annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 45773:f51c8245cf98

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author Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
date Wed, 12 Jun 2002 09:37:43 +0000
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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.
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2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
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3
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4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
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18 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
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19 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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20 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
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21 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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22 reading the screen.
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23
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24 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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25 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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26 the text.
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27
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28 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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29 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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30 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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31 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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32
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33 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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35
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36 * SUMMARY
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37 ---------
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38
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39 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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40
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41 C-v Move forward one screenful
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42 M-v Move backward one screenful
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43 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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44 moving the text around the cursor
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45 to the center of the screen.
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46 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
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47
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48 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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49 Then type C-l.
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50 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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51 is near the cursor now.
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52
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53 You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to do scrolling, if your
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54 terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use C-v
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55 and M-v.
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56
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57
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58 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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59 ----------------------
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60
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61 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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62 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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63
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64 There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys,
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65 but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
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66 and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
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67 are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
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69 Previous line, C-p
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70 :
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71 :
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72 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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73 :
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74 :
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75 Next line, C-n
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77 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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78 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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79 centered in the screen.
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80
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81 You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
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82 P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You
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83 will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
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85 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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87 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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88 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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89
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90 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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91 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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92 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
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93 one).
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94
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95 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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96 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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97 across the Newline character.
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98
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99 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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100
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101 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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102 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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103 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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104
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105 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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106 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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107 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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108 without moving it off the screen.
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109
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110 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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111 see what happens.
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113 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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114 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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115
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116 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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117
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118 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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119 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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120 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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121
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122 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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123 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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124 places inside and between words.
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125
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126 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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127 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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128 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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129 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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130 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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131
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132 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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133 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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134 or end of a sentence.
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135
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136 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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137 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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138
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139 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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140 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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141 natural.
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143 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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144 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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145 the text.
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146
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147 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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148 word and sentence moving commands:
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149
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150 C-f Move forward a character
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151 C-b Move backward a character
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152
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153 M-f Move forward a word
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154 M-b Move backward a word
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155
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156 C-n Move to next line
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157 C-p Move to previous line
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158
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159 C-a Move to beginning of line
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160 C-e Move to end of line
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161
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162 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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163 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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164
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165 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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166 These are the most often used commands.
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167
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168 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
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169 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
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170 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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171
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172 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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173 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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174 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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175
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176 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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177 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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178
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179 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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180 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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181
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182 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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183 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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184 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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185 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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186 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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187 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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188 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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189 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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190
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191 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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192 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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193 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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194 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
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195 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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196 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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197 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
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198 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
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199
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200 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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201
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202 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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203 to a line near this one with just one command.
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204
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205 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
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206 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
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207 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
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208 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
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209 something different.
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210
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211 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
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212 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
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213 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
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214
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215 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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216
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217 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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218 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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219
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220 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
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221 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the left hand
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222 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the
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223 mouse in the scroll bar.
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224
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225 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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226 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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227 determined by how high or low you click.
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228
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229 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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230 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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231 you move the mouse.
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232
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233
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234 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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235 --------------------
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236
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237 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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238 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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239 long to execute.
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240
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241 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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242 a command that you do not want to finish.
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243
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244 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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245 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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246 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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247
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248 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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249 with a C-g.
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250
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251
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252 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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253 -------------------
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254
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255 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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256 them by accident.
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257
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258 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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259 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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260 ahead and execute the command.
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261
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262 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
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263 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
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264 command, answer the question with "n".
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265
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266 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
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267 then type n to answer the question.
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270 * WINDOWS
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271 ---------
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272
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273 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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274 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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275 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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276 one-window editing. It is simple:
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278 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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279
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280 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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281 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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282 other windows.
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284 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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285 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
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286 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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287 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
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289 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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290
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291 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
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292 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
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293 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
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294 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
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295 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
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296
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297
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298 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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299 ------------------------
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300
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301 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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302 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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303 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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304 Newline character.
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305
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306 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
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307 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
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308 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
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309
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310 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
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311 current cursor position.
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312
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313 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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314 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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315 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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316 your personal copy of it.
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317
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318 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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319 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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320 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
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321 right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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322
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323 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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324 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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325
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326 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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327 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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328
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329 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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330 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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331 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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332 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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333
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334 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
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335 merges that line with the previous line.
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336
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337 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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338
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339 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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340 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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341 it several times.
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342
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343 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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344
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345 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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346 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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347 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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348
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349 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
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350 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
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351
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352 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
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353 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
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354
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355 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
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356 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
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357
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358 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
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359 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
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360 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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361 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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362
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363 You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method.
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364 Move to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-SPC (either one).
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0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
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365 (SPC is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type
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366 C-w. That kills all the text between the two positions.
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367
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368 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
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369 >> Type C-SPC. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
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370 at the bottom of the screen.
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371 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
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372 paragraph.
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373 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
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374 and ending just before the n.
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375
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376 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
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377 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
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378 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
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379 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
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380 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
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381 character, or just blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you cannot
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382 yank that text).
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383
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384 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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385 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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386 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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387 which follows that line.
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388
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389 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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390 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
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391 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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392 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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393 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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394
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395 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
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396 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
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397 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
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398 or at some other place in the buffer, or even in a different file.
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399 You can yank the text several times, which makes multiple copies of
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400 it.
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401
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402 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
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403 at the current cursor position.
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404
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405 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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406
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407 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
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408 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
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409
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410 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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411
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412 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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413
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414 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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415 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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416
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417 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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418 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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419 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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420 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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421 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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422 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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423 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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424 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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425 it is.
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426
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427 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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428 recent kill).
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429
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430 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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431 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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432 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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433 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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434 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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435 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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436 arguments.
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437
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438
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577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
439 * UNDO
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
440 ------
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441
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442 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
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diff changeset
443 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
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444
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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445 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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446 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
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diff changeset
447 additional command.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
448
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
449 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
450 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
451 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
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452 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
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453 type to undo insertion of text.)
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454
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455 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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456
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457 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
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458 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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459 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
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diff changeset
460 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
21296
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461 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
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462
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463 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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464
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465 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
a64b182fd5e5 Clean up delete vs kill explanation.
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466 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
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467 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
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468
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469
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577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
470 * FILES
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
471 -------
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472
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473 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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474 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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475 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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476 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
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477
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478 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
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479 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
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diff changeset
480 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
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481 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
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482 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
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483 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
484 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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485
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486 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
19772
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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487 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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diff changeset
488 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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parents: 18579
diff changeset
489 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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diff changeset
490 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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diff changeset
491 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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diff changeset
492 appear in that precise spot.
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493
21296
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diff changeset
494 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
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495 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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496 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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497 the file). After you type the command
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498
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diff changeset
499 C-x C-f Find a file
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diff changeset
500
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501 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
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diff changeset
502 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
503 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
504 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
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diff changeset
505
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
506 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
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diff changeset
507 you can cancel the command with C-g.
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508
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509 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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510 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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parents:
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511 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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parents:
diff changeset
512
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diff changeset
513 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
514 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
515 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
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diff changeset
516 finished.
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517
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
518 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
519 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
520 type the command
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parents:
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521
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522 C-x C-s Save the file
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parents:
diff changeset
523
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diff changeset
524 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
525 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
526 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
527 original file's name.
13
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diff changeset
528
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parents: 38689
diff changeset
529 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
530 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
531 work if the system should crash.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
532
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parents:
diff changeset
533 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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4545461cb478 Don't say "print" for displaying on the screen.
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parents: 38689
diff changeset
534 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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parents:
diff changeset
535
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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parents: 6597
diff changeset
536 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
537 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
538 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
539 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
540 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
541 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
542
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
543 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
544 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
545 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
546 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
547 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
548 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
549 already existing file.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
550
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
551
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
552 * BUFFERS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
553 ---------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
554
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
555 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
556 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
557 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
558
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
559 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
560 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
561 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
562 to come back to the tutorial.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
563
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
564 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
565 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
566 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
567
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
568 C-x C-b List buffers
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
569
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parents:
diff changeset
570 >> Try C-x C-b now.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
571
44730
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
572 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
573 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
574 is always part of some buffer.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
575
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
576 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
577
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0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
578 When you have several buffers, only of of them is "current" at any
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
579 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
580 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
581 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
582 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
583 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
584
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
585 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
586 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
587 to come back to this tutorial.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
588
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
589 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
590 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
591 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
592 every buffer.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
593
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
594 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
595 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
596 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
597 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
598 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
599 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
600 session.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
601
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
602 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
603 Then type C-b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
0089718fb1ce Explain C-x b.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44427
diff changeset
604
13
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parents:
diff changeset
605 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
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parents:
diff changeset
606 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
607 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
608 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
609 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
610 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
611 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
612
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parents:
diff changeset
613 C-x s Save some buffers
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
614
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
615 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
616 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
617 buffer.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
618
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
619 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
620 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
621 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
13
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parents:
diff changeset
622
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
623
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
624 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
625 ---------------------------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
626
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
627 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
628 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
629 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
630
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
631 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
632 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
633
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
634 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
635 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
636 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
637 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
638 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
639 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
640
9560
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
641 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
642 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
643
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
644 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
645 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
646 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
647
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
648 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
649 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
650 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
651 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
652 Emacs from the subshell.
9560
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
653
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
654 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 8128
diff changeset
655 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
656 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
657 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
658 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
659 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
660
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
661 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
662
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
663 C-x C-f Find file.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
664 C-x C-s Save file.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
665 C-x C-b List buffers.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
666 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
667 C-x 1 Delete all but one window.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
668 C-x u Undo.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
669
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
670 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
671 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
672 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
673 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
674 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
675 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
676 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
32492
e4721c5ab8dd Fix a typo.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32393
diff changeset
677 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
32393
0fe223923f61 Minor wording changes, suggested by Per Starback <starback@ling.uu.se>.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 32339
diff changeset
678 End the command name with <Return>.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
679
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
680 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
681 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
682 argument with <Return>.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
683
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
684 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
685 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
686
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
687 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
688 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
689 after the initial position of the cursor.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
690
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
691
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
692 * AUTO SAVE
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
693 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
694
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
695 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
696 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
697 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
698 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
699 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
700 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
701 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
702
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
703 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
704 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
705 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
706 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
707 data.
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
708
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
709
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
710 * ECHO AREA
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
711 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
712
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
713 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
714 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
715 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
716
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
717
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
718 * MODE LINE
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
719 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
720
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
721 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
722 The mode line says something like this:
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
723
20125
5ac02369f793 Fix another instance of mode line format.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 19772
diff changeset
724 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
725
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
726 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
727 the text you are editing.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
728
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
729 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
730 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
731 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
732 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
733 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
734 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
735 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
736
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
737 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
738 current line number of point.
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
739
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
740 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
741 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
742 no stars, just dashes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
743
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
744 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
745 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
746 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
747
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
748 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
749 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
750 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
751 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
752 "Fundamental" is now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
753
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
754 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
755 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
756 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
757 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
758 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
759 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
760 switch to Fundamental mode.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
761
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
762 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
763 should probably use Text Mode.
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
764 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
765
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
766 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
767 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
768 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
769 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
770
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
771 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
772 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
773 differently.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
774
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
775 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
776
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
777 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
778 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
779 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
780
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
781 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
782 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
783 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
784 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
785 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
786 combination of several minor modes.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
787
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
788 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
789 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
790 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
791 line that is too wide.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
792
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
793 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
794 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
795 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
796 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
797 command "toggles the mode".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
798
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
799 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
800 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
801 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
802
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
803 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
804 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
805 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
806
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
807 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
808 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
809 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
810 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
811
23442
ded299082c16 Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23387
diff changeset
812 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
813 does not re-fill it for you.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
814 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
815 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
816
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
817 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
818
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 23183
diff changeset
819
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
820 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
821 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
822
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
823 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
824 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
825 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
826 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
827
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
828 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
829 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
830 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
831
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
832 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
833 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
834
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
835 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
836 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
837 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
838 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
839
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
840 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
841 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
842 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
843 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
844 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
845 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
846 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
847
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
848 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
849 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
850 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
24287
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
851 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
dcf83a3ec700 Fix typos.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23694
diff changeset
852 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
853
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
854 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
855 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
856 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
857 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
858 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
859 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
860
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
861 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
862 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
863 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
864 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
865 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
866 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
867 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
868 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
869
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
870 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
871 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
872 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
873
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
874 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
875 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
876 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
877 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
878 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
879
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
880
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
881 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
882 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
883
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
884 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
885 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
886
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
887 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
888 CONTROL-1).
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
889
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
890 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
891 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
892
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
893 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
894 (If you do not have a real META key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
895
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
896 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
897 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
898 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
899
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
900 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
901 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
902
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
903 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
904 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
905 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
906 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
907
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
908 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
909 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
910 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
911 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
912
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
913 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
914 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
915 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
916 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
917
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
918 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
919 does matter: you must type ESC followed by CONTROL-v, because
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
920 CONTROL-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
921 its own right, not a modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
922
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
923 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
924
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
925 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
926 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
927 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
928
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
929 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
930 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
931 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
932
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
933 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
934 things:
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
935
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
936 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
937 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
938 window. The cursor goes there, too.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
939
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
940 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
941 the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
942
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
943
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
944 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
945 --------------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
946
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
947 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
948 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
949 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
950 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
951
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
952 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
953 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
954 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
955
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15291
diff changeset
956 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
957
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
958 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
959 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
960 recursive editing level.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
961
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
962
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
963 * GETTING MORE HELP
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
964 -------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
965
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
966 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
967 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
968 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
969 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
970 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
971 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
38689
99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
diff changeset
972 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
973
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
974 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
975 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
976 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
977 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
978 type C-g to cancel it.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
979
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
980 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
981 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
982 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
983 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
984 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
6597
c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6276
diff changeset
985
18579
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
986 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17128
diff changeset
987 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
988 description of the command.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
989
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
990 >> Type C-h c C-p.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
991 The message should be something like
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
992
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
993 C-p runs the command previous-line
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
994
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
995 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
996 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
997 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
998 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
999 have already learned.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1000
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
1002 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1003
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1004 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1005
29395
92e31619249c *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 24287
diff changeset
1006 >> Type C-h k C-p.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1007
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1008 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1009 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1010 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 476
diff changeset
1011 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
16730
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1012 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
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1013
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1014 Here are some other useful C-h options:
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1015
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1016 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
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1017 function.
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1018
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1019 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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1020 This displays all the information Emacs has about the
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
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parents: 4190
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1021 function which implements the C-p command.
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1022
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parents: 38689
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1023 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
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1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
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parents: 34913
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1024 values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
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1025 the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
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1026
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1027 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
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parents:
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1028 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
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99630a340b59 Be consistent when naming CONTROL and META keys.
Pavel Janík <Pavel@Janik.cz>
parents: 38668
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1029 These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
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1030 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
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1031 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
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1032
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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1033 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
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parents: 476
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1034
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parents: 15443
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1035 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
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1036 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
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1037 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
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1038
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
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1039 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
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1040
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
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1041 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
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1042
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parents: 34913
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1043 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
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parents: 34913
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1044 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
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1045 can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
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1046 your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
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1047 manual. If you have never before used Info, type ?
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
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1048 and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
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1049 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial,
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
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parents: 34913
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1050 you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 34913
diff changeset
1051 primary documentation.
1a12e25dfd9b Mention a few more "C-h" commands.
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parents: 34913
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1052
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1053
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302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
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parents: 44730
diff changeset
1054 * MORE FEATURES
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
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parents: 44730
diff changeset
1055 ---------------
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
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1056
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1057 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1058 or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
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parents: 44730
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1059 that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1060 dired, which simplifies file handling.
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1061
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1062 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1063 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1064 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1065 determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1066 in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1067
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1068 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1069 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1070 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1071 Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1072
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1073 The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
diff changeset
1074
302fc364e776 Mention the Emacs manual.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 44730
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1075
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
1076 * CONCLUSION
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
1077 ------------
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1078
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1079 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
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1080 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
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1081
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parents:
diff changeset
1082 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
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parents:
diff changeset
1083 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
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parents:
diff changeset
1084
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1085
23387
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
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parents: 23183
diff changeset
1086 * COPYING
842d6539989b Minor formatting changes.
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parents: 23183
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1087 ---------
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parents:
diff changeset
1088
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parents:
diff changeset
1089 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
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parents:
diff changeset
1090 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
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parents:
diff changeset
1091
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parents:
diff changeset
1092 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1094
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1095 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
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parents:
diff changeset
1096
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parents:
diff changeset
1097 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1101 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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parents:
diff changeset
1102
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1103 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1104 of this document, or of portions of it,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1107
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
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1108 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1109 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1110 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
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1111 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!