Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/mule.texi @ 90783:e728b9402186
Initialize some vars.
author | Vinicius Jose Latorre <viniciusjl@ig.com.br> |
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date | Tue, 06 Mar 2007 00:53:16 +0000 |
parents | dd7c098af727 |
children | e6fdae9180d4 |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
75348 | 3 @c 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top | |
6 @chapter International Character Set Support | |
7 @cindex MULE | |
8 @cindex international scripts | |
9 @cindex multibyte characters | |
10 @cindex encoding of characters | |
11 | |
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12 @cindex Celtic |
25829 | 13 @cindex Chinese |
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14 @cindex Cyrillic |
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15 @cindex Czech |
25829 | 16 @cindex Devanagari |
17 @cindex Hindi | |
18 @cindex Marathi | |
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19 @cindex Ethiopic |
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20 @cindex German |
25829 | 21 @cindex Greek |
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22 @cindex Hebrew |
25829 | 23 @cindex IPA |
24 @cindex Japanese | |
25 @cindex Korean | |
26 @cindex Lao | |
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27 @cindex Latin |
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28 @cindex Polish |
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29 @cindex Romanian |
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30 @cindex Slovak |
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31 @cindex Slovenian |
25829 | 32 @cindex Thai |
33 @cindex Tibetan | |
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34 @cindex Turkish |
25829 | 35 @cindex Vietnamese |
35163 | 36 @cindex Dutch |
37 @cindex Spanish | |
25829 | 38 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets, |
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39 including European and Vietnamese variants of the Latin alphabet, as |
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40 well as Cyrillic, Devanagari (for Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, |
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41 Han (for Chinese and Japanese), Hangul (for Korean), Hebrew, IPA, |
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42 Kannada, Lao, Malayalam, Tamil, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. |
68549 | 43 Emacs also supports various encodings of these characters used by |
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44 other internationalized software, such as word processors and mailers. |
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45 |
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46 Emacs allows editing text with international characters by supporting |
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47 all the related activities: |
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48 |
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49 @itemize @bullet |
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50 @item |
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51 You can visit files with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, save non-@acronym{ASCII} text, and |
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52 pass non-@acronym{ASCII} text between Emacs and programs it invokes (such as |
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53 compilers, spell-checkers, and mailers). Setting your language |
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54 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) takes care of setting up the |
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55 coding systems and other options for a specific language or culture. |
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56 Alternatively, you can specify how Emacs should encode or decode text |
68549 | 57 for each command; see @ref{Text Coding}. |
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58 |
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59 @item |
68549 | 60 You can display non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded by the various |
61 scripts. This works by using appropriate fonts on graphics displays | |
62 (@pxref{Defining Fontsets}), and by sending special codes to text-only | |
63 displays (@pxref{Terminal Coding}). If some characters are displayed | |
64 incorrectly, refer to @ref{Undisplayable Characters}, which describes | |
65 possible problems and explains how to solve them. | |
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66 |
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67 @item |
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68 You can insert non-@acronym{ASCII} characters or search for them. To do that, |
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69 you can specify an input method (@pxref{Select Input Method}) suitable |
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70 for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set |
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71 your language environment. If |
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72 your keyboard can produce non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can select an |
68549 | 73 appropriate keyboard coding system (@pxref{Terminal Coding}), and Emacs |
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74 will accept those characters. Latin-1 characters can also be input by |
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75 using the @kbd{C-x 8} prefix, see @ref{Unibyte Mode}. |
68549 | 76 |
77 On X Window systems, your locale should be set to an appropriate value | |
78 to make sure Emacs interprets keyboard input correctly; see | |
79 @ref{Language Environments, locales}. | |
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80 @end itemize |
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81 |
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82 The rest of this chapter describes these issues in detail. |
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83 |
25829 | 84 @menu |
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85 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
25829 | 86 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
87 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
88 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
89 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
90 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. | |
91 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
92 write files, and so on. | |
93 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
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94 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly. |
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95 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output. |
68549 | 96 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. |
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97 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. |
68549 | 98 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. |
99 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting | |
100 terminal input and output. | |
25829 | 101 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts |
102 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
103 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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104 * Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display. |
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105 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set |
62476 | 106 to use without multibyte characters. |
43439 | 107 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
25829 | 108 @end menu |
109 | |
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110 @node International Chars |
25829 | 111 @section Introduction to International Character Sets |
112 | |
68549 | 113 The users of international character sets and scripts have |
114 established many more-or-less standard coding systems for storing | |
115 files. Emacs internally uses a single multibyte character encoding, | |
116 so that it can intermix characters from all these scripts in a single | |
117 buffer or string. This encoding represents each non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
118 character as a sequence of bytes in the range 0200 through 0377. | |
119 Emacs translates between the multibyte character encoding and various | |
120 other coding systems when reading and writing files, when exchanging | |
121 data with subprocesses, and (in some cases) in the @kbd{C-q} command | |
122 (@pxref{Multibyte Conversion}). | |
25829 | 123 |
124 @kindex C-h h | |
125 @findex view-hello-file | |
35206 | 126 @cindex undisplayable characters |
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127 @cindex @samp{?} in display |
25829 | 128 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file |
129 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages. | |
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130 This illustrates various scripts. If some characters can't be |
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131 displayed on your terminal, they appear as @samp{?} or as hollow boxes |
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132 (@pxref{Undisplayable Characters}). |
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133 |
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134 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, |
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135 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs |
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136 supports various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or |
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137 language, to make it convenient to type them. |
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138 |
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139 @kindex C-x RET |
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140 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain |
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141 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. |
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142 |
25829 | 143 @node Enabling Multibyte |
144 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters | |
145 | |
68549 | 146 By default, Emacs starts in multibyte mode, because that allows you to |
147 use all the supported languages and scripts without limitations. | |
148 | |
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149 @cindex turn multibyte support on or off |
25829 | 150 You can enable or disable multibyte character support, either for |
68549 | 151 Emacs as a whole, or for a single buffer. When multibyte characters |
152 are disabled in a buffer, we call that @dfn{unibyte mode}. Then each | |
153 byte in that buffer represents a character, even codes 0200 through | |
154 0377. | |
25829 | 155 |
68549 | 156 The old features for supporting the European character sets, ISO |
157 Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2, work in unibyte mode as they did in Emacs 19 | |
158 and also work for the other ISO 8859 character sets. However, there | |
159 is no need to turn off multibyte character support to use ISO Latin; | |
160 the Emacs multibyte character set includes all the characters in these | |
161 character sets, and Emacs can translate automatically to and from the | |
162 ISO codes. | |
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163 |
25829 | 164 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using |
165 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. To convert a buffer in | |
166 multibyte representation into a single-byte representation of the same | |
167 characters, the easiest way is to save the contents in a file, kill the | |
168 buffer, and find the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. You | |
169 can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
170 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} as | |
68549 | 171 the coding system with which to find or save a file. @xref{Text |
25829 | 172 Coding}. Finding a file as @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format |
173 conversion, uncompression and auto mode selection as | |
174 @code{find-file-literally} does. | |
175 | |
176 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters | |
177 @vindex default-enable-multibyte-characters | |
178 To turn off multibyte character support by default, start Emacs with | |
179 the @samp{--unibyte} option (@pxref{Initial Options}), or set the | |
29107 | 180 environment variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}. You can also customize |
25829 | 181 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} or, equivalently, directly set the |
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182 variable @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in |
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183 your init file to have basically the same effect as @samp{--unibyte}. |
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184 |
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185 @findex toggle-enable-multibyte-characters |
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186 To convert a unibyte session to a multibyte session, set |
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187 @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{t}. Buffers which |
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188 were created in the unibyte session before you turn on multibyte support |
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189 will stay unibyte. You can turn on multibyte support in a specific |
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190 buffer by invoking the command @code{toggle-enable-multibyte-characters} |
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191 in that buffer. |
25829 | 192 |
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193 @cindex Lisp files, and multibyte operation |
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194 @cindex multibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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195 @cindex unibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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196 @cindex init file, and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
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197 @cindex environment variables, and non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
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198 With @samp{--unibyte}, multibyte strings are not created during |
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199 initialization from the values of environment variables, |
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200 @file{/etc/passwd} entries etc.@: that contain non-@acronym{ASCII} 8-bit |
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201 characters. |
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202 |
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203 Emacs normally loads Lisp files as multibyte, regardless of whether |
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204 you used @samp{--unibyte}. This includes the Emacs initialization file, |
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205 @file{.emacs}, and the initialization files of Emacs packages such as |
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206 Gnus. However, you can specify unibyte loading for a particular Lisp |
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207 file, by putting @w{@samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-}} in a comment on the first |
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208 line (@pxref{File Variables}). Then that file is always loaded as |
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209 unibyte text, even if you did not start Emacs with @samp{--unibyte}. |
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210 The motivation for these conventions is that it is more reliable to |
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211 always load any particular Lisp file in the same way. However, you can |
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212 load a Lisp file as unibyte, on any one occasion, by typing @kbd{C-x |
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213 @key{RET} c raw-text @key{RET}} immediately before loading it. |
25829 | 214 |
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215 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is |
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216 enabled in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more |
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217 characters (most often two dashes) near the beginning of the mode |
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218 line, before the indication of the visited file's end-of-line |
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219 convention (colon, backslash, etc.). When multibyte characters |
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220 are not enabled, nothing precedes the colon except a single dash. |
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221 @xref{Mode Line}, for more details about this. |
25829 | 222 |
223 @node Language Environments | |
224 @section Language Environments | |
225 @cindex language environments | |
226 | |
227 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever | |
228 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a | |
229 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs | |
230 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language environment} | |
231 in order to set various defaults. The language environment really | |
232 represents a choice of preferred script (more or less) rather than a | |
233 choice of language. | |
234 | |
235 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize | |
236 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files, | |
237 incoming mail, netnews, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may | |
238 also specify the default coding system to use when you create a file. | |
239 Each language environment also specifies a default input method. | |
240 | |
241 @findex set-language-environment | |
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242 @vindex current-language-environment |
44325 | 243 To select a language environment, you can customize the variable |
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244 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x |
25829 | 245 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is |
246 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally to | |
247 the Emacs session. The supported language environments include: | |
248 | |
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249 @cindex Euro sign |
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250 @cindex UTF-8 |
25829 | 251 @quotation |
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252 ASCII, Belarusian, Brazilian Portuguese, Bulgarian, Chinese-BIG5, |
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253 Chinese-CNS, Chinese-EUC-TW, Chinese-GB, Croatian, Cyrillic-ALT, |
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254 Cyrillic-ISO, Cyrillic-KOI8, Czech, Devanagari, Dutch, English, |
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255 Esperanto, Ethiopic, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Hebrew, IPA, |
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256 Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3, |
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257 Latin-4, Latin-5, Latin-6, Latin-7, Latin-8 (Celtic), Latin-9 (updated |
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258 Latin-1 with the Euro sign), Latvian, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Polish, |
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259 Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tajik, Tamil, |
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260 Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, UTF-8 (for a setup which prefers Unicode |
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261 characters and files encoded in UTF-8), Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Welsh, |
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262 and Windows-1255 (for a setup which prefers Cyrillic characters and |
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263 files encoded in Windows-1255). |
25829 | 264 @end quotation |
265 | |
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266 @cindex fonts for various scripts |
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267 @cindex Intlfonts package, installation |
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268 To display the script(s) used by your language environment on a |
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269 graphical display, you need to have a suitable font. If some of the |
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270 characters appear as empty boxes, you should install the GNU Intlfonts |
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271 package, which includes fonts for most supported scripts.@footnote{If |
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272 you run Emacs on X, you need to inform the X server about the location |
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273 of the newly installed fonts with the following commands: |
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274 |
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275 @example |
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276 xset fp+ /usr/local/share/emacs/fonts |
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277 xset fp rehash |
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278 @end example |
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279 } |
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280 @xref{Fontsets}, for more details about setting up your fonts. |
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281 |
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282 @findex set-locale-environment |
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283 @vindex locale-language-names |
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284 @vindex locale-charset-language-names |
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285 @cindex locales |
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286 Some operating systems let you specify the character-set locale you |
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287 are using by setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, |
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288 @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}.@footnote{If more than one of these is |
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289 set, the first one that is nonempty specifies your locale for this |
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290 purpose.} During startup, Emacs looks up your character-set locale's |
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291 name in the system locale alias table, matches its canonical name |
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292 against entries in the value of the variables |
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293 @code{locale-charset-language-names} and @code{locale-language-names}, |
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294 and selects the corresponding language environment if a match is found. |
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295 (The former variable overrides the latter.) It also adjusts the display |
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296 table and terminal coding system, the locale coding system, the |
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297 preferred coding system as needed for the locale, and---last but not |
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298 least---the way Emacs decodes non-@acronym{ASCII} characters sent by your keyboard. |
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299 |
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300 If you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG} |
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301 environment variables while running Emacs, you may want to invoke the |
38786 | 302 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards to readjust the |
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303 language environment from the new locale. |
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304 |
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305 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems |
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306 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred |
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307 coding system established by the language environment to decode system |
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308 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable |
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309 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding |
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310 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK} |
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311 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in |
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312 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even |
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313 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}. |
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314 |
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315 You can override the language environment chosen at startup with |
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316 explicit use of the command @code{set-language-environment}, or with |
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317 customization of @code{current-language-environment} in your init |
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318 file. |
25829 | 319 |
320 @kindex C-h L | |
321 @findex describe-language-environment | |
322 To display information about the effects of a certain language | |
323 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env} | |
68549 | 324 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you |
325 which languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the | |
25829 | 326 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It |
68549 | 327 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this |
328 language environment. If you give an empty input for @var{lang-env}, | |
329 this command describes the chosen language environment. | |
25829 | 330 |
331 @vindex set-language-environment-hook | |
332 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook | |
333 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command | |
334 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new | |
335 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific | |
336 language environment by checking the variable | |
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337 @code{current-language-environment}. This hook is where you should |
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338 put non-default settings for specific language environment, such as |
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339 coding systems for keyboard input and terminal output, the default |
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340 input method, etc. |
25829 | 341 |
342 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook | |
343 Before it starts to set up the new language environment, | |
344 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook | |
345 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing | |
346 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}. | |
347 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language | |
348 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set | |
349 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding | |
350 for that key. | |
351 | |
352 @node Input Methods | |
353 @section Input Methods | |
354 | |
355 @cindex input methods | |
356 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed | |
357 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language | |
358 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same | |
359 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several | |
360 input methods. | |
361 | |
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362 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping @acronym{ASCII} letters |
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364 instead of @acronym{ASCII}. The Greek and Russian input methods |
38786 | 365 work this way. |
25829 | 366 |
367 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of | |
368 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition | |
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369 to produce a single non-@acronym{ASCII} letter from a sequence that consists of a |
25829 | 370 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some |
371 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter. | |
372 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do | |
373 is compose sequences of printing characters. | |
374 | |
375 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed | |
376 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. | |
377 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone | |
378 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are | |
379 mapped into one syllable sign. | |
380 | |
381 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input | |
382 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in | |
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383 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of |
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384 portions of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and |
38786 | 385 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). One input sequence typically |
386 corresponds to many possible Chinese characters. You select the one | |
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387 you mean using keys such as @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n}, |
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388 @kbd{C-p}, and digits, which have special meanings in this situation. |
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389 |
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390 The possible characters are conceptually arranged in several rows, |
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391 with each row holding up to 10 alternatives. Normally, Emacs displays |
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392 just one row at a time, in the echo area; @code{(@var{i}/@var{j})} |
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393 appears at the beginning, to indicate that this is the @var{i}th row |
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394 out of a total of @var{j} rows. Type @kbd{C-n} or @kbd{C-p} to |
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395 display the next row or the previous row. |
25829 | 396 |
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397 Type @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} to move forward and backward among |
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398 the alternatives in the current row. As you do this, Emacs highlights |
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399 the current alternative with a special color; type @code{C-@key{SPC}} |
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400 to select the current alternative and use it as input. The |
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401 alternatives in the row are also numbered; the number appears before |
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402 the alternative. Typing a digit @var{n} selects the @var{n}th |
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403 alternative of the current row and uses it as input. |
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404 |
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405 @key{TAB} in these Chinese input methods displays a buffer showing |
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406 all the possible characters at once; then clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on |
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407 one of them selects that alternative. The keys @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, |
38786 | 408 @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits continue to work as usual, but they |
409 do the highlighting in the buffer showing the possible characters, | |
410 rather than in the echo area. | |
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411 |
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412 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using |
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413 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs |
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414 converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One |
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415 phonetic spelling corresponds to a number of different Japanese words; |
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416 to select one of them, use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through |
25829 | 417 the alternatives. |
418 | |
419 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the | |
420 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent | |
421 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the | |
422 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if | |
423 you want to enter them as separate characters? | |
424 | |
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425 One way is to type the accent twice; this is a special feature for |
25829 | 426 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives |
427 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter | |
428 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and | |
429 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL} | |
430 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}. | |
431 | |
432 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use | |
433 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This | |
434 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice. | |
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435 @ifnottex |
25829 | 436 @xref{Select Input Method}. |
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437 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 438 |
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439 @cindex incremental search, input method interference |
25829 | 440 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search, |
441 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts | |
442 searching for what you have already entered. | |
443 | |
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444 To find out how to input the character after point using the current |
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445 input method, type @kbd{C-u C-x =}. @xref{Position Info}. |
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446 |
25829 | 447 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag |
448 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag | |
449 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and | |
37870 | 450 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain |
451 what is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is | |
452 non-@code{nil}, the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer (for | |
453 most input methods---some disable this feature). If | |
454 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of | |
455 possible characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but | |
456 not when you are in the minibuffer). | |
25829 | 457 |
458 @node Select Input Method | |
459 @section Selecting an Input Method | |
460 | |
461 @table @kbd | |
462 @item C-\ | |
463 Enable or disable use of the selected input method. | |
464 | |
465 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
466 Select a new input method for the current buffer. | |
467 | |
468 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET} | |
469 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
470 @findex describe-input-method | |
471 @kindex C-h I | |
472 @kindex C-h C-\ | |
473 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}). | |
31204 | 474 By default, it describes the current input method (if any). This |
475 description should give you the full details of how to use any | |
31270 | 476 particular input method. |
25829 | 477 |
478 @item M-x list-input-methods | |
479 Display a list of all the supported input methods. | |
480 @end table | |
481 | |
482 @findex set-input-method | |
483 @vindex current-input-method | |
484 @kindex C-x RET C-\ | |
485 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x | |
486 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the | |
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487 input method name from the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the |
25829 | 488 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable |
489 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected. | |
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490 |
25829 | 491 @findex toggle-input-method |
492 @kindex C-\ | |
68549 | 493 Input methods use various sequences of @acronym{ASCII} characters to |
494 stand for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. Sometimes it is useful to | |
495 turn off the input method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\} | |
25829 | 496 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type |
497 @kbd{C-\} again. | |
498 | |
499 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method, | |
500 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using | |
501 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method. | |
502 | |
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503 When invoked with a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u C-\}, |
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504 @code{toggle-input-method} always prompts you for an input method, |
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505 suggesting the most recently selected one as the default. |
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506 |
25829 | 507 @vindex default-input-method |
508 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for | |
509 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can | |
510 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable | |
511 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method | |
512 (@code{nil} means there is none). | |
513 | |
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514 In some language environments, which support several different input |
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515 methods, you might want to use an input method different from the |
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516 default chosen by @code{set-language-environment}. You can instruct |
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517 Emacs to select a different default input method for a certain |
37870 | 518 language environment, if you wish, by using |
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519 @code{set-language-environment-hook} (@pxref{Language Environments, |
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520 set-language-environment-hook}). For example: |
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521 |
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522 @lisp |
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523 (defun my-chinese-setup () |
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524 "Set up my private Chinese environment." |
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525 (if (equal current-language-environment "Chinese-GB") |
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526 (setq default-input-method "chinese-tonepy"))) |
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527 (add-hook 'set-language-environment-hook 'my-chinese-setup) |
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528 @end lisp |
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529 |
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530 @noindent |
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531 This sets the default input method to be @code{chinese-tonepy} |
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532 whenever you choose a Chinese-GB language environment. |
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533 |
25829 | 534 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout |
535 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect) | |
536 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used | |
537 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your | |
538 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use | |
539 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}. | |
540 | |
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541 @findex quail-show-key |
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542 You can use the command @kbd{M-x quail-show-key} to show what key (or |
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543 key sequence) to type in order to input the character following point, |
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544 using the selected keyboard layout. The command @kbd{C-u C-x =} also |
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545 shows that information in addition to the other information about the |
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546 character. |
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547 |
25829 | 548 @findex list-input-methods |
71593 | 549 To see a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x |
25829 | 550 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input |
551 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line. | |
552 | |
553 @node Multibyte Conversion | |
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554 @section Unibyte and Multibyte Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
25829 | 555 |
556 When multibyte characters are enabled, character codes 0240 (octal) | |
557 through 0377 (octal) are not really legitimate in the buffer. The valid | |
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558 non-@acronym{ASCII} printing characters have codes that start from 0400. |
25829 | 559 |
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560 If you type a self-inserting character in the range 0240 through |
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561 0377, or if you use @kbd{C-q} to insert one, Emacs assumes you |
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562 intended to use one of the ISO Latin-@var{n} character sets, and |
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563 converts it to the Emacs code representing that Latin-@var{n} |
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564 character. You select @emph{which} ISO Latin character set to use |
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565 through your choice of language environment |
25829 | 566 @iftex |
567 (see above). | |
568 @end iftex | |
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569 @ifnottex |
25829 | 570 (@pxref{Language Environments}). |
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571 @end ifnottex |
25829 | 572 If you do not specify a choice, the default is Latin-1. |
573 | |
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574 If you insert a character in the range 0200 through 0237, which |
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575 forms the @code{eight-bit-control} character set, it is inserted |
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576 literally. You should normally avoid doing this since buffers |
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577 containing such characters have to be written out in either the |
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578 @code{emacs-mule} or @code{raw-text} coding system, which is usually |
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579 not what you want. |
25829 | 580 |
581 @node Coding Systems | |
582 @section Coding Systems | |
583 @cindex coding systems | |
584 | |
585 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard | |
586 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding | |
587 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to | |
588 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding | |
589 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is | |
590 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the | |
591 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses. | |
592 | |
593 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are | |
594 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the | |
595 language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages; | |
596 their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also special | |
597 coding systems @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text} and | |
598 @code{emacs-mule} which do not convert printing characters at all. | |
599 | |
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600 @cindex international files from DOS/Windows systems |
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601 A special class of coding systems, collectively known as |
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602 @dfn{codepages}, is designed to support text encoded by MS-Windows and |
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603 MS-DOS software. The names of these coding systems are |
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604 @code{cp@var{nnnn}}, where @var{nnnn} is a 3- or 4-digit number of the |
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605 codepage. You can use these encodings just like any other coding |
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606 system; for example, to visit a file encoded in codepage 850, type |
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607 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c cp850 @key{RET} C-x C-f @var{filename} |
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608 @key{RET}}@footnote{ |
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609 In the MS-DOS port of Emacs, you need to create a @code{cp@var{nnn}} |
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610 coding system with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}, before you can use it. |
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611 @iftex |
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612 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE,,,emacs-extra,Specialized Emacs Features}. |
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613 @end iftex |
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614 @ifnottex |
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615 @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}. |
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616 @end ifnottex |
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617 }. |
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618 |
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619 In addition to converting various representations of non-@acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 620 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs |
621 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file: | |
622 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return. | |
623 | |
624 @table @kbd | |
625 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
626 Describe coding system @var{coding}. | |
627 | |
628 @item C-h C @key{RET} | |
629 Describe the coding systems currently in use. | |
630 | |
631 @item M-x list-coding-systems | |
632 Display a list of all the supported coding systems. | |
633 @end table | |
634 | |
635 @kindex C-h C | |
636 @findex describe-coding-system | |
637 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays | |
70621 | 638 information about particular coding systems, including the end-of-line |
639 conversion specified by those coding systems. You can specify a coding | |
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640 system name as the argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it |
25829 | 641 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, |
642 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list | |
643 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). | |
644 | |
645 @findex list-coding-systems | |
646 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x | |
647 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding | |
648 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line | |
649 (@pxref{Mode Line}). | |
650 | |
651 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
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652 @cindex line endings |
25829 | 653 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion |
654 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion | |
655 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for | |
656 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies | |
657 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of | |
658 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file. | |
659 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return | |
660 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used. | |
661 | |
662 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify | |
663 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion: | |
664 | |
665 @table @code | |
666 @item @dots{}-unix | |
667 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses | |
668 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used | |
669 on Unix and GNU systems.) | |
670 | |
671 @item @dots{}-dos | |
672 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do | |
673 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on | |
36185 | 674 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME @samp{text/*} |
25829 | 675 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different |
676 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which | |
677 Emacs doesn't support directly.}) | |
678 | |
679 @item @dots{}-mac | |
680 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the | |
681 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the | |
682 Macintosh system.) | |
683 @end table | |
684 | |
685 These variant coding systems are omitted from the | |
686 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely | |
687 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has | |
688 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and | |
689 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}. | |
690 | |
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691 @cindex @code{undecided}, coding system |
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692 The coding systems @code{unix}, @code{dos}, and @code{mac} are |
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693 aliases for @code{undecided-unix}, @code{undecided-dos}, and |
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694 @code{undecided-mac}, respectively. These coding systems specify only |
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695 the end-of-line conversion, and leave the character code conversion to |
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696 be deduced from the text itself. |
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697 |
25829 | 698 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly |
68549 | 699 @acronym{ASCII} text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are |
700 not meant to encode non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. With | |
701 @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those byte values unchanged, and sets | |
702 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in the current buffer | |
703 so that they will be interpreted properly. @code{raw-text} handles | |
704 end-of-line conversion in the usual way, based on the data | |
705 encountered, and has the usual three variants to specify the kind of | |
706 end-of-line conversion to use. | |
25829 | 707 |
708 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no | |
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|
709 character code conversion at all---none for non-@acronym{ASCII} byte values and |
25829 | 710 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary |
711 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It, | |
712 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}. | |
713 | |
714 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with | |
715 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses | |
716 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that | |
717 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}. | |
718 | |
719 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} means that the file contains | |
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|
720 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It |
25829 | 721 handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has |
722 the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion. | |
723 | |
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|
724 @findex unify-8859-on-decoding-mode |
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|
725 @anchor{Character Translation} |
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726 The @dfn{character translation} feature can modify the effect of |
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727 various coding systems, by changing the internal Emacs codes that |
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|
728 decoding produces. For instance, the command |
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|
729 @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode} enables a mode that ``unifies'' the |
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|
730 Latin alphabets when decoding text. This works by converting all |
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|
731 non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin-@var{n} characters to either Latin-1 or |
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|
732 Unicode characters. This way it is easier to use various |
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733 Latin-@var{n} alphabets together. (In a future Emacs version we hope |
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|
734 to move towards full Unicode support and complete unification of |
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|
735 character sets.) |
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|
736 |
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737 @vindex enable-character-translation |
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738 If you set the variable @code{enable-character-translation} to |
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739 @code{nil}, that disables all character translation (including |
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740 @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode}). |
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741 |
25829 | 742 @node Recognize Coding |
743 @section Recognizing Coding Systems | |
744 | |
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745 Emacs tries to recognize which coding system to use for a given text |
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746 as an integral part of reading that text. (This applies to files |
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747 being read, output from subprocesses, text from X selections, etc.) |
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748 Emacs can select the right coding system automatically most of the |
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749 time---once you have specified your preferences. |
25829 | 750 |
751 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte | |
752 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that | |
753 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no | |
754 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte | |
755 values with different meanings. | |
756 | |
757 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding | |
758 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding | |
759 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system, | |
760 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it | |
761 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file | |
762 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system. | |
763 | |
764 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language | |
765 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use | |
766 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use | |
767 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the | |
768 reasons to specify a language environment. | |
769 | |
770 @findex prefer-coding-system | |
44325 | 771 However, you can alter the coding system priority list in detail |
772 with the command @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads | |
773 the name of a coding system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the | |
774 front of the priority list, so that it is preferred to all others. If | |
775 you use this command several times, each use adds one element to the | |
776 front of the priority list. | |
25829 | 777 |
778 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion | |
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779 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what this means is that Emacs |
25829 | 780 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should |
38786 | 781 use DOS end-of-line conversion when it does recognize @code{iso-8859-1}. |
25829 | 782 |
783 @vindex file-coding-system-alist | |
784 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the | |
785 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this | |
786 correspondence. There is a special function | |
787 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For | |
788 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system | |
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789 @code{chinese-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression: |
25829 | 790 |
791 @smallexample | |
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792 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'chinese-iso-8bit) |
25829 | 793 @end smallexample |
794 | |
795 @noindent | |
796 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be | |
797 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and | |
798 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files. | |
799 | |
800 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion | |
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801 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display |
25829 | 802 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on |
803 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only | |
804 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line | |
805 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of | |
806 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion} | |
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807 to non-@code{nil}. If you do that, DOS-style files will be displayed |
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808 with the @samp{^M} characters visible in the buffer; some people |
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809 prefer this to the more subtle @samp{(DOS)} end-of-line type |
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810 indication near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line, |
37081 | 811 eol-mnemonic}). |
25829 | 812 |
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813 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection |
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814 @cindex escape sequences in files |
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815 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to |
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816 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin |
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817 with an escape character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022 |
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818 code, that tells Emacs to use one of the ISO-2022 encodings to decode |
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819 the file. |
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820 |
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821 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences |
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822 in a file as is. In such a case, you can set the variable |
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823 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code |
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824 detection ignores any escape sequences, and never uses an ISO-2022 |
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825 encoding. The result is that all escape sequences become visible in |
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826 the buffer. |
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827 |
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828 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is |
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829 @code{nil}. We recommend that you not change it permanently, only for |
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830 one specific operation. That's because many Emacs Lisp source files |
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831 in the Emacs distribution contain non-@acronym{ASCII} characters encoded in the |
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832 coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit}, and they won't be |
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833 decoded correctly when you visit those files if you suppress the |
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834 escape sequence detection. |
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835 |
25829 | 836 @vindex auto-coding-alist |
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837 @vindex auto-coding-regexp-alist |
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838 @vindex auto-coding-functions |
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839 The variables @code{auto-coding-alist}, |
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840 @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} and @code{auto-coding-functions} are |
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841 the strongest way to specify the coding system for certain patterns of |
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842 file names, or for files containing certain patterns; these variables |
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843 even override @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs |
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844 uses @code{auto-coding-alist} for tar and archive files, to prevent it |
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845 from being confused by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the |
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846 archive and thinking it applies to the archive file as a whole. |
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847 Likewise, Emacs uses @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} to ensure that |
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848 RMAIL files, whose names in general don't match any particular |
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849 pattern, are decoded correctly. One of the builtin |
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850 @code{auto-coding-functions} detects the encoding for XML files. |
25829 | 851 |
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852 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset |
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853 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated |
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854 automatically from the coding system it is written in, as if it were a |
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855 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you |
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856 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail |
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857 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is |
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858 @code{nil}. |
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859 |
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860 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system |
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861 For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses the coding |
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862 system specified by the variable @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The |
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863 default value is @code{nil}, which means that Rmail files are not |
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864 translated (they are read and written in the Emacs internal character |
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865 code). |
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866 |
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867 @node Specify Coding |
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868 @section Specifying a File's Coding System |
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869 |
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870 If Emacs recognizes the encoding of a file incorrectly, you can |
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871 reread the file using the correct coding system by typing @kbd{C-x |
68549 | 872 @key{RET} r @var{coding-system} @key{RET}}. To see what coding system |
873 Emacs actually used to decode the file, look at the coding system | |
874 mnemonic letter near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode | |
875 Line}), or type @kbd{C-h C @key{RET}}. | |
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876 |
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877 @vindex coding |
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878 You can specify the coding system for a particular file in the file |
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879 itself, using the @w{@samp{-*-@dots{}-*-}} construct at the beginning, |
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880 or a local variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do |
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881 this by defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. |
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882 Emacs does not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of |
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883 setting a variable, this uses the specified coding system for the |
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884 file. For example, @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies |
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885 use of the Latin-1 coding system, as well as C mode. When you specify |
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886 the coding explicitly in the file, that overrides |
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887 @code{file-coding-system-alist}. |
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888 |
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889 If you add the character @samp{!} at the end of the coding system |
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890 name in @code{coding}, it disables any character translation |
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891 (@pxref{Character Translation}) while decoding the file. This is |
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892 useful when you need to make sure that the character codes in the |
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893 Emacs buffer will not vary due to changes in user settings; for |
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894 instance, for the sake of strings in Emacs Lisp source files. |
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895 |
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896 @node Output Coding |
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897 @section Choosing Coding Systems for Output |
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898 |
25829 | 899 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system |
900 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that | |
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901 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. That makes it the |
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902 default for operations that write from this buffer into a file, such |
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903 as @code{save-buffer} and @code{write-region}. You can specify a |
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904 different coding system for further file output from the buffer using |
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905 @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Text Coding}). |
25829 | 906 |
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907 You can insert any character Emacs supports into any Emacs buffer, |
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908 but most coding systems can only handle a subset of these characters. |
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909 Therefore, you can insert characters that cannot be encoded with the |
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910 coding system that will be used to save the buffer. For example, you |
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911 could start with an @acronym{ASCII} file and insert a few Latin-1 |
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912 characters into it, or you could edit a text file in Polish encoded in |
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913 @code{iso-8859-2} and add some Russian words to it. When you save |
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914 that buffer, Emacs cannot use the current value of |
38786 | 915 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, because the characters you added |
916 cannot be encoded by that coding system. | |
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917 |
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918 When that happens, Emacs tries the most-preferred coding system (set |
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919 by @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system} or @kbd{M-x |
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920 set-language-environment}), and if that coding system can safely |
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921 encode all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs uses it, and stores |
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922 its value in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. Otherwise, Emacs |
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|
923 displays a list of coding systems suitable for encoding the buffer's |
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924 contents, and asks you to choose one of those coding systems. |
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925 |
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926 If you insert the unsuitable characters in a mail message, Emacs |
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927 behaves a bit differently. It additionally checks whether the |
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928 most-preferred coding system is recommended for use in MIME messages; |
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929 if not, Emacs tells you that the most-preferred coding system is not |
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930 recommended and prompts you for another coding system. This is so you |
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931 won't inadvertently send a message encoded in a way that your |
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|
932 recipient's mail software will have difficulty decoding. (You can |
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|
933 still use an unsuitable coding system if you type its name in response |
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934 to the question.) |
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935 |
25829 | 936 @vindex sendmail-coding-system |
937 When you send a message with Mail mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), Emacs has | |
938 four different ways to determine the coding system to use for encoding | |
939 the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of | |
940 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise, | |
941 it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that is | |
942 non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system for | |
943 new files, which is controlled by your choice of language environment, | |
944 if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values are @code{nil}, | |
945 Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding system. | |
946 | |
68549 | 947 @node Text Coding |
948 @section Specifying a Coding System for File Text | |
25829 | 949 |
950 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding | |
68549 | 951 system for a file's contents, you can use these commands to specify |
952 one: | |
25829 | 953 |
954 @table @kbd | |
955 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
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956 Use coding system @var{coding} for saving or revisiting the visited |
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957 file in the current buffer. |
25829 | 958 |
959 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
960 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
961 command. | |
962 | |
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963 @item C-x @key{RET} r @var{coding} @key{RET} |
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964 Revisit the current file using the coding system @var{coding}. |
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965 |
68549 | 966 @item M-x recode-region @key{RET} @var{right} @key{RET} @var{wrong} @key{RET} |
967 Convert a region that was decoded using coding system @var{wrong}, | |
968 decoding it using coding system @var{right} instead. | |
25829 | 969 @end table |
970 | |
971 @kindex C-x RET f | |
972 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system | |
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973 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} |
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974 (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system}) sets the file coding system for |
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975 the current buffer---in other words, it says which coding system to |
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976 use when saving or reverting the visited file. You specify which |
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977 coding system using the minibuffer. If you specify a coding system |
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978 that cannot handle all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs warns |
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979 you about the troublesome characters when you actually save the |
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|
980 buffer. |
25829 | 981 |
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982 @cindex specify end-of-line conversion |
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|
983 You can also use this command to specify the end-of-line conversion |
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984 (@pxref{Coding Systems, end-of-line conversion}) for encoding the |
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985 current buffer. For example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f dos @key{RET}} will |
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|
986 cause Emacs to save the current buffer's text with DOS-style CRLF line |
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|
987 endings. |
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|
988 |
25829 | 989 @kindex C-x RET c |
990 @findex universal-coding-system-argument | |
991 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit | |
992 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
993 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the | |
994 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer, | |
995 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following | |
996 command}. | |
997 | |
998 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example, | |
999 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding | |
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1000 system for when you later save the file). Or if the immediately following |
25829 | 1001 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system. |
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1002 When you specify the coding system for saving in this way, instead |
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1003 of with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f}, there is no warning if the buffer |
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Explain how C-x RET f and C-x RET c affect saving.
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|
1004 contains characters that the coding system cannot handle. |
25829 | 1005 |
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1006 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include |
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1007 @kbd{C-x i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants |
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1008 of @kbd{C-x C-f}. @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that |
68549 | 1009 start subprocesses, including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}). If the |
1010 immediately following command does not use the coding system, then | |
1011 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect. | |
25829 | 1012 |
1013 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x | |
1014 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}. | |
1015 | |
1016 @vindex default-buffer-file-coding-system | |
1017 The variable @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} specifies the | |
1018 choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies | |
1019 when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it | |
1020 in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this | |
1021 variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language | |
1022 environment. | |
1023 | |
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1024 @kindex C-x RET r |
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1025 @findex revert-buffer-with-coding-system |
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1026 If you visit a file with a wrong coding system, you can correct this |
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|
1027 with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} r} (@code{revert-buffer-with-coding-system}). |
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1028 This visits the current file again, using a coding system you specify. |
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1029 |
68549 | 1030 @findex recode-region |
1031 If a piece of text has already been inserted into a buffer using the | |
1032 wrong coding system, you can redo the decoding of it using @kbd{M-x | |
1033 recode-region}. This prompts you for the proper coding system, then | |
1034 for the wrong coding system that was actually used, and does the | |
1035 conversion. It first encodes the region using the wrong coding system, | |
1036 then decodes it again using the proper coding system. | |
1037 | |
1038 @node Communication Coding | |
1039 @section Coding Systems for Interprocess Communication | |
1040 | |
1041 This section explains how to specify coding systems for use | |
1042 in communication with other processes. | |
1043 | |
1044 @table @kbd | |
1045 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1046 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from | |
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(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
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1047 other window-based applications. |
68549 | 1048 |
1049 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1050 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one} | |
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1051 selection---the next one---to or from another window-based application. |
68549 | 1052 |
1053 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET} | |
1054 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for | |
1055 subprocess input and output in the current buffer. | |
1056 | |
1057 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1058 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
1059 command. | |
1060 @end table | |
1061 | |
1062 @kindex C-x RET x | |
1063 @kindex C-x RET X | |
1064 @findex set-selection-coding-system | |
1065 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system | |
1066 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system}) | |
1067 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to other windowing | |
1068 applications, and for receiving the text of selections made in other | |
1069 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until | |
1070 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x | |
1071 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the | |
1072 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs. | |
1073 | |
1074 @kindex C-x RET p | |
1075 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system | |
1076 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system}) | |
1077 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This | |
1078 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its | |
1079 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to | |
1080 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the | |
1081 corresponding buffer. | |
1082 | |
1083 You can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} just before the command that | |
1084 runs or starts a subprocess, to specify the coding system to use for | |
1085 communication with that subprocess. | |
1086 | |
1087 The default for translation of process input and output depends on the | |
1088 current language environment. | |
1089 | |
1090 @vindex locale-coding-system | |
1091 @cindex decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X | |
1092 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system | |
1093 to use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error | |
1094 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. That | |
1095 coding system is also used for decoding non-@acronym{ASCII} keyboard input on X | |
1096 Window systems. You should choose a coding system that is compatible | |
1097 with the underlying system's text representation, which is normally | |
1098 specified by one of the environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, | |
1099 @env{LC_CTYPE}, and @env{LANG}. (The first one, in the order | |
1100 specified above, whose value is nonempty is the one that determines | |
1101 the text representation.) | |
1102 | |
1103 @node File Name Coding | |
1104 @section Coding Systems for File Names | |
1105 | |
1106 @table @kbd | |
1107 @item C-x @key{RET} F @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1108 Use coding system @var{coding} for encoding and decoding file | |
1109 @emph{names}. | |
1110 @end table | |
1111 | |
1112 @vindex file-name-coding-system | |
1113 @cindex file names with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters | |
1114 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding | |
1115 system to use for encoding file names. It has no effect on reading | |
1116 and writing the @emph{contents} of files. | |
1117 | |
1118 @findex set-file-name-coding-system | |
1119 @kindex C-x @key{RET} F | |
1120 If you set the variable to a coding system name (as a Lisp symbol or | |
1121 a string), Emacs encodes file names using that coding system for all | |
1122 file operations. This makes it possible to use non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1123 characters in file names---or, at least, those non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1124 characters which the specified coding system can encode. Use @kbd{C-x | |
1125 @key{RET} F} (@code{set-file-name-coding-system}) to specify this | |
1126 interactively. | |
1127 | |
1128 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a | |
1129 default coding system determined by the selected language environment. | |
1130 In the default language environment, any non-@acronym{ASCII} | |
1131 characters in file names are not encoded specially; they appear in the | |
1132 file system using the internal Emacs representation. | |
1133 | |
1134 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the | |
1135 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can | |
1136 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using | |
1137 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded | |
1138 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of | |
1139 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file | |
1140 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x | |
1141 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer. | |
1142 | |
1143 @findex recode-file-name | |
1144 If a mistake occurs when encoding a file name, use the command | |
1145 @kbd{M-x recode-file-name} to change the file name's coding | |
1146 system. This prompts for an existing file name, its old coding | |
1147 system, and the coding system to which you wish to convert. | |
1148 | |
1149 @node Terminal Coding | |
1150 @section Coding Systems for Terminal I/O | |
1151 | |
1152 @table @kbd | |
1153 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1154 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input. | |
1155 | |
1156 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
1157 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output. | |
1158 @end table | |
1159 | |
25829 | 1160 @kindex C-x RET t |
1161 @findex set-terminal-coding-system | |
1162 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system}) | |
1163 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a | |
1164 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the | |
1165 terminal are translated into that coding system. | |
1166 | |
1167 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to | |
1168 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European | |
1169 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to | |
1170 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that | |
1171 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle. | |
1172 | |
1173 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless | |
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1174 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type or |
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1175 your locale specification (@pxref{Language Environments}). |
25829 | 1176 |
1177 @kindex C-x RET k | |
1178 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system | |
34691 | 1179 @vindex keyboard-coding-system |
25829 | 1180 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system}) |
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1181 or the variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} specifies the coding |
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1182 system for keyboard input. Character-code translation of keyboard |
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1183 input is useful for terminals with keys that send non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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1184 graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed for ISO |
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1185 Latin-1 or subsets of it. |
25829 | 1186 |
46236
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1187 By default, keyboard input is translated based on your system locale |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1188 setting. If your terminal does not really support the encoding |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1189 implied by your locale (for example, if you find it inserts a |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1190 non-@acronym{ASCII} character if you type @kbd{M-i}), you will need to set |
46236
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1191 @code{keyboard-coding-system} to @code{nil} to turn off encoding. |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1192 You can do this by putting |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1193 |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1194 @lisp |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1195 (set-keyboard-coding-system nil) |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1196 @end lisp |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1197 |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1198 @noindent |
b3a9c5fdc73a
keyboard-coding-system is initialized from the locale.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
46204
diff
changeset
|
1199 in your @file{~/.emacs} file. |
25829 | 1200 |
1201 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for | |
1202 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of | |
1203 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input | |
1204 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and | |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1205 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of @acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 1206 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of |
1207 non-graphic characters. | |
1208 | |
1209 @node Fontsets | |
1210 @section Fontsets | |
1211 @cindex fontsets | |
1212 | |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1213 A font typically defines shapes for a single alphabet or script. |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1214 Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs supports |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1215 requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a collection is |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1216 called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of fonts, each |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1217 assigned to handle a range of character codes. |
25829 | 1218 |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1219 Each fontset has a name, like a font. However, while fonts are |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1220 stored in the system and the available font names are defined by the |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1221 system, fontsets are defined within Emacs itself. Once you have |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1222 defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by specifying its name, |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1223 anywhere that you could use a single font. Of course, Emacs fontsets |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1224 can use only the fonts that the system supports; if certain characters |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1225 appear on the screen as hollow boxes, this means that the fontset in |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1226 use for them has no font for those characters.@footnote{The Emacs |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1227 installation instructions have information on additional font |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1228 support.} |
25829 | 1229 |
1230 Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset} | |
1231 and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to | |
68549 | 1232 have fonts for a wide variety of non-@acronym{ASCII} characters; |
1233 however, this is not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs | |
1234 tries to find a font that has bold and italic variants.) You can | |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1235 specify use of the standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option. For |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1236 example, |
25829 | 1237 |
1238 @example | |
1239 emacs -fn fontset-standard | |
1240 @end example | |
1241 | |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1242 @noindent |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1243 You can also specify a fontset with the @samp{Font} resource (@pxref{X |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1244 Resources}). |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1245 |
25829 | 1246 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character |
1247 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it | |
1248 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot | |
1249 display that character properly. It will display that character as an | |
1250 empty box instead. | |
1251 | |
1252 @node Defining Fontsets | |
1253 @section Defining fontsets | |
1254 | |
1255 @vindex standard-fontset-spec | |
1256 @cindex standard fontset | |
1257 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value | |
1258 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is | |
1259 | |
1260 @example | |
1261 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard | |
1262 @end example | |
1263 | |
1264 @noindent | |
1265 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short. | |
1266 | |
1267 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are | |
1268 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of | |
1269 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both. | |
1270 | |
1271 @cindex startup fontset | |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1272 If you specify a default @acronym{ASCII} font with the @samp{Font} resource or |
25829 | 1273 the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it |
1274 automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is | |
1275 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry}, | |
1276 @var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the | |
1277 font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with | |
1278 @samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with | |
1279 @samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset. | |
1280 | |
1281 For instance, if you start Emacs this way, | |
1282 | |
1283 @example | |
1284 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1" | |
1285 @end example | |
1286 | |
1287 @noindent | |
1288 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X | |
1289 window frame: | |
1290 | |
1291 @example | |
1292 -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup | |
1293 @end example | |
1294 | |
1295 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name | |
1296 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset | |
1297 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard | |
38495 | 1298 specification matches various other resources, such as for menus, and |
25829 | 1299 menus cannot handle fontsets. |
1300 | |
1301 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named | |
1302 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0. | |
1303 The resource value should have this form: | |
1304 | |
1305 @smallexample | |
74189
affcf7c0ac19
(Defining Fontsets): Fix use of `charset' and `font'.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
72348
diff
changeset
|
1306 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charset}:@var{font}@r{]@dots{}} |
25829 | 1307 @end smallexample |
1308 | |
1309 @noindent | |
1310 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except | |
1311 for the last two fields. They should have the form | |
1312 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. | |
1313 | |
1314 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is | |
1315 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You | |
1316 can refer to the fontset by either name. | |
1317 | |
1318 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to | |
1319 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, | |
1320 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the | |
1321 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any | |
1322 number of times in defining one fontset. | |
1323 | |
1324 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on | |
1325 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values | |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1326 that describe the character set. For the @acronym{ASCII} character font, |
25829 | 1327 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}. |
1328 | |
1329 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs | |
1330 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of | |
1331 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable | |
1332 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is | |
38460
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1333 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which is what Emacs |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1334 does. |
25829 | 1335 |
1336 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, | |
1337 | |
1338 @example | |
1339 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
1340 @end example | |
1341 | |
1342 @noindent | |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1343 the font specification for @acronym{ASCII} characters would be this: |
25829 | 1344 |
1345 @example | |
1346 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
1347 @end example | |
1348 | |
1349 @noindent | |
1350 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: | |
1351 | |
1352 @example | |
1353 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1354 @end example | |
1355 | |
1356 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font | |
1357 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that | |
1358 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In | |
1359 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: | |
1360 | |
1361 @smallexample | |
1362 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ | |
1363 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1364 @end smallexample | |
1365 | |
1366 @noindent | |
1367 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have | |
1368 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for | |
1369 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} | |
1370 field. | |
1371 | |
1372 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec | |
1373 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the | |
1374 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also | |
1375 call this function explicitly to create a fontset. | |
1376 | |
1377 @xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X. | |
1378 | |
33745
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1379 @node Undisplayable Characters |
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1380 @section Undisplayable Characters |
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1381 |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1382 There may be a some non-@acronym{ASCII} characters that your terminal cannot |
68549 | 1383 display. Most text-only terminals support just a single character |
44325 | 1384 set (use the variable @code{default-terminal-coding-system} |
68549 | 1385 (@pxref{Terminal Coding}) to tell Emacs which one); characters which |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1386 can't be encoded in that coding system are displayed as @samp{?} by |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1387 default. |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1388 |
68549 | 1389 Graphical displays can display a broader range of characters, but |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1390 you may not have fonts installed for all of them; characters that have |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1391 no font appear as a hollow box. |
33745
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1392 |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1393 If you use Latin-1 characters but your terminal can't display |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1394 Latin-1, you can arrange to display mnemonic @acronym{ASCII} sequences |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1395 instead, e.g.@: @samp{"o} for o-umlaut. Load the library |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1396 @file{iso-ascii} to do this. |
33745
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1397 |
36875 | 1398 @vindex latin1-display |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1399 If your terminal can display Latin-1, you can display characters |
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1400 from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent |
59796
48aa868cde0b
Don't say just "option" when talking about variables.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
58624
diff
changeset
|
1401 Latin-1 characters and @acronym{ASCII} mnemonics. Customize the variable |
52979
3649390c0f91
Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1402 @code{latin1-display} to enable this. The mnemonic @acronym{ASCII} |
36170
0fd801cdb9fd
Clarify undisplayable characters, --unibyte, locales.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35206
diff
changeset
|
1403 sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods. |
33745
78ec4a7ba765
(Undisplayable Characters): New node.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
32386
diff
changeset
|
1404 |
68694
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1405 @node Unibyte Mode |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68639
diff
changeset
|
1406 @section Unibyte Editing Mode |
25829 | 1407 |
1408 @cindex European character sets | |
1409 @cindex accented characters | |
1410 @cindex ISO Latin character sets | |
1411 @cindex Unibyte operation | |
1412 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in | |
38460
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1413 the range 0240 to 0377 octal (160 to 255 decimal) to handle the |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1414 accented letters and punctuation needed by various European languages |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1415 (and some non-European ones). If you disable multibyte characters, |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1416 Emacs can still handle @emph{one} of these character codes at a time. |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1417 To specify @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke @kbd{M-x |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1418 set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language environment |
6bee7ffac2cd
Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38133
diff
changeset
|
1419 such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}. |
25829 | 1420 |
1421 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling | |
1422 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that | |
68549 | 1423 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain |
1424 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters. | |
25829 | 1425 |
1426 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment | |
1427 Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font | |
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(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
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1428 in use supports them. This works automatically. Alternatively, on a |
6e0262b41466
(Communication Coding): Say "other applications".
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1429 graphical display, Emacs can also display single-byte characters |
25829 | 1430 through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte |
1431 characters according to the current language environment. To request | |
1432 this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment} | |
1433 to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
1434 | |
1435 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library | |
1436 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character | |
52979
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Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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1437 set, Emacs can display these characters as @acronym{ASCII} sequences which at |
25829 | 1438 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this, |
1439 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other | |
1440 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have | |
1441 them yet. | |
1442 | |
1443 @findex standard-display-8bit | |
1444 @cindex 8-bit display | |
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Proofreading fixes from Chris Green <chris_e_green@yahoo.com>
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1445 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (decimal codes between 128 and 159 |
25829 | 1446 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for |
36185 | 1447 non-standard ``extended'' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the |
25829 | 1448 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library. |
1449 | |
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1450 There are two ways to input single-byte non-@acronym{ASCII} |
25829 | 1451 characters: |
1452 | |
1453 @itemize @bullet | |
27211
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Don't conflate single-byte with European.
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1454 @cindex 8-bit input |
25829 | 1455 @item |
1456 You can use an input method for the selected language environment. | |
1457 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer, | |
52979
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Replace @sc{ascii} and ASCII with @acronym{ASCII}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
52401
diff
changeset
|
1458 the non-@acronym{ASCII} character you specify with it is converted to unibyte. |
25829 | 1459 |
1460 @item | |
60884
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60800
diff
changeset
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1461 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 (decimal) and up, |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60800
diff
changeset
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1462 representing non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, you can type those character codes |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60800
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changeset
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1463 directly. |
25829 | 1464 |
68549 | 1465 On a graphical display, you should not need to do anything special to use |
60884
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60800
diff
changeset
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1466 these keys; they should simply work. On a text-only terminal, you |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60800
diff
changeset
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1467 should use the command @code{M-x set-keyboard-coding-system} or the |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60800
diff
changeset
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1468 variable @code{keyboard-coding-system} to specify which coding system |
68549 | 1469 your keyboard uses (@pxref{Terminal Coding}). Enabling this feature |
60884
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
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1470 will probably require you to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta characters; |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1471 however, on a console terminal or in @code{xterm}, you can arrange for |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60800
diff
changeset
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1472 Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and still be able type 8-bit |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
(Single-Byte Character Support): Delete mention
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1473 characters present directly on the keyboard or using @kbd{Compose} or |
3d8f9fc6a5e8
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1474 @kbd{AltGr} keys. @xref{User Input}. |
61122
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1475 |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
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|
1476 @kindex C-x 8 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1477 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library |
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1478 @cindex compose character |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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1479 @cindex dead character |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
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1480 @item |
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changeset
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1481 For Latin-1 only, you can use the key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
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changeset
|
1482 character'' prefix for entry of non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin-1 printing |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
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1483 characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for insertion (in the minibuffer as |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
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changeset
|
1484 well as other buffers), for searching, and in any other context where |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1485 a key sequence is allowed. |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
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|
1486 |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61097
diff
changeset
|
1487 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
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changeset
|
1488 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if the keyboard has |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
61097
diff
changeset
|
1489 one, serves the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}: use @key{ALT} together |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1490 with an accent character to modify the following letter. In addition, |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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parents:
61097
diff
changeset
|
1491 if the keyboard has keys for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters,'' |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61097
diff
changeset
|
1492 they too are defined to compose with the following character, once |
30ce20575d8b
(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
61097
diff
changeset
|
1493 @code{iso-transl} is loaded. |
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1494 |
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(Single-Byte Character Support): Reinstall the C-x 8 info.
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diff
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|
1495 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list all the available @kbd{C-x 8} translations. |
25829 | 1496 @end itemize |
43439 | 1497 |
1498 @node Charsets | |
1499 @section Charsets | |
1500 @cindex charsets | |
1501 | |
1502 Emacs groups all supported characters into disjoint @dfn{charsets}. | |
1503 Each character code belongs to one and only one charset. For | |
1504 historical reasons, Emacs typically divides an 8-bit character code | |
68549 | 1505 for an extended version of @acronym{ASCII} into two charsets: |
1506 @acronym{ASCII}, which covers the codes 0 through 127, plus another | |
1507 charset which covers the ``right-hand part'' (the codes 128 and up). | |
1508 For instance, the characters of Latin-1 include the Emacs charset | |
1509 @code{ascii} plus the Emacs charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}. | |
43439 | 1510 |
1511 Emacs characters belonging to different charsets may look the same, | |
1512 but they are still different characters. For example, the letter | |
1513 @samp{o} with acute accent in charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}, used for | |
1514 Latin-1, is different from the letter @samp{o} with acute accent in | |
1515 charset @code{latin-iso8859-2}, used for Latin-2. | |
1516 | |
1517 @findex list-charset-chars | |
1518 @cindex characters in a certain charset | |
1519 @findex describe-character-set | |
1520 There are two commands for obtaining information about Emacs | |
1521 charsets. The command @kbd{M-x list-charset-chars} prompts for a name | |
1522 of a character set, and displays all the characters in that character | |
1523 set. The command @kbd{M-x describe-character-set} prompts for a | |
1524 charset name and displays information about that charset, including | |
1525 its internal representation within Emacs. | |
1526 | |
1527 To find out which charset a character in the buffer belongs to, | |
1528 put point before it and type @kbd{C-u C-x =}. | |
52401 | 1529 |
1530 @ignore | |
1531 arch-tag: 310ba60d-31ef-4ce7-91f1-f282dd57b6b3 | |
1532 @end ignore |