annotate DOCS/xml/it/cd-dvd.xml @ 28214:24d346bac64f

Sync audio.xml removal.
author diego
date Sun, 04 Jan 2009 23:10:47 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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2 <!-- synced with r24346 -->
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3 <chapter id="cd-dvd">
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4 <title>Utilizzo CD/DVD</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="drives">
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7 <title>Lettori CD/DVD</title>
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8
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9 <para>
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10 I lettori CD-ROM recenti possono raggiungere velocità molto alte, ma molti
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11 lettori sono capaci di girare a velocità ridotte. Ci sono diversi motivi che
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12 possono farti pensare di cambiare la velocità di un'unità CD-ROM:
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13 </para>
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14
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15 <itemizedlist>
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16 <listitem><para>
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17 Ci sono state notifiche di errori di lettura ad alte velocità, specialmente
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18 con CD-ROM malamente pressati. Ridurre la velocità può prevenire la
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19 perdita di dati in queste circostanze.
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20 </para></listitem>
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21
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22 <listitem><para>
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23 Molti lettori CD-ROM sono fastidiosamente rumorosi, una minor velocità
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24 può ridurre il rumore.
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25 </para></listitem>
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26 </itemizedlist>
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27
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28 <!-- ********** -->
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29
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30 <sect2 id="drives_linux">
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31 <title>Linux</title>
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32
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33 <para>
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34 Puoi diminuire la velocità delle unità CD-ROM IDE con
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35 <command>hdparm</command>, <command>setcd</command> o <command>cdctl</command>.
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36 Funziona così:
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37 <screen>hdparm -E <replaceable>[velocità]</replaceable> <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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38 <screen>setcd -x <replaceable>[velocità]</replaceable> <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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39 <screen>cdctl -bS <replaceable>[velocità]</replaceable></screen>
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40 </para>
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41
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42 <para>
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43 Se stai usando l'emulazione SCSI, puoi dover applicare le impostazioni al
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44 lettore IDE reale, e non al dispositivo emulato come SCSI.
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45 </para>
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46
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47 <para>
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48 Se hai i privilegi di root può essere di aiuto anche il comando seguente:
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49 <screen>echo file_readahead:2000000 &gt; /proc/ide/<replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable>/settings</screen>
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50 </para>
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51
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52 <para>
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53 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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54 Ciò imposta la lettura in prefetch dei file a 2MB, che aiuta con CD-ROM
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55 graffiati. Se la imposti troppo alta, il lettore continuerà ad aumentare e
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56 diminuire la velocità, e le prestazioni diminuiranno drasticamente.
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57 Si raccomanda di regolare il tuo lettore CD-ROM anche con
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58 <command>hdparm</command>:
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59 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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60 </para>
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61
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62 <para>
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63 Questo abilita l'accesso in DMA, la pre-lettura, e la mascheratura IRQ (leggi
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64 la pagina man di <command>hdparm</command> per una spiegazione dettagliata).
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65 </para>
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66
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67 <para>
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68 Per favore fai riferimento a
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69 "<filename>/proc/ide/<replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable>/settings</filename>"
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70 per regolare con precisione il tuo CD-ROM.
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71 </para>
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72
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73 <para>
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74 I lettori SCSI non hanno un modo uniforme di impostare questi parametri (ne
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75 conosci uno? diccelo!). C'è uno strumento che funziona con i
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76 <ulink url="http://das.ist.org/~georg/">lettori SCSI Plextor</ulink>.
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77 </para>
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78 </sect2>
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79
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80 <!-- ********** -->
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81
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82 <sect2 id="drives_freebsd">
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83 <title>FreeBSD</title>
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84
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85 <para>velocità:
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86 <screen>
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87 cdcontrol [-f <replaceable>dispositivo</replaceable>] speed <replaceable>[velocità]</replaceable>
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88 </screen>
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89 </para>
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90
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91 <para>DMA:
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92 <screen>
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93 sysctl hw.ata.atapi_dma=1
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94 </screen>
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95 </para>
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96
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97 </sect2>
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98
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99 </sect1>
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100
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101
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102 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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103
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104
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105 <sect1 id="dvd">
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106 <title>Riproduzione DVD</title>
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107
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108 <para>
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109 Per una lista completa delle opzioni disponibili per favore leggi la pagina man.
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110 La sintassi per riprodurre un DVD normale è la seguente:
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111 <screen>
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112 mplayer dvd://<replaceable>&lt;traccia&gt;</replaceable> [-dvd-device <replaceable>&lt;dispositivo&gt;</replaceable>]
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113 </screen>
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114 </para>
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115
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116 <para>
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117 Esempio:
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118 <screen>mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdc</screen>
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119 </para>
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120
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121 <para>
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122 Se hai compilato <application>MPlayer</application> con il supporto per dvdnav,
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123 la sintassi è la stessa, tranne che devi usare dvdnav:// invece di dvd://.
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124 </para>
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125
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126 <para>
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127 Il dispositivo DVD di default è <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. Se la tua
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128 impostazione è diversa, crea un collegamento simbolico o indica il dispositivo
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129 giusto dalla riga comando con l'opzione <option>-dvd-device</option>.
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130 </para>
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131
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132 <para>
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133 <application>MPlayer</application> usa <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> e
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134 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> per la riproduzione e la decrittazione dei
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135 DVD. Queste due librerie sono contenute nei sorgenti di
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136 <application>MPlayer</application>, non hai bisogno di installarle
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137 separatamente. Puoi anche usare le controparti di sistema delle due librerie,
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138 ma questa non è la soluzione raccomandata, in quanto può portare a bachi,
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139 incompatibilità di librerie e minor velocità.
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140 </para>
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141
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142 <note><para>
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143 Nel caso di problemi di decodifica di DVD, prova a disabilitare il supermount,
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144 o qualsiasi altra utilità. Alcuni lettori RPC-2 possono anche aver bisogno di
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145 avere il codice di zona impostato.
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146 </para></note>
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147
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148 <formalpara>
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149 <title>Decrittazione DVD</title>
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150 <para>
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151 La decrittazione dei DVD viene fatta da <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem>. La
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152 modalità può esser specificata attraverso la variabile d'ambiente
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153 <envar>DVDCSS_METHOD</envar>, vedi la pagina di manuale per i dettagli.
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154 </para>
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155 </formalpara>
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156
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157 <sect2 id="region_code">
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158 <title>Codici regionali</title>
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159 <para>
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160 I lettori DVD al giorno d'oggi sono venduti con una costrizione senza senso
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161 chiamata <ulink url="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video#Codici_regionali">codice regionale</ulink>
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162 (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code">in inglese</ulink>).
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163 Questa è una strategia per forzare i lettori DVD ad accettare solamente DVD
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164 prodotti per una delle sei diverse regioni in cui è stato diviso il mondo.
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165 Come un gruppo di persone possano sedersi attorno ad un tavolo, partorire
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166 un'idea del genere ed aspettarsi che il mondo del 21° secolo si pieghi ai loro
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167 voleri, è aldilà di ogni comprensione.
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168 </para>
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169
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170 <para>
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171 I lettori che forzano l'impostazione regionale solo via software sono anche
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172 conosciuti come lettori RPC-1, quelli che lo gestiscono via hardware come RPC-2.
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173 I lettori RPC-2 permettono la modifica della regione per cinque volte, prima
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174 che resti bloccata.
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175 Sotto Linux puoi usare lo strumento
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176 <ulink url="http://linvdr.org/projects/regionset/">regionset</ulink> per
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177 per impostare il codice regionale del tuo lettore DVD.
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178 </para>
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179
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180 <para>
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181 Grazie al cielo, è possibile convertire lettori RPC-2 in lettori RPC-1
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182 attraverso un aggiornamento del firmware. Inserisci il modello del tuo lettore
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183 DVD nel tuo motore di ricerca preferito oppure dai un'occhiata ai forum e alle
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184 sezioni di download di
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185 <ulink url="http://www.rpc1.org/">"The firmware page"</ulink>.
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186 Anche se si devono applicare le solite precauzioni per l'aggiornamento del
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187 firmware, le esperienze relative alla rimozione della forzatura del codice
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188 regionale sono generalmente positive.
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189 </para>
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190 </sect2>
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191
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192 </sect1>
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193
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194
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195 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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196
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197
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198 <sect1 id="vcd">
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199 <title>Riproduzione VCD</title>
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200
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201 <para>
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202 Per una lista completa delle opzioni disponibili per favore leggi la pagina man.
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203 La sintassi per riprodurre un Video CD (VCD) normale è la seguente:
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204 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>&lt;traccia&gt;</replaceable> [-cdrom-device <replaceable>&lt;dispositivo&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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205 Esempio:
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206 <screen>mplayer vcd://2 -cdrom-device /dev/hdc</screen>
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207 Il dispositivo VCD di default è <filename>/dev/cdrom</filename>. Se la tua
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208 impostazione è diversa, crea un collegamento simbolico o indica il dispositivo
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209 giusto dalla riga comando con l'opzione <option>-cdrom-device</option>.
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210 </para>
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211
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212 <note><para>
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213 Perlomeno i lettori CD-ROM Plextor e alcuni Toshiba SCSI hanno prestazioni
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214 orribili leggendo i VCD. Questo perché l'<systemitem>ioctl</systemitem>
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215 CDROMREADRAW non è implementata appieno per questi lettori. Se hai una qualche
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216 conoscenza della programmazione SCSI, per favore
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217 <ulink url="../../tech/patches.txt">aiutaci</ulink> ad implementare un supporto
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218 SCSI generico per i VCD.
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219 </para></note>
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220
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221 <para>
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222 Nel frattempo puoi estrarre i dati dal VCD con
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223 <ulink url="http://ftp.ntut.edu.tw/ftp/OS/Linux/packages/X/viewers/readvcd/">readvcd</ulink>
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224 e riprodurre con <application>MPlayer</application> il file così ricavato.
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225 </para>
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226
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227 <formalpara>
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228 <title>Struttura VCD</title>
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229 <para>
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230 Un Video CD (VCD) è fatto di settori CD-ROM XA, per es. tracce CD-ROM mode 2
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231 form 1 e 2:
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232 <itemizedlist>
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233 <listitem><para>
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234 La prima traccia è in formato mode 2 form 2 il che significa che usa una
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235 correzione errori L2. La traccia contiene un filesystem ISO-9660 con 2048
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236 byte/settore. Il filesystem contiene delle informazioni metadati VCD, così
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237 come fermi-immagine spesso usati nei menu. I segmenti MPEG per i menu possono
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238 anche essere salvati nella prima traccia, ma gli MPEG devono essere
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239 spezzettati in una serie di blocchi di 150 settori. Il filesystem ISO-9660
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240 può contenere altri file o programmi che non sono essenziali per le
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241 operazioni VCD.
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242 </para></listitem>
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243
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244 <listitem><para>
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245 Le seconde e restanti tracce spesso sono tracce MPEG (filmato) di basso
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246 livello di 2324 byte/settore, contenenti un pacchetto dati MPEG PS per
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247 settore. Queste sono in formato mode 2 form 1, così da poter archiviare più
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248 dati per settore con la perdita di qualche correzione di errore. E' anche
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249 valido avere tracce CD-DA in un VCD dopo la prima traccia.
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250 In alcuni sistemi operativi c'è qualche trucchetto che fa apparire queste
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251 tracce non ISO-9660 in un filesystem. In altri sistemi operativi come
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252 GNU/Linux non è (ancora) così. Qui i dati MPEG
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253 <emphasis role="bold">non possono venir montati</emphasis>. Siccome molti
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254 film sono dentro questo tipo di tracce, dovresti provare prima
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255 <option>vcd://2</option>.
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256 </para></listitem>
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257
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258 <listitem><para>
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259 Ci sono dischi VCD senza la prima traccia (traccia singola e proprio nessun
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260 filesystem). Essi sono comunque riproducibili, ma non possono essere montati.
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261 </para></listitem>
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262
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263 <listitem><para>
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264 La definizione dello standard VCD viene chiamato il "White Book" Philips, e
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265 non è disponibile on-line visto che deve essere acquistato da Philips.
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266 Informazioni più dettagliate sui Video CD si possono trovare nella
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267 <ulink url="http://www.vcdimager.org/pub/vcdimager/manuals/0.7/vcdimager.html#SEC4">documentazione di vcdimager</ulink>.
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268 </para></listitem>
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269 </itemizedlist>
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270 </para>
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271 </formalpara>
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272
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273 <formalpara>
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274 <title>Riguardo i file .DAT</title>
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275 <para>
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276 Il file .DAT da ~600MB visibile sulla prima traccia del filsystem VCD montato
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277 non è un vero file! Viene anche detto "ISO gateway", creato per permettere a
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278 Windows di gestire tali tracce (Windows non permette alle applicazioni alcun
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279 accesso di basso livello ai dispositivi). Sotto Linux non puoi copiare o
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280 riprodurre questi file (contengono spazzatura). Sotto Windows è possibile
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281 che il driver iso9660 emuli la lettura a basso livello delle tracce nel file.
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282 Per riprodurre un file .DAT ti serve il driver per il kernel che si può
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283 trovare nella versione per Linux di PowerDVD. Esso ha un driver modificato per
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284 il filesystem iso9660 (<filename>vcdfs/isofs-2.4.X.o</filename>), che è in
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285 grado di emulare le tracce di basso livello attraverso quel file fantasma .DAT.
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286 Se monti il disco usando il loro driver, puoi poi copiare e anche riprodurre i
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287 file .DAT con <application>MPlayer</application>. Ma non funzionerà col driver
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288 iso9660 standard del kernel Linux! Usa invece <option>vcd://</option>.
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289 Alternative per copiare i VCD sono il nuovo driver del kernel
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290 <ulink url="http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/~ronsse/cdfs/">cdfs</ulink> (non incluso
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291 nel kernel ufficiale), che mostra le sessioni dei CD come file immagine, e
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292 <ulink url="http://cdrdao.sf.net/">cdrdao</ulink>, un'applicazione per
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293 copiare/fare il dump di CD bit-per-bit.
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294 </para>
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295 </formalpara>
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296 </sect1>
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297 </chapter>