annotate DOCS/xml/en/mencoder.xml @ 20535:c0687e92d463

convert DOCS/xml/en and help_mp-en.h to UTF-8 (running help_mp-en.h through iconv didn't change the file so only the charset file needed to be changed)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- $Revision$ -->
<chapter id="mencoder">
<title>Basic usage of <application>MEncoder</application></title>

<para>
For the complete list of available <application>MEncoder</application> options
and examples, please see the man page. For a series of hands-on examples and
detailed guides on using several encoding parameters, read the
<ulink url="../../tech/encoding-tips.txt">encoding-tips</ulink> that were
collected from several mailing list threads on MPlayer-users. Search the
<ulink url="http://lists.mplayerhq.hu/pipermail/mplayer-users/">archives</ulink>
for a wealth of discussions about all aspects of and problems related to
encoding with <application>MEncoder</application>.
</para>

<sect1 id="menc-feat-selecting-codec">
<title>Selecting codecs and container formats</title>

<para>
  Audio and video codecs for encoding are selected with the
  <option>-oac</option> and <option>-ovc</option> options, respectively.
  Type for instance:
  <screen>mencoder -ovc help</screen>
  to list all video codecs supported by the version of
  <application>MEncoder</application> on your machine.
  The following choices are available:
</para>
<para>
Audio Codecs:

<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row><entry>Audio codec name</entry><entry>Description</entry></row>
</thead>
<tbody>
  <row>
    <entry>mp3lame</entry>
    <entry>Encode to VBR, ABR or CBR MP3 with LAME</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>lavc</entry>
    <entry>Use one of <link linkend="menc-feat-enc-libavcodec-audio-codecs"><systemitem class="library">libavcodec</systemitem>'s audio codecs</link>
    </entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>faac</entry>
    <entry>FAAC AAC audio encoder</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>toolame</entry>
    <entry>MPEG Audio Layer 2 encoder</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>twolame</entry>
    <entry>MPEG Audio Layer 2 encoder based on tooLAME</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>pcm</entry>
    <entry>Uncompressed PCM audio</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>copy</entry>
    <entry>Do not reencode, just copy compressed frames</entry>
  </row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>

<para>
Video codecs:
<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row><entry>Video codec name</entry><entry>Description</entry></row>
</thead>
<tbody>
  <row>
    <entry>lavc</entry>
    <entry>Use one of <link linkend="menc-feat-enc-libavcodec-video-codecs"><systemitem class="library">libavcodec</systemitem>'s video codecs</link>
    </entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>xvid</entry>
    <entry>XviD, MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Profile (ASP) codec</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>x264</entry>
    <entry>x264, MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC), AKA H.264 codec</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>nuv</entry>
    <entry>nuppel video, used by some realtime applications</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>raw</entry>
    <entry>Uncompressed video frames</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>copy</entry>
    <entry>Do not reencode, just copy compressed frames</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>frameno</entry>
    <entry>Used for 3-pass encoding (not recommended)</entry>
  </row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
<para>
  Output container formats are selected with the <option>-of</option>
  option.
  Type:
  <screen>mencoder -of help</screen>
  to list all containers supported by the version of
  <application>MEncoder</application> on your machine.
  The following choices are available:
</para>
<para>
Container formats:
<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row><entry>Container format name</entry><entry>Description</entry></row>
</thead>
<tbody>
  <row>
    <entry>lavf</entry>
    <entry>One of the containers supported by
    <systemitem class="library">libavformat</systemitem></entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>avi</entry>
    <entry>Audio-Video Interleaved</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>mpeg</entry>
    <entry>MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 PS</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>rawvideo</entry>
    <entry>raw video stream (no muxing - one video stream only)</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>rawaudio</entry>
    <entry>raw audio stream (no muxing - one audio stream only)</entry>
  </row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
  The AVI container is the native container format for
  <application>MEncoder</application>, which means that it's the one that
  is best handled, and the one for which <application>MEncoder</application>
  was designed.
  As noted above, other container formats are usable, but you may
  experience problems when using them.
</para>

<para>
<systemitem class="library">libavformat</systemitem> containers:
</para>
<para>
  If you selected <systemitem class="library">libavformat</systemitem>
  to do the muxing of the output file (by using the <option>-of lavf</option>),
  the appropriate container format will be determined by the file extension
  of the output file.
  You may force a particular container format with
  <systemitem class="library">libavformat</systemitem>'s
  <option>format</option> option.

<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row><entry><systemitem class="library">libavformat</systemitem> container name</entry><entry>Description</entry></row>
</thead>
<tbody>
  <row>
    <entry>mpg</entry>
    <entry>MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 PS</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>asf</entry>
    <entry>Advanced Streaming Format</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>avi</entry>
    <entry>Audio-Video Interleaved</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>wav</entry>
    <entry>Waveform Audio</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>swf</entry>
    <entry>Macromedia Flash</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>flv</entry>
    <entry>Macromedia Flash video</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>rm</entry>
    <entry>RealMedia</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>au</entry>
    <entry>SUN AU</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>nut</entry>
    <entry>NUT open container (experimental and not yet spec-compliant)</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>mov</entry>
    <entry>QuickTime</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>mp4</entry>
    <entry>MPEG-4 format</entry>
  </row>
  <row>
    <entry>dv</entry>
    <entry>Sony Digital Video container</entry>
  </row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
  As you can see, <systemitem class="library">libavformat</systemitem>
  allows <application>MEncoder</application> to mux into a considerable
  variety of containers.
  Unfortunately, as <application>MEncoder</application> was not designed
  from the beginning to support container formats other than AVI,
  your should really be paranoid about the resulting file.
  Please check to be sure that the audio/video synchronization is OK
  and that the file can be played correctly by players other than
  <application>MPlayer</application>.
</para>

<informalexample>
<para>Example:</para>
<para>
  Creating a Macromedia Flash video suitable for playback in a web browser
  with the Macromedia Flash plugin:
<screen>
mencoder <replaceable>input.avi</replaceable> -o <replaceable>output.flv</replaceable> -of lavf -oac mp3lame -lameopts abr:br=56 -ovc lavc \
-lavcopts vcodec=flv:vbitrate=500:mbd=2:mv0:trell:v4mv:cbp:last_pred=3 \
-srate 22050
</screen>
</para>
</informalexample>

</sect1>


<sect1 id="menc-feat-selecting-input">
<title>Selecting input file or device</title>

<para>
  <application>MEncoder</application> can encode from files or directly
  from a DVD or VCD disc.
  Simply include the filename on the command line to encode from a file,
  or <option>dvd://</option><replaceable>titlenumber</replaceable> or
  <option>vcd://</option><replaceable>tracknumber</replaceable> to encode
  from a DVD title or VCD track.
  If you have already copied a DVD to your hard drive (you can use a tool
  such as <application>dvdbackup</application>, available on most systems),
  and wish to encode from the copy, you should still use the
  <option>dvd://</option> syntax, along with <option>-dvd-device</option>
  followed by the path to the copied DVD root.

  The <option>-dvd-device</option> and <option>-cdrom-device</option>
  options can also be used to override the paths to the device nodes
  for reading directly from disc, if the defaults of
  <filename>/dev/dvd</filename> and <filename>/dev/cdrom</filename> do
  not work on your system.
</para>
<para>
  When encoding from DVD, it is often desirable to select a chapter or
  range of chapters to encode.
  You can use the <option>-chapter</option> option for this purpose.
  For example, <option>-chapter</option> <replaceable>1-4</replaceable>
  will only encode chapters 1 through 4 from the DVD.
  This is especially useful if you will be making a 1400 MB encode
  targetted for two CDs, since you can ensure the split occurs exactly
  at a chapter boundary rather than in the middle of a scene.
</para>
<para>
  If you have a supported TV capture card, you can also encode from the
  TV-in device.
  Use <option>tv://</option><replaceable>channelnumber</replaceable> as
  the filename, and <option>-tv</option> to configure various capture
  settings.
  DVB input works similarly.
</para>
</sect1>


<sect1 id="menc-feat-mpeg4">
<title>Encoding two pass MPEG-4 (&quot;DivX&quot;)</title>

<para>
The name comes from the fact that this method encodes the file <emphasis>twice</emphasis>.
The first encoding (dubbed pass) creates some temporary files
(<filename>*.log</filename>) with a size of few megabytes, do not delete
them yet (you can delete the AVI or rather just not create any video by
redirecting it into <filename>/dev/null</filename>).
In the second pass, the two pass output
file is created, using the bitrate data from the temporary files. The
resulting file will have much better image quality. If this is the first
time you heard about this, you should consult some guides available on the
net.
</para>

<example id="copy_audio_track">
<title>copy audio track</title>
<para>
Two pass encode of the second track a DVD to an MPEG-4 (&quot;DivX&quot;)
AVI while copying the audio track.
<screen>
mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1 -oac copy -o /dev/null
mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell:vpass=2 -oac copy -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable>
</screen>
</para>
</example>

<example id="encode_audio_track">
<title>encode audio track</title>
<para>
Two pass encode of a DVD to an MPEG-4 (&quot;DivX&quot;) AVI while encoding
the audio track to MP3.
Be careful using this method as it may lead to audio/video desync in
some cases.
<screen>
mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1 -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3 -o /dev/null
mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell:vpass=2 -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3 -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable>
</screen>
</para>
</example>
</sect1>


<sect1 id="menc-feat-handheld-psp">
<title>Encoding to Sony PSP video format</title>

<para>
  <application>MEncoder</application> supports encoding to Sony PSP's video
  format, but, depending on the revision of the PSP software, the constraints
  may differ.
  You should be safe if you respect the following constraints:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
  <emphasis role="bold">Bitrate</emphasis>: it should not exceed 1500kbps,
  however, past versions supported pretty much any bitrate as long as the
  header claimed it was not too high.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
  <emphasis role="bold">Dimensions</emphasis>: the width and height of the
  PSP video should be multiples of 16, and the product width * height must
  be &lt;= 64000.
  Under some circumstances, it may be possible for the PSP to play higher
  resolutions.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
  <emphasis role="bold">Audio</emphasis>: its samplerate should be 24kHz
  for MPEG-4 videos, and 48kHz for H.264.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>

<example id="encode_for_psp">
<title>encode for PSP</title>
<para>
<screen>
mencoder -oac lavc -ovc lavc -of lavf -lavcopts aglobal=1:vglobal=1:vcodec=mpeg4:acodec=aac \
-af lavcresample=24000 -vf harddup -lavfopts format=psp:i_certify_that_my_video_stream_does_not_use_b_frames \
-ofps 30000/1001 input.video -o output.psp
</screen>
  Note that you can set the title of the video with
  <option>-info name=<replaceable>MovieTitle</replaceable></option>.
</para>
</example>
</sect1>


<sect1 id="menc-feat-mpeg">
<title>Encoding to MPEG format</title>
<para>
<application>MEncoder</application> can create MPEG (MPEG-PS) format output
files.
Usually, when you are using MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 video, it is because you are
encoding for a constrained format such as SVCD, VCD, or DVD.
The specific requirements for these formats are explained in the
<link linkend="menc-feat-vcd-dvd"> VCD and DVD creation guide</link>
section.
</para>

<para>
To change <application>MEncoder</application>'s output file format,
use the <option>-of mpeg</option> option.
</para>

<informalexample>
<para>
Example:
<screen>
mencoder <replaceable>input.avi</replaceable> -of mpeg -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg1video -oac copy <replaceable>other_options</replaceable> -o <replaceable>output.mpg</replaceable>
</screen>
Creating an MPEG-1 file suitable to be played on systems with minimal
multimedia support, such as default Windows installs:
<screen>
mencoder <replaceable>input.avi</replaceable> -of mpeg -mpegopts format=mpeg1:tsaf:muxrate=2000 -o <replaceable>output.mpg</replaceable> -oac lavc -ovc lavc \
-lavcopts acodec=mp2:abitrate=224:vcodec=mpeg1video:vbitrate=1152:keyint=15:mbd=2:aspect=4/3
</screen>
</para>
</informalexample>

<note><title>Hint:</title>
<para>
  If for some reason the video quality of the second pass did not
  satisfy you, you may re-run your video encode with a different target
  bitrate, provided that you saved the statistics file of the previous
  pass.
  This is possible because the statistics file's primary goal is to
  record the complexity of each frame, which doesn't depend heavily on
  bitrate. You should note, though, that you'll get the best results if
  all passes are run with target bitrates that do not differ very much.
</para>
</note>

</sect1>

<sect1 id="menc-feat-rescale">
<title>Rescaling movies</title>

<para>
Often the need to resize movie images' size emerges. Its reasons can be
many: decreasing file size, network bandwidth, etc. Most people even do
rescaling when converting DVDs or SVCDs to DivX AVI. If you wish to rescale,
read the <link linkend="aspect">Preserving aspect ratio</link> section.
</para>

<para>
The scaling process is handled by the <literal>scale</literal> video filter:
<option>-vf scale=<replaceable>width</replaceable>:<replaceable>height</replaceable></option>.
Its quality can be set with the <option>-sws</option> option.
If it is not specified, <application>MEncoder</application> will use 2: bicubic.
</para>

<para>
Usage:
<screen>
mencoder <replaceable>input.mpg</replaceable> -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell -vf scale=640:480 -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable>
</screen>
</para>
</sect1>


<sect1 id="menc-feat-streamcopy">
<title>Stream copying</title>

<para>
<application>MEncoder</application> can handle input streams in two ways:
<emphasis role="bold">encode</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">copy</emphasis>
them. This section is about <emphasis role="bold">copying</emphasis>.
</para>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
  <emphasis role="bold">Video stream</emphasis> (option <option>-ovc copy</option>):
  nice stuff can be done :) Like, putting (not converting!) FLI or VIVO or
  MPEG-1 video into an AVI file! Of course only
  <application>MPlayer</application> can play such files :) And it probably
  has no real life value at all. Rationally: video stream copying can be
  useful for example when only the audio stream has to be encoded (like,
  uncompressed PCM to MP3).
  </para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
  <emphasis role="bold">Audio stream</emphasis> (option <option>-oac copy</option>):
  straightforward. It is possible to take an external audio file (MP3,
  WAV) and mux it into the output stream. Use the
  <option>-audiofile <replaceable>filename</replaceable></option> option
  for this.
  </para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<para>
  Using <option>-oac copy</option> to copy from one container format to
  another may require the use of <option>-fafmttag</option> to keep the
  audio format tag of the original file.
  For example, if you are converting an NSV file with AAC audio to an AVI
  container, the audio format tag will be incorrect and it will have to
  be changed. For a list of audio format tags, check
  <filename>codecs.conf</filename>.
</para>

<para>
Example:
<screen>
mencoder <replaceable>input.nsv</replaceable> -oac copy -fafmttag 0x706D -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable>
</screen>
</para>

</sect1>


<sect1 id="menc-feat-enc-images">
<title>Encoding from multiple input image files (JPEG, PNG, TGA, SGI)</title>

<para>
<application>MEncoder</application> is capable of creating movies from one
or more JPEG, PNG or TGA files. With simple framecopy it can create MJPEG
(Motion JPEG), MPNG (Motion PNG) or MTGA (Motion TGA) files.
</para>

<orderedlist>
<title>Explanation of the process:</title>
<listitem><para>
  <application>MEncoder</application> <emphasis>decodes</emphasis> the input image(s) with
  <systemitem class="library">libjpeg</systemitem> (when decoding PNGs, it
  will use <systemitem class="library">libpng</systemitem>).
  </para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
  <application>MEncoder</application> then feeds the decoded image to the
  chosen video compressor (DivX4, XviD, FFmpeg msmpeg4, etc.).
  </para></listitem>
</orderedlist>

<formalpara>
<title>Examples</title>
<para>
The explanation of the <option>-mf</option> option is in the man page.

<informalexample>
<para>
Creating an MPEG-4 file from all the JPEG files in the current directory:
<screen>
mencoder mf://*.jpg -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=jpg -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell -oac copy -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable>
</screen>
</para>
</informalexample>

<informalexample>
<para>
Creating an MPEG-4 file from some JPEG files in the current directory:
<screen>
mencoder mf://<replaceable>frame001.jpg,frame002.jpg</replaceable> -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=jpg -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell -oac copy -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable>
</screen>
</para>
</informalexample>

<informalexample>
<para>
Creating an MPEG-4 file from explicit list of JPEG files (list.txt in current directory
contains the list of files to use as source, one per line):
<screen>
mencoder mf://<replaceable>@list.txt</replaceable> -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=jpg \ 
-ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell -oac copy -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable>
</screen>
</para>
</informalexample>

<informalexample>
<para>
Creating a Motion JPEG (MJPEG) file from all the JPEG files in the current
directory:
<screen>
mencoder mf://*.jpg -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=jpg -ovc copy -oac copy -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable>
</screen>
</para>
</informalexample>

<informalexample>
<para>
Creating an uncompressed file from all the PNG files in the current directory:
<screen>
mencoder mf://*.png -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=png -ovc raw -oac copy -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable>
</screen>
</para>
</informalexample>

<note><para>
Width must be integer multiple of 4, it is a limitation of the RAW RGB AVI format.
</para></note>

<informalexample>
<para>
Creating a Motion PNG (MPNG) file from all the PNG files in the current
directory:
<screen>
mencoder mf://*.png -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=png -ovc copy -oac copy -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable> <!--
--></screen>
</para>
</informalexample>

<informalexample>
<para>
Creating a Motion TGA (MTGA) file from all the TGA files in the current
directory:
<screen>
mencoder mf://*.tga -mf w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=tga -ovc copy -oac copy -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable><!--
--></screen>
</para>
</informalexample>

</para>
</formalpara>
</sect1>


<sect1 id="menc-feat-extractsub">
<title>Extracting DVD subtitles to VOBsub file</title>

<para>
<application>MEncoder</application> is capable of extracting subtitles from
a DVD into VOBsub formatted files. They consist of a pair of files ending in
<filename>.idx</filename> and <filename>.sub</filename> and are usually
packaged in a single <filename>.rar</filename> archive.
<application>MPlayer</application> can play these with the
<option>-vobsub</option> and <option>-vobsubid</option> options.
</para>

<para>
You specify the basename (i.e without the <filename>.idx</filename> or
<filename>.sub</filename> extension) of the output files with
<option>-vobsubout</option> and the index for this subtitle in the
resulting files with <option>-vobsuboutindex</option>.
</para>

<para>
If the input is not from a DVD you should use <option>-ifo</option> to
indicate the <filename>.ifo</filename> file needed to construct the
resulting <filename>.idx</filename> file.
</para>

<para>
If the input is not from a DVD and you do not have the
<filename>.ifo</filename> file you will need to use the
<option>-vobsubid</option> option to let it know what language id to put in
the <filename>.idx</filename> file.
</para>

<para>
Each run will append the running subtitle if the <filename>.idx</filename>
and <filename>.sub</filename> files already exist. So you should remove any
before starting.
</para>

<example id="copying_two_subtitles_from_a_dvd_while_doing_two_pass_encoding">
<title>Copying two subtitles from a DVD while doing two pass encoding</title>
<screen>
rm subtitles.idx subtitles.sub
mencoder dvd://1 -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1 -vobsubout subtitles -vobsuboutindex 0 -sid 2
mencoder dvd://1 -oac copy -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell:vpass=2 -vobsubout subtitles -vobsuboutindex 1 -sid 5<!--
--></screen>
</example>

<example id="copying_a_french_subtitle_from_an_mpeg_file">
<title>Copying a french subtitle from an MPEG file</title>
<screen>
rm subtitles.idx subtitles.sub
mencoder <replaceable>movie.mpg</replaceable> -ifo <replaceable>movie.ifo</replaceable> -vobsubout subtitles -vobsuboutindex 0 -vobsuboutid fr -sid 1 -nosound -ovc copy
</screen>
</example>

</sect1>

<sect1 id="aspect">
<title>Preserving aspect ratio</title>
<para>
DVDs and SVCDs (i.e. MPEG-1/2) files contain an aspect ratio value, which
describes how the player should scale the video stream, so humans will not
have egg heads (ex.: 480x480 + 4:3 = 640x480). However when encoding to AVI
(DivX) files, you have to be aware that AVI headers do not store this value.
Rescaling the movie is disgusting and time consuming, there has to be a better
way!
</para>

<para>There is</para>

<para>
MPEG-4 has a unique feature: the video stream can contain its needed aspect
ratio. Yes, just like MPEG-1/2 (DVD, SVCD) and H.263 files. Regretfully, there are
few video players apart from <application>MPlayer</application> that support this
MPEG-4 attribute.
</para>

<para>
This feature can be used only with
<link linkend="ffmpeg"><systemitem class="library">libavcodec</systemitem></link>'s
<systemitem>mpeg4</systemitem> codec. Keep in mind: although
<application>MPlayer</application> will correctly play the created file,
other players may use the wrong aspect ratio.
</para>

<para>
You seriously should crop the black bands over and below the movie image.
See the man page for the usage of the <systemitem>cropdetect</systemitem> and
<systemitem>crop</systemitem> filters.
</para>

<para>
Usage
<screen>mencoder <replaceable>sample-svcd.mpg</replaceable> -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:mbd=2:trell:autoaspect -vf crop=714:548:0:14 -oac copy -o <replaceable>output.avi</replaceable></screen>
</para>
</sect1>

</chapter>