annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 47502:e8faddf96f0f

Add ref for Flyspell Prog mode.
author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Mon, 16 Sep 2002 15:19:27 +0000
parents 2c1dc857a83b
children afd7191c989c
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
45938
0616b57a6e43 Update copyright info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45365
diff changeset
1 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
0616b57a6e43 Update copyright info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45365
diff changeset
2 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3
14019
18c79b8e0396 Fix spelling.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12647
diff changeset
4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
18c79b8e0396 Fix spelling.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12647
diff changeset
5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
15291
22f9530a700e Rephrase the first page to fit on a standard tty screen.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 14019
diff changeset
6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
7
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
15291
22f9530a700e Rephrase the first page to fit on a standard tty screen.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 14019
diff changeset
11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
22f9530a700e Rephrase the first page to fit on a standard tty screen.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 14019
diff changeset
12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
16 try using a command. For instance:
44427
4127620c2784 Explicitly give the replacement text that goes with blank lines.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39259
diff changeset
17 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
4127620c2784 Explicitly give the replacement text that goes with blank lines.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 39259
diff changeset
18 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
19 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
20 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
21 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
22 reading the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
23
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
24 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
25 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
26 the text.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
27
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
28 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
29 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
30 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
31 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
32
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
33 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
34
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
35
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
36 * SUMMARY
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
37 ---------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
38
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
39 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
40
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
41 C-v Move forward one screenful
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
42 M-v Move backward one screenful
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
43 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
44 moving the text around the cursor
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
45 to the center of the screen.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
46 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
47
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
48 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
49 Then type C-l.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
50 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
51 is near the cursor now.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
52
47239
2c1dc857a83b Small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47104
diff changeset
53 You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
2c1dc857a83b Small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47104
diff changeset
54 your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
2c1dc857a83b Small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47104
diff changeset
55 C-v and M-v.
45365
82749144e314 Compare C-f, etc, with arrow keys. Mention PageUp and PageDn.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44782
diff changeset
56
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
57
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
58 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
59 ----------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
60
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
61 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
62 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
63
45365
82749144e314 Compare C-f, etc, with arrow keys. Mention PageUp and PageDn.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44782
diff changeset
64 There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys,
82749144e314 Compare C-f, etc, with arrow keys. Mention PageUp and PageDn.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44782
diff changeset
65 but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
82749144e314 Compare C-f, etc, with arrow keys. Mention PageUp and PageDn.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44782
diff changeset
66 and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
82749144e314 Compare C-f, etc, with arrow keys. Mention PageUp and PageDn.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44782
diff changeset
67 are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
68
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
69 Previous line, C-p
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
70 :
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
71 :
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
72 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
73 :
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
74 :
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
75 Next line, C-n
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
76
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
77 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
78 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
79 centered in the screen.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
80
45365
82749144e314 Compare C-f, etc, with arrow keys. Mention PageUp and PageDn.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44782
diff changeset
81 You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
82749144e314 Compare C-f, etc, with arrow keys. Mention PageUp and PageDn.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44782
diff changeset
82 P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You
82749144e314 Compare C-f, etc, with arrow keys. Mention PageUp and PageDn.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44782
diff changeset
83 will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
84
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
85 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
86
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
87 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
88 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
89
34913
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
90 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
91 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
92 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
93 one).
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
94
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
95 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
96 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
97 across the Newline character.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
98
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
99 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
100
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
101 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
102 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
103 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
104
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
105 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
106 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
107 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
108 without moving it off the screen.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
109
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
110 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
111 see what happens.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
112
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
113 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
114 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
115
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
116 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
117
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
118 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
119 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
120 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
121
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
122 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
123 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
124 places inside and between words.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
125
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
126 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
127 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
128 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
129 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
130 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
131
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
132 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
133 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
134 or end of a sentence.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
135
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
136 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
137 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
138
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
139 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
140 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
141 natural.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
142
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
143 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
144 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
145 the text.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
146
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
147 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
148 word and sentence moving commands:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
149
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
150 C-f Move forward a character
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
151 C-b Move backward a character
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
152
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
153 M-f Move forward a word
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
154 M-b Move backward a word
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
155
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
156 C-n Move to next line
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
157 C-p Move to previous line
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
158
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
159 C-a Move to beginning of line
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
160 C-e Move to end of line
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
161
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
162 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
163 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
164
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
165 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
166 These are the most often used commands.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
167
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
168 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
169 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
170 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
171
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
172 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
173 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
174 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
175
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
176 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
177 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
178
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
179 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
180 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
181
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
182 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
183 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
184 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
185 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
186 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
187 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
188 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
189 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
190
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
191 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
192 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
193 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
194 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
195 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
196 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
22722
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
197 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
198 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
199
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
200 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
201
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
202 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
203 to a line near this one with just one command.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
204
22722
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
205 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
206 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
207 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
208 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
209 something different.
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
210
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
211 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
212 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
ef426e5873e3 Explain "prefix arg". Explain how it can be a flag.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21593
diff changeset
213 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
214
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
215 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
216
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
217 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
218 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
219
32339
bf863038e7a6 Mention MS-Windows together with X11.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31955
diff changeset
220 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
bf863038e7a6 Mention MS-Windows together with X11.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31955
diff changeset
221 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the left hand
bf863038e7a6 Mention MS-Windows together with X11.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31955
diff changeset
222 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the
bf863038e7a6 Mention MS-Windows together with X11.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31955
diff changeset
223 mouse in the scroll bar.
2863
c91f3cf7b7f1 Describe scroll bars.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2619
diff changeset
224
c91f3cf7b7f1 Describe scroll bars.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2619
diff changeset
225 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
226 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
227 determined by how high or low you click.
2863
c91f3cf7b7f1 Describe scroll bars.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2619
diff changeset
228
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
229 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
230 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
231 you move the mouse.
2863
c91f3cf7b7f1 Describe scroll bars.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2619
diff changeset
232
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
233
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
234 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
235 --------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
236
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
237 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
238 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
239 long to execute.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
240
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
241 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
242 a command that you do not want to finish.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
243
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
244 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
245 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
246 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
247
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
248 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
249 with a C-g.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
250
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
251
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
252 * DISABLED COMMANDS
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
253 -------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
254
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
255 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
256 them by accident.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
257
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
258 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
259 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
260 ahead and execute the command.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
261
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
262 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
263 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
264 command, answer the question with "n".
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
265
23183
3a0c163d32a6 Use C-x C-l, not M-:, as example of disabled command.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22722
diff changeset
266 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
267 then type n to answer the question.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
268
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
269
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
270 * WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
271 ---------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
272
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
273 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
274 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
275 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
276 one-window editing. It is simple:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
277
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
278 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
279
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
280 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
281 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
282 other windows.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
283
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
284 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
285 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
286 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
287 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
288
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
289 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
290
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
291 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
292 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
293 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
294 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
295 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
296
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
297
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
298 * INSERTING AND DELETING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
299 ------------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
300
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
301 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
302 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
303 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
304 Newline character.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
305
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
306 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
307 <Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
308 outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
309 normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
310 it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
311
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
312 If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
313 use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
314 somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
315
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
316 More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
317 current cursor position.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
318
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
319 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
320 by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
321 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
322 your personal copy of it.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
323
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
324 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
325 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
39259
6a1a2328f550 On window-systems, say that arrow bitmaps are used instead of
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 38785
diff changeset
326 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
6a1a2328f550 On window-systems, say that arrow bitmaps are used instead of
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 38785
diff changeset
327 right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
328
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
329 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
330 You'll see a continuation line appear.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
331
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
332 >> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
333 line again. The continuation line goes away.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
334
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
335 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
336 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
337 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
338 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
339
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
340 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
341 merges that line with the previous line.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
342
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
343 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
344
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
345 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
346 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
347 it several times.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
348
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
349 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
350
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
351 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
352 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
353 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
354
47239
2c1dc857a83b Small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47104
diff changeset
355 <Delback> delete the character just before the cursor
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
356 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
357
47239
2c1dc857a83b Small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47104
diff changeset
358 M-<Delback> kill the word immediately before the cursor
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
359 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
360
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
361 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
362 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
363
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
364 Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
365 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
366 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
367 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
368
23694
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
369 You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method.
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
370 Move to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-SPC (either one).
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
371 (SPC is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
372 C-w. That kills all the text between the two positions.
23694
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
373
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
374 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
375 >> Type C-SPC. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
376 at the bottom of the screen.
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
377 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
378 paragraph.
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
379 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
380 and ending just before the n.
8a875ac0443f Discuss C-w.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23442
diff changeset
381
34913
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
382 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
383 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
384 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
385 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
386 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
47239
2c1dc857a83b Small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47104
diff changeset
387 character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
2c1dc857a83b Small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47104
diff changeset
388 cannot yank that text).
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
389
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
390 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
391 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
392 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
393 which follows that line.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
394
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
395 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
396 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
397 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
398 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
399 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
400
34913
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
401 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
402 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
403 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
404 or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file.
47239
2c1dc857a83b Small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47104
diff changeset
405 You can yank the same text several times; that makes multiple copies
2c1dc857a83b Small clarifications.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 47104
diff changeset
406 of it.
34913
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
407
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
408 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
409 at the current cursor position.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
410
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
411 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
412
34913
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
413 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
414 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
415
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
416 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
417
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
418 Now to retrieve that killed text:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
419
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
420 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
421 again. You now see how to copy some text.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
422
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
423 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
424 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
425 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
426 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
427 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
428 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
429 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
430 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
431 it is.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
432
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
433 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
434 recent kill).
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
435
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
436 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
437 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
438 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
439 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
440 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
441 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
442 arguments.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
443
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
444
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
445 * UNDO
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
446 ------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
447
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
448 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
449 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
450
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
451 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
452 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
453 additional command.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
454
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
455 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
456 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
457 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
458 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
459 type to undo insertion of text.)
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
460
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
461 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
462
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
463 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
464 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
465 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
466 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
467 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
468
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
469 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
470
34913
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
471 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
472 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
473 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 34886
diff changeset
474
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
475
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
476 * FILES
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
477 -------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
478
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
479 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
480 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
481 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
482 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
483
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
484 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
485 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
486 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
487 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
488 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
489 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
490 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
491
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
492 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
19772
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 18579
diff changeset
493 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 18579
diff changeset
494 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 18579
diff changeset
495 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 18579
diff changeset
496 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 18579
diff changeset
497 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 18579
diff changeset
498 appear in that precise spot.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
499
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
500 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
501 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
502 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
503 the file). After you type the command
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
504
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
505 C-x C-f Find a file
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
506
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
507 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
508 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
509 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
510 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
511
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
512 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
513 you can cancel the command with C-g.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
514
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
515 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
516 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
517 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
518
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
519 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
520 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
521 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
522 finished.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
523
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
524 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
525 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
526 type the command
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
527
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
528 C-x C-s Save the file
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
529
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
530 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
531 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
532 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
533 original file's name.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
534
38785
4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
535 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
536 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
537 work if the system should crash.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
538
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
539 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
38785
4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
540 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
541
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
542 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
543 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
544 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
545 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
546 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
547 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
548
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
549 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
550 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
551 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
552 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
553 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
554 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
555 already existing file.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
556
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
557
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
558 * BUFFERS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
559 ---------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
560
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
561 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
562 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
563 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
564
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
565 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
566 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
567 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
568 to come back to the tutorial.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
569
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
570 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
571 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
572 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
573
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
574 C-x C-b List buffers
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
575
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
576 >> Try C-x C-b now.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
577
44730
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
578 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
579 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
580 is always part of some buffer.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
581
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
582 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
583
46150
5d6d01bbbe87 Fix typo.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents: 45938
diff changeset
584 When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
44730
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
585 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
586 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
587 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
588 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
589 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
590
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
591 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
592 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
593 to come back to this tutorial.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
594
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
595 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
596 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
597 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
598 every buffer.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
599
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
600 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
601 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
602 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
603 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
604 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
605 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
606 session.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
607
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
608 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
609 Then type C-b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
610
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
611 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
612 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
613 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
614 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
615 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
616 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
617 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
618
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
619 C-x s Save some buffers
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
620
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
621 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
622 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
623 buffer.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
624
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
625 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
626 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
627 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
628
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
629
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
630 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
631 ---------------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
632
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
633 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
634 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
635 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
636
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
637 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
638 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
639
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
640 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
641 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
642 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
643 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
644 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
645 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
646
9560
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
647 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
648 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
649
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
650 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
651 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
652 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
653
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
654 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
655 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
656 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
657 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
658 Emacs from the subshell.
9560
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
659
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
660 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
661 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
662 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
663 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
664 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
665 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
666
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
667 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
668
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
669 C-x C-f Find file.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
670 C-x C-s Save file.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
671 C-x C-b List buffers.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
672 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
673 C-x 1 Delete all but one window.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
674 C-x u Undo.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
675
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
676 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
677 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
678 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
679 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
680 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
681 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
682 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
32492
e4721c5ab8dd Fix a typo.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32393
diff changeset
683 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
684 End the command name with <Return>.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
685
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
686 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
687 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
688 argument with <Return>.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
689
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
690 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
691 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
692
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
693 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
694 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
695 after the initial position of the cursor.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
696
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
697
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
698 * AUTO SAVE
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
699 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
700
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
701 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
702 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
703 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
704 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
705 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
706 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
707 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
708
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
709 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
710 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
711 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
712 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
713 data.
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
714
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
715
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
716 * ECHO AREA
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
717 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
718
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
719 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
720 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
721 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
722
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
723
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
724 * MODE LINE
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
725 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
726
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
727 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
728 The mode line says something like this:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
729
20125
5ac02369f793 Fix another instance of mode line format.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 19772
diff changeset
730 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
731
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
732 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
733 the text you are editing.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
734
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
735 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
736 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
737 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
738 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
739 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
740 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
741 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
742
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
743 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
744 current line number of point.
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
745
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
746 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
747 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
748 no stars, just dashes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
749
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
750 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
751 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
752 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
753
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
754 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
755 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
756 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
757 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
758 "Fundamental" is now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
759
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
760 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
761 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
762 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
763 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
764 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
765 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
766 switch to Fundamental mode.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
767
46565
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
768 If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
769 should probably use Text Mode.
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
770 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
771
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
772 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
773 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
774 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
775 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
776
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
777 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
778 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
779 differently.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
780
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
781 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
782
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
783 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
784 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
785 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
786
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
787 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
788 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
789 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
790 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
791 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
792 combination of several minor modes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
793
46565
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
794 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
795 human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
796 breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
0cda1beae474 Say "human-language" instead of "English".
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46150
diff changeset
797 text and make a line that is too wide.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
798
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
799 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
800 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
801 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
802 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
803 command "toggles the mode".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
804
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
805 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
806 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
807 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
808
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
809 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
810 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
811 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
812
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
813 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
814 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
815 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
816 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
817
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
818 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
819 does not re-fill it for you.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
820 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
821 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
822
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
823 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
824
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
825
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
826 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
827 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
828
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
829 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
830 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
831 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
832 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
833
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
834 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
835 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
836 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
837
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
838 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
839 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
840
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
841 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
842 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
843 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
844 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
845
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
846 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
847 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
848 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
849 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
850 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
851 >> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
852 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
853
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
854 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
855 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
856 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
857 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
858 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
859
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
860 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
861 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
862 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
863 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
864 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
865 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
866
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
867 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
868 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
869 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
870 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
871 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
47104
2111424826e5 Use <Delback> instead of <Delete>, and explain how to find it.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 46565
diff changeset
872 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
873 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
874 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
875
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
876 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
877 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
878 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
879
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
880 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
881 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
882 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
883 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
884 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
885
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
886
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
887 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
888 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
889
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
890 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
891 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
892
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
893 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
894 CONTROL-1).
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
895
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
896 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
897 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
898
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
899 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
900 (If you do not have a real META key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
901
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
902 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
903 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
904 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
905
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
906 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
907 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
908
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
909 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
910 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
911 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
912 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
913
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
914 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
915 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
916 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
917 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
918
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
919 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
920 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
921 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
922 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
923
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
924 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
925 does matter: you must type ESC followed by CONTROL-v, because
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
926 CONTROL-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
927 its own right, not a modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
928
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
929 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
930
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
931 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
932 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
933 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
934
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
935 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
936 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
937 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
938
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
939 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
940 things:
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
941
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
942 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
943 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
944 window. The cursor goes there, too.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
945
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
946 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
947 the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
948
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
949
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
950 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
951 --------------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
952
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
953 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
954 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
955 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
956 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
957
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
958 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
959 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
960 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
961
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
962 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
963
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
964 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
965 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
966 recursive editing level.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
967
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
968
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
969 * GETTING MORE HELP
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
970 -------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
971
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
972 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
973 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
974 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
975 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
976 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
977 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
978 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
979
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
980 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
981 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
982 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
983 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
984 type C-g to cancel it.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
985
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
986 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
987 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
988 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
989 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
990 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
6597
c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6276
diff changeset
991
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
992 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
993 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
994 description of the command.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
995
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
996 >> Type C-h c C-p.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
997 The message should be something like
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
998
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
999 C-p runs the command previous-line
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1000
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1001 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1002 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1003 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1004 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1005 have already learned.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1006
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
1008 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1009
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1010 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1011
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
1012 >> Type C-h k C-p.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1013
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1014 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1015 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1016 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1017 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1018 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1019
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 Here are some other useful C-h options:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1021
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 function.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1024
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
38785
4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
1026 This displays all the information Emacs has about the
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
1027 function which implements the C-p command.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1028
38785
4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 38689
diff changeset
1029 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
38668
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1030 values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1031 the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1032
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
1035 These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
1037 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1038
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1039 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1040
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1041 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1042 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1043 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1044
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1045 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1046
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1047 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1048
38668
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1049 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1050 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1051 can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1052 your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1053 manual. If you have never before used Info, type ?
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1054 and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1055 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial,
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1056 you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1057 primary documentation.
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1058
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1059
44782
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1060 * MORE FEATURES
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1061 ---------------
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1062
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1063 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1064 or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1065 that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1066 dired, which simplifies file handling.
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1067
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1068 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1069 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1070 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1071 determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1072 in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1073
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1074 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1075 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1076 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1077 Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1078
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1079 The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1080
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1081
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
1082 * CONCLUSION
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
1083 ------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1084
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1086 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1087
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1089 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1090
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1091
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
1092 * COPYING
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
1093 ---------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1094
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1097
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1100
45938
0616b57a6e43 Update copyright info.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 45365
diff changeset
1101 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1102
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1107 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1108
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 of this document, or of portions of it,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1113
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1114 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1115 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1116 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1117 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!