Mercurial > mplayer.hg
annotate DOCS/it/sound.html @ 19902:2c43912bb46a
Cosmetics: fix indentation after last commit.
author | eugeni |
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date | Tue, 19 Sep 2006 13:07:45 +0000 |
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6462 | 1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> |
4867 | 2 <HTML> |
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3 <!-- sync with english version 1.75 --> |
5583 | 4 |
5 <HEAD> | |
7509 | 6 <TITLE>Suono - MPlayer - Movie Player per Linux</TITLE> |
9512 | 7 <LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="../default.css"> |
6462 | 8 <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> |
5583 | 9 </HEAD> |
10 | |
6462 | 11 <BODY> |
4867 | 12 |
13 | |
8707 | 14 <H3><A NAME="audio">2.3.2. Dispositivi di output audio</A></H3> |
4867 | 15 |
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16 <H4><A NAME="sync">2.3.2.1 Sincronizzazione Audio/Video</A></H4> |
8707 | 17 |
18 <P>L'interfaccia audio di MPlayer è chiamata <I>libao2</I>. Attualmente contiene | |
4867 | 19 questi driver :</P> |
20 | |
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21 <DL> |
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22 <DT>oss</DT> |
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23 <DD>driver OSS (ioctl)(supporta il passaggio hardware AC3)</DD> |
4867 | 24 |
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25 <DT>sdl</DT> |
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26 <DD>driver SDL (supporta <B>ESD</B> e <B>ARTS</B>)</DD> |
4867 | 27 |
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28 <DT>nas</DT> |
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29 <DD>driver NAS (Network Audio System, sistema audio per la rete, ndt)</DD> |
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30 |
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31 <DT>alsa5</DT> |
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32 <DD>driver nativo ALSA 0.5</DD> |
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33 |
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34 <DT>alsa9</DT> |
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35 <DD>driver nativo ALSA 0.9 (supporta il passaggio hardware AC3)</DD> |
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36 |
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37 <DT>sun</DT> |
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38 <DD>driver audio SUN (<CODE>/dev/audio</CODE>) per utenti BSD e Solaris8</DD> |
4867 | 39 |
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40 <DT>arts</DT> |
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41 <DD>driver ARTS nativo (principalmente per utenti KDE)</DD> |
4867 | 42 |
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43 <DT>esd</DT> |
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44 <DD>driver ESD nativo (principalmente per utenti GNOME)</DD> |
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45 </DL> |
8707 | 46 |
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47 <P>I driver per le schede sonore di Linux hanno problemi di compatibilità. |
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48 Questo perchè MPlayer fa affidamento su una caratteristica dei driver audio |
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49 <EM>scritti in modo corretto</EM> per mantenere la sincronia audio/video. |
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50 Purtroppo, alcuni autori di driver non si preoccupano di questa funzione, |
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51 poiché non è necessaria per leggere MP3 e per effetti sonori.</P> |
8707 | 52 |
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53 <P>Può essere che altri lettori come |
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54 <A HREF="http://avifile.sourceforge.net">aviplay</A> o |
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55 <A HREF="http://xine.sourceforge.net">xine</A> funzionino anche con questi |
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56 driver perchè usano dei metodi "semplici" con un timer interno. Test hanno |
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57 dimostrato che i loro metodi non sono efficienti come quello di MPlayer.</P> |
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58 |
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59 <P>Usare MPlayer con un driver audio scritto correttamente non ti darà mai una |
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60 desincronizzazione A/V relativa all'audio, tranne che con file fatti davvero |
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61 male (controlla la documentazione per aggirare questi problemi).</P> |
8707 | 62 |
63 <P>Se per caso hai un cattivo driver audio, prova l'opzione <CODE>-autosync</CODE>, | |
64 dovrebbe risolvere i tuoi problemi. Vedi la pagina di man per informazioni più | |
65 dettagliate.</P> | |
66 | |
67 <P>Alcune note:</P> | |
68 | |
69 | |
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70 <UL> |
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71 <LI>Se hai OSS come driver, prima prova con <CODE>-ao oss</CODE> (questo è il |
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72 default). Se riscontri interruzioni, o qualunque cosa fuori dall'ordinario, |
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73 prova <CODE>-ao sdl</CODE> (NOTA: naturalmente devi avere le librerie SDL ed i |
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74 file di sviluppo installati). Il driver SDL aiuta in molti casi e supporta |
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75 anche ESD (GNOME) e ARTS (KDE).</LI> |
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76 |
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77 <LI>Se hai ALSA versione 0.5, allora dovrai usare quasi sempre |
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78 <CODE>-ao alsa5</CODE>, dato che la 0.5 ha un codice di emulazione OSS con dei |
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79 bug, e manderà in <B>crash MPlayer</B> con un messaggio come questo:<BR> |
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80 <CODE>DEMUXER: Too many (945 in 8390980 bytes) video packets in the buffer!</CODE> |
4867 | 81 </LI> |
82 | |
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83 <LI>Su sistemi Solaris, usa il driver audio SUN con l'opzione |
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84 <CODE>-ao sun</CODE>, altrimenti non avrai né riproduzione video, né audio.</LI> |
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85 <LI>Se il suono presenta dei click durante la riproduzione da CD-ROM, attiva |
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86 l'IRQ unmasking, cioè <CODE>hdparm -u1 /dev/cdrom</CODE> |
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87 (<CODE>man hdparm</CODE>). Questo è solitamente utile, ed è descritto in |
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88 dettaglio nella sezione <A HREF="cd-dvd.html#drives">CD-ROM</A>.</LI> |
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89 </UL> |
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90 |
4867 | 91 |
8707 | 92 <H4><A NAME="experiences">2.3.2.2. Esperienze con le schede sonore, raccomandazioni</A></H4> |
4867 | 93 |
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94 <P>Su Linux, usa il kernel 2.4.x se possibile, il 2.2 non è stato testato</P> |
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95 |
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96 <P>I driver audio di Linux sono per la maggior parte provenienti dalla versione |
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97 free di OSS. Questi driver sono stati sostituiti da |
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98 <A HREF="http://www.alsa-project.org">ALSA</A> (Advanced Linux Sound |
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99 Architecture, architettura sonora avanzata per Linux, ndt) nella versione 2.5 |
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100 in sviluppo. Se la tua distribuzione non utilizza già ALSA, puoi provare |
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101 questi se hai problemi con l'audio. I driver ALSA sono generalmente superiori |
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102 a quelli OSS per compatibilità, performance e funzioni. Ma alcune schede audio |
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103 sono supportate solo dalla versione commerciale dei driver OSS di |
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104 <A HREF="http://opensound.com/">4Front Technologies</A>. Questi supportano |
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105 anche parecchi sistemi non-Liunx.</P> |
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106 |
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107 <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%"> |
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109 <TR> |
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110 <TH ROWSPAN="2"><B>SCHEDA SONORA</B></TH> |
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111 <TH COLSPAN="4"><B>DRIVER</B></TH> |
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112 <TH ROWSPAN="2"><B>Max kHz</B></TH> |
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113 <TH ROWSPAN="2"><B>Max Canali</B></TH> |
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114 <TH ROWSPAN="2"><B>Max Aperture<FONT SIZE="-2"><A HREF=#note1>[1]</A></FONT></B></TH> |
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115 </TR> |
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117 <TR> |
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118 <TH><B>OSS/Free</B></TH> |
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119 <TH><B>ALSA</B></TH> |
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120 <TH><B>OSS/Pro</B></TH> |
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121 <TH><B>Altro</B></TH> |
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122 </TR> |
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123 |
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124 <TR> |
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125 <TD><B>VIA integrato (686/A/B, 8233, 8235)</B></TD> |
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126 <TD><A HREF="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=3242&release_id=59602">via82cxxx_audio</A></TD> |
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127 <TD>snd-via82xx</TD> |
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128 <TD> </TD> |
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129 <TD> </TD> |
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130 <TD>4-48 kHz o solo 48 kHz, dipende dal chipset</TD> |
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131 <TD> </TD> |
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132 <TD> </TD> |
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133 </TR> |
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135 <TR> |
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136 <TD><B>Aureal Vortex 2</B></TD> |
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137 <TD>Nessuno</TD> |
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138 <TD>Nessuno</TD> |
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139 <TD>OK</TD> |
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140 <TD><A HREF="http://aureal.sourceforge.net">Driver Linux Aureal</A><BR> |
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141 <A HREF="http://makacs.poliod.hu/~pontscho/aureal/au88xx-1.1.3.tar.bz2">Dimensione buffer aumentata a 32k</A></TD> |
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142 <TD>48</TD> |
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143 <TD>4.1</TD> |
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144 <TD>5+</TD> |
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145 </TR> |
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147 <TR> |
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148 <TD><B>SB Live!</B></TD> |
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149 <TD>Analogico OK, SP/DIF non funzionante</TD> |
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150 <TD>Entrambi OK</TD> |
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151 <TD>Entrambi OK</TD> |
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152 <TD><A HREF="http://opensource.creative.com">Driver OSS di Creative (con supporto SP/DIF)</A></TD> |
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153 <TD>192</TD> |
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154 <TD>4.0/5.1</TD> |
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155 <TD>32</TD> |
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156 </TR> |
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158 <TR> |
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159 <TD><B>SB 128 PCI (es1371)</B></TD> |
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160 <TD>OK</TD> |
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161 <TD>?</TD> |
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162 <TD> </TD> |
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163 <TD> </TD> |
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164 <TD>48</TD> |
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165 <TD>Stereo</TD> |
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166 <TD>2</TD> |
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167 </TR> |
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168 |
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169 <TR> |
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170 <TD><B>SB AWE 64</B></TD> |
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171 <TD>Max 44kHz</TD> |
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172 <TD>A 48kHz suona male</TD> |
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173 <TD> </TD> |
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174 <TD> </TD> |
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175 <TD>48</TD> |
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176 <TD> </TD> |
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177 <TD> </TD> |
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178 </TR> |
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180 <TR> |
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181 <TD><B>GUS PnP</B></TD> |
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182 <TD>Nessuno</TD> |
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183 <TD>OK</TD> |
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184 <TD>OK</TD> |
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185 <TD> </TD> |
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186 <TD>48</TD> |
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187 <TD> </TD> |
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188 <TD> </TD> |
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189 </TR> |
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190 |
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191 <TR> |
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192 <TD><B>Gravis UltraSound ACE</B></TD> |
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193 <TD>Non OK</TD> |
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194 <TD>OK</TD> |
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195 <TD> </TD> |
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196 <TD> </TD> |
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197 <TD>44</TD> |
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198 <TD> </TD> |
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199 <TD> </TD> |
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200 </TR> |
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201 |
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202 <TR> |
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203 <TD><B>Gravis UltraSound MAX</B></TD> |
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204 <TD>OK</TD> |
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205 <TD>OK (?)</TD> |
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206 <TD> </TD> |
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207 <TD> </TD> |
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208 <TD>48</TD> |
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209 <TD> </TD> |
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210 <TD> </TD> |
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211 </TR> |
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212 |
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213 <TR> |
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214 <TD><B>ESS 688</B></TD> |
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215 <TD>OK</TD> |
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216 <TD>OK (?)</TD> |
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217 <TD> </TD> |
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218 <TD> </TD> |
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219 <TD>48</TD> |
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220 <TD> </TD> |
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221 <TD> </TD> |
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222 </TR> |
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223 |
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224 <TR> |
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225 <TD><B>Schede C-Media (quali?)</B></TD> |
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226 <TD>Non OK (sibila) (?)</TD> |
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227 <TD>OK</TD> |
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228 <TD> </TD> |
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229 <TD> </TD> |
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230 <TD>?</TD> |
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231 <TD> </TD> |
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232 <TD> </TD> |
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233 </TR> |
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234 |
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235 <TR> |
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236 <TD><B>Schede Yamaha (*ymf*)</B></TD> |
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237 <TD>Non OK (?) (forse <CODE>-ao sdl</CODE>)</TD> |
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238 <TD>OK solo con ALSA 0.5 con emulazione OSS <B>E</B> |
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239 <CODE>-ao sdl</CODE> (!) (?)</TD> |
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240 <TD> </TD> |
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241 <TD> </TD> |
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242 <TD>?</TD> |
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243 <TD> </TD> |
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244 <TD> </TD> |
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245 </TR> |
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246 |
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247 <TR> |
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248 <TD><B>Schede con chip envy24 (come Terratec EWS88MT)</B></TD> |
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249 <TD>?</TD> |
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250 <TD>?</TD> |
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251 <TD>OK</TD> |
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252 <TD> </TD> |
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253 <TD>?</TD> |
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254 <TD> </TD> |
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255 <TD> </TD> |
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256 </TR> |
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258 <TR> |
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259 <TD><B>PC Speaker o DAC</B></TD> |
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260 <TD>OK</TD> |
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261 <TD>Nessuno</TD> |
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262 <TD> </TD> |
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263 <TD><A HREF="http://www.geocities.com/stssppnn/pcsp.html">Driver OSS Linux per PC speaker</a></TD> |
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264 <TD>Il driver emula 44.1, forse più.</TD> |
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265 <TD>Mono</TD> |
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266 <TD>1</TD> |
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267 </TR> |
4867 | 268 |
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269 </TABLE> |
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270 |
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271 <P><A NAME="note1"><B>[1]</B></A>: numero di applicazioni che sono in grado di |
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272 usare <I>contemporaneamente</I> il dispositivo.</P> |
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273 |
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274 <P>Per favore dicci come MPlayer e la tua scheda sonora hanno lavorato insieme!</P> |
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275 |
4867 | 276 |
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277 <H4><A NAME="af">2.3.2.3 Filtri audio</A></H4> |
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278 |
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279 <P>I vecchi plugin audio sono stati sostituiti dai nuovi filtri audio. I filtri |
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280 audio sono usati per cambiare le proprietà dei dati audio prima che |
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281 raggiungano la scheda sonora. L'attivazione e disattivazione dei filtri è |
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282 normalmente automatica, ma può essere forzata. I filtri sono abilitati quando |
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283 le caratteristiche dei dati audio differiscono da quelle richieste |
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284 dalla scheda sonora e disattivati se non necessari. L'opzione |
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285 <CODE>-af filtro1,filtro2,...</CODE> è usata per scavalcare l'attivazione |
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286 automatica dei filtri o per aggiungere filtri che non sono inseriti |
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287 automaticamente. I filtri saranno eseguiti nell'ordine con cui appaiono nella |
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288 lista.</P> |
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289 |
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290 <P>Esempio:<BR> |
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291 <CODE>mplayer -af resample,pan movie.avi </CODE></P> |
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292 |
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293 <P>farà passare il suono attraverso il filtro di ricampionamento, seguito da |
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294 quello pan. |
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295 Nota che la lista non deve contrnere spazi, altrimenti non funzionerà.</P> |
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296 |
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297 <P>I filtri possono anche avere opzioni che ne modificano il comportamento. Queste |
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298 sono spiegate in dettaglio nelle sezioni sotto. Un plugin sarà eseguito |
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299 con la configurazione di default se non vengono date opzioni. Esempi di come usare |
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300 plugin in combinazione con loro opzioni specifiche:</P> |
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301 |
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302 <P> <CODE>mplayer -af resample=11025,pan=1:0.5:0.5 -channels 1 |
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303 -srate 11025 media.avi</CODE></P> |
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304 |
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305 <P>imposterà la frequenza d'uscita del filtro di ricampionamento a 11025Hz e |
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306 ridurrà l'audio ad 1 canale usando il filtro pan.</P> |
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307 |
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308 <P>Il funzionamento complessivo del sistema di filtri è controllato dall'opzione |
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309 <CODE>-af-adv</CODE>. Questa opzione ha due sotto-opzioni:</P> |
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311 <DL> |
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312 <DT><CODE>force</CODE><DT> |
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313 <DD>è un parametro che controlla come i filtri vengnono inseriti e quali |
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314 ottimizzazioni di velocità/accuratezza usano: |
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315 <DL> |
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316 <DT><CODE>0</CODE></DT> |
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317 <DD>Usa l'inserimento automatico dei filtri ed ottimizza secondo la |
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318 velocità della CPU.</DD> |
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319 <DT><CODE>1</CODE></DT> |
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320 <DD>Usa l'inserimento automatico dei filtri ed ottimizza per la massima |
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321 velocità.<BR> |
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322 <EM>Attenzione:</EM> Alcune funzionu dei filtri audio possono essere |
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323 ignorate senza avviso, e la qualità sonora può peggiorare.</DD> |
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324 <DT><CODE>2</CODE></DT> |
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325 <DD>Usa l'inserimento automatico dei filtri ed ottimizza per la massima |
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326 qualità.</DD> |
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327 <DT><CODE>3</CODE></DT> |
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328 <DD>Non usare l'inserimento automatico dei filtri e non ottimizzare.<BR> |
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329 <I>Attenzione:</I> E' possibile crashare MPlayer usando questa |
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330 impostazione.</DD> |
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331 <DT><CODE>4</CODE></DT> |
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332 <DD>Usa l'inserimento automatico dei filtri come per 0, ma usa calcoli in |
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333 floating point quando possibile.</DD> |
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334 <DT><CODE>5</CODE></DT> |
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335 <DD>Usa l'inserimento automatico dei filtri come per 1, ma usa calcoli in |
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336 floating point quando possibile.</DD> |
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337 <DT><CODE>6</CODE></DT> |
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338 <DD>Usa l'inserimento automatico dei filtri come per 2, ma usa calcoli in |
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339 floating point quando possibile.</DD> |
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340 <DT><CODE>7</CODE></DT> |
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341 <DD>Usa l'inserimento automatico dei filtri come per 3, e usa calcoli in |
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342 floating point quando possibile.</DD> |
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343 </DL> |
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344 </DD> |
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346 <DT><CODE>list</CODE></DT> |
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347 <DD>è un alias per l'opzione -af.</DD> |
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348 </DL> |
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349 |
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350 <P>Il sistema di filtri è influenzato anche dalle seguenti opzioni generali: |
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351 |
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352 <DL> |
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353 <DT><CODE>-v</CODE></DT> |
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354 <DD>Aumenta il livello di verbosità e fa in modo che la maggior parte dei |
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355 filtri stampino messaggi di stato in più.</DD> |
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356 <DT><CODE>-channels</CODE></DT> |
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357 <DD>questa opzione imposta il numero di canali d'uscita da utilizzare sulla |
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358 scheda sonora. |
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359 Influenza anche il numero di canali che vengono decodificati. Se la |
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360 sorgente contiene meno canali di quelli richiesti, verrà automaticamente |
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361 inserito il filtro channels (vedi sotto). L'instradamento avverrà secondo le |
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362 regole predefinite del filtro channels.</DD> |
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363 <DT><CODE>-srate</CODE></DT> |
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364 <DD>Questa opzione seleziona la frequenza di campionamento che vuoi usare |
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365 per la scheda sonora (attenzione al limiti della scheda). Se la frequenza |
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366 di campionamento della tua scheda sonora è diversa da quella della sorgente, |
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367 sarà inserito automaticamente il filtro resample (vedi sotto) per compensare |
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368 la differenza.</DD> |
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369 <DT><CODE>-format</CODE><DT> |
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370 <DD>Questa opzione imposta il formato di campionamento dei dati da passare |
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371 alla scheda sonora. Se il formato richiesto dalla tua scheda sonora è |
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372 diverso da quello della sorgente, verrà inserito automaticamente il filtro |
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373 format (vedi sottow) per correggere la differenza.</DD> |
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374 </DL> |
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376 | |
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377 <H4><A NAME="af_resample">2.3.2.3.1 Sovra/sottocampionamento</A></H4> |
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378 |
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379 <P>MPlayer supporta pienamente il sopra/sotto campionamento del suono tramite il |
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380 filtro <CODE>resample</CODE>. Può essere usato se hai una scheda sonora a |
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381 frequenza fissa o se devi usare una vecchia scheda sonora in grado di usare al |
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382 massimo 44.1kHz. Questo filtro è abilitato automaticamente se è necessario, |
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383 ma può anche essere selezionato esplicitamente sulla riga di comando. |
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384 Ha tre opzioni:</P> |
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385 |
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386 <DL> |
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387 <DT><CODE>freq.campionamento <8000-192000></CODE></DT> |
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388 <DD>è un intero usato per selezionare la frequenza di campionamento d'uscita |
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389 in Hz. I valori validi per questo parametro vanno da 8kHz a 192kHz. Se le |
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390 frequenze si campionamento d'ingresso e di uscita sono uguali o se questo |
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391 parametro viene omesso, il filtro è automaticamente disabilitato. Una |
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392 frequenza di campionamento elevata solitamente migliora la qualità del |
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393 suono, specialmente quando usata in combinazione con altri filtri.</DD> |
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394 |
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395 <DT><CODE>approssimazione</CODE></DT> |
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396 <DD>è unn parametro opzionale che consente un piccolo errore sulla frequenza |
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397 indicata da <CODE>srate</CODE>. Questa opzione può essere usata se l'avvio |
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398 della riproduzione è molto lento. E' normalmente abilitata.</DD> |
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399 |
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400 <DT><CODE>tipo <0-2></CODE><DT> |
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401 <DD>è un parametro intero opzionale tra <CODE>0</CODE> e <CODE>2</CODE> che |
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402 sceglie quale metodo di ricampionamento usare. <CODE>0</CODE> indica |
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403 interpolazione lineare, <CODE>1</CODE> indica l'uso di un banco di filtri |
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404 polyphase con calcoli interi e <CODE>2</CODE> indica l'uso di un banco di |
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405 filtri polyphase con calcoli floating point. L'interpolazione lineare è |
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406 molto veloce, ma ha scarsa qualità soprattutto in sovracampionamento. La |
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407 migliore qualità è data da <CODE>2</CODE> ma questo metodo è il più pesante |
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408 come carico sulla CPU.</DD> |
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409 </DL> |
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410 |
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411 <P>Esempio:<BR> |
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412 <CODE>mplayer -af resample=44100:0:0</CODE></P> |
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413 |
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414 <P>imposta la frequenza d'uscita a 44100Hz esatti con algoritmo lineare.</P> |
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415 |
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416 |
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417 <H4><A NAME="af_channels">2.3.2.3.2 Cambiare il numero di canali</A></H4> |
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418 |
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419 <P>Il filtro <CODE>channels</CODE> puo essere usato per aggiungere e togliere i |
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420 canali, inoltre può anche copiare o instradare i canali. E' attivato |
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421 automaticamente quando l'uscita del sistema di filtri audio differisce da |
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422 quella della sorgente o quando è richiesto da un altro filtro. Questo filtro |
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423 si disattiva quando non è necessario. |
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424 Il numero delle opzioni può variare:</P> |
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425 |
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426 <DL> |
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427 <DT><CODE>nch <1-6></CODE></DT> |
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428 <DD>è un intero compreso tra <CODE>1</CODE> e <CODE>6</CODE> usato per |
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429 impostare il numero dei canali in uscita. Questa opzione è necessaria, se |
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430 omessa si ha un errore in esecuzione.</DD> |
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431 |
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432 <DT><CODE>nr <1-6></CODE></DT> |
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433 <DD>è un intero compreso tra <CODE>1</CODE> e <CODE>6</CODE> usato per |
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434 impostare il numero di destinazioni. Questo parametro è opzionale. Se è |
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435 omesso, viene utilizzato l'instradamento predefinito.</DD> |
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436 |
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437 <DT><CODE>da1:a1:da2:a2:da3:a3...</CODE></DT> |
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438 <DD>sono coppie di numeri tra <CODE>0</CODE> e <CODE>5</CODE> che definiscono |
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439 dove ogni canale deve essere instradato.</DD> |
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440 </DL> |
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441 |
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442 <P>se è usato solo <CODE>nch</CODE> viene usato l'instradamento predefinito, che |
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443 funziona così: se il numero di canali in uscita è maggiore di quelli in |
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444 ingresso, vengono inseriti canali vuoti (tranne nel passaggio da mono a |
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445 stereo, in cui il canale mono è ripetuto in entrambe le uscite). Se il numero |
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446 dei canali in uscita è minore di quelli in ingresso, i canali in eccesso |
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447 vengono eliminati.</P> |
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448 |
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449 <P>Esempio 1:<BR> |
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450 <CODE>mplayer -af channels=4:4:0:1:1:0:2:2:3:3 media.avi </CODE></P> |
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451 |
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452 <P>genera 4 canali in uscita da 4 in ingresso, scambia il canale 0 con il |
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453 canale 4 lasciando invariata la posizione dei canali 2 e 3. Nota che, se la |
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454 sorgente contiene solo 2 canali, le uscite 2 e 3 conterranno silenzio, mentre |
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455 la 0 e la 1 verranno comunque scambiate.</P> |
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456 |
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457 <P>Esempio 2:<BR> |
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458 <CODE>mplayer -af channels=6:4:0:0:0:1:0:2:0:3 media.avi </CODE></P> |
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459 |
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460 <P>genera 6 canali in uscita da 4 in ingresso, copiando l'ingresso 0 sulle |
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461 uscite da 0 a 3. I canali 4 e 5 conterranno silenzio.</P> |
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462 |
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463 |
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464 <H4><A NAME="af_format">2.3.2.3.3 Convertitore del formato di campionamento</A></H4> |
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465 |
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466 <P>Il filtro <CODE>format</CODE> converte tra diversi formati di campionamento. |
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467 E' attivato automaticalmente se necessario per la scheda sonora o per un altro |
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468 filtro.</P> |
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469 |
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470 <DL> |
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471 <DT><CODE>bps <numero></CODE></DT> |
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472 <DD>può essere <CODE>1</CODE>, <CODE>2</CODE> o <CODE>4</CODE> ed indica il |
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473 numero di byte per campione. Quensa opzione è necessaria, ometterla genera |
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474 un errore in esecuzione.</DD> |
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475 |
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476 <DT><CODE>f <formato></CODE></DT> |
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477 <DD>è una stringa di testo che descrive il formato dei campioni. Può contenere |
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478 i termini: <CODE>alaw</CODE>, <CODE>mulaw</CODE> o <CODE>imaadpcm</CODE>, |
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479 <CODE>float</CODE> o <CODE>int</CODE> (virgola mobile o interi, ndt), |
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480 <CODE>signed</CODE> o <CODE>unsigned</CODE> (con o senza segno, ndt), |
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481 <CODE>le</CODE> o <CODE>be</CODE> (little o big endian). |
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482 Quenta opzione è necessaria, ometterla genera un errore in esecuzione.</DD> |
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483 </DL> |
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484 |
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485 <P>Esempio:<BR> |
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486 <CODE>mplayer -af format=4:float media.avi</CODE></P> |
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487 |
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488 <P>imposta l'uscita in floating point con 4 byte per campione.</P> |
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489 |
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490 |
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491 <H4><A NAME="af_delay">2.3.2.3.4 Ritardo</A></H4> |
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492 |
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493 <P>Il filtro <CODE>delay</CODE> ritarda il segnale diretto agli altoparlanti in |
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494 modo che il suono dei diversi canali arrivi contemporaneamente alla |
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495 postazione dell'ascoltatore. |
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496 Utile solo se hai più di 2 altoparlanti. Questo filtro ha un numero |
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497 variabile di parameteri:</P> |
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498 |
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499 <DL> |
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500 <DT><CODE>d1:d2:d3...</CODE></DT> |
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501 <DD>sono numeri floating point che rappresentano i ritardi in ms da imporre |
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502 ai diversi canali. Il ritardo minimo è 0ms ed il massimo è 1000ms.</DD> |
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503 </DL> |
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504 |
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505 <P>Per calcolare il ritardo richiesto per i diversi canali fai così:</P> |
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506 |
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507 <OL> |
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508 <LI>Misura la distanza degli altoparlanti in metri relativamente alla tua |
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509 posizione d'ascolto, ed avrai le distanze s1 - s5 (per un sistema 5.1. |
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510 E' inutile compensare il sub-woofer (non sentiresti comunque alcuna |
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511 differenza).</LI> |
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512 <LI>Sottrai le distanze s1 - s5 dalla distanza massima, cioè<BR> |
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513 s[i] = max(s) - s[i]; i = 1...5</LI> |
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514 <LI>Calcola i ritardi richiesti in ms come<BR> |
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515 d[i] = 1000*s[i]/342; i = 1...5 </LI> |
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516 </OL> |
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517 |
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518 <P>Esempio:<BR> |
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519 <CODE>mplayer -af delay=10.5:10.5:0:0:7:0 media.avi</CODE></P> |
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520 |
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521 <P>ritarda i canali frontali sinistro e destro di 10.5ms, i due canali |
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522 posteriori ed il sub di 0ms ed il canale centrale di 7ms.</P> |
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523 |
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524 |
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525 <H4><A NAME="af_volume">2.3.2.3.5 Controllo volume via software</A></H4> |
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526 |
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527 <P>il controllo del volume via software è implementato dal filtro |
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528 <CODE>volume</CODE>. Usa questo filtro con attenzione, poiché può ridurre il |
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529 rapporto segnale/rumore del suono. Nella maggior parte dei casi è meglio |
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530 impostare il livello del suono PCM al massimo, non usare questo filtro e |
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531 regolare il livello d'uscita degli altoparlanti con il controllo di volume |
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532 master del mixer. Se la tua scheda sonora ha un mixer PCM digitale anziché |
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533 uno analogico, e noti distorsioni, usa il controllo MASTER del mixer. |
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534 Se c'è un amplificatore esterno connesso al computer (quasi sempre è così), |
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535 il livello del rumore può essere minimizzato regolando il livello master e |
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536 la manopola del volume sull'amplificatore finchè il rumore sibilante in |
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537 sottofondo sparisce. Questo filtro ha due opzioni:</P> |
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538 |
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539 <DL> |
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540 <DT><CODE>v <-200 - +60></CODE></DT> |
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541 <DD>è un numero floating point da <CODE>-200</CODE> a <CODE>+60</CODE> |
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542 che rappresenta il livello del volume in dB. Il livello predefinito è 0dB. |
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543 </DD> |
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544 |
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545 <DT><CODE>c</CODE></DT> |
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546 <DD>è un controllo che attiva o disattiva il soft clipping. Il soft-clipping |
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547 può rendere il suono più uniforme se si usano livelli di volume molto alti. |
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548 Attiva questa opzione se la dinamica degli altoparlanti è molto bassa. Nota |
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549 che questa funzione crea distorsione e dovrebbe essere considerata come |
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550 ultima possibilità.</DD> |
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551 </DL> |
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552 |
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553 <P>Esempio:<BR> |
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554 <CODE>mplayer -af volume=10.1:0 media.avi</CODE></P> |
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555 |
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556 <P>amplifica il suono di 10.1dB ed utilizza l'hard-clip se il livello sonoro |
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557 è troppo alto.</P> |
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558 |
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559 <P>questo filtro ha una seconda funzione: misura il livello massimo del suono |
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560 e lo stampa quando MPlayer termina. Questa stima del volume può essere usata |
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561 per impostare il livello del suono in MEncoder in modo da utilizzare la |
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562 massima dinamica.</P> |
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563 |
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564 |
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565 <H4><A NAME="af_equalizer">2.3.2.3.6 Equalizzatore</A></H4> |
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566 |
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567 <P>Il filtro <CODE>equalizer</CODE> rappresenta un equalizztore grafico a 10 |
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568 bande, implementato con 10 filtri IIR passa banda. Ciò significa che funziona |
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569 per qualunque tipo di suono. Le frequenza centrali delle 10 bande sono:</P> |
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570 |
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571 <TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%"> |
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572 <TR><TD>Banda Nr.</TD><TD>Frequenza centrale</TD></TR> |
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573 <TR><TD>0</TD><TD>31.25 Hz</TD></TR> |
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574 <TR><TD>1</TD><TD>62.50 Hz</TD></TR> |
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575 <TR><TD>2</TD><TD>125.0 Hz</TD></TR> |
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576 <TR><TD>3</TD><TD>250.0 Hz</TD></TR> |
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577 <TR><TD>4</TD><TD>500.0 Hz</TD></TR> |
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578 <TR><TD>5</TD><TD>1.000 kHz</TD></TR> |
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579 <TR><TD>6</TD><TD>2.000 kHz</TD></TR> |
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580 <TR><TD>7</TD><TD>4.000 kHz</TD></TR> |
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581 <TR><TD>8</TD><TD>8.000 kHz</TD></TR> |
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582 <TR><TD>9</TD><TD>16.00 kHz</TD></TR> |
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583 </TABLE> |
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584 |
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585 <P>Se la frequenza di campionamento del suono è minore della frequenza centrale |
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586 di una banda, allora quella banda verrà disattivata. Un problema noto di |
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587 questo filtro è che la caratteristica della banda più alta non è complatamente |
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588 simmetrica se la frequenza di campionamento è vicina alla frequenza centrale |
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589 della banda. questo problema può essere aggirato sovracampionando il suono con |
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590 il filtro ricampionatore prima di usare questo filtro. </P> |
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591 |
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592 <P>Questo filtro ha 10 parameteri:</P> |
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593 |
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594 <DL> |
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595 <DT><CODE>g1:g2:g3...g10</CODE></DT> |
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596 <DD>sono numeri floating point tra <CODE>-12</CODE> e <CODE>+12</CODE> |
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597 che rappresentano i guadagni in dB per ogni banda di frequenza.</DD> |
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598 </DL> |
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599 |
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600 <P>Esempio:<BR> |
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601 <CODE>mplayer -af equalizer=11:11:10:5:0:-12:0:5:12:12 media.avi</CODE></P> |
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602 |
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603 <P>amplifica il suono nelle regioni di frequenza più alte e più basse, mentre |
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604 lo elimina quasi completamente intorno ad 1kHz.</P> |
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605 |
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606 |
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607 <H4><A NAME="af_panning">2.3.2.3.7 Filtro panning</A></H4> |
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608 |
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609 <P>Usa il filtro <CODE>pan</CODE> per mixare i canali. E' in pratica una |
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610 combinazione del controllo di volume e del filtro channels. Ci sono due |
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611 principali utilizzi per questo filtro:</P> |
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612 |
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613 <OL> |
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614 <LI>Ridurre il numero di canali, ad esempio da stereo a mono.</LI> |
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615 <LI>Variare la "larghezza" del canale centrale in un sistema surround.</LI> |
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616 </OL> |
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617 |
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618 <P>Questo filtro è difficile da usare, e richiede alcuni tentativi prima di dare |
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619 i risultati desiderati. Il numero di opzioni di questo filtro dipende dal |
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620 numero dei canali in uscita:</P> |
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621 |
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622 <DL> |
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623 <DT><CODE>nch <1-6></CODE></DT> |
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624 <DD>è un intero compreso tra <CODE>1</CODE> e <CODE>6</CODE> ed è usato per |
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625 impostare il numero dei canali in uscita. Questa opzione è necessaria, |
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626 ometterla genera un errore in esecuzione.</DD> |
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627 |
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628 <DT><CODE>l00:l01:l02:..l10:l11:l12:...ln0:ln1:ln2:...</CODE></DT> |
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629 <DD>sono valori floating point compresi tra <CODE>0</CODE> e <CODE>1</CODE>. |
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630 <CODE>l[i][j]</CODE> determinano la parte del canale in ingresso j che viene |
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631 mixata nel canale d'uscita i.</DD> |
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632 </DL> |
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633 |
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634 <P>Esempio 1:<BR> |
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635 <CODE>mplayer -af pan=1:0.5:0.5 -channels 1 media.avi</CODE></P> |
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636 |
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637 <P>trasforma da stereo a mono.</P> |
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638 |
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639 <P>Esempio 2:<BR> |
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640 <CODE>mplayer -af pan=3:1:0:1:0.5:0.5 -channels 3 media.avi</CODE></P> |
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641 |
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642 <P>fornisce 3 canali in uscita lasciando i canali 0 e 1 inalterati, e mixando i |
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643 canali 0 e 1 nel canale in uscita 2 (che per esempio potrebbe essere inviato |
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644 ad un sub-woofer).</P> |
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645 |
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646 |
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647 <H4><A NAME="af_sub">2.3.2.3.8 Sub-woofer</A></H4> |
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648 |
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649 <P>il filtro <CODE>sub</CODE> aggiunge un canale sub woofer ai canali audio. |
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650 Il canale sub-woofer è creato tramite una media dei canali 0 e 1. Il segnale |
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651 risultante è quindi filtrato con un passa-basso Butterworth di quarto ordine |
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652 con una frequenza di taglio predefinita di 60Hz, ed inviato ad un nuovo canale |
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653 in uscita. Attenzione: disattiva questo filtro quando riproduci DVD con audio |
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654 Dolby Digital 5.1, altrimenti il filtro rovinerà il canale sub-woofer |
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655 originale. Questo filtro ha due parametri:</P> |
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656 |
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657 <DL> |
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658 <DT><CODE>fc <20-300></CODE></DT> |
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659 <DD>è un numero floating point opzionale usato per impostare la frequenza di |
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660 taglio in Hz del filtro. I valori validi vanno da 20Hz a 300Hz. Per ottenere |
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661 il miglior risultato imposta la frequenza di taglio più bassa possibile. |
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662 Ciò migliorerà l'effetto stereo o surround. La frequenza di taglio |
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663 predefinita è 60Hz.</DD> |
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664 |
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665 <DT><CODE>ch <0-5></CODE></DT> |
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666 <DD>è un intero opzionale compreso tra <CODE>0</CODE> e <CODE>5</CODE> che |
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667 determina il numero del canale in cui inserire il suono del sub-woofer. |
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668 Il canale predefinito è il <CODE>5</CODE>. Nota che il numero dei canali |
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669 sarà automaticamente aumentato a <CODE>ch</CODE> se necessario.</DD> |
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670 </DL> |
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671 |
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672 <P>Esempio:<BR> |
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673 <CODE>mplayer -af sub=100:4 -channels 5 media.avi</CODE></P> |
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674 |
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675 <P>aggiunge un canale sub-woofer con frequenza di taglio di 100Hz al canale |
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676 d'uscita 4.</P> |
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677 |
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678 <H4><A NAME="af_surround">2.3.2.3.9 Decoder suono Surround</A></H4> |
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679 |
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680 <P>L'audio surround codificato a matrice può essere decodificato dal filtro |
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681 <CODE>surround</CODE>. Dolby Surround è un esempio di formato codificato a |
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682 matrice. Molti file con audio a 2 canali contengono in realtà audio surround |
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683 a matrice. Per usare questa funzione hai bisogno di una scheda sonora con |
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684 almeno 4 canali. Questo filtro ha un parametro:</P> |
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685 |
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686 <DL> |
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687 <DT><CODE>d <0-1000></CODE></DT> |
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688 <DD>è un numero floating point opzionale compreso tra <CODE>0</CODE> e |
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689 <CODE>1000</CODE> usato per impostare il ritardo in ms per gli altoparlanti |
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690 posteriori. questo ritardo deve essere impostato così: se d1 è la distanza |
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691 dalla posizione d'ascolto agli altoparlanti frontali e d2 è la distanza |
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692 dalla posizione d'ascolto agli altoparlanti posteriori, il ritardo |
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693 <CODE>d</CODE> deve essere impostato a 15ms se d1 <= d2 ed a 15 + |
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694 5*(d1-d2) se d1 > d2. |
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695 Il valore predefinito per <CODE>d</CODE> è 20ms.</DD> |
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696 </DL> |
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697 |
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698 <P>Esempio:<BR> |
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699 <CODE>mplayer -af surround=15 -channels 4 media.avi</CODE></P> |
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700 |
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701 <P>aggiunge la decodifica surround con un ritardo di 15ms per il suono |
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702 diretto agli altoparlanti posteriori.</P> |
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703 |
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704 |
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705 |
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706 |
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707 <H4><A NAME="plugins">2.3.2.4 Plugin Audio (deprecati)</A></H4> |
4867 | 708 |
8707 | 709 <P>MPlayer supporta plugin audio. Possono essere usati per |
4867 | 710 cambiare le proprietà dei dati audio prima che raggiungano la scheda |
711 sonora. Sono abilitati con l'opzione <CODE>-aop</CODE> seguita da | |
712 <CODE>list=plugin1,plugin2,...</CODE>. L'opzione <CODE>list</CODE> è | |
713 necessaria e determina quali plugin devono essere usate e in quale ordine | |
714 devono essere eseguite, esempio: | |
715 </P> | |
716 | |
717 <P> <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop list=resample,format</CODE></P> | |
718 | |
719 <P>farà passare il suono attraverso il plugin di ricampionamento seguito da quello di | |
720 formattazione. | |
721 </P> | |
722 | |
723 <P>I plugin possono anche avere opzioni che ne modificano il comportamento. Queste | |
724 sono spiegate in dettaglio nelle sezioni sotto. Un plugin sarà eseguito | |
725 con la configurazione di default se non vengono date opzioni. Esempi di come usare | |
726 plugin in combinazione con loro opzioni specifiche: | |
727 </P> | |
728 | |
729 <P> <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop | |
8707 | 730 list=resample,format:fout=44100:format=0x8</CODE> |
4867 | 731 </P> |
732 | |
733 <P>cambierà la frequenza di uscita del plugin di ricampionamento a 44100Hz e il formato | |
734 output del plugin di formattazione a AFMT_U8. | |
735 </P> | |
736 | |
8707 | 737 <P>Attualmente i plugin audio non possono essere usati in MEncoder.</P> |
4867 | 738 |
739 | |
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740 <H4><A NAME="resample">2.3.2.4.1. Sopra/Sotto campionamento</A></H4> |
4867 | 741 |
8707 | 742 <P>MPlayer supporta pienamente il sopra/sotto campionamento del suono. Questo plugin può |
4867 | 743 per esempio essere usato se hai una scheda sonora a frequenza fissa o se sei |
744 bloccato con una vecchia scheda sonora in grado di dare al massimo 44.1kHz. | |
9864
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745 Viene riconosciuto <EM>automaticamente</EM> se questo plugin è necessario o meno. |
8707 | 746 Ha una sola opzione: |
4867 | 747 <CODE>fout</CODE> che è usata per specificare la frequenza di output desiderata, |
748 di default 48kHz, ed è data in | |
749 <Hz>. | |
750 </P> | |
751 | |
752 <P>Utilizzo :<BR> | |
753 <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop list=resample:fout=<necessaria | |
754 frequenza in Hz, come 44100></CODE></P> | |
755 | |
756 | |
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757 <H5><A NAME="surround_decoding">2.3.2.4.2. Decodifica Suono Surround</A></H5> |
4867 | 758 |
9864
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759 <P>MPlayer ha un plugin audio che può decodificare una matrice di suono |
4867 | 760 surround. Dolby Surround è un esempio di un formato di matrice.</p> |
761 | |
762 <P>Molti file con 2 canali in realtà contengono una matrice di suono | |
763 surround.</p> | |
764 | |
765 <P>Per usare questa caratteristica, devi avere una scheda sonora che supporta almeno 4 canali.</P> | |
766 | |
767 <P>Utilizzo :<BR> | |
768 <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop list=surround</CODE></P> | |
769 | |
770 | |
9864
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771 <H5><A NAME="format">2.3.2.4.3. Convertitore del formato di campionamento</A></H5> |
4867 | 772 |
8707 | 773 <P>Se il driver della tua scheda sonora non supporta gli <CODE>int</CODE> signed a 16bit, questo plugin può |
4867 | 774 essere usato per cambiare il formato ad uno compreso dalla tua scheda sonora. Ha |
775 una opzione <CODE>format</CODE> che può avere come valori uno dei numeri | |
776 che si trovano in libao2/afmt.h. Questo plugin è difficilmente necessario ed è da intendersi per | |
777 utenti avanzati. Nota che questo plugin cambia solo il formato di campionamento e | |
778 non la frequenza o il numero di canali. | |
779 </P> | |
780 | |
781 <P>Utilizzo :<BR> | |
782 <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop | |
783 list=format:format=<necessario formato di output></CODE> | |
784 </P> | |
785 | |
786 | |
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787 <H5><A NAME="delay">2.3.2.4.4. Ritardo</A></H5> |
4867 | 788 |
789 <P>Questo plugin ritarda il suono ed è da intendersi come un esempio di come sviluppare | |
790 nuovi plugin. Non può essere usato per niente di utile dalla prospettiva degli utenti | |
791 ed è menzionato qui solo per dovere di completezza. Non usare questo plugin | |
792 se non sei uno sviluppatore.</P> | |
793 | |
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794 <H5><A NAME="volume">2.3.2.4.5. Controllo volume via software</A></H5> |
4939 | 795 |
796 <P>Questo plugin è un sostituto software per il controllo volume, e | |
797 può essere usato in macchine con dispositivo mixer non funzionante. Può | |
8707 | 798 anche essere usato se si vuole modificare il volume di output da MPlayer |
4939 | 799 senza cambiare le impostazioni del volume PCM del mixer. Ha una sola opzione |
800 <CODE>volume</CODE> che serve a impostare il volume | |
801 iniziale. Può essere impostato a valori tra 0 | |
5583 | 802 e 255 e il default è 101, uguale ad una amplificazione di 0dB. Usa questo plugin con attenzione in quanto |
4939 | 803 può aumentare il rumore nel segnale. Nella maggior parte dei casi |
4961 | 804 è meglio impostare il livello del suono PCM al massimo, lasciare perdere questo plugin |
4939 | 805 e controllare il livello in output col controllo volume principale |
9864
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806 del mixer. Se la scheda sonora ha un mixer PCM digitale anziché analogico, e |
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807 noti distorsione, usa il controllo MASTER del mixer. Se è connesso al |
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808 computer un amplificatore esterno (questo è quasi sempre il caso), il livello |
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809 del rumore può essere minimizzato regolando le manopole del livello principale |
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810 e del volume dell'amplificatore finchè il rumore sibilante sullo sfondo non |
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811 sparisce. |
4939 | 812 </P> |
813 | |
814 <P>Utilizzo :<BR> | |
815 <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop | |
816 list=volume:volume=<0-255></CODE> | |
817 </P> | |
818 | |
5583 | 819 <P>Questo plugin ha anche un compressore o capacita di "ritaglio software". |
820 Si può usare la compressione se l'estensione dinamica del suono è molto | |
821 grande o se l'estensione dinamica degli altoparlanti è molto bassa. | |
822 Nota che questa caratteristica crea distorsioni e dovrebbe essere considerata | |
823 come l'ultima risorsa. | |
824 </P> | |
825 | |
826 <P>Utilizzo :<BR> | |
827 <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop | |
828 list=volume:softclip</CODE> | |
829 </P> | |
830 | |
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831 <H5><A NAME="extrastereo">2.3.2.4.6. Extrastereo</A></H5> |
4939 | 832 |
833 <P>Questo plugin aumenta (linearmente) la differenza tra i canali destro e sinistro | |
834 (come il plugin extrastereo di XMMS) che da un certo effetto "live" alla | |
835 riproduzione. | |
836 </P> | |
837 | |
838 <P>Utilizzo :<BR> | |
839 <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop list=extrastereo</CODE><BR> | |
840 <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop list=extrastereo:mul=3.45</CODE></P> | |
841 | |
842 <P>Il coefficiente di default (<CODE>mul</CODE>) è un numero razionale preimpostato | |
843 a 2.5. Se lo si imposta a 0.0, si ottiene un suono mono (media di entrambi i canali), | |
6291 | 844 se lo si imposta a 1.0, il suono non risulterà cambiato, se lo si imposta a -1.0, i canali |
845 destro e sinistro risulteranno scambiati.</P> | |
4939 | 846 |
5583 | 847 |
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848 <H5><A NAME="normalizer">2.3.2.4.7. Normalizzatore volume</A></H5> |
5583 | 849 |
850 <P>Questo plugin massimizza il volume mantenendo il suono senza | |
851 distorsioni. | |
852 </P> | |
853 | |
854 <P>Utilizzo :<BR> | |
855 <CODE>mplayer media.avi -aop list=volnorm</CODE><BR> | |
4867 | 856 </BODY> |
857 </HTML> |