annotate es/daily.tex @ 634:dce8441ee954

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author Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
date Sun, 25 Jan 2009 20:32:51 -0500
parents bbc5db74bd77
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1 \chapter{Mercurial día a día}
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2 \label{chap:daily}
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3
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4 \section{Cómo indicarle a Mercurial qué ficheros seguir}
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5
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6 Mercurial no trabaja con ficheros en su repositorio a menos que usted
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7 se lo indique explícitamente. La orden \hgcmd{status} le mostrará
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8 cuáles ficheros son desconocidos para Mercurial; se emplea un
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9 ``\texttt{?}'' para mostrar tales ficheros.
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10
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11 Para indicarle a Mercurial que tenga en cuenta un fichero, emplee la
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12 orden \hgcmd{add}. Una vez que haya adicionado el fichero, la línea
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13 referente al fichero al aplicar la orden \hgcmd{status} para tal
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14 fichero cambia de ``\texttt{?}'' a ``\texttt{A}''.
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15 \interaction{daily.files.add}
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16
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17 Después de invocar \hgcmd{commit}, los ficheros que haya adicionado
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18 antes de consignar no se listarán en la salida de \hgcmd{status}. La
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19 razón para esto es que \hgcmd{status} solamente le muestra aquellos
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20 ficheros ``interesantes''---los que usted haya modificado o a aquellos
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21 sobre los que usted haya indicado a Mercurial hacerles algo---de forma
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22 predeterminada. Si tiene un repositorio que contiene miles de
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23 ficheros, inusualmente deseará saber cuáles de ellos están siendo
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24 seguidos por Mercurial, pero que no han cambiado. (De todas maneras,
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25 puede obtener tal información; más adelante hablaremos de ello.)
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27
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28 Cuando usted añade un fichero, Mercurial no hace nada con él inmediatamente.
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29 A cambio, tomará una instantánea del estado del fichero la próxima vez
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30 que usted consigne. Continuará haciendo seguimiento a los cambios que
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31 haga sobre el fichero cada vez que consigne, hasta que usted lo elimine.
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32
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33 \subsection{Nombramiento explícito e implícito de ficheros}
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35 Mercurial tiene un comportamiento útil en el cual si a una orden,
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36 le pasa el nombre de un directorio, todas las órdenes lo tratarán como
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37 ``Deseo operar en cada fichero de este directorio y sus
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38 subdirectorios''.
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39 \interaction{daily.files.add-dir}
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40 Tenga en cuenta que en este ejemplo Mercurial imprimió los nombres de
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41 los ficheros que se adicionaron, mientras que no lo hizo en el ejemplo
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42 anterior cuando adicionamos el fichero con nombre \filename{a}.
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43
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44 En el último caso hicimos explícito el nombre del fichero que
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45 deseábamos adicionar en la línea de órdenes, y Mercurial asume en
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46 tales casos que usted sabe lo que está haciendo y no imprime
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47 información alguna.
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48
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49 Cuando hacemos \emph{implícitos} los nombres de los ficheros dando el
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50 nombre de un directorio, Mercurial efectúa un paso extra al imprimir
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51 el nombre de cada fichero con el que va a hacer algo. Esto para
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52 aclarar lo que está sucediendo, y reducir en lo posible una sorpresa
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53 silenciosa pero fatal. Este comportamiento es común a la mayoría de
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54 órdenes en Mercurial.
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55
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56 \subsection{Nota al margen:Mercurial trata ficheros, no directorios}
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58 Mercurial no da seguimiento a la información de los directorios. En
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59 lugar de eso tiene en cuenta las rutas de los ficheros. Antes de
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60 crear un fichero, primero crea todos los directorios que hagan falta
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61 para completar la ruta del fichero. Después de borrar un fichero,
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62 borra todos los directorios vacíos que estuvieran en la ruta del
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63 fichero borrado. Suena como una diferencia trivial, pero tiene una
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64 consecuencia práctica menor: no es posible representar un directorio
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65 completamente vacío en Mercurial.
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66
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67 Los directorios vacíos son inusualmente útiles, hay soluciones
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68 alternativas no intrusivas que puede emplear para obtener el efecto
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69 apropiado. Los desarrolladores de Mercurial pensaron que la
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70 complejidad necesaria para administrar directorios vacíos no valía la
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71 pena frente al beneficio limitado que esta característica podría traer.
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72
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73 Si necesita un directorio vacío en su repositorio, hay algunas formas
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74 de lograrlo. Una es crear un directorio, después hacer \hgcmd{add} a
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75 un fichero ``escondido'' dentro de ese directorio. En sistemas tipo
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76 Unix, cualquier fichero cuyo nombre comience con un punto
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77 (``\texttt{.}'') se trata como escondido por la mayoría de
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78 herramientas GUI. Esta aproximación se ilustra en la figura~\ref{ex:daily:hidden}.
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79
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80 \begin{figure}[ht]
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81 \interaction{daily.files.hidden}
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82 \caption{Simular un directorio vacío con un fichero escondido}
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83 \label{ex:daily:hidden}
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84 \end{figure}
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85
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86 Otra forma de abordar la necesidad de un fichero vacío es crear
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87 simplemente uno en sus guiones de construcción antes de ser necesarios.
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88
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89 \section{Cómo dejar de hacer seguimiento a un fichero}
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90
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91 Si decide que un fichero no pertenece a su repositorio, use la orden
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92 \hgcmd{remove}; se borrará el fichero y le indicará a Mercurial que
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93 deje de hacerle seguimiento. Los ficheros eliminados se representan
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94 con ``\texttt{R}'' al usar \hgcmd{status}.
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95 \interaction{daily.files.remove}
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96
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97 Después de hacer \hgcmd{remove} a un fichero, Mercurial dejará de
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98 hacer seguimiento al mismo, incluso si recrea el fichero con el mismo
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99 nombre en su directorio de trabajo. Si decide recrear un fichero con
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100 el mismo nombre y desea que Mercurial le haga seguimiento, basta con
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101 hacerle \hgcmd{add}. Mercurial sabrá que el fichero recientemente
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102 adicionado no está relacionado con el fichero anterior que tenía el
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103 mismo nombre.
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104
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105 \subsection{Al eliminar un fichero no se afecta su historial}
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106
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107 Es preciso tener en cuenta que al eliminar un fichero se tiene
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108 dos efectos solamente.
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109 \begin{itemize}
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110 \item Se elimina la versión actual del fichero del directorio de
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111 trabajo.
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112 \item Mercurial deja de hacer seguimiento a los cambios del fichero
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113 desde la próxima consignación.
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114 \end{itemize}
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115 Al eliminar un fichero \emph{no} se altera de ninguna manera el
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116 \emph{historial} del mismo.
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117
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118 Si actualiza su directorio de trabajo a un conjunto de cambios en el
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parents: 619
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119 cual el fichero que eliminó aún era tenido en cuenta, reaparecerá en
452
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120 el directorio de trabajo, con los contenidos que este tenía cuando se
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121 consignó tal conjunto de cambios. Si usted actualiza el directorio de
458
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122 trabajo a un conjunto de cambios posterior en el cual el fichero había
452
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parents: 444
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123 sido eliminado, Mercurial lo eliminará de nuevo del directorio de
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124 trabajo.
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125
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126 \subsection{Ficheros perdidos}
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127
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128 Mercurial considera como \emph{perdido} un fichero que usted borró,
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129 pero para el que no se usó \hgcmd{remove}. Los ficheros perdidos se
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130 representan con ``\texttt{!}'' al visualizar \hgcmd{status}.
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131 Las órdenes de Mercurial generalmente no harán nada con los ficheros
452
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132 perdidos.
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133 \interaction{daily.files.missing}
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134
458
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135 Si su repositorio contiene un fichero que \hgcmd{status} reporta como
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parents: 444
diff changeset
136 perdido, y desea que el mismo se vaya, se puede usar
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137 \hgcmdargs{remove}{\hgopt{remove}{--after}} posteriormente para
458
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138 indicarle a Mercurial que usted deseaba borrar tal fichero.
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139 \interaction{daily.files.remove-after}
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140
452
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141 Por otro lado, si borró un fichero perdido por accidente, puede usar
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parents: 444
diff changeset
142 \hgcmdargs{revert}{\emph{nombre de fichero}} para recuperar el
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parents: 444
diff changeset
143 fichero. Reaparecerá sin modificaciones.
444
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144 \interaction{daily.files.recover-missing}
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145
452
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146 \subsection{Nota al margen: ¿Por qué decirle explícitamente a Mercurial
458
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diff changeset
147 que elimine un fichero?}
444
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148
452
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149 Es posible que se haya preguntado por qué Mercurial exige que usted le
458
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150 indique explícitamente que está borrando un fichero. Al principio del
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parents: 453
diff changeset
151 desarrollo de Mercurial, este permitía que usted borrara el fichero
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152 sin más; Mercurial se daría cuanta de la ausencia del fichero
452
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153 automáticamente después de la ejecución de \hgcmd{commit}, y dejaba de
458
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parents: 453
diff changeset
154 hacer seguimiento al fichero. En la práctica, resultaba muy sencillo
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parents: 453
diff changeset
155 borrar un fichero accidentalmente sin darse cuenta.
444
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156
458
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157 \subsection{Atajo útil---agregar y eliminar ficheros en un solo paso}
452
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158
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parents: 444
diff changeset
159 Mercurial ofrece una orden combinada, \hgcmd{addremove}, que agrega
458
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parents: 453
diff changeset
160 los ficheros que no tienen seguimiento y marca los ficheros faltantes
452
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parents: 444
diff changeset
161 como eliminados.
444
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parents: 432
diff changeset
162 \interaction{daily.files.addremove}
452
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parents: 444
diff changeset
163 La orden \hgcmd{commit} su puede usar con la opción \hgopt{commit}{-A}
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parents: 444
diff changeset
164 que aplica el agregar-eliminar, seguido inmediatamente de una
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parents: 444
diff changeset
165 consignación.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
166 \interaction{daily.files.commit-addremove}
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167
458
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168 \section{Copiar ficheros}
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169
458
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170 Mercurial ofrece la orden \hgcmd{copy} para hacer una nueva copia de
468
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Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents: 460
diff changeset
171 un fichero. Cuando se copia un fichero con esta orden, Mercurial
477
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172 lleva un registro indicando que el nuevo fichero es una copia del
468
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Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents: 460
diff changeset
173 fichero original. Trata de forma especial los ficheros copiados cuando
458
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174 usted hace una fusión con el trabajo de alguien más.
444
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175
477
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176 \subsection{Resultados de copiar un fichero durante una fusión}
444
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177
520
93bd78a98b78 fixed typo
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parents: 477
diff changeset
178 Durante una fusión los cambios ``siguen'' una copia. Para ilustrar
458
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parents: 453
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179 lo que esto significa, haremos un ejemplo. Comenzaremos con el mini
477
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180 repositorio usual que contiene un solo fichero
444
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181 \interaction{daily.copy.init}
458
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182 Debemos trabajar algo en paralelo, de forma que tengamos algo para
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parents: 453
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183 fusionar. Aquí clonamos el repositorio.
444
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184 \interaction{daily.copy.clone}
458
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185 De vuelta en el repositorio, usemos la orden \hgcmd{copy} para hacer
477
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parents: 474
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186 una copia del primer fichero que creamos.
444
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187 \interaction{daily.copy.copy}
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188
477
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189 Si vemos la salida de la orden \hgcmd{status}, el fichero copiado luce
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parents: 474
diff changeset
190 como un fichero que se ha añadido normalmente.
444
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parents: 432
diff changeset
191 \interaction{daily.copy.status}
634
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parents: 619
diff changeset
192 Pero si usamos la opción \hgopt{status}{-C} de la orden \hgcmd{status},
dce8441ee954 spell checking
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parents: 619
diff changeset
193 imprimirá otra línea: el fichero \emph{desde} el cual fue copiado nuestro
dce8441ee954 spell checking
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents: 619
diff changeset
194 fichero recién añadido.
444
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parents: 432
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195 \interaction{daily.copy.status-copy}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
196
458
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197 Ahora, en el repositorio que clonamos, hagamos un cambio en
477
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198 paralelo. Adicionaremos una línea de contenido al fichero original que
458
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parents: 453
diff changeset
199 creamos.
444
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200 \interaction{daily.copy.other}
458
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
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diff changeset
201 Hemos modificado el fichero \filename{file} en este
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 453
diff changeset
202 repositorio. Cuando jalemos los cambios del primer repositorio y
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parents: 453
diff changeset
203 fusionemos las dos cabezas, Mercurial propagará los cambios que hemos
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parents: 453
diff changeset
204 hecho localmente en \filename{file} a su copia, \filename{new-file}.
444
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parents: 432
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205 \interaction{daily.copy.merge}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
206
458
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207 \subsection{¿Por qué los cambios se reflejan en las copias?}
444
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parents: 432
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208 \label{sec:daily:why-copy}
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diff changeset
209
458
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210 Este comportamiento de cambios en ficheros que se propagan a las
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parents: 453
diff changeset
211 copias de los ficheros parecería esotérico, pero en la mayoría de
854a70fc05c6 Translated copy section of daily.tex
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 453
diff changeset
212 casos es absolutamente deseable.
444
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
213
458
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diff changeset
214 Es indispensable recordar que esta propagación \emph{solamente} sucede
477
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parents: 474
diff changeset
215 cuando fusionamos. Por lo tanto si sobre un fichero se usa
458
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 453
diff changeset
216 \hgcmd{copy}, y se modifica el fichero original durante el curso
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parents: 453
diff changeset
217 normal de su trabajo, nada pasará.
444
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parents: 432
diff changeset
218
458
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diff changeset
219 Lo segundo a tener en cuenta es que las modificaciones solamente se
854a70fc05c6 Translated copy section of daily.tex
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 453
diff changeset
220 propagarán en las copias únicamente si los repositorios de los cuales
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parents: 453
diff changeset
221 está jalando los cambios \emph{no saben} de la copia.
444
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parents: 432
diff changeset
222
458
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223 Explicaremos a continuación la razón de este comportamiento de
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 453
diff changeset
224 Mercurial. Digamos que yo he aplicado un arreglo de un fallo importante a un
477
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 474
diff changeset
225 fichero fuente y consigné los cambios. Por otro lado, usted decidió hacer
458
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parents: 453
diff changeset
226 \hgcmd{copy} sobre el fichero en su repositorio, sin saber acerca del
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parents: 453
diff changeset
227 fallo o sin ver el arreglo, y ha comenzado a trabajar sobre su copia
477
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parents: 474
diff changeset
228 del fichero.
444
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parents: 432
diff changeset
229
458
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diff changeset
230 Si jala y fusiona mis cambios y Mercurial \emph{no hubiera} propagado
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parents: 453
diff changeset
231 los cambios en las copias, su fichero fuente tendría el fallo, a menos
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parents: 453
diff changeset
232 que usted haya recordado propagar el arreglo del fallo a mano, el
477
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diff changeset
233 mismo \emph{permanecería} en su copia del fichero.
444
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parents: 432
diff changeset
234
458
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diff changeset
235 Mercurial previene esta clase de problemas, gracias a la propagación
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 453
diff changeset
236 automática del cambio que arregló el fallo del fichero original. Hasta
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 453
diff changeset
237 donde sé, Mercurial es el \emph{único} sistema de control de
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 453
diff changeset
238 revisiones que propaga los cambios en las copias de esta forma.
444
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239
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240 Cuando su historial de cambios tiene un registro de la copia y la
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241 subsecuente fusión, usualmente no es necesario propagar los cambios el
634
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parents: 619
diff changeset
242 fichero original a las copias del mismo, y por esta razón Mercurial
458
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243 propaga únicamente los cambios en las copias hasta este punto y no más
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diff changeset
244 allá.
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245
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246
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247 \subsection{Cómo hacer que los cambios \emph{no} sigan a la copia?}
444
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248
458
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249 Si por algún motivo usted decide que esta característica de
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250 propagación automática de cambios en las copias no es para usted, use
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251 la orden usual de sus sistema para copiar ficheros (En sistemas tipo
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252 Unix, es \command{cp}), posteriormente use \hgcmd{add} sobre la nueva
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253 copia hecha a mano. Antes de hacerlo, de todas maneras, relea la
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254 sección~\ref{sec:daily:why-copy}, y tome una decisión asegurándose que
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255 este comportamiento no es el apropiado para su caso específico.
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256
458
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257 \subsection{Comportamiento de la orden \hgcmd{copy}}
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258
458
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259 Cuando usa la orden \hgcmd{copy}, Mercurial hace una copia de cada
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260 fichero fuente del directorio actual. Esto significa que si usted hace
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261 modificaciones a un fichero, y le aplica \hgcmd{copy} sin haber
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262 consignado primero los cambios, la nueva copia contendrá también las
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263 modificaciones que haya hecho hasta ese punto. (Este comportamiento me
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264 parece poco intuitivo, y por tal motivo lo menciono.)
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265
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266 La orden \hgcmd{copy} actúa de forma parecida a la orden \command{cp}
619
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267 de Unix (puede usar el alias \hgcmd{cp} si le es más cómodo). El
458
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268 último argumento es el \emph{destino}, y todos los argumentos previos
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269 son las \emph{fuentes}. Si solamente indica un fichero como la
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270 fuente, y el destino no existe, se crea un fichero nuevo con ese nombre.
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271 \interaction{daily.copy.simple}
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272 Si el destino es un directorio, Mercurial copia las fuentes en este.
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273 \interaction{daily.copy.dir-dest}
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274 La copia de un directorio es recursiva, y preserva la estructura del
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275 directorio fuente.
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276 \interaction{daily.copy.dir-src}
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277 Si tanto la fuente como el destino son directorios, la estructura de
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278 la fuente se recrea en el directorio destino.
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279 \interaction{daily.copy.dir-src-dest}
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280
458
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281 De la misma forma como la orden \hgcmd{rename}, si copia un fichero
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282 manualmente y desea que Mercurial sepa que ha copiado un fichero,
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283 basta con aplicar la opción \hgopt{copy}{--after} a la orden
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284 \hgcmd{copy}.
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285 \interaction{daily.copy.after}
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286
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287 \section{Renombrar ficheros}
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288
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289 La necesidad de renombrar un fichero es más común que hacer una copia
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290 del fichero. La razón por la cual discutí la orden \hgcmd{copy} antes
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291 de hablar acerca de cambiar el nombre de los ficheros, es que
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292 Mercurial trata el renombrar un fichero de la misma forma que una
472
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293 copia. Por lo tanto, saber lo que hace Mercurial cuando usted copia
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294 un fichero, le indica qué esperar cuando renombra un fichero.
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295
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296 Cuando usa la orden \hgcmd{rename}, Mercurial hace una copia de cada
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297 fichero fuente, lo borra y lo marca como fichero eliminado.
444
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298 \interaction{daily.rename.rename}
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299 La orden \hgcmd{status} muestra la nueva copia del fichero como
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300 añadido y el fichero inicial de la copia, como eliminado.
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301 \interaction{daily.rename.status}
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302 De la misma forma como se usa la orden \hgcmd{copy}, debemos usar la
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303 opción \hgopt{status}{-C} de la orden \hgcmd{status} para verificar
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304 que el fichero añadido realmente comienza a ser seguido por Mercurial
472
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305 como una copia del fichero original, ahora eliminado.
444
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306 \interaction{daily.rename.status-copy}
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307
472
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308 Igual que con \hgcmd{remove} y \hgcmd{copy}, puede indicársele a
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309 Mercurial acerca de un renombramiento inmediato con la opción
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310 \hgopt{rename}{--after}. El comportamiento de la orden
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311 \hgcmd{rename} y las opciones que acepta, son similares a la orden
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312 \hgcmd{copy} en casi todo.
444
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313
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314 \subsection{Renombrar ficheros y fusionar cambios}
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315
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316 Dado que el renombrar de Mercurial se implementa como un
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317 copiar-y-eliminar, la misma propagación de cambios ocurre cuando usted
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diff changeset
318 fusiona después de renombrar como después de hacer una copia.
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319
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320 Si Yo modifico un fichero y usted lo renombra a un nuevo fichero, y
472
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diff changeset
321 posteriormente fusionamos nuestros cambios respectivos, mi
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322 modificación al fichero bajo su nombre original se propagará en el
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parents: 458
diff changeset
323 fichero con el nuevo nombre. (Es lo que se esperaría como ``lo hace,''
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diff changeset
324 pero, no todos los sistemas de control de revisiones lo logran.)
444
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diff changeset
325
472
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326 El hecho de que los cambios sigan la copia es una característica que
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diff changeset
327 puede subestimar diciendo ``si, puede ser útil,'' debería ser claro
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diff changeset
328 que el seguimiento de cambios de un renombramiento es importante
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diff changeset
329 definitivamente. Sin esto, sería muy sencillo que los cambios se
477
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diff changeset
330 volvieran huérfanos cuando los ficheros se renombran.
444
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diff changeset
331
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332 \subsection{Cambios de nombre divergentes y fusión}
444
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diff changeset
333
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334 El caso de renombramiento con nombres divergentes ocurre cuando dos
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diff changeset
335 desarrolladores comienzan con un fichero---llamémoslo
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336 \filename{foo}---en sus repositorios respectivos.
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diff changeset
337
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338 \interaction{rename.divergent.clone}
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339 Ana renombra el fichero a \filename{bar}.
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340 \interaction{rename.divergent.rename.anne}
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341 Mientras que Roberto lo renombra como \filename{quux}.
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342 \interaction{rename.divergent.rename.bob}
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diff changeset
343
472
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344 Veo esto como un conflicto porque cada desarrollador ha expresado
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diff changeset
345 intenciones diferentes acerca de cómo considera debería haberse
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diff changeset
346 renombrado el fichero.
444
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diff changeset
347
634
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diff changeset
348 ¿Qué cree que debería pasar cuando fusionen su trabajo?
472
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diff changeset
349 El comportamiento de Mercurial es que siempre preserva \emph{ambos}
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diff changeset
350 nombres cuando fusiona los conjuntos de cambios que contienen nombres
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diff changeset
351 divergentes.
444
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352 \interaction{rename.divergent.merge}
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diff changeset
353
472
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354 Tenga en cuenta que Mercurial le advierte acerca de nombres
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diff changeset
355 divergentes, pero deja que usted decida qué hacer con la divergencia
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diff changeset
356 después de la fusión.
444
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diff changeset
357
472
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diff changeset
358 \subsection{Cambios de nombre convergentes y fusión}
444
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diff changeset
359
472
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diff changeset
360 Otra clase de conflicto al cambiar el nombre ocurre cuando dos
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361 personas eligen renombrar diferentes ficheros \emph{fuente} al mismo
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362 \emph{destino}. En este caso Mercurial aplica su maquinaria de fusión
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363 usual, y le permite a usted guiarlo a una solución adecuada.
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364
472
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365 \subsection{Otros casos límites relacionados con renombramientos}
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366
472
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367 Mercurial tiene un fallo de mucho tiempo en el cual no es capaz de
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368 fusionar cuando por un lado hay un fichero con un nombre dado,
472
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369 mientras que en otro hay un directorio con el mismo nombre. Esto está
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370 documentado como~\bug{29}.
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371 \interaction{issue29.go}
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372
472
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373 \section{Recuperarse de equivocaciones}
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374
472
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375 Mercurial tiene unas órdenes poderosas que le ayudarán a recuperarse
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376 de equivocaciones comunes.
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377
472
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378 La orden \hgcmd{revert} le permite deshacer cambios que haya hecho a
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379 su directorio de trabajo. Por ejemplo, Si aplicó \hgcmd{add} a un
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380 fichero por accidente, ejecute \hgcmd{revert} con el nombre del
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dce8441ee954 spell checking
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381 fichero que añadió, y en tanto que el fichero no haya sido tocado de
472
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382 forma alguna, no será adicionado, ni seguido por Mercurial. También
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383 puede usar \hgcmd{revert} para deshacerse de cambios erróneos a un
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384 fichero.
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385
472
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386 Tenga en cuenta que la orden \hgcmd{revert} se usa para cambios que no
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387 han sido consignados. Cuando haya consignado un cambio, si decide que
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388 era un error, puede hacer algo todavía, pero sus opciones pueden ser
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389 más limitadas.
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390
472
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391 Para obtener información acerca de la orden \hgcmd{revert} y detalles
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392 de cómo tratar con cambios consignados, vea el capítulo~\ref{chap:undo}.
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393
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394 %%% Local Variables:
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395 %%% mode: latex
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396 %%% TeX-master: "00book"
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397 %%% End: