annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 36513:f022afc9cdcb

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author Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
date Sun, 04 Mar 2001 07:12:41 +0000
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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.
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2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
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3
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4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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7
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8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v).
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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21 reading the screen.
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22
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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25 the text.
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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31
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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34
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35 * SUMMARY
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36 ---------
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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39
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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43 moving the text around the cursor
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44 to the center of the screen.
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45 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
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46
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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48 Then type C-l.
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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50 is near the cursor now.
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52
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53 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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54 ----------------------
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55
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56 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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57 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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58
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59 There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use
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60 the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves the
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61 cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.
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62 Here is a table showing these four commands and the directions they
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63 move:
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65 Previous line, C-p
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66 :
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67 :
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68 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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69 :
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70 :
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71 Next line, C-n
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73 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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74 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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75 centered in the screen.
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77 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for
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78 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the
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79 basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the
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80 time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
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82 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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84 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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85 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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86
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87 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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88 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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89 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
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90 one).
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91
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92 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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93 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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94 across the Newline character.
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95
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96 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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97
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98 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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99 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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100 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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101
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102 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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103 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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104 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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105 without moving it off the screen.
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106
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107 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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108 see what happens.
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109
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110 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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111 (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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112
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113 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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114
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115 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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116 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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117 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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118
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119 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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120 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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121 places inside and between words.
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123 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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124 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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125 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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126 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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127 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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128
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129 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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130 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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131 or end of a sentence.
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132
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133 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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134 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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135
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136 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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137 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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138 natural.
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139
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140 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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141 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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142 the text.
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143
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144 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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145 word and sentence moving commands:
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146
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147 C-f Move forward a character
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148 C-b Move backward a character
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149
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150 M-f Move forward a word
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151 M-b Move backward a word
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152
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153 C-n Move to next line
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154 C-p Move to previous line
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155
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156 C-a Move to beginning of line
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157 C-e Move to end of line
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158
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159 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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160 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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161
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162 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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163 These are the most often used commands.
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164
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165 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
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166 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta
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167 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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168
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169 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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170 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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171 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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172
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173 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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174 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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175
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176 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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177 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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178
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179 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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180 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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181 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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182 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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183 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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184 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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185 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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186 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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187
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188 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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189 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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190 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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191 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
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192 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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193 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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194 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
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195 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
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196
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197 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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198
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199 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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200 to a line near this one with just one command.
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201
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202 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
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203 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
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204 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
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205 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
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206 something different.
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207
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208 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
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209 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
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210 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
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211
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212 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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213
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214 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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215 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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216
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217 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
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218 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the left hand
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219 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the
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220 mouse in the scroll bar.
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221
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222 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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223 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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224 determined by how high or low you click.
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225
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226 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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227 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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228 you move the mouse.
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229
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230
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231 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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232 --------------------
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233
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234 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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235 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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236 long to execute.
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237
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238 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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239 a command that you do not want to finish.
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240
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241 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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242 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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243 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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244
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245 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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246 with a C-g.
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247
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248
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249 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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250 -------------------
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251
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252 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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253 them by accident.
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254
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255 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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256 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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257 ahead and execute the command.
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258
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259 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
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260 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
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261 command, answer the question with "n".
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262
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263 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
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264 then type n to answer the question.
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266
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267 * WINDOWS
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268 ---------
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269
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270 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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271 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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272 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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273 one-window editing. It is simple:
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274
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275 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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276
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277 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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278 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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279 other windows.
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280
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281 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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282 >> Type Control-h k Control-f.
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283 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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284 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
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285
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286 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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287
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288 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
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289 consists of two characters. It starts with the character Control-x.
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290 There is a whole series of commands that start with Control-x; many of
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291 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
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292 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
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293
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294
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295 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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296 ------------------------
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297
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298 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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299 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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300 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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301 Newline character.
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302
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303 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
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304 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
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305 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
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306
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307 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
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308 current cursor position.
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309
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310 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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311 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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312 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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313 your personal copy of it.
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314
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315 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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316 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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317 at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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318
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319 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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320 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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321
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322 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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323 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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324
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325 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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326 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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327 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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328 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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329
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330 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
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331 merges that line with the previous line.
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332
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333 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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334
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335 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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336 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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337 it several times.
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338
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339 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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340
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341 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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342 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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343 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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344
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345 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
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346 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
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347
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348 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
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349 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
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350
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351 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
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352 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
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353
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354 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
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355 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
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356 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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357 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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358
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359 You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method.
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360 Move to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-SPC (either one).
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361 (SPC is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type
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362 C-w. That kills all the text between the two positions.
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363
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364 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
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365 >> Type C-SPC. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
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366 at the bottom of the screen.
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367 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
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368 paragraph.
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369 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
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370 and ending just before the n.
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371
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372 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
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373 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
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374 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
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375 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
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376 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
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377 character, or just blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you cannot
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378 yank that text).
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379
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380 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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381 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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382 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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383 which follows that line.
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384
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385 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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386 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
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387 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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388 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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389 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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390
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391 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
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392 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
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393 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
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394 or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file.
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395 You can yank the text several times, which makes multiple copies of
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396 it.
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397
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398 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
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399 at the current cursor position.
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400
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401 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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402
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403 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
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404 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
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405
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406 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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407
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408 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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409
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410 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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411 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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412
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413 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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414 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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415 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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416 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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417 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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418 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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419 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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420 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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421 it is.
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422
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423 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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424 recent kill).
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425
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426 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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427 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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428 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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429 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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430 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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431 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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432 arguments.
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433
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434
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435 * UNDO
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436 ------
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437
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438 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
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439 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
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440
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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441 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
442 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
443 additional command.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
444
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
445 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
446 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
447 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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448 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
449 type to undo insertion of text.)
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450
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451 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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parents:
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452
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453 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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454 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
455 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
456 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
457 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
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458
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459 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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diff changeset
460
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461 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
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diff changeset
462 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
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463 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
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parents: 34886
diff changeset
464
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465
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577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
466 * FILES
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
467 -------
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468
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469 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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470 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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471 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
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472 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
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473
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474 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
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475 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
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diff changeset
476 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
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477 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
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478 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
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479 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
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diff changeset
480 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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481
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482 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
19772
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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483 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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484 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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diff changeset
485 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
diff changeset
486 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
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487 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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488 appear in that precise spot.
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489
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25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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490 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
diff changeset
491 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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492 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
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493 the file). After you type the command
13
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diff changeset
494
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495 C-x C-f Find a file
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diff changeset
496
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497 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
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diff changeset
498 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
499 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
500 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
501
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diff changeset
502 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
503 you can cancel the command with C-g.
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diff changeset
504
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diff changeset
505 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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parents:
diff changeset
506 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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parents:
diff changeset
507 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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parents:
diff changeset
508
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diff changeset
509 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
510 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
511 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
512 finished.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
513
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
514 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
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diff changeset
515 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
516 type the command
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517
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diff changeset
518 C-x C-s Save the file
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parents:
diff changeset
519
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diff changeset
520 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
521 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
522 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
523 original file's name.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
524
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parents:
diff changeset
525 When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
526 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
527 work if the system should crash.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
528
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529 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
530 This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
531
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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parents: 6597
diff changeset
532 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
533 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
534 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
535 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
536 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
537 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
538
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
539 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
540 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
541 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
542 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
543 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
544 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
545 already existing file.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
546
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
547
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
548 * BUFFERS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
549 ---------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
550
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
551 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
552 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
553 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
554
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
555 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
556 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
557 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
558 to come back to the tutorial.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
559
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
560 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
561 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
562 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
13
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parents:
diff changeset
563
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
564 C-x C-b List buffers
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
565
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
566 >> Try C-x C-b now.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
567
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
568 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
569 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
570 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
571 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
572 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
573 is always part of some buffer.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
574
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
575 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
576
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parents:
diff changeset
577 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
578 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
579 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
580 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
581 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
582 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
583 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
584
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585 C-x s Save some buffers
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parents:
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586
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587 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
588 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
589 buffer.
13
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parents:
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590
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diff changeset
591 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
592 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
593 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
13
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parents:
diff changeset
594
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
595
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
596 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
597 ---------------------------
13
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598
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
599 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
600 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
601 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
602
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parents:
diff changeset
603 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
604 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
605
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parents:
diff changeset
606 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
607 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
608 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
609 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
610 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
611 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
13
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parents:
diff changeset
612
9560
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
613 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
614 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
615
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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616 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
617 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
618 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
619
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
620 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
621 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
622 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
623 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
624 Emacs from the subshell.
9560
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
625
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
626 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
627 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
628 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
629 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
630 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
631 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
632
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
633 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
13
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parents:
diff changeset
634
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
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635 C-x C-f Find file.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
636 C-x C-s Save file.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
637 C-x C-b List buffers.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
638 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
639 C-x 1 Delete all but one window.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
640 C-x u Undo.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
641
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
642 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
643 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
644 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
645 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
646 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
647 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
648 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
32492
e4721c5ab8dd Fix a typo.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32393
diff changeset
649 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
650 End the command name with <Return>.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
651
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
652 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
653 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
654 argument with <Return>.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
655
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
656 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
657 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
658
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
659 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
660 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
661 after the initial position of the cursor.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
662
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
663
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
664 * AUTO SAVE
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
665 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
666
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
667 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
668 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
669 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
670 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
671 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
672 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
673 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
674
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
675 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
676 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
677 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
678 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
679 data.
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
680
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
681
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
682 * ECHO AREA
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
683 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
684
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
685 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
686 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
687 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
688
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
689
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
690 * MODE LINE
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
691 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
692
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
693 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
694 The mode line says something like this:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
695
20125
5ac02369f793 Fix another instance of mode line format.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 19772
diff changeset
696 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
697
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
698 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
699 the text you are editing.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
700
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
701 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
702 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
703 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
704 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
705 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
706 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
707 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
708
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
709 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
710 current line number of point.
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
711
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
712 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
713 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
714 no stars, just dashes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
715
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
716 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
717 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
718 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
719
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
720 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
721 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
722 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
723 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
724 "Fundamental" is now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
725
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
726 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
727 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
728 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
729 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
730 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
731 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
732 switch to Fundamental mode.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
733
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
734 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
735 should probably use Text Mode.
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
736 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
737
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
738 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
739 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
740 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
741 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
742
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
743 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
744 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
745 differently.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
746
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
747 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
748
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
749 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
750 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
751 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
752
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
753 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
754 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
755 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
756 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
757 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
758 combination of several minor modes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
759
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
760 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
761 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
762 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
763 line that is too wide.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
764
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
765 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
766 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
767 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
768 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
769 command "toggles the mode".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
770
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
771 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
772 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
773 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
774
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
775 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
776 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
777 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
778
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
779 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
780 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
781 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
782 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
783
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
784 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
785 does not re-fill it for you.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
786 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
787 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
788
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
789 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
790
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
791
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
792 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
793 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
794
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
795 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
796 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
797 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
798 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
799
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
800 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
801 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
802 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
803
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
804 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
805 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
806
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
807 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
808 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
809 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
810 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
811
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
812 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
813 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
814 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
815 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
816 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
817 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
818 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
819
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
820 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
821 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
822 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
823 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
824 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
825
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
826 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
827 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
828 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
829 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
830 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
831 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
832
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
833 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
834 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
835 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
836 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
837 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
838 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
839 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
840 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
841
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
842 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
843 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
844 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
845
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
846 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
847 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
848 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
849 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
850 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
851
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
852
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
853 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
854 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
855
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
856 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
857 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
858
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
859 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's control-L, not
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
860 control-1).
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
861
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
862 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
863 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
864
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
865 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
866 (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
867
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
868 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
869 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
870 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
871
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
872 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
873 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
874
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
875 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
876 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
877 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
878 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
879
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
880 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
881 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
882 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
883 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
884
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
885 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
886 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
887 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
888 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
889
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
890 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
891 does matter: you must type ESC followed by Control-v, because
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
892 Control-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
893 its own right, not a modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
894
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
895 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
896
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
897 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
898 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
899 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
900
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
901 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
902 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
903 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
904
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
905 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
906 things:
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
907
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
908 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
909 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
910 window. The cursor goes there, too.
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parents: 34
diff changeset
911
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
912 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
913 the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
914
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
915
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
916 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
917 --------------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
918
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parents:
diff changeset
919 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
920 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
921 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
922 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
923
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
924 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
925 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
926 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
927
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
928 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
929
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
930 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
931 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
932 recursive editing level.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
933
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parents:
diff changeset
934
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
935 * GETTING MORE HELP
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
936 -------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
937
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
938 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
939 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
940 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
941 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
942 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
943 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
944 Control-h, which is called "the Help character".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
945
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
946 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
947 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
948 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
949 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
950 type C-g to cancel it.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
951
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
952 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
953 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
954 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
955 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
956 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
6597
c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6276
diff changeset
957
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
958 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
959 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
960 description of the command.
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parents:
diff changeset
961
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
962 >> Type C-h c C-p.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
963 The message should be something like
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
964
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parents:
diff changeset
965 C-p runs the command previous-line
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
966
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
967 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
968 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
969 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
970 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
971 have already learned.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
972
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
973 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
974 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
975
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
976 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
977
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
978 >> Type C-h k C-p.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
979
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
980 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
981 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
982 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
983 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
984 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
985
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
986 Here are some other useful C-h options:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
987
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
988 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
989 function.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
990
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
991 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
992 This prints all the information Emacs has about the
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
993 function which implements the C-p command.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
994
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
995 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
996 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
997 These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
998 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
999 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1000
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1001 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
1002
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1003 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1004 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1005 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1006
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1007 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1008
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
1009 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1010
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1011
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
1012 * CONCLUSION
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
1013 ------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1014
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1015 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1016 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1017
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1020
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1021
23387
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1022 * COPYING
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1023 ---------
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1024
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1025 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
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1026 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
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1027
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1028 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
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1029 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
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1030
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1031 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
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1032
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1033 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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1034 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
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1035 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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1036 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
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1037 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
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1038
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1039 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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1040 of this document, or of portions of it,
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
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1041 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
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1042 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
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1043
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1044 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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1045 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
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1046 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
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1047 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!