annotate es/collab.tex @ 530:f809de31887a

more translation :D added a term to the glossary
author jerojasro@localhost
date Sun, 30 Nov 2008 18:41:51 -0500
parents e5c5918e8230
children 0d6c97362064
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1 \chapter{Colaborar con otros}
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2 \label{cha:collab}
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3
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4 Debido a su naturaleza descentralizada, Mercurial no impone política
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5 alguna de cómo deben trabajar los grupos de personas. Sin embargo, si
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6 usted es nuevo al control distribuido de versiones, es bueno tener
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7 herramientas y ejemplos a la mano al pensar en posibles modelos de
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8 flujo de trabajo.
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9
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10 \section{La interfaz web de Mercurial}
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11
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12 Mercurial tiene una poderosa interfaz web que provee bastantes
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13 capacidades útiles.
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14
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15 Para uso interactivo, la interfaz le permite visualizar uno o varios
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16 repositorios. Puede ver la historia de un repositorio, examinar cada
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17 cambio(comentarios y diferencias), y ver los contenidos de cada
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18 directorio y fichero.
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19
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20 Adicionalmente la interfaz provee feeds de RSS de los cambios de los
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21 repositorios. Que le permite ``subscribirse''a un repositorio usando
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22 su herramienta de lectura de feeds favorita, y ser notificado
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23 automáticamente de la actividad en el repositorio tan pronto como
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24 sucede. Me gusta mucho más este modelo que el estar suscrito a una
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25 lista de correo a la cual se envían las notificaciones, dado que no
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26 requiere configuración adicional de parte de quien sea que está
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27 administrando el repositorio.
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28
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29 La interfaz web también permite clonar repositorios a los usuarios
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30 remotos, jalar cambios, y (cuando el servidor está configurado para
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31 permitirlo) publicar cambios en el mismo. El protocolo de tunneling
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32 de Mercurial comprime datos agresivamente, de forma que trabaja
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33 eficientemente incluso con conexiones de red con poco ancho de banda.
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34
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35 La forma más sencilla de iniciarse con la interfaz web es usar su
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36 navegador para visitar un repositorio existente, como por ejemplo el
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37 repositorio principal de Mercurial \url{http://www.selenic.com/repo/hg?style=gitweb}.
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38
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39 Si está interesado en proveer una interfaz web a sus propios
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40 repositorios, Mercurial provee dos formas de hacerlo. La primera es
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41 usando la orden \hgcmd{serve}, que está enfocada a servir ``de forma
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42 liviana'' y por intervalos cortos. Para más detalles de cómo usar
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43 esta orden vea la sección~\ref{sec:collab:serve} más adelante. Si
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44 tiene un repositorio que desea hacer permanente, Mercurial tiene
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45 soporte embebido del \command{ssh} para publicar cambios con seguridad
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46 al repositorio central, como se documenta en la
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47 sección~\ref{sec:collab:ssh}. Es muy usual que se publique una copia
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48 de sólo lectura en el repositorio que está corriendo sobre HTTP usando
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49 CGI, como en la sección~\ref{sec:collab:cgi}. Publicar sobre HTTP
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50 satisface las necesidades de la gente que no tiene permisos de
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51 publicación y de aquellos que quieren usar navegadores web para
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52 visualizar la historia del repositorio.
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53
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54 \subsection{Trabajo con muchas ramas}
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55
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56 Los proyectos de cierta talla tienden naturlamente a progresar de
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57 forma simultánea en varios frentes. En el caso del software, es común
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58 que un proyecto tenga versiones periódicas oficiales. Una versión
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59 puede entrar a ``modo mantenimiento'' por un tiempo después de su
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60 primera publicación; las versiones de mantenimiento tienden a contener
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61 solamente arreglos de fallos, pero no nuevas características. En
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62 paralelo con las versiones de mantenimiento puede haber una o muchas
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63 versiones futuras pueden estar en desarrollo. La gente usa normalmente
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64 la palabra ``rama'' para referirse a una de las direcciones
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65 ligeramente distintas en las cuales procede el desarrollo.
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66
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67 Mercurial está especialmente preparado para administrar un buen número
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68 de ramas simultáneas pero no idénticas. Cada ``dirección de
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69 desarrollo'' puede vivir en su propio repositorio central, y puede
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70 mezclar los cambios de una a otra de acuerdo con las necesidades. Dado
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71 que los repositorios son independientes, uno del otro, los cambios
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72 inestables de una rama de desarrollo nunca afectarán una rama estable
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73 a menos que alguien explícitamente mezcle los cambios.
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74
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75 A continuación un ejemplo de cómo podría hacerse esto en la
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76 práctica. Digamos que tiene una ``rama principal'' en un servidor
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77 central.
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78 \interaction{branching.init}
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79 Alguien lo clona, hace cambios locales, los prueba, y los publica allí
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80 mismo.
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81
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82 Una vez que la rama principal alcanza una estado de versión se puede
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83 usar la orden \hgcmd{tag} para dar un nombre permanente a la revisión.
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84 \interaction{branching.tag}
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85 Digamos que en la rama principal ocurre más desarrollo.
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86 \interaction{branching.main}
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87 Cuando se usa la etiqueta con que se identificó la versión, la gente
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88 puede clonar el repositorio en cualquier momento en el futuro
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89 empleando \hgcmd{update} para obtener una copia del directorio de
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90 trabajo exacta como cuando se creó la etiqueta de la revisión que se
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91 consignó.
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92 \interaction{branching.update}
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93
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94 Adicionalmente, justo después de que la rama principal se etiquete,
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95 alguien puede clonarla en el servidor a una nueva rama ``estable'',
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96 también en el servidor.
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97 \interaction{branching.clone}
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98
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99 Alguien que requiera hacer un cambio en la rama estable puede clonar
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100 \emph{ese} repositorio, hacer sus cambios, consignar y publicarlos
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101 posteriormente al inicial.
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102 \interaction{branching.stable}
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103 Puesto que los repositorios de Mercurial son independientes, y que
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104 Mercurial no mueve los cambios de un lado a otro automáticamente, las
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105 ramas estable y principal están \emph{aisladas} la una de la otra.
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106 Los cambios que haga en la rama principal no ``se filtran'' a la rama
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107 estable o vice versa.
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108
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109 Es usual que los arreglos de fallos de la rama estable deban hacerse
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110 aparecer en la rama principal también. En lugar de reescribir el
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111 arreglo del fallo en la rama principal, puede jalar y mezclar los
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112 cambios de la rama estable a la principal, Mercurial traerá tales
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113 arreglos por usted.
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114 \interaction{branching.merge}
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115 La rama principal contendtrá aún los cambios que no están en la
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116 estable y contendrá además todos los arreglos de fallos de la rama
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117 estable. La rama estable permanece incólume a tales cambios.
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118
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119 \subsection{Ramas de Características}
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120
516
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121 En proyectos grandes, una forma efectiva de administrar los cambios es
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122 dividir el equipo en grupos más pequeños. Cada grupo tiene una rama
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123 compartida, clonada de una rama ``principal'' que conforma el proyecto
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124 completo. Aquellos que trabajan en ramas individuales típicamente
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125 están aislados de los desarrollos de otras ramas.
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126
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127 \begin{figure}[ht]
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128 \centering
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129 \grafix{feature-branches}
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130 \caption{Ramas de Características}
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131 \label{fig:collab:feature-branches}
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132 \end{figure}
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133
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134 Cuando una rama particular alcanza un estado deseado, alguien del
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135 equipo de características jala y fusiona de la rama principal hacia
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136 la rama de características y publica posteriormente a la rama principal.
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137
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138 \subsection{El tren de publicación}
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139
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140 Algunos proyectos se organizan al estilo``tren'': Una versión se
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141 planifica para ser liberada cada cierto tiempo, y las características
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142 que estén listas cuando ha llegado el momento ``tren'', se incorporan.
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143
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144 Este modelo tiene cierta similitud a las ramas de características. La
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145 diferencia es que cuando una característica pierde el tren, alguien en
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146 el equipo de características jala y fusiona los cambios que se fueron
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147 en la versión liberada hacia la rama de característica, y el trabajo
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148 continúa sobre lo fusionado para que la característica logre estar en
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149 la próxima versión.
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150
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151 \subsection{El modelo del kernel linux}
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152
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153 El desarrollo del Kernel Linux tiene una estructura jerárquica
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154 bastante horizontal, rodeada de una nube de caos aparente. Dado que la
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155 mayoría de desarrolladores usan \command{git}, una herramienta distribuida
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156 de control de versiones con capacidades similares a Mercurial, resulta
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157 de utilidad describir la forma en que el trabajo fluye en tal
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158 ambiente; si le gustan las ideas, la aproximación se traduce bien
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159 entre Git y Mercurial.
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160
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161 En el centro de la comunidad está Linus Torvalds, el creador de Linux.
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162 Él publica un único repositorio que es considerado el árbol
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163 ``oficial'' actual por la comunidad completa de
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164 desarrolladores. Cualquiera puede clonar el árbol de Linus, pero él es
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165 muy selectivo acerca de los árboles de los cuales jala.
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166
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167 Linus tiene varios ``lugartenientes confiables''. Como regla, él jala
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168 todos los cambios que ellos publican, en la mayoría de los casos sin
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169 siquiera revisarlos. Algunos de sus lugartenientes generalmente
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170 aceptan ser los ``mantenedores'', responsables de subsistemas
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171 específicos dentro del kernel. Si un hacker cualquiera desea hacer un
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172 cambio a un subsistema y busca que termine en el árbol de Linus, debe
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173 encontrar quién es el mantenedor del subsistema y solicitarle que
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174 tenga en cuenta su cambio. Si el mantenedor revisa los cambios y está
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175 de acuerdo en tomarlos, estos pasarán al árbol de Linus de acuerdo a
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176 lo expuesto.
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177
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178 Cada lugarteniente tiene su forma particular de revisar, aceptar y
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179 publicar los cambios; y para decidir cuando hacerlos presentes a
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180 Linus. Adicionalmente existen varias ramas conocidas que mucha gente
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181 usa para propósitos distintos. Por ejemplo, pocas personas mantienen
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182 repositorios ``estables'' de versiones anteriores del kernel, a los
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183 cuales aplican arreglos de fallos críticos necesarios. Algunos
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184 mantenedores publican varios árboles: uno para cambios
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185 experimentales; uno para cambios que van a ofrecer al mantenedor
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186 principal; y así sucesivamente. Otros publican un solo árbol.
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187
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188 Este modelo tiene dos características notables. La primera es que son
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189 de ``jalar exclusivamente''. Usted debe solicitar, convencer o
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190 incluso rogar a otro desarrollador para que tome sus cabmios, porque
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191 casi no hay árboles en los cuales más de una persona pueda publicar, y
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192 no hay forma de publicar cambios en un árbol que otra persona controla.
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193
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194 El segundo está basado en reputación y meritocracia. Si usted es un
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195 desconocido, Linus probablemente ignorará sus cambios, sin siquiera
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196 responderle. Pero un mantenedor de un subsistema probablemente los
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197 revisara, y los acogerá en caso de que aprueben su criterio de
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198 aplicabilidad. A medida que usted ofrezca ``mejores'' cambios a un
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199 mantenedor, habrá más posibilidad de que se confíe en su juicio y se
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200 acepten los cambios. Si usted es reconocido y matiene una rama
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201 durante bastante tiempo para algo que Linus no ha aceptado, personas
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202 con intereses similares pueden jalar sus cambios regularmente para
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203 estar al día con su trabajo.
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204
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205 La reputación y meritocracia no necesariamente es transversal entre
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206 ``personas'' de diferentes subsistemas. Si usted es respetado pero es
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207 un hacker en almacenamiento y trata de arreglar un fallo de redes,
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208 tal cambio puede recibir un nivel de escrutinio de un mantenedor de
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209 redes comparable con el que se le haría a un completo extraño.
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210
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211 Personas que vienen de proyectos con un ordenamiento distinto, sienten
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212 que el proceso comparativamente caótico del Kernel Linux es
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213 completamente lunático. Es objeto de los caprichos individuales; la
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214 gente desecha cambios cuando lo desean; y la fase de desarrollo es
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215 alucinante. A pesar de eso Linux es una pieza de software exitosa y
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216 bien reconocida.
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217
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218 \subsection{Solamente jalar frente a colaboración pública}
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219
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220 Una fuente perpetua de discusiones en la comunidad de código abierto
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221 yace en el modelo de desarrollo en el cual la gente solamente jala
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222 cambios de otros ``es mejor que'' uno en el cual muchas personas
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223 pueden publicar cambios a un repositorio compartido.
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224
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225 Tícamente los partidarios del modelo de publicar usan las herramientas
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226 que se apegan a este modelo. Si usted usa una herramienta
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227 centralizada de control de versiones como Subversion, no hay forma de
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228 elegir qué modelo va a usar: La herramienta le ofrece publicación
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229 compartida, y si desea hacer cualquier otra cosa, va a tener que
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230 aplicar una aproximación artificial (tal como aplicar parches a mano).
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231
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232 Una buena herramienta distribuida de control de versiones, tal como
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233 Mercurial soportará los dos modelos. Usted y sus colaboradores
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234 pueden estructurar cómo trabajarán juntos basados en sus propias
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235 necesidades y preferencias, sin depender de las peripecias que la
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236 herramienta les obligue a hacer.
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237
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238 \subsection{Cuando la colaboración encuentra la administración ramificada}
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239
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240 Una vez que usted y su equipo configurar algunos repositorios
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241 compartidos y comienzan a propagar cambios entre sus repositorios
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242 locales y compartidos, comenzará a encarar un reto relacionado, pero
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243 un poco distinto: Administrar las direcciones en las cuales su equipo
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244 puede moverse. A pesar de que está intimamente ligado acerca de cómo
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245 interactúa su equipo, es lo suficientemente denso para ameritar un
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246 tratamiento en el capítulo~\ref{chap:branch}.
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247
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248 \section{Aspectos técnicos de la colaboración}
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249
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250 Lo que resta del capítulo lo dedicamos a las cuestiones de servir
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251 datos a sus colaboradores.
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252
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253 \section{Compartir informalmente con \hgcmd{serve}}
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254 \label{sec:collab:serve}
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255
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256 La orden \hgcmd{serve} de Mercurial satisface de forma espectacular
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257 las necesidades de un grupo pequeño, acoplado y de corto
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258 tiempo. Se constituye en una demostración de cómo se siente usar los
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259 comandos usando la red.
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260
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261 Ejecute \hgcmd{serve} dentro de un repositorio, y en pocos segundos
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262 iniciará un servidor HTTP especializado; aceptará conexiones desde
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263 cualquier cliente y servirá datos de este repositorio mientrs lo
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264 mantenga funcionando. Todo el que sepa el URL del servidor que ha
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265 iniciado, y que puede comunicarse con su computador por la red, puede
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266 usar un navegador web o Mercurial para leer datos del repositorio. Un
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267 URL para una instancia de \hgcmd{serve} ejecutándose en un portátil
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268 debería lucir algo \Verb|http://my-laptop.local:8000/|.
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269
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270 La orden \hgcmd{serve} \emph{no} es un servidor web de propósito
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271 general. Solamente puede hacer dos cosas:
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272 \begin{itemize}
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273 \item Permitir que se pueda visualizar la historia del repositorio que
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274 está sirviendo desde navegadores web.
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275 \item Hablar el protocolo de conexión de Mercurial para que puedan hacer
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276 \hgcmd{clone} o \hgcmd{pull} (jalar) cambios de tal repositorio.
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277 \end{itemize}
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278 En particular, \hgcmd{serve} no permitirá que los usuarios remotos
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279 puedan \emph{modificar} su repositorio. Es de tipo solo lectura.
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280
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281 Si está comenzando con Mercurial, no hay nada que le impida usar
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282 \hgcmd{serve} para servir un repositorio en su propio computador, y
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283 usar posteriormente órdenes como \hgcmd{clone}, \hgcmd{incoming}, para
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284 comunicarse con el servidor como si el repositorio estuviera alojado
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285 remotamente. Lo que además puede ayudarle a adecuarse rápidamente para
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286 usar comandos en repositorios alojados en la red.
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287
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288 \subsection{Cuestiones adicionales para tener en cuenta}
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289
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290 Dado que permite lectura sin autenticación a todos sus clientes,
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291 debería usar \hgcmd{serve} exclusivamente en ambientes en los cuáles
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292 no tenga problema en que otros vean, o en los cuales tenga control
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293 completo acerca de quien puede acceder a su red y jalar cambios de su
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294 repositorio.
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295
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296 La orden \hgcmd{serve} no tiene conocimiento acerca de programas
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297 cortafuegos que puedan estar instalados en su sistema o en su red. No
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298 puede detectar o controlar sus cortafuegos. Si otras personas no
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299 pueden acceder a su instancia \hgcmd{serve}, lo siguiente que debería hacer
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300 (\emph{después} de asegurarse que tienen el URL correcto) es verificar
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301 su configuración de cortafuegos.
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302
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303 De forma predeterminada, \hgcmd{serve} escucha conexiones entrantes en
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304 el puerto~8000. Si otro proceso está escuchando en tal puerto, usted
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305 podrá especificar un puerto distinto para escuchar con la opción
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306 \hgopt{serve}{-p} .
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307
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308 Normalmente, cuando se inicia \hgcmd{serve}, no imprime nada, lo cual
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309 puede ser desconcertante. Si desea confirmar que en efecto está
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310 ejecutándose correctamente, y darse cuenta qué URL debería enviar a
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311 sus colaboradores, inícielo con la opción \hggopt{-v}.
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312
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313 \section{Uso del protocolo Secure Shell (ssh)}
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314 \label{sec:collab:ssh}
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315
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316 Usted puede publicar y jalar cambios en la red de forma segura usando
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317 el protocolo Secure Shell (\texttt{ssh}). Para usarlo satisfactoriamente,
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318 tendrá que hacer algo de configuración a nivel de cliente o el
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319 servidor.
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320
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321 Si no está familizarizado con ssh, es un protocolo de red que le permite
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322 comunicarse con seguridad con otro computador. Para usarlo con
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323 Mercurial, estará estableciendo una o más cuentas de usuario en un
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324 servidor de forma tal que los usuarios remotos puedan entrar y
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325 ejecutar órdenes.
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326
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327 (Si ssh le \emph{es} familiar, encontrará probablemente elemental una
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328 porción del material a continuación.)
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329
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330 \subsection{Cómo leer y escribir URLs de ssh}
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331
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332 Los URLs de ssh tienden a lucir de la siguiente forma:
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333 \begin{codesample2}
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334 ssh://bos@hg.serpentine.com:22/hg/hgbook
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335 \end{codesample2}
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336 \begin{enumerate}
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337 \item La parte ``\texttt{ssh://}'' indica a Mercurial que use el
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338 protocolo ssh.
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339 \item El componente ``\texttt{bos@}'' indica el nombre del usuario que
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340 está entrando al servidor. Puede omitirl si el usuario remoto
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341 coincide con el usuario local.
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342 \item ``\texttt{hg.serpentine.com}'' es el nombre del servidor al cual
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343 se desea entrar.
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344 \item El ``:22'' identifica el número del puerto en el servidor al cual
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345 se conectará. El predeterminado es el~22, así que solamente
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346 necesitará especificar esa porción si \emph{no} está usando el
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347 puerto~22.
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348 \item La última porción del URL es la ruta local al repositorio en el
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349 servidor.
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350 \end{enumerate}
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351
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352 El componente de la ruta del URL para ssh es una fuente de confusión,
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353 puesto que no hay una forma estándar para que las herramientas puedan
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354 interpretarlo. Algunos programas se comportan de manera distinta a
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355 otros cuando manipulan estas rutas. No es la situación ideal, pero
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356 es muy poco probable que vaya a cambiar. Por favor lea los párrafos
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357 siguientes cuidadosamente.
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358
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359 Mercurial trata la ruta al repositorio en el servidor como relativo al
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360 directorio chasa del usuario remoto. Por ejemplo, si el usuario
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361 \texttt{foo} en el servidor tiene el directorio casa
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362 \dirname{/home/foo},
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363 entonces un URL ssh que contenga en su ruta a \dirname{bar}
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364 \emph{realmente} se refiere al directorio \dirname{/home/foo/bar}.
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365
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366 Si desea especificar una ruta relativa a otro directorio de usuario,
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367 puede usar una ruta que comience con un caracter tildado, seguido del
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368 nombre del usuario(llamémosle \texttt{otrousuario}, así
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369 \begin{codesample2}
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370 ssh://server/~otrousuario/hg/repo
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371 \end{codesample2}
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372
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373 Y si realmente desea especifica una ruta \emph{absoluta} en el
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374 servidor, comience con el componente de la ruta con dos barras como
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375 en el siguiente ejemplo:
501
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376 \begin{codesample2}
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377 ssh://server//absolute/path
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378 \end{codesample2}
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379
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380 \subsection{Encontrar un cliente ssh para su sistema}
501
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381
526
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382 Casi todos los sistemas tipo Unix vienen con OpenSSH preinstalado. Si
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383 usted está usando un sistema de estos, ejecute \Verb|which ssh| para
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384 identificar dónde está instalada la orden \command{ssh} (usualmente
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385 estará en \dirname{/usr/bin}). Si por casualidad no está presente,
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386 vea la documentación de sus sistema para lograr instalarlo.
501
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387
526
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388 En Windows, tendrá que escoger primero un cliente adecuado para
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389 descargarlo. Hay dos alternativas:
501
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390 \begin{itemize}
526
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391 \item El excelente paquete PuTTY~\cite{web:putty} de Simon Tatham, que
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392 ofrece un suite completo de órdenes de cliente ssh.
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393 \item Si tiene alta tolerancia al dolor, puede usar el porte de Cygwin
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394 para OpenSSH.
501
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395 \end{itemize}
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396 En cualquier caso, tendrá que editar su fichero \hgini\ para indicarle
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397 a Mercurial dónde encontrar la orden real del cliente. Por ejemplo, si
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398 está usando PuTTY, tendrá que usar la orden \command{plink} como un
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399 cliente de línea de órdenes.
501
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400 \begin{codesample2}
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401 [ui]
526
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402 ssh = C:/ruta/a/plink.exe -ssh -i "C:/ruta/a/mi/llave/privada"
501
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403 \end{codesample2}
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404
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405 \begin{note}
526
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406 La ruta a \command{plink} no debería contener espacios o caracteres
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407 en blanco, o Mercurial no podrá encontrarlo correctamente (por lo
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408 tanto, probablemente no sería buena idea colocarlo en
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409 \dirname{C:\\Program Files}
501
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410 \end{note}
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411
526
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412 \subsection{Generar un par de llaves}
501
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413
526
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414 Para evitar la necesidad de teclera una clave de forma repetitiva cada
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diff changeset
415 vez que necesita usar el cliente, recomiendo generar un par de llaves.
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diff changeset
416 En un sistema tipo Unix, la orden \command{ssh-keygen} también se
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417 comportará bien. En Windows, si está usando PuTTY, la orden
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diff changeset
418 \command{puttygen} es la que necesitará.
501
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419
526
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420 Cuando genera un par de llaves, se aconseja \emph{comedidamente}
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diff changeset
421 protegerlas con una frase de clave. (La única oportunidad en la cual
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parents: 518
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422 usted querría identificarse una única vez, es cuando está usando
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diff changeset
423 el protocolo ssh para tareas automatizadas en una red segura.)
501
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424
526
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diff changeset
425 No basta con generar un par de llaves. Se requiere adicionar una llave
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426 pública al conjunto de llaves autorizadas para todos los usuarios
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diff changeset
427 remotos que se vayan a autenticar. Para aquellos servidores que usen
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428 OpenSSH(la gran mayoría), significará añadir la llave pública a la
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diff changeset
429 lista en el fichero llamado \sfilename{authorized\_keys} en su
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diff changeset
430 directorio \sdirname{.ssh}.
501
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431
526
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432 En sistemas tipo Unix, su llave pública tendrá la extensión
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diff changeset
433 \filename{.pub}. Si usa \command{puttygen} en Windows, puede
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434 guardar la llave pública en un fichero de su elección, o pegarla desde
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diff changeset
435 la ventana en la cual se despliega directamente en el fichero
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diff changeset
436 \sfilename{authorized\_keys}.
501
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437
527
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438 \subsection{Uso de un agente de autenticación}
501
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439
527
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440 Un agente de autentitcación es un daemonio que almacena frases clave en
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diff changeset
441 memoria(olvidará las frases clave si sale y vuelve a entrar). Un cliente
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442 ssh notará si está corriendo, y solicitará una frase clave. Si no hay
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diff changeset
443 un agente de autenticación corriendo, o el agente no almacena la frase
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diff changeset
444 clave necesaria, tendrá que teclear su frase clave cada vez que
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445 Mercurial intente comunicarse con un servidor para usted(p.e.~cada vez
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diff changeset
446 que jale o publique cambios).
501
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447
527
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448 El problema de almacenar frases claves en un agente es que es posible
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diff changeset
449 para un atacante bien preparado recuperar el texto plano de su frase
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450 clave, en alguntos casos incluso si su sistema sea muy alternante.
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451 Es su decisión si es un riesgo aceptable. Lo que si es seguro es que
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diff changeset
452 evita reteclear.
501
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453
527
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454 En sistemas tipo Unix, el agente se llama \command{ssh-agent}, y
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diff changeset
455 usualmente se ejecuta automáticamente cuando usted entra. Tendrá que
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diff changeset
456 usar la orden \command{ssh-add} para añadir frases claves al agente. En
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diff changeset
457 Windows, si está usando PuTTY, la orden \command{pageant} actúa como
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diff changeset
458 el agente. Añade un ícono a su barra del sistema que le permitirá
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diff changeset
459 almacenar frases clave.
501
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460
527
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461 \subsection{Configurar el lado del servidor apropiadamente}
501
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462
527
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463 Dado que puede ser dispendioso configurar ssh si usted es nuevo, hay
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diff changeset
464 una variedad de cosas que podrían ir mal. Añada piense primero en
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diff changeset
465 Mercurial y hay mucho más en qué pensar. La mayor parte de estos
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diff changeset
466 problemas potenciales occuren en el lado del servidor, no en el cliente.
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diff changeset
467 Las buenas noticias es que una vez tiene una configuración funcional,
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468 usualmente continuará trabajando indefinidamente.
501
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469
527
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diff changeset
470 Antes de intentar que Mercurial hable con un servidor ssh, es mejor
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471 asegurarse que puede usar la orden normal \command{ssh} o \command{putty}
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diff changeset
472 para comunicarse con el servidor primero. Si tiene problemas usando
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diff changeset
473 estas órdenes directamente, de seguro Mercurial no funcionará. Pero aún,
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diff changeset
474 esconderá el problema subyacente. Cuando desee revisar un problema
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diff changeset
475 relacionado con ssh y Mercurial, debería asegurarse primero que las
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diff changeset
476 órdenes de ssh en el lado del cliente funcionan primero, \emph{antes}
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diff changeset
477 de preocuparse por si existe un problema con Mercurial.
501
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478
527
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diff changeset
479 Lo primero para asegurar en el lado del servidor es que puede entrar
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diff changeset
480 desde otra máquina. Si no puede entrar con \command{ssh} o
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diff changeset
481 \command{putty}, el mensaje de error que obtenga le puede dar pistas
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diff changeset
482 de qué ha ido mal. Los problemas más comunes son los siguientes:
501
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diff changeset
483 \begin{itemize}
527
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diff changeset
484 \item Si obitene un error de ``conexión rehusada'', es posible que no
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diff changeset
485 haya un daemonio SSH corriendo en el servidor o que no pueda accederse
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diff changeset
486 a él por configuraciones de cortafuegos.
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diff changeset
487 \item Si obtiene un error de ``no hay ruta hasta el servidor'', puede
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diff changeset
488 tener la dirección del servidor incorrecta o un cortafuegos con
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diff changeset
489 bloqueo agresivo que no permitirá su existencia.
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diff changeset
490 \item Si obtiene un mensaje de ``permiso denegado'', puede que haya
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diff changeset
491 tecleado mal el usuario en el servidor, o que haya tecleado
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diff changeset
492 incorrectamente la frase clave o la clave del usuario remoto.
501
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diff changeset
493 \end{itemize}
527
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diff changeset
494 En resumen, si tiene problemas al comunicarse con el daemonio ssh del
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diff changeset
495 servidor, primero asegúrese de que está corriendo. En muchos sistemas
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diff changeset
496 estará instalado, pero deshabilitado de forma predeterminada. Una vez
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diff changeset
497 que haya hecho este paso tendrá que revisar si el cortafuegos del
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diff changeset
498 servidor está configurado para recibir conexiones entrantes en el
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diff changeset
499 puerto en el cual el daemonio de ssh está escuchando(usualmente el~22).
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diff changeset
500 No trate de buscar otras posibilidades exóticas o configuraciones
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diff changeset
501 erradas haste que haya revisado primero estas dos.
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
502
527
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diff changeset
503 Si está usando un agente de autenticación en el lado del cliente para
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diff changeset
504 almacenar las frase claves de sus contraseñas, debería poder entrar al
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parents: 526
diff changeset
505 servidor sin necesidad de que se le solicite frases claves o
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diff changeset
506 contraseñas. Si se le pregunta alguna, a continuación algunas
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diff changeset
507 posibilidades:
501
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diff changeset
508 \begin{itemize}
527
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diff changeset
509 \item Puede haber olvidado usar \command{ssh-add} o
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diff changeset
510 \command{pageant} para guardar la frase clave.
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diff changeset
511 \item Puede haber almacenado una frase clave errónea para la llave.
501
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diff changeset
512 \end{itemize}
527
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diff changeset
513 Si se le solicita la clave del usuario remoto, hay otras posibilidades
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diff changeset
514 que deben revisarse:
501
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diff changeset
515 \begin{itemize}
527
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diff changeset
516 \item O bien el directorio del usuario o su directorio \sdirname{.ssh}
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diff changeset
517 tiene permisos excesivamente abiertos. Como resultado el daemonio
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diff changeset
518 ssh no creerá o leerá su fichero \sfilename{authorized\_keys}.
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diff changeset
519 Por ejemplo, un directorio casa o \sdirname{.ssh} causará aveces
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parents: 526
diff changeset
520 este síntoma.
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diff changeset
521 \item El fichero de usuario \sfilename{authorized\_keys} puede tener
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diff changeset
522 un problema. Si alguien distinto al usuario es dueño o puede
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parents: 526
diff changeset
523 escribir el archivo, el daemonio ssh no confiará o lo leerá.
501
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diff changeset
524 \end{itemize}
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diff changeset
525
527
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diff changeset
526 En un mundo ideal, debería poder ejecutar la siguiente orden
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parents: 526
diff changeset
527 exitósamente, y debería imprimir exactamente una línea de salida,
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parents: 526
diff changeset
528 la fecha y hora actual.
501
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diff changeset
529 \begin{codesample2}
527
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diff changeset
530 ssh miservidor fecha
501
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diff changeset
531 \end{codesample2}
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diff changeset
532
527
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diff changeset
533 Si en su servidor tiene guión que se ejecuta a la entrada e imprimie
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parents: 526
diff changeset
534 letreros o cualquier otra cosa, incluso cuando se ejecutan órdenes no
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parents: 526
diff changeset
535 interactivas como esta, debería arreglarlo antes de continuar, de
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parents: 526
diff changeset
536 forma que solamente imprima algo si se ejecuta interactivamente. De
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parents: 526
diff changeset
537 otra forma estos letreros al menos llenarán la salida de Mercurial.
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diff changeset
538 incluso podrían causar problemas potenciales cuando se ejecuten
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parents: 526
diff changeset
539 órdenes de forma remota. Mercurial intenta detectar e ignorar los
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parents: 526
diff changeset
540 letreros en sesiones no interactivas de \command{ssh}, pero no es
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parents: 526
diff changeset
541 a prueba de tontos. (Si edita sus guiones de entrada en el servidor,
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parents: 526
diff changeset
542 la forma usual de ver si un guión de script se ejecuta en un shell
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
543 interactivo, es verificar el código de retorno de la orden
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
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diff changeset
544 \Verb|tty -s|.)
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
545
527
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parents: 526
diff changeset
546 Cuando verifique que el venerado ssh funciona en su servidor, el
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
547 paso siguiente es asegurar que Mercurial corre en el servidor. La
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
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parents: 526
diff changeset
548 orden siguiente debería ejecutarse satisfactoriamente:
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
549 \begin{codesample2}
527
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
550 ssh miservidor hg version
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
551 \end{codesample2}
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
552 Si ve un mensaje de error en lugar de la salida usual de
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
553 \hgcmd{version}, será porque no ha instalado Mercurial en
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
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parents: 526
diff changeset
554 \dirname{/usr/bin}. No se preocupe si este es el caso; no necesita
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
555 hacerlo. Pero debería revisar los posibles problemas presentados a
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
556 continuación:
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
557 \begin{itemize}
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
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parents: 526
diff changeset
558 \item Está instalado Mercurial en el servidor? Se que suena trivial
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
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parents: 526
diff changeset
559 pero es mejor revisar!
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
560 \item Tal vez la ruta de búsqueda de la interfaz de órdenes
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
561 (normalmente vía la variable de ambiente \envar{PATH}) simplemente
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
562 está mal configurada.
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
563 \item Puede ser que su variable de ambiente \envar{PATH} soalamente
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
564 apunte al lugar en el cual está el ejecutable \command{hg} si la
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
565 sesión de entrada es interactiva. Puede suceder si establece la
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
566 ruta en el guión de shell de entrada incorrecto. Consulte la
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
567 documentación de su línea de órdenes.
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
568 \item La variable de ambiente \envar{PYTHONPATH} puede requerir la
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
569 ruta a los módulos de Mercurial en Python. Puede que nisiquiera
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
570 está establecida; podría estar incorrecta; o puede ser que se
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
571 establezca únicamente cuando hay entradas interactivas.
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
572 \end{itemize}
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
573
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
574 Si puede ejecutar \hgcmd{version} sobre una conexión ssh,
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
575 felicitaciones! Ha logrado la interacción entre el cliente y el
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
576 servidor. Ahora debería poder acceder a los repositorios de
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
577 Mercurial que tiene el usuario en el servidor. Si tiene problemas
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
578 con Mercurial y ssh en este punto, intente usar la opción
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
579 \hggopt{--debug} para tener información más clara de lo que está
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
580 sucediendo.
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
581
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
582 \subsection{Compresión con ssh}
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
583
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
584 Mercurial no comprime datos cuando usa el protocolo ssh, dado que
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
585 el protocolo puede comprimir datos transparentemente. Pero el
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
586 comportamiento predeterminado del cliente ssh es \emph{no}
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
587 solicitar compresión.
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
588
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
589 Sobre cualquier red distinta a una LAN rápida(incluso con una red
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
590 inalámbrica), hacer uso de compresión puede mejorar el rendimiento
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
591 de las operaciones de Mercurial que involucren la red. Por ejemplo,
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
592 sobre WAN, alguien ha medido la compresión reduciendo la cantidad
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
593 de tiempo requerido para clonar un repositorio particularmente
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
594 grande de~51 minutos a~17 minutos.
501
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
595
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
596 Tanto \command{ssh} como \command{plink} aceptan la opción
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
597 \cmdopt{ssh}{-C} que activa la compresión. Puede editar fácilmente
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
598 su \hgrc\ para habilitar la compresión para todos los usos de
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
599 Mercurial sobre el protocolo ssh.
501
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
600 \begin{codesample2}
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
601 [ui]
b05e35d641e4 Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
602 ssh = ssh -C
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
603 \end{codesample2}
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
604
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
605 Si usa \command{ssh}, puede reconfigurarlo para que siempre use
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
606 compresión cuando se comunique con su servidor. Para hacerlo,
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
607 edite su fichero \sfilename{.ssh/config}(que puede no existir
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
608 aún), de la siguiente forma:
501
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
609 \begin{codesample2}
b05e35d641e4 Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
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diff changeset
610 Host hg
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
611 Compression yes
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
612 HostName hg.ejemplo.com
501
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
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diff changeset
613 \end{codesample2}
527
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
614 Que define un alias, \texttt{hg}. Cuando lo usa con la orden
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
615 \command{ssh} o con una URL de Mercurial con protocolo\texttt{ssh},
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
616 logrará que \command{ssh} se conecte a \texttt{hg.ejemplo.com}
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
617 con compresión. Que le dará un nombre más corto para teclear y
35370f1551a7 finished ssh part translation
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 526
diff changeset
618 compresión, los cuales por derecho propio son buenos.
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
619
528
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parents: 527
diff changeset
620 \section{Uso de CGI a través de HTTP}
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
621 \label{sec:collab:cgi}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
622
528
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
623 Dependiendo de qué tan ambicioso sea, configurar la interfaz CGI
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
624 de Mercurial puede tomar desde unos minutos hasta varias horas.
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
625
528
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
626 Comenzaremos con el ejemplo más sencillo, y nos dirigiremos hacia
e5c5918e8230 Started translation of cgi configuration section
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
627 configuraciones más complejas. Incluso para el caso más básico
e5c5918e8230 Started translation of cgi configuration section
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
628 necesitará leer y modificar su configuración del servidor web.
501
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parents: 432
diff changeset
629
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parents: 432
diff changeset
630 \begin{note}
528
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parents: 527
diff changeset
631 Configurar un servidor web es una actividad compleja, engorrosa y
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
632 altamente dependiente del sistema. De ninguna manera podremos
e5c5918e8230 Started translation of cgi configuration section
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
633 cubrir todos los casos posibles con los cuales pueda encontrarse.
e5c5918e8230 Started translation of cgi configuration section
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
634 Use su discresión y juicio respecto a las secciones siguientes.
e5c5918e8230 Started translation of cgi configuration section
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
635 Esté preparado para cometer muchas equivocaciones, y emplear
e5c5918e8230 Started translation of cgi configuration section
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 527
diff changeset
636 bastante tiempo leyendo sus bitácoras de error del servidor.
501
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
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diff changeset
637 \end{note}
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diff changeset
638
528
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639 \subsection{Lista de chequeo de la configuración del servidor web}
501
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640
528
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641 Antes de continuar, tómese un tiempo para revisar ciertos aspectos de
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642 la configuración de su sistema:
501
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643
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644 \begin{enumerate}
528
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645 \item ¿Tiene un servidor web? Mac OS X viene con Apache, pero otros
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646 sistemas pueden no tener un servidor web instalado.
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647 \item Si tiene un servidor web instalado, ¿Está ejecutándose? En la
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648 mayoría de sistemas, aunque esté presente, puede no estar habilitado
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649 de forma predeterminada.
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650 \item ¿u servidor está configurado para permitir ejecutar programas
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651 CGI en el directorio donde planea hacerlo? Casi todos los
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652 servidores de forma predeterminada explícitamente inhiben la
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653 habilidad de ejecutar programas CGI.
501
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654 \end{enumerate}
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655
528
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656 Si no tiene un servidor web instalado, y no tiene cierta experiencia
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657 configurando Apache, debería considerar usar el servidor web
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658 \texttt{lighttpd} en lugar de Apache. Apache tiene una reputación
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659 bien ganada por su configuración barroca y confusa.
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660 A pesar de que \texttt{lighttpd} tiene menos características que
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661 Apache en ciertas áreas, las mismas no son relevantes para servir
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662 repositorios de Mercurial. Definitivamente es mucho más sencillo
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663 comenzar con \texttt{lighttpd} que con Apache.
501
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664
528
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665 \subsection{Configuración básica de CGI}
501
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666
528
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667 En sistemas tipo Unix es común que los usuarios tengan un subdirectorio
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668 con un nombre como \dirname{public\_html} en su directorio personal,
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669 desde el cual pueden servir páginas web. Un fichero llamado \filename{foo}
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670 en este directorio será visible en una URL de la forma
501
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671 \texttt{http://www.example.com/\~username/foo}.
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672
528
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673 Para comenzar, encuentre el guión \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} que debería
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674 estar presente en su instalación de Mercurial. Si no puede
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675 encontrarlo rápidamente una copia local en su sistema, puede
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676 descargarlo del repositorio principal de Mercurial en
501
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677 \url{http://www.selenic.com/repo/hg/raw-file/tip/hgweb.cgi}.
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678
528
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679 Tendrá que copiar este guión en su directorio \dirname{public\_html},
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680 y asegurarse que sea ejecutable.
501
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681 \begin{codesample2}
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682 cp .../hgweb.cgi ~/public_html
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683 chmod 755 ~/public_html/hgweb.cgi
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684 \end{codesample2}
528
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diff changeset
685 El argumento \texttt{755} de la orden \command{chmod} es un poco más
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686 general que hacerlo ejecutable: Asegura que el guión sea ejecutable
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687 por cualquiera, y que el ``grupo'' y los ``otros'' \emph{not} tengan
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688 permiso de escritura. Si dejara los permisos de escritura abiertos,
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689 , el subsistema \texttt{suexec} de Apache probablemente se negaría
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690 a ejecutar el guión. De hecho, \texttt{suexec} también insiste en que
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691 el \emph{directorio} en el cual reside el guión no tenga permiso de
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692 escritura para otros.
501
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diff changeset
693 \begin{codesample2}
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diff changeset
694 chmod 755 ~/public_html
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695 \end{codesample2}
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696
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697 \subsubsection{What could \emph{possibly} go wrong?}
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698 \label{sec:collab:wtf}
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diff changeset
699
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700 Once you've copied the CGI script into place, go into a web browser,
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701 and try to open the URL \url{http://myhostname/~myuser/hgweb.cgi},
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702 \emph{but} brace yourself for instant failure. There's a high
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diff changeset
703 probability that trying to visit this URL will fail, and there are
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diff changeset
704 many possible reasons for this. In fact, you're likely to stumble
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parents: 432
diff changeset
705 over almost every one of the possible errors below, so please read
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diff changeset
706 carefully. The following are all of the problems I ran into on a
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diff changeset
707 system running Fedora~7, with a fresh installation of Apache, and a
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diff changeset
708 user account that I created specially to perform this exercise.
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diff changeset
709
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diff changeset
710 Your web server may have per-user directories disabled. If you're
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711 using Apache, search your config file for a \texttt{UserDir}
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diff changeset
712 directive. If there's none present, per-user directories will be
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diff changeset
713 disabled. If one exists, but its value is \texttt{disabled}, then
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diff changeset
714 per-user directories will be disabled. Otherwise, the string after
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715 \texttt{UserDir} gives the name of the subdirectory that Apache will
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716 look in under your home directory, for example \dirname{public\_html}.
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717
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718 Your file access permissions may be too restrictive. The web server
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719 must be able to traverse your home directory and directories under
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720 your \dirname{public\_html} directory, and read files under the latter
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721 too. Here's a quick recipe to help you to make your permissions more
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diff changeset
722 appropriate.
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diff changeset
723 \begin{codesample2}
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diff changeset
724 chmod 755 ~
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diff changeset
725 find ~/public_html -type d -print0 | xargs -0r chmod 755
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diff changeset
726 find ~/public_html -type f -print0 | xargs -0r chmod 644
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diff changeset
727 \end{codesample2}
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diff changeset
728
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diff changeset
729 The other possibility with permissions is that you might get a
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diff changeset
730 completely empty window when you try to load the script. In this
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diff changeset
731 case, it's likely that your access permissions are \emph{too
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diff changeset
732 permissive}. Apache's \texttt{suexec} subsystem won't execute a
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diff changeset
733 script that's group-~or world-writable, for example.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
734
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735 Your web server may be configured to disallow execution of CGI
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parents: 432
diff changeset
736 programs in your per-user web directory. Here's Apache's
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parents: 432
diff changeset
737 default per-user configuration from my Fedora system.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
738 \begin{codesample2}
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diff changeset
739 <Directory /home/*/public_html>
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diff changeset
740 AllowOverride FileInfo AuthConfig Limit
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diff changeset
741 Options MultiViews Indexes SymLinksIfOwnerMatch IncludesNoExec
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diff changeset
742 <Limit GET POST OPTIONS>
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diff changeset
743 Order allow,deny
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diff changeset
744 Allow from all
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diff changeset
745 </Limit>
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diff changeset
746 <LimitExcept GET POST OPTIONS>
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diff changeset
747 Order deny,allow
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parents: 432
diff changeset
748 Deny from all
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diff changeset
749 </LimitExcept>
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diff changeset
750 </Directory>
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diff changeset
751 \end{codesample2}
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diff changeset
752 If you find a similar-looking \texttt{Directory} group in your Apache
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parents: 432
diff changeset
753 configuration, the directive to look at inside it is \texttt{Options}.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
754 Add \texttt{ExecCGI} to the end of this list if it's missing, and
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parents: 432
diff changeset
755 restart the web server.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
756
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parents: 432
diff changeset
757 If you find that Apache serves you the text of the CGI script instead
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parents: 432
diff changeset
758 of executing it, you may need to either uncomment (if already present)
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parents: 432
diff changeset
759 or add a directive like this.
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diff changeset
760 \begin{codesample2}
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diff changeset
761 AddHandler cgi-script .cgi
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parents: 432
diff changeset
762 \end{codesample2}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
763
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parents: 432
diff changeset
764 The next possibility is that you might be served with a colourful
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parents: 432
diff changeset
765 Python backtrace claiming that it can't import a
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parents: 432
diff changeset
766 \texttt{mercurial}-related module. This is actually progress! The
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diff changeset
767 server is now capable of executing your CGI script. This error is
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diff changeset
768 only likely to occur if you're running a private installation of
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diff changeset
769 Mercurial, instead of a system-wide version. Remember that the web
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parents: 432
diff changeset
770 server runs the CGI program without any of the environment variables
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parents: 432
diff changeset
771 that you take for granted in an interactive session. If this error
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parents: 432
diff changeset
772 happens to you, edit your copy of \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} and follow the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
773 directions inside it to correctly set your \envar{PYTHONPATH}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
774 environment variable.
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diff changeset
775
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diff changeset
776 Finally, you are \emph{certain} to by served with another colourful
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parents: 432
diff changeset
777 Python backtrace: this one will complain that it can't find
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parents: 432
diff changeset
778 \dirname{/path/to/repository}. Edit your \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} script
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parents: 432
diff changeset
779 and replace the \dirname{/path/to/repository} string with the complete
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parents: 432
diff changeset
780 path to the repository you want to serve up.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
781
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diff changeset
782 At this point, when you try to reload the page, you should be
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diff changeset
783 presented with a nice HTML view of your repository's history. Whew!
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parents: 432
diff changeset
784
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diff changeset
785 \subsubsection{Configuring lighttpd}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
786
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parents: 432
diff changeset
787 To be exhaustive in my experiments, I tried configuring the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
788 increasingly popular \texttt{lighttpd} web server to serve the same
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parents: 432
diff changeset
789 repository as I described with Apache above. I had already overcome
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parents: 432
diff changeset
790 all of the problems I outlined with Apache, many of which are not
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parents: 432
diff changeset
791 server-specific. As a result, I was fairly sure that my file and
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parents: 432
diff changeset
792 directory permissions were good, and that my \sfilename{hgweb.cgi}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
793 script was properly edited.
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diff changeset
794
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parents: 432
diff changeset
795 Once I had Apache running, getting \texttt{lighttpd} to serve the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
796 repository was a snap (in other words, even if you're trying to use
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parents: 432
diff changeset
797 \texttt{lighttpd}, you should read the Apache section). I first had
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diff changeset
798 to edit the \texttt{mod\_access} section of its config file to enable
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parents: 432
diff changeset
799 \texttt{mod\_cgi} and \texttt{mod\_userdir}, both of which were
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parents: 432
diff changeset
800 disabled by default on my system. I then added a few lines to the end
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parents: 432
diff changeset
801 of the config file, to configure these modules.
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diff changeset
802 \begin{codesample2}
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diff changeset
803 userdir.path = "public_html"
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diff changeset
804 cgi.assign = ( ".cgi" => "" )
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diff changeset
805 \end{codesample2}
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diff changeset
806 With this done, \texttt{lighttpd} ran immediately for me. If I had
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diff changeset
807 configured \texttt{lighttpd} before Apache, I'd almost certainly have
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parents: 432
diff changeset
808 run into many of the same system-level configuration problems as I did
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parents: 432
diff changeset
809 with Apache. However, I found \texttt{lighttpd} to be noticeably
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parents: 432
diff changeset
810 easier to configure than Apache, even though I've used Apache for over
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parents: 432
diff changeset
811 a decade, and this was my first exposure to \texttt{lighttpd}.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
812
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diff changeset
813 \subsection{Sharing multiple repositories with one CGI script}
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diff changeset
814
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diff changeset
815 The \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} script only lets you publish a single
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parents: 432
diff changeset
816 repository, which is an annoying restriction. If you want to publish
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parents: 432
diff changeset
817 more than one without wracking yourself with multiple copies of the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
818 same script, each with different names, a better choice is to use the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
819 \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} script.
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diff changeset
820
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diff changeset
821 The procedure to configure \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} is only a little
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parents: 432
diff changeset
822 more involved than for \sfilename{hgweb.cgi}. First, you must obtain
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parents: 432
diff changeset
823 a copy of the script. If you don't have one handy, you can download a
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parents: 432
diff changeset
824 copy from the master Mercurial repository at
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parents: 432
diff changeset
825 \url{http://www.selenic.com/repo/hg/raw-file/tip/hgwebdir.cgi}.
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diff changeset
826
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diff changeset
827 You'll need to copy this script into your \dirname{public\_html}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
828 directory, and ensure that it's executable.
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diff changeset
829 \begin{codesample2}
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diff changeset
830 cp .../hgwebdir.cgi ~/public_html
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diff changeset
831 chmod 755 ~/public_html ~/public_html/hgwebdir.cgi
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diff changeset
832 \end{codesample2}
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diff changeset
833 With basic configuration out of the way, try to visit
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parents: 432
diff changeset
834 \url{http://myhostname/~myuser/hgwebdir.cgi} in your browser. It
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parents: 432
diff changeset
835 should display an empty list of repositories. If you get a blank
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parents: 432
diff changeset
836 window or error message, try walking through the list of potential
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parents: 432
diff changeset
837 problems in section~\ref{sec:collab:wtf}.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
838
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parents: 432
diff changeset
839 The \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} script relies on an external
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parents: 432
diff changeset
840 configuration file. By default, it searches for a file named
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parents: 432
diff changeset
841 \sfilename{hgweb.config} in the same directory as itself. You'll need
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parents: 432
diff changeset
842 to create this file, and make it world-readable. The format of the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
843 file is similar to a Windows ``ini'' file, as understood by Python's
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parents: 432
diff changeset
844 \texttt{ConfigParser}~\cite{web:configparser} module.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
845
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parents: 432
diff changeset
846 The easiest way to configure \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} is with a
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parents: 432
diff changeset
847 section named \texttt{collections}. This will automatically publish
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parents: 432
diff changeset
848 \emph{every} repository under the directories you name. The section
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diff changeset
849 should look like this:
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diff changeset
850 \begin{codesample2}
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diff changeset
851 [collections]
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diff changeset
852 /my/root = /my/root
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diff changeset
853 \end{codesample2}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
854 Mercurial interprets this by looking at the directory name on the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
855 \emph{right} hand side of the ``\texttt{=}'' sign; finding
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parents: 432
diff changeset
856 repositories in that directory hierarchy; and using the text on the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
857 \emph{left} to strip off matching text from the names it will actually
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parents: 432
diff changeset
858 list in the web interface. The remaining component of a path after
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parents: 432
diff changeset
859 this stripping has occurred is called a ``virtual path''.
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diff changeset
860
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parents: 432
diff changeset
861 Given the example above, if we have a repository whose local path is
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parents: 432
diff changeset
862 \dirname{/my/root/this/repo}, the CGI script will strip the leading
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parents: 432
diff changeset
863 \dirname{/my/root} from the name, and publish the repository with a
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parents: 432
diff changeset
864 virtual path of \dirname{this/repo}. If the base URL for our CGI
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parents: 432
diff changeset
865 script is \url{http://myhostname/~myuser/hgwebdir.cgi}, the complete
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diff changeset
866 URL for that repository will be
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parents: 432
diff changeset
867 \url{http://myhostname/~myuser/hgwebdir.cgi/this/repo}.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
868
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parents: 432
diff changeset
869 If we replace \dirname{/my/root} on the left hand side of this example
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parents: 432
diff changeset
870 with \dirname{/my}, then \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} will only strip off
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parents: 432
diff changeset
871 \dirname{/my} from the repository name, and will give us a virtual
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parents: 432
diff changeset
872 path of \dirname{root/this/repo} instead of \dirname{this/repo}.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
873
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parents: 432
diff changeset
874 The \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} script will recursively search each
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parents: 432
diff changeset
875 directory listed in the \texttt{collections} section of its
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parents: 432
diff changeset
876 configuration file, but it will \texttt{not} recurse into the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
877 repositories it finds.
b05e35d641e4 Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents: 432
diff changeset
878
b05e35d641e4 Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
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parents: 432
diff changeset
879 The \texttt{collections} mechanism makes it easy to publish many
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parents: 432
diff changeset
880 repositories in a ``fire and forget'' manner. You only need to set up
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parents: 432
diff changeset
881 the CGI script and configuration file one time. Afterwards, you can
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parents: 432
diff changeset
882 publish or unpublish a repository at any time by simply moving it
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parents: 432
diff changeset
883 into, or out of, the directory hierarchy in which you've configured
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parents: 432
diff changeset
884 \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} to look.
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parents: 432
diff changeset
885
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diff changeset
886 \subsubsection{Explicitly specifying which repositories to publish}
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parents: 432
diff changeset
887
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parents: 432
diff changeset
888 In addition to the \texttt{collections} mechanism, the
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parents: 432
diff changeset
889 \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} script allows you to publish a specific list
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890 of repositories. To do so, create a \texttt{paths} section, with
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diff changeset
891 contents of the following form.
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diff changeset
892 \begin{codesample2}
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diff changeset
893 [paths]
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diff changeset
894 repo1 = /my/path/to/some/repo
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diff changeset
895 repo2 = /some/path/to/another
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diff changeset
896 \end{codesample2}
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diff changeset
897 In this case, the virtual path (the component that will appear in a
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diff changeset
898 URL) is on the left hand side of each definition, while the path to
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diff changeset
899 the repository is on the right. Notice that there does not need to be
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diff changeset
900 any relationship between the virtual path you choose and the location
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diff changeset
901 of a repository in your filesystem.
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diff changeset
902
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diff changeset
903 If you wish, you can use both the \texttt{collections} and
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diff changeset
904 \texttt{paths} mechanisms simultaneously in a single configuration
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diff changeset
905 file.
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diff changeset
906
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907 \begin{note}
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diff changeset
908 If multiple repositories have the same virtual path,
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diff changeset
909 \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} will not report an error. Instead, it will
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diff changeset
910 behave unpredictably.
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diff changeset
911 \end{note}
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diff changeset
912
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diff changeset
913 \subsection{Downloading source archives}
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diff changeset
914
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diff changeset
915 Mercurial's web interface lets users download an archive of any
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diff changeset
916 revision. This archive will contain a snapshot of the working
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diff changeset
917 directory as of that revision, but it will not contain a copy of the
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diff changeset
918 repository data.
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diff changeset
919
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920 By default, this feature is not enabled. To enable it, you'll need to
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921 add an \rcitem{web}{allow\_archive} item to the \rcsection{web}
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diff changeset
922 section of your \hgrc.
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diff changeset
923
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924 \subsection{Web configuration options}
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diff changeset
925
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diff changeset
926 Mercurial's web interfaces (the \hgcmd{serve} command, and the
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diff changeset
927 \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} and \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} scripts) have a
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diff changeset
928 number of configuration options that you can set. These belong in a
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diff changeset
929 section named \rcsection{web}.
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diff changeset
930 \begin{itemize}
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diff changeset
931 \item[\rcitem{web}{allow\_archive}] Determines which (if any) archive
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932 download mechanisms Mercurial supports. If you enable this
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diff changeset
933 feature, users of the web interface will be able to download an
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diff changeset
934 archive of whatever revision of a repository they are viewing.
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diff changeset
935 To enable the archive feature, this item must take the form of a
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diff changeset
936 sequence of words drawn from the list below.
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diff changeset
937 \begin{itemize}
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diff changeset
938 \item[\texttt{bz2}] A \command{tar} archive, compressed using
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diff changeset
939 \texttt{bzip2} compression. This has the best compression ratio,
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diff changeset
940 but uses the most CPU time on the server.
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diff changeset
941 \item[\texttt{gz}] A \command{tar} archive, compressed using
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diff changeset
942 \texttt{gzip} compression.
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diff changeset
943 \item[\texttt{zip}] A \command{zip} archive, compressed using LZW
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diff changeset
944 compression. This format has the worst compression ratio, but is
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diff changeset
945 widely used in the Windows world.
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diff changeset
946 \end{itemize}
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diff changeset
947 If you provide an empty list, or don't have an
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diff changeset
948 \rcitem{web}{allow\_archive} entry at all, this feature will be
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diff changeset
949 disabled. Here is an example of how to enable all three supported
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diff changeset
950 formats.
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diff changeset
951 \begin{codesample4}
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diff changeset
952 [web]
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diff changeset
953 allow_archive = bz2 gz zip
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diff changeset
954 \end{codesample4}
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diff changeset
955 \item[\rcitem{web}{allowpull}] Boolean. Determines whether the web
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diff changeset
956 interface allows remote users to \hgcmd{pull} and \hgcmd{clone} this
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diff changeset
957 repository over~HTTP. If set to \texttt{no} or \texttt{false}, only
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958 the ``human-oriented'' portion of the web interface is available.
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diff changeset
959 \item[\rcitem{web}{contact}] String. A free-form (but preferably
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960 brief) string identifying the person or group in charge of the
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diff changeset
961 repository. This often contains the name and email address of a
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962 person or mailing list. It often makes sense to place this entry in
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diff changeset
963 a repository's own \sfilename{.hg/hgrc} file, but it can make sense
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diff changeset
964 to use in a global \hgrc\ if every repository has a single
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diff changeset
965 maintainer.
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966 \item[\rcitem{web}{maxchanges}] Integer. The default maximum number
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967 of changesets to display in a single page of output.
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968 \item[\rcitem{web}{maxfiles}] Integer. The default maximum number
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969 of modified files to display in a single page of output.
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970 \item[\rcitem{web}{stripes}] Integer. If the web interface displays
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diff changeset
971 alternating ``stripes'' to make it easier to visually align rows
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972 when you are looking at a table, this number controls the number of
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diff changeset
973 rows in each stripe.
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974 \item[\rcitem{web}{style}] Controls the template Mercurial uses to
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975 display the web interface. Mercurial ships with two web templates,
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diff changeset
976 named \texttt{default} and \texttt{gitweb} (the latter is much more
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diff changeset
977 visually attractive). You can also specify a custom template of
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diff changeset
978 your own; see chapter~\ref{chap:template} for details. Here, you
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979 can see how to enable the \texttt{gitweb} style.
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diff changeset
980 \begin{codesample4}
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diff changeset
981 [web]
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diff changeset
982 style = gitweb
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diff changeset
983 \end{codesample4}
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984 \item[\rcitem{web}{templates}] Path. The directory in which to search
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diff changeset
985 for template files. By default, Mercurial searches in the directory
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diff changeset
986 in which it was installed.
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diff changeset
987 \end{itemize}
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988 If you are using \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi}, you can place a few
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989 configuration items in a \rcsection{web} section of the
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990 \sfilename{hgweb.config} file instead of a \hgrc\ file, for
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991 convenience. These items are \rcitem{web}{motd} and
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diff changeset
992 \rcitem{web}{style}.
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diff changeset
993
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994 \subsubsection{Options specific to an individual repository}
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diff changeset
995
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diff changeset
996 A few \rcsection{web} configuration items ought to be placed in a
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diff changeset
997 repository's local \sfilename{.hg/hgrc}, rather than a user's or
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diff changeset
998 global \hgrc.
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diff changeset
999 \begin{itemize}
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1000 \item[\rcitem{web}{description}] String. A free-form (but preferably
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1001 brief) string that describes the contents or purpose of the
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diff changeset
1002 repository.
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diff changeset
1003 \item[\rcitem{web}{name}] String. The name to use for the repository
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1004 in the web interface. This overrides the default name, which is the
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1005 last component of the repository's path.
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1006 \end{itemize}
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diff changeset
1007
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diff changeset
1008 \subsubsection{Options specific to the \hgcmd{serve} command}
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1009
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1010 Some of the items in the \rcsection{web} section of a \hgrc\ file are
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1011 only for use with the \hgcmd{serve} command.
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diff changeset
1012 \begin{itemize}
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1013 \item[\rcitem{web}{accesslog}] Path. The name of a file into which to
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1014 write an access log. By default, the \hgcmd{serve} command writes
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1015 this information to standard output, not to a file. Log entries are
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1016 written in the standard ``combined'' file format used by almost all
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1017 web servers.
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1018 \item[\rcitem{web}{address}] String. The local address on which the
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1019 server should listen for incoming connections. By default, the
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1020 server listens on all addresses.
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1021 \item[\rcitem{web}{errorlog}] Path. The name of a file into which to
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1022 write an error log. By default, the \hgcmd{serve} command writes this
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1023 information to standard error, not to a file.
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1024 \item[\rcitem{web}{ipv6}] Boolean. Whether to use the IPv6 protocol.
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1025 By default, IPv6 is not used.
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1026 \item[\rcitem{web}{port}] Integer. The TCP~port number on which the
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1027 server should listen. The default port number used is~8000.
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1028 \end{itemize}
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1029
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1030 \subsubsection{Choosing the right \hgrc\ file to add \rcsection{web}
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1031 items to}
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1032
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1033 It is important to remember that a web server like Apache or
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1034 \texttt{lighttpd} will run under a user~ID that is different to yours.
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1035 CGI scripts run by your server, such as \sfilename{hgweb.cgi}, will
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1036 usually also run under that user~ID.
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1037
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1038 If you add \rcsection{web} items to your own personal \hgrc\ file, CGI
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1039 scripts won't read that \hgrc\ file. Those settings will thus only
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1040 affect the behaviour of the \hgcmd{serve} command when you run it. To
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1041 cause CGI scripts to see your settings, either create a \hgrc\ file in
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1042 the home directory of the user ID that runs your web server, or add
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1043 those settings to a system-wide \hgrc\ file.
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1044
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1045
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1046 %%% Local Variables:
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1047 %%% mode: latex
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1048 %%% TeX-master: "00book"
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1049 %%% End: