annotate DOCS/xml/it/cd-dvd.xml @ 23498:c684b2fd07af

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author ptt
date Fri, 08 Jun 2007 15:02:11 +0000
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children 6bc39f26567f
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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2 <!-- synced with r21612 -->
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3 <chapter id="cd-dvd">
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4 <title>Utilizzo CD/DVD</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="drives">
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7 <title>Lettori CD/DVD</title>
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8
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9 <para>
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10 I lettori CD-ROM recenti possono raggiungere velocita' molto alte, ma molti
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11 lettori sono capaci di girare a velocita' ridotte. Ci sono diversi motivi che
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12 possono farti pensare di cambiare la velocita' di un'unita' CD-ROM:
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13 </para>
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14
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15 <itemizedlist>
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16 <listitem><para>
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17 Ci sono state notifiche di errori di lettura ad alte velocita', specialmente
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18 con CD-ROM malamente pressati. Ridurre la velocita' puo' prevenire la
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19 perdita di dati in queste circostanze.
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20 </para></listitem>
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21
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22 <listitem><para>
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23 Molti lettori CD-ROM sono fastidiosamente rumorosi, una minor velocita'
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24 puo' ridurre il rumore.
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25 </para></listitem>
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26 </itemizedlist>
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27
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28 <!-- ********** -->
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29
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30 <sect2 id="drives_linux">
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31 <title>Linux</title>
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32
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33 <para>
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34 Puoi diminuire la velocita' delle unita' CD-ROM IDE con
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35 <command>hdparm</command>, <command>setcd</command> o <command>cdctl</command>.
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36 Funziona cosi':
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37 <screen>hdparm -E <replaceable>[velocita']</replaceable> <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom device]</replaceable></screen>
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38 <screen>setcd -x <replaceable>[velocita']</replaceable> <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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39 <screen>cdctl -bS <replaceable>[velocita']</replaceable></screen>
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40 </para>
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41
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42 <para>
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43 Se stai usando l'emulazione SCSI, puoi dover applicare le impostazioni al
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44 lettore IDE reale, e non al dispositivo emulato come SCSI.
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45 </para>
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46
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47 <para>
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48 Se hai i privilegi di root puoi' essere di aiuto anche il comando seguente:
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49 <screen>echo file_readahead:2000000 &gt; /proc/ide/<replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable>/settings</screen>
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50 </para>
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51
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52 <para>
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53 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>[cdrom device]</replaceable></screen>
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54 Cio' imposta la lettura in prefetch dei file a 2MB, che aiuta con CD-ROM
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55 graffiati. Se la imposti troppo alta, il lettore continuera' ad aumentare e
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56 diminuire la velocita', e le prestazioni diminuiranno drasticamente.
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57 Si raccomanda di regolare il tuo lettore CD-ROM anche con
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58 <command>hdparm</command>:
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59 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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60 </para>
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61
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62 <para>
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63 Questo abilita l'accesso in DMA, la pre-lettura, e la mascheratura IRQ (leggi
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64 la pagina man di <command>hdparm</command> per una spiegazione dettagliata).
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65 </para>
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66
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67 <para>
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68 Perfavore fai riferimento a
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69 "<filename>/proc/ide/<replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable>/settings</filename>"
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70 per regolare con precisione il tuo CD-ROM.
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71 </para>
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72
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73 <para>
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74 I lettori SCSI non hanno un modo uniforme di impostare questi parametri (Ne
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75 conosci uno? diccelo!) C'e' uno strumento che funziona con i
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76 <ulink url="http://das.ist.org/~georg/">lettori SCSI Plextor</ulink>.
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77 </para>
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78 </sect2>
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79
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80 <!-- ********** -->
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81
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82 <sect2 id="drives_freebsd">
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83 <title>FreeBSD</title>
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84
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85 <para>velocita':
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86 <screen>
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87 cdcontrol [-f <replaceable>dispositivo</replaceable>] speed <replaceable>[velocita']</replaceable>
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88 </screen>
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89 </para>
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90
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91 <para>DMA:
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92 <screen>
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93 sysctl hw.ata.atapi_dma=1
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94 </screen>
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95 </para>
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96
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97 </sect2>
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98
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99 </sect1>
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100
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101
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102 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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103
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104
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105 <sect1 id="dvd">
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106 <title>Riproduzione DVD</title>
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107
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108 <para>
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109 Per una lista completa delle opzioni disponibili per favore leggi la pagina man.
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110 La sintassi per riprodurre un DVD normale e' la seguente:
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111 <screen>
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112 mplayer dvd://<replaceable>&lt;traccia&gt;</replaceable> [-dvd-device <replaceable>&lt;dispositivo&gt;</replaceable>]
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113 </screen>
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114 </para>
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115
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116 <para>
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117 Esempio:
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118 <screen>mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdc</screen>
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119 </para>
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120
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121 <para>
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122 Se hai compilato <application>MPlayer</application> con il supporto per dvdnav,
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123 la sintassi e' la stessa, tranne che devi usare dvdnav:// invece di dvd://.
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124 </para>
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125
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126 <para>
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127 Il dispositivo DVD di default e' <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. Se la tua
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128 impostazione e' diversa, crea un collegamento simbolico o indica il dispositivo
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129 giusto dalla riga comando con l'opzione <option>-dvd-device</option>.
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130 </para>
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131
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132 <para>
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133 <application>MPlayer</application> usa <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> e
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134 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> per la riproduzione e la decrittazione dei
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135 DVD. Queste due librerie sono contenute nei sorgenti di
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136 <application>MPlayer</application>, non hai bisogno di installarle
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137 separatamente. Puoi anche usare le controparti di sistema delle due librerie,
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138 ma questa non e' la soluzione raccomandata, in quanto puo' portare a bachi,
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139 incompatibilita' di librerie e minor velocita'.
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140 </para>
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141
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142 <note><para>
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143 Nel caso di problemi di decodifica di DVD, prova a disabilitare il supermount,
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144 o qualsiasi altra utilita'. Alcuni lettori RPC-2 possono anche aver bisogno di
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145 impostare il codice di zona.
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146 </para></note>
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147
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148 <formalpara>
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149 <title>Struttura DVD</title>
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150 <para>
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151 I dischi DVD hanno 2048 byte per settore con ECC/CRC. Di solito hanno un
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152 filesystem UDF su una sola traccia, contenente svariati file (piccoli file
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153 .IFO e .BUK e grossi (1GB) file .VOB). Questi sono file veri e possono esser
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154 copiati/riprodotti dal filesystem montato di un DVD non criptato.
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155 </para>
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156 </formalpara>
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157
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158 <para>
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159 I file .IFO contengono le informazioni per navigare nel film
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160 (capitoli/titoli/angolazioni, tabella lingue, etc) e sono necessari per leggere
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161 e interpretare il contenuto .VOB (il film). I file .BUK sono dei loro backup.
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162 Usano <emphasis role="bold">sectors</emphasis> dappertutto, per cui hai bisogno
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163 di usare un indirizzamento dei settori del disco a basso livello per
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164 implementare la navigazione DVD o decrittarne il contenuto.
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165 </para>
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166
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167 <para>
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168 Il supporto per DVD ha bisogno di un accesso di basso livello basato su settori
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169 al dispositivo. Sfortunatamente devi (sotto Linux) essere root per ottenere
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170 l'indirizzamento del settore in un file. Per questo non usiamo proprio il
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171 filesystem del kernel, piuttosto lo reimplementiamo nello spazio utente di
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172 esecuzione. <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> 0.9.x fa cio'. Non serve il
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173 driver del kernel per il filesystem UDF visto che ha gia' il suo driver
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174 integrato per il filesystem UDF. Inoltre non serve che il DVD sia montato visto
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175 che viene utilizzato solo l'accesso di basso livello a settori.
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176 </para>
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177
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178 <para>
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179 Alcune volte <filename>/dev/dvd</filename> non puo' esser letto dagli utenti,
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180 percio' gli autori di <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> hanno implementato un
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181 livello di emulazione che traduce gli indirizzi dei settori in
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182 nomifile+posizioni relative, per emulare un accesso di basso livello su di un
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183 filesystem montato o anche su un disco fisso.
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184 </para>
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185
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186 <para>
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187 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> accetta anche il nome del punto di mount al
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188 posto del nome del dispositivo per l'accesso di basso livello e controlla in
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189 <filename>/proc/mounts</filename> per definire il nome del dispositivo.
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190 E' stato sviluppato per Solaris, dove i nomi dei dispositivi sono allocati
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191 dinamicamente.
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192 </para>
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193
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194 <formalpara>
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195 <title>Decrittazione DVD</title>
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196 <para>
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197 La decrittazione dei DVD viene fatta da <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem>. La
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198 modalita' puo' esser specificata attraverso la variabile d'ambiente
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199 <envar>DVDCSS_METHOD</envar>, vedi la pagina di manuale per i dettagli.
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200 </para>
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201 </formalpara>
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202
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203 <para>
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ptt
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204 <emphasis role="bold">Warning</emphasis>: You can only set the region 5 times.
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205 I lettori DVD RPC-1 proteggono le impostazioni di zona solo via software. I
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206 lettori RPC-2 hanno invece una protezione hardware che permette solo 5
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207 modifiche. Puo' esser necessario/consigliato aggiornare il firmware a RPC-1 se
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208 hai un lettore DVD RPC-2. Puoi provare a cercare aggiornamenti di firmware per
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209 il tuo lettore su internet,
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ptt
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210 <ulink url="http://forum.rpc-1.com/dl_all.php">questo forum su firmware</ulink>
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211 potrebbe essere un buon punto di partenza per la tua ricerca.
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ptt
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212 Se non c'e' alcun aggiornamento di firmware disponibile per il tuo dispositivo,
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213 usa lo strumento
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ptt
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214 <ulink url="http://linvdr.org/projects/regionset/">regionset</ulink> per
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ptt
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215 impostare la zona del tuo lettore DVD (sotto Linux).
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216 </para>
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217 </sect1>
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218
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219
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220 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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221
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222
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223 <sect1 id="vcd">
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ptt
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224 <title>Riproduzione VCD</title>
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225
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226 <para>
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227 Per una lista completa delle opzioni disponibili per favore leggi la pagina man.
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228 La sintassi per riprodurre un Video CD (VCD) normale e' la seguente:
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229 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>&lt;traccia&gt;</replaceable> [-cdrom-device <replaceable>&lt;dispositivo&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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230 Esempio:
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231 <screen>mplayer vcd://2 -cdrom-device /dev/hdc</screen>
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232 Il dispositivo VCD di default e' <filename>/dev/cdrom</filename>. Se la tua
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233 impostazione e' diversa, crea un collegamento simbolico o indica il dispositivo
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234 giusto dalla riga comando con l'opzione <option>-cdrom-device</option>.
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235 </para>
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236
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237 <note><para>
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238 Perlomeno i lettori CD-ROM Plextor e alcuni Toshiba SCSI hanno prestazioni
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239 orribili leggendo i VCD. Questo perche' l'<systemitem>ioctl</systemitem>
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240 CDROMREADRAW non e' implementata appieno per questi lettori. Se hai una qualche
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241 conoscenza della programmazione SCSI, per favore
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ptt
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242 <ulink url="../../tech/patches.txt">aiutaci</ulink> ad implementare un supporto
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ptt
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243 SCSI generico per i VCD.
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244 </para></note>
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245
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246 <para>
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ptt
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247 Nel frattempo puoi estrarre i dati dal VCD con
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ptt
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248 <ulink url="http://ftp.ntut.edu.tw/ftp/OS/Linux/packages/X/viewers/readvcd/">readvcd</ulink>
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249 e riprodurre con <application>MPlayer</application> il file cosi' ricavato.
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250 </para>
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251
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252 <formalpara>
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ptt
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253 <title>Struttura VCD</title>
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254 <para>
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255 Un Video CD (VCD) e' fatto di settori CD-ROM XA, per es. tracce CD-ROM mode 2
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256 form 1 e 2:
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ptt
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257 <itemizedlist>
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ptt
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258 <listitem><para>
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ptt
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259 La prima traccia e' in formato mode 2 form 2 il che significa che usa una
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260 correzione errori L2. La traccia contiene un filesystem ISO-9660 con 2048
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261 byte/settore. Il filesystem contiene delle informazioni metadati VCD, cosi'
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262 come fermi-immagine spesso usati nei menu. I segmenti MPEG per i menu possono
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263 anche essere salvati nella prima traccia, ma gli MPEG devono essere
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264 spezzettati in una serie di blocchi di 150 settori. Il filesystem ISO-9660
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265 puo' contenere altri file o programmi che non sono essenziali per le
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266 operazioni VCD.
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267 </para></listitem>
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268
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269 <listitem><para>
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270 Le seconde e rimanenti tracce spesso sono tracce MPEG (filmato) di basso
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271 livello di 2324 byte/settore, contenenti un pacchetto dati MPEG PS per
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272 settore. Queste sono in formato mode 2 form 1, cosi' da poter archiviare piu'
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273 dati per settore con la perdita di qualche correzione di errore. E' anche
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274 valido avere tracce CD-DA in un VCD dopo la prima traccia.
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275 In alcuni sistemi operativi c'e' qualche trucchetto che fa apparire queste
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276 tracce non ISO-9660 in un filesystem. In altri sistemi operativi come
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277 GNU/Linux non e' (ancora) cosi'. Qui i dati MPEG
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278 <emphasis role="bold">non possono venir montati</emphasis>. Siccome molti
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279 film sono dentro questo tipo di tracce, dovresti provare prima
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280 <option>vcd://2</option>.
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281 </para></listitem>
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282
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283 <listitem><para>
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284 Ci sono dischi VCD senza la prima traccia (traccia singola e proprio nessun
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285 filesystem). Essi sono comunque riproducibili, ma non possono essere montati.
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286 </para></listitem>
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287
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288 <listitem><para>
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289 La definizione dello standard VCD viene chiamato il "White Book" Philips, e
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290 non e' disponibile on-line visto che deve essere acquistato da Philips.
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291 Informazioni piu' dettagliate sui Video CD si possono trovare nella
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292 <ulink url="http://www.vcdimager.org/pub/vcdimager/manuals/0.7/vcdimager.html#SEC4">documentazione di vcdimager</ulink>.
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293 </para></listitem>
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294 </itemizedlist>
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295 </para>
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296 </formalpara>
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297
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298 <formalpara>
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299 <title>Riguardo i file .DAT</title>
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300 <para>
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301 Il file .DAT da ~600MB visibile sulla prima traccia del filsystem VCD montato
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302 non e' un vero file! Viene anche detto "ISO gateway", creato per permettere a
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303 Windows di gestire tali tracce (Windows non permette alle applicazioni alcun
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304 accesso di basso livello ai dispositivi). Sotto Linux non puoi' copiare o
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305 riprodurre questi file (contengono spazzatura). Sotto Windows e' possibile
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306 che il driver iso9660 emuli la lettura a basso livello delle tracce nel file.
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307 Per riprodurre un file .DAT ti serve il driver per il kernel che si puo'
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308 trovare nella versione per Linux di PowerDVD. Esso ha un driver modificato per
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309 il filesystem iso9660 (<filename>vcdfs/isofs-2.4.X.o</filename>), che e' in
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310 grado di emulare le tracce di basso livello attraverso quel file fantasma .DAT.
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311 Se monti il disco usando il loro driver, puoi poi copiare e anche riprodurre i
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312 file .DAT con <application>MPlayer</application>. Ma non funzionera' col driver
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313 iso9660 standard del kernel Linux! Usa invece <option>vcd://</option>.
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314 Alternative per copiare i VCD sono il nuovo driver del kernel
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315 <ulink url="http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/~ronsse/cdfs/">cdfs</ulink> (non incluso
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316 nel kernel ufficiale) che mostra le sessioni dei CD come file immagine e
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317 <ulink url="http://cdrdao.sf.net/">cdrdao</ulink>, un'applicazione per
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318 copiare/fare il dump di CD bit-per-bit.
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319 </para>
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320 </formalpara>
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321 </sect1>
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322 </chapter>