annotate DOCS/xml/es/mencoder.xml @ 37182:1c64016edce3

Cosmetic: Place pkg-config options first.
author ib
date Tue, 09 Sep 2014 10:52:21 +0000
parents 6a646612a081
children
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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2 <!-- synced with 1.19 -->
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3 <chapter id="mencoder">
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4 <title>Codificación básica con <application>MEncoder</application></title>
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5
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6 <para>
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7 Para una lista completa de las opciones de <application>MEncoder</application>
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8 y ejemplos, vea por favor la página de manual. Para una serie de ejemplos prácticos
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9 y guias detalladas usando varios parámetros de codificación, lea los
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10 <ulink url="../../tech/encoding-tips.txt">consejos-de-codificación</ulink> donde
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11 se recopilan varias conversaciones en la lista de correo mplayer-users. Busque los
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12 <ulink url="http://mplayerhq.hu/pipermail/mplayer-users/">archivos</ulink>
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13 para obtener abundantes discusiones acerca de todos los aspectos y problemas
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14 relacionados con la codificación con <application>MEncoder</application>.
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15 </para>
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16
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17 <sect1 id="menc-feat-divx4">
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18 <title>Codificación MPEG-4 en 2 o 3-pasadas (&quot;DivX&quot;)</title>
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19
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20 <formalpara>
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21 <title>Codificación en 2-pasadas</title>
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22 <para>
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23 El nombre viene del hecho de que este método codifica el archivo
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24 <emphasis>dos veces</emphasis>. La primera codificación (pasada aislada) crea algunos
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25 archivos temporales (<filename>*.log</filename>) con un tamaño de unos pocos megabytes,
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26 no los borre todavía (puede borrar el AVI). En la segunda pasada, el archivo de salida
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27 de 2-pasadas es creado, usando los datos de tasa de bits de los archivos temporales. El
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28 archivo resultante debe tener así mucha más calidad de imagen. Si es la primera vez que
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29 oye hablar de esto, debería consultar algunas guías disponibles en la Red.
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30 </para>
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31 </formalpara>
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32
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33 <para>
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34 Este ejemplo muestra como codificar un DVD a AVI MPEG-4 de 2-pasadas (&quot;DivX&quot;).
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35 Solo se necesitan dos órdenes:
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36 <screen>rm frameno.avi</screen>
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37 borre este archivo, que puede ser de una codificación previa en 3-pasadas (e interfiere
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38 con el actual)
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39 <screen>
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40 mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1 -oac copy -o <replaceable>pelicula.avi</replaceable>
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41 mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2 -oac copy -o <replaceable>pelicula.avi</replaceable>
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42 </screen>
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43 </para>
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44
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45 <formalpara>
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46 <title>Codificación en 3-pasadas</title>
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47 <para>
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48 Esta es una extensión de la codificación en 2-pasadas, donde la codificación
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49 del au dio se hace en una pasada diferente. Este método estima la tasa de bits
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50 de video necesaria para ajustar el tamaño para un CD. Además, el audio es
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51 codificado una sola vez, y no como en el modo 2-pasadas. De manera esquemática:
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52 </para>
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53 </formalpara>
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54
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55 <procedure>
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56 <step><para>
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57 Borre el archivo temporal conflictivo:
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58 <screen>rm frameno.avi</screen>
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59 </para></step>
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60 <step><para>
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61 <emphasis>Primera pasada:</emphasis>
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62
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63 <screen>mencoder <replaceable>file/DVD</replaceable> -ovc frameno -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3 -o frameno.avi</screen>
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64
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65 Se crea un archivo avi solo-audio, que contiene
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66 <emphasis role="bold">únicamente</emphasis> el flujo de audio requerido. No olvide
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67 <option>-lameopts</option>, si necesita establecer algunos parámetros. Si está
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68 codificando una película larga, <application>MEncoder</application> muestra las
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69 tasas de bits recomendadas para tamaños 650MB, 700MB, y 800MB, una vez que finaliza
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70 esta pasada.
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71 </para></step>
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72 <step><para>
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73 <emphasis>Segunda pasada:</emphasis>
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74 <screen>
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75 mencoder <replaceable>file/DVD</replaceable> -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1:vbitrate=<replaceable>bitrate</replaceable><!--
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76 --></screen>
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77 Esta es la primera pasada de la codificación de video. Opcionalmente puede
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78 especificar la tasa de bits de video que predijo
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79 <application>MEncoder</application> cuando terminó la primera pasada.
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80 </para></step>
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81 <step><para>
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82 <emphasis>Tercera pasada:</emphasis>
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83 <screen>
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84 mencoder <replaceable>file/DVD</replaceable> -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2:vbitrate=<replaceable>bitrate</replaceable>
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85 </screen>
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86 Esta es la segunda pasada de la codificación del video. Especifique la
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87 misma tasa de bits que en la pasada anterior a menos que sepa realmente
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88 lo que está haciendo. En esta pasada, el audio de <filename>frameno.avi</filename>
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89 se inserta en el archivo de destino... y ¡ya está todo hecho!
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90 </para></step>
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91 </procedure>
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92
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93 <example id="example_3_pass">
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94 <title>Ejemplo de codificación en 3-pasadas</title>
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95 <para>
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96 <screen>rm frameno.avi</screen>
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97 borre este archivo, que puede ser de una codificación en 3-pasadas
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98 anterior (e interferir con el actual)
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99 <screen>
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100 mencoder dvd://2 -ovc frameno -o frameno.avi -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3
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101 mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1 -oac copy -o <replaceable>pelicula.avi</replaceable>
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102 mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2 -oac copy -o <replaceable>pelicula.avi</replaceable>
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103 </screen>
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104 </para>
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105 </example>
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106 </sect1>
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107
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108 <sect1 id="menc-feat-mpeg">
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109 <title>Codificando a formato MPEG</title>
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110 <para>
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111 <application>MEncoder</application> puede crear archivos con formato de salida
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112 MPEG (MPEG-PS). Probablemente esto sea util con el codec <emphasis>mpeg1video</emphasis>
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113 de <systemitem class="library">libavcodec</systemitem>,
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114 porque los reproductores - excepto <application>MPlayer</application> - esperan
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115 video MPEG1, y audio en MPEG1 layer 2 (MP2) en los archivos MPEG.
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116 </para>
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117
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118 <para>
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119 Esta característica no es muy útil ahora, por un lado probablemente tenga muchos
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120 fallos, pero lo más importante es porque <application>MEncoder</application>
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121 actualmente no codifica audio MPEG1 layer 2 (MP2), que es lo que otros
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122 reproductores esperan en los archivos MPEG.
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123 </para>
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124
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125 <para>
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126 Para cambiar el formato del archivo de salida de
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127 <application>MEncoder</application>, use la opción <option>-of mpeg</option>.
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128 </para>
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129
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130 <para>
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131 Ejemplo:
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132 <screen>
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133 mencoder -of mpeg -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg1video -oac copy <replaceable>otras opciones</replaceable> <replaceable>media.avi</replaceable> -o <replaceable>output.mpg</replaceable>
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134 </screen>
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135 </para>
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136 </sect1>
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137
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138
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139 <sect1 id="menc-feat-rescale">
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140 <title>Reescalando películas</title>
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141
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142 <para>
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143 A menudo surge la necesidad de reescalar el tamaño de las imágenes de las películas.
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144 Las razones pueden ser varias: reducir el tamaño del archivo, ancho de banda de la
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145 red, etc. La mayoría de la gente incluso reescala cuando convierte DVDs o SVCDs a
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146 AVI DIVX. Esto es <emphasis role="bold">malo</emphasis>. En lugar de hacer eso, lea
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147 la sección <link linkend="aspect">Conservando la razón de aspecto</link>.
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148 </para>
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149
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150 <para>
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151 El proceso de escalado es manejado por el filtro de video <literal>scale</literal>:
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152 <option>-vf scale=<replaceable>ancho</replaceable>:<replaceable>alto</replaceable></option>.
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153 La calidad puede ser establecida con la opción <option>-sws</option>.
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154 Si no se especifica, <application>MEncoder</application> usará 0: bilineal rápido.
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155 </para>
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156
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157 <para>
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158 Uso:
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159 <screen>
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160 mencoder <replaceable>entrada.mpg</replaceable> -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4 -vf scale=640:480-o <replaceable>salida.avi</replaceable>
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161 </screen>
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162 </para>
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163 </sect1>
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164
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165
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166 <sect1 id="menc-feat-streamcopy">
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167 <title>Copia de flujos</title>
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168
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169 <para>
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170 <application>MEncoder</application> puede manejar flujos de entrada de dos maneras:
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171 <emphasis role="bold">codificandolos</emphasis> o <emphasis role="bold">copiandolos</emphasis>.
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172 Esta sección habla del modo <emphasis role="bold">copiandolos</emphasis>.
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173 </para>
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174
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175 <itemizedlist>
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176 <listitem><para>
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177 <emphasis role="bold">Flujo de video</emphasis> (opción <option>-ovc copy</option>):
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178 con esto se pueden hacer cosas muy bonitas :) Como, poner (¡convertir no!) ¡video FLI
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179 o VIVO o MPEG1 en un archivo AVI! Por supuesto solo <application>MPlayer</application>
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180 puede reproducir estos archivos :) Y probablemente no tenga ningún valor en la vida
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181 real. Razonadamente: la copia de flujo de video puede ser útil por ejemplo cuando
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182 solo ha de ser codificado el flujo de audio (como, PCM sin comprimir a MP3).
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183 </para></listitem>
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184 <listitem><para>
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185 <emphasis role="bold">Flujo de audio</emphasis> (opción <option>-oac copy</option>):
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186 sinceramente. Es posible usar un archivo de audio externo (MP3, WAV) y
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187 multiplexarlo dentro del flujo de salida. Use para ello la opción
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188 <option>-audiofile <replaceable>filename</replaceable></option>.
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189 </para></listitem>
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190 </itemizedlist>
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191 </sect1>
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192
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193
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194 <sect1 id="menc-feat-fix-avi">
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195 <title>Arreglando AVIs con índice roto o interpolado</title>
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196
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197 <para>
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198 Es lo más facil. Símplemente copia los flujos de audio y video, y
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199 <application>MEncoder</application> genera el índice. Por supuesto esto
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200 no puede arreglar posibles errores en los flujos de audio y/o video. También
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201 arregla archivos con interpolado incorrecto, es decir la opción <option>-ni</option>
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202 ya no será necesaria nunca más.
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203 </para>
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204
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205 <para>
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206 Órden:
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207 <screen>
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208 mencoder -idx <replaceable>entrada.avi</replaceable> -ovc copy -oac copy -o <replaceable>salida.avi</replaceable><!--
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209 --></screen>
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210 </para>
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211
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212
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213 <sect2 id="menc-feat-appending">
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214 <title>Uniendo mútiples archivos AVI</title>
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215
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216 <para>
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217 Como un efecto co-lateral, la función de corregir AVI's sin índice habilita a
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218 <application>MEncoder</application> para unir 2 (o más) archivos AVI:
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219 </para>
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220
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221 <para>
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222 Órden:
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223 <screen>cat 1.avi 2.avi | mencoder -noidx -ovc copy -oac copy -o <replaceable>salida.avi</replaceable> -</screen>
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224 </para>
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225
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226 <note><para>
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227 Esto espera que <filename>1.avi</filename> y <filename>2.avi</filename> usen
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228 los mismos codecs, resolución, tasa de flujo etc, y al menos <filename>1.avi</filename>
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229 no esté roto. Puede que necesite corregir sus archivos AVI de entrada primero, como
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230 se describe <link linkend="menc-feat-fix-avi">más arriba</link>.
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231 </para></note>
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232 </sect2>
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233 </sect1>
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234
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235
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236 <sect1 id="menc-feat-enc-images">
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237 <title>Codificando desde múltiples archivos de imágenes de entrada (JPEGs, PNGs o TGAs)</title>
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238
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239 <para>
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240 <application>MEncoder</application> es capaz de crear películas desde uno o más
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241 archivos JPEG, PNG o TGA. Con framecopy simple crea archivos MJPEG (Motion JPEG),
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242 MPNG (Motion PNG) o MTGA (Motion TGA).
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243 </para>
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244
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245 <orderedlist>
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246 <title>Explicación del proceso:</title>
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247 <listitem><para>
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248 <application>MEncoder</application> <emphasis>decodifica</emphasis> las imágenes
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249 de entrada con
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250 <systemitem class="library">libjpeg</systemitem> (cuando decodifica PNGs, usa
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251 <systemitem class="library">libpng</systemitem>).
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252 </para></listitem>
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253 <listitem><para>
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254 <application>MEncoder</application> alimenta entonces con la imagen decodificada
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255 al compresor de video elegido (DivX4, Xvid, ffmpeg msmpeg4, etc.).
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256 </para></listitem>
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257 </orderedlist>
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258
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259 <formalpara>
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260 <title>Ejemplos</title>
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261 <para>
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262 La explicación de la opción <option>-mf</option> puede encontrarse más abajo en
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263 la página de manual.
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264
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265 <informalexample>
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266 <para>
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267 Creating a DivX4 file from all the JPEG files in the current dir:
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268 <screen>
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269 mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25 -ovc divx4 -o output.avi \*.jpg<!--
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270 --></screen>
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271 </para>
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272 </informalexample>
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273
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274 <informalexample>
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275 <para>
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276 Creando un archivo DivX4 desde algunos archivos JPEG en el directorio actual:
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277 <screen>
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278 mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25 -ovc divx4 -o <replaceable>salida.avi</replaceable> frame001.jpg,frame002.jpg <!--
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279 --></screen>
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280 </para>
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281 </informalexample>
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282
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283 <informalexample>
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284 <para>
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285 Creando un archivo Motion JPEG (MJPEG) desde todos los archivos JPEG en el
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286 directorio actual:
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287 <screen>
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288 mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25 -ovc copy -o <replaceable>salida.avi</replaceable> \*.jpg<!--
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289 --></screen>
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290 </para>
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291 </informalexample>
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292
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293 <informalexample>
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294 <para>
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295 Creando un archivo sin comprimir desde todos los archivos PNG en el directorio
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296 actual:
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297 <screen>
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298 mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=png -ovc raw -o <replaceable>salida.avi</replaceable> \*.png<!--
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299 --></screen>
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300 </para>
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301 </informalexample>
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302
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303 <note><para>
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304 El ancho debe ser múltiplo entero de 4, esto es una estimación del formato AVI RAW RGB.
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305 </para></note>
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306
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307 <informalexample>
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308 <para>
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309 Creando un archivo Motion PNG (MPNG) desde todos los archivos PNG en el
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310 directorio actual:
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311 <screen>
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312 mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=png -ovc copy -o salida.avi \*.png<!--
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313 --></screen>
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314 </para>
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315 </informalexample>
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316
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317 <informalexample>
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318 <para>
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319 Creando un archivo Motion TGA (MTGA) desde todos los archivos TGA en el
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320 directorio actual:
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321 <screen>
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322 mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=tga -ovc copy -o salida.avi \*.tga<!--
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323 --></screen>
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324 </para>
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325 </informalexample>
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326
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327 </para>
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328 </formalpara>
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329 </sect1>
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330
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331
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332 <sect1 id="menc-feat-extractsub">
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333 <title>Extrayendo subtítulos DVD a archivo Vobsub</title>
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334
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335 <para>
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336 <application>MEncoder</application> es capaz de extraer subtítulos desde
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337 un DVD a archivos con formato Vobsub. Esto consiste en un par de archivos
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338 que terminan en <filename>.idx</filename> y <filename>.sub</filename> y
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339 normalmente son empaquetados en un archivo <filename>.rar</filename> simple.
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340 <application>MPlayer</application> puede reproducir esto con las opciones
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341 <option>-vobsub</option> y <option>-vobsubid</option>.
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342 </para>
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343
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344 <para>
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345 Puede especificar el nombre base (p.e. sin la extensión <filename>.idx</filename>
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346 o <filename>.sub</filename>) de los archivos de salida con
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347 <option>-vobsubout</option> y el índice para este subtítulo en los
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348 archivos resultantes con <option>-vobsuboutindex</option>.
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349 </para>
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350
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351 <para>
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352 Si la entrada no es desde un DVD debe usar <option>-ifo</option> para
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353 indicar el archivo <filename>.ifo</filename> necesario para reconstruir
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354 el archivo resultante <filename>.idx</filename>.
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355 </para>
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356
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357 <para>
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358 Si la entrada no es desde un DVD y no tiene el archivo
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359 <filename>.ifo</filename> necesario deberá usar la opción
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360 <option>-vobsubid</option> para decir qué id de idioma poner
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361 en el archivo <filename>.idx</filename>.
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362 </para>
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363
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364 <para>
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365 Cada ejecución añade el subtítulo que se está usando si los
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366 archivos <filename>.idx</filename> y <filename>.sub</filename> ya existen.
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367 Debería borrarlos antes de comenzar.
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368 </para>
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369
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370 <example id="copiando_dos_subtitulos_dvd_mientras_codificacion">
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371 <title>Copiando dos subtítulos desde un DVD mientras se hace la
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372 codificación en 3-pasadas</title>
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373 <screen>
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374 rm subtitles.idx subtitles.sub
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375 mencoder dvd://1 -vobsubout subtitles -vobsuboutindex 0 -sid 2 -o frameno.avi -ovc frameno
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376 mencoder dvd://1 -oac copy -ovc divx4 -pass 1
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377 mencoder dvd://1 -oac copy -ovc divx4 -pass 2 -vobsubout subtitles -vobsuboutindex 1 -sid 5<!--
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378 --></screen>
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379 </example>
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380
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381 <example id="copying_a_french_subtitle_from_an_mpeg_file">
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382 <title>Copiando un subtítulo francés desde un archivo MPEG</title>
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383 <screen>
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384 rm subtitles.idx subtitles.sub
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385 mencoder <replaceable>pelicula.mpg</replaceable> -ifo <replaceable>pelicula.ifo</replaceable> -vobsubout subtitles -vobsuboutindex 0 -vobsuboutid fr -sid 1<!--
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386 --></screen>
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387 </example>
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388
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389 </sect1>
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390
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391 <sect1 id="aspect">
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392 <title>Preservando relación de aspecto</title>
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393 <para>
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394 Los archivos de DVDs y SVCDs (p.e. MPEG1/2) contienen un valor sobre la
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395 relación de aspecto, que describe cómo debe el reproductor escalar el flujo
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396 de video, los humanos tienen un huevo por cabeza (ej.:480x480 + 4:3 = 640x480).
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397 Sin embargo cuando se codifica a archivo AVI (DivX), debe estar advertido
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398 de que los encabezados AVI no almacenan este valor. Reescalar la película
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399 es repugnante y consume tiempo, ¡siempre debe haber un camino mejor!
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400 </para>
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401
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402 <para>Esto es</para>
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403
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404 <para>
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405 MPEG4 tiene una característica única: el flujo de video puede contener
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406 la razón de aspecto necesaria. Sí, igual que MPEG1/2 (DVD, SVCD) y los archivos H263.
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407 Por lástima, <emphasis role="bold">no</emphasis> hay reproductores de video
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408 ahí fuera que soporten esta característica de MPEG4, excepto <application>MPlayer</application>.
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409 </para>
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410
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411 <para>
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412 Esta característica puede ser usada solo con el codec
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413 <systemitem>mpeg4</systemitem> de
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414 <systemitem class="library">libavcodec</systemitem>.
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415 Tenga en mente: aunque <application>MPlayer</application> puede reproducir
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416 correctamente el archivo creado, otros reproductores pueden usar una razón
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417 de aspecto incorrecta.
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418 </para>
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419
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420 <para>
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421 Seriamente debe recortar las bandas negras que hay por encima y por debajo
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422 de la imagen.
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423 Vea la página de manual para usar los filtros <systemitem>cropdetect</systemitem>
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424 y <systemitem>crop</systemitem>.
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425 </para>
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426
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427 <para>
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428 Uso
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429 <screen>mencoder <replaceable>sample-svcd.mpg</replaceable> -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:autoaspect -vf crop=714:548:0:14 -oac copy -o <replaceable>salida.avi</replaceable></screen>
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430 </para>
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431 </sect1>
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432
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433 </chapter>