset
924 * GETTING MORE HELP
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parents: 477
diff changeset
925 -------------------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
926
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parents:
diff changeset
927 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
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parents:
diff changeset
928 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
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parents:
diff changeset
929 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
930 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
931 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
932 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
933 Control-h, which is called "the Help character".
13
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parents:
diff changeset
934
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
935 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
13
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parents:
diff changeset
936 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
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parents:
diff changeset
937 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
938 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
939 type C-g to cancel it.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
940
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
941 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
942 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
943 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
944 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
945 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
6597
c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6276
diff changeset
946
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6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
947 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
948 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
13
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parents:
diff changeset
949 description of the command.
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parents:
diff changeset
950
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parents:
diff changeset
951 >> Type C-h c Control-p.
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parents:
diff changeset
952 The message should be something like
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parents:
diff changeset
953
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diff changeset
954 C-p runs the command previous-line
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parents:
diff changeset
955
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
956 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
957 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
958 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
959 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
960 have already learned.
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parents:
diff changeset
961
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diff changeset
962 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
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parents: 16730
diff changeset
963 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
964
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diff changeset
965 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
966
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parents:
diff changeset
967 >> Type C-h k Control-p.
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parents:
diff changeset
968
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
969 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
970 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
971 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
972 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
973 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
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parents:
diff changeset
974
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parents:
diff changeset
975 Here are some other useful C-h options:
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parents:
diff changeset
976
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parents:
diff changeset
977 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
978 function.
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parents:
diff changeset
979
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diff changeset
980 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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parents:
diff changeset
981 This prints all the information Emacs has about the
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
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parents: 4190
diff changeset
982 function which implements the C-p command.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
983
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
984 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
985 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
986 These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
987 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
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parents: 16730
diff changeset
988 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
989
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
990 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
991
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
992 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
993 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
994 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
995
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
996 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
997
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
998 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
999
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parents:
diff changeset
1000
1375
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diff changeset
1001 * CONCLUSION
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parents: 477
diff changeset
1002 ------------
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parents:
diff changeset
1003
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1004 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1005 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1006
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1007 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1008 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
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parents:
diff changeset
1009
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parents:
diff changeset
1010
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
1011 * COPYING
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
1012 ---------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1013
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1014 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1015 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1016
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1017 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1018 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1019
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
1020 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1021
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1022 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1024 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1025 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1026 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
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1027
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
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1028 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
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1029 of this document, or of portions of it,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
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1030 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
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1031 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
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1032
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
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1033 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1034 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
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1035 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
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1036 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!