annotate DOCS/xml/it/cd-dvd.xml @ 31227:ee7beb1a3a6e

backport ass_flush_events() from upstream libass and make use of it This fixes subtitles duplication when seeking back in ass stream formated with the "standard" format FFmpeg uses.
author aurel
date Mon, 31 May 2010 19:10:57 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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2 <!-- synced with r24346 -->
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3 <chapter id="cd-dvd">
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4 <title>Utilizzo CD/DVD</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="drives">
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7 <title>Lettori CD/DVD</title>
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8
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9 <para>
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10 I lettori CD-ROM recenti possono raggiungere velocità molto alte, ma molti
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11 lettori sono capaci di girare a velocità ridotte. Ci sono diversi motivi che
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12 possono farti pensare di cambiare la velocità di un'unità CD-ROM:
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13 </para>
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14
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15 <itemizedlist>
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16 <listitem><para>
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17 Ci sono state notifiche di errori di lettura ad alte velocità, specialmente
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18 con CD-ROM malamente pressati. Ridurre la velocità può prevenire la
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19 perdita di dati in queste circostanze.
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20 </para></listitem>
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21
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22 <listitem><para>
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23 Molti lettori CD-ROM sono fastidiosamente rumorosi, una minor velocità
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24 può ridurre il rumore.
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25 </para></listitem>
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26 </itemizedlist>
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27
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28 <!-- ********** -->
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29
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30 <sect2 id="drives_linux">
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31 <title>Linux</title>
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32
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33 <para>
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34 Puoi diminuire la velocità delle unità CD-ROM IDE con
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35 <command>hdparm</command>, <command>setcd</command> o <command>cdctl</command>.
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36 Funziona così:
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37 <screen>hdparm -E <replaceable>[velocità]</replaceable> <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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38 <screen>setcd -x <replaceable>[velocità]</replaceable> <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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39 <screen>cdctl -bS <replaceable>[velocità]</replaceable></screen>
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40 </para>
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41
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42 <para>
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43 Se stai usando l'emulazione SCSI, puoi dover applicare le impostazioni al
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44 lettore IDE reale, e non al dispositivo emulato come SCSI.
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45 </para>
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46
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47 <para>
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48 Se hai i privilegi di root può essere di aiuto anche il comando seguente:
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49 <screen>echo file_readahead:2000000 &gt; /proc/ide/<replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable>/settings</screen>
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50 </para>
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51
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52 <para>
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53 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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54 Ciò imposta la lettura in prefetch dei file a 2MB, che aiuta con CD-ROM
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55 graffiati. Se la imposti troppo alta, il lettore continuerà ad aumentare e
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56 diminuire la velocità, e le prestazioni diminuiranno drasticamente.
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57 Si raccomanda di regolare il tuo lettore CD-ROM anche con
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58 <command>hdparm</command>:
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59 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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60 </para>
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61
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62 <para>
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63 Questo abilita l'accesso in DMA, la pre-lettura, e la mascheratura IRQ (leggi
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64 la pagina man di <command>hdparm</command> per una spiegazione dettagliata).
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65 </para>
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66
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67 <para>
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68 Per favore fai riferimento a
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69 "<filename>/proc/ide/<replaceable>[dispositivo cdrom]</replaceable>/settings</filename>"
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70 per regolare con precisione il tuo CD-ROM.
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71 </para>
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72
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73 <para>
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74 I lettori SCSI non hanno un modo uniforme di impostare questi parametri (ne
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75 conosci uno? diccelo!). C'è uno strumento che funziona con i
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76 <ulink url="http://das.ist.org/~georg/">lettori SCSI Plextor</ulink>.
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77 </para>
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78 </sect2>
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79
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80 <!-- ********** -->
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81
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82 <sect2 id="drives_freebsd">
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83 <title>FreeBSD</title>
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84
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85 <para>velocità:
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86 <screen>
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87 cdcontrol [-f <replaceable>dispositivo</replaceable>] speed <replaceable>[velocità]</replaceable>
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88 </screen>
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89 </para>
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90
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91 <para>DMA:
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92 <screen>
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93 sysctl hw.ata.atapi_dma=1
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94 </screen>
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95 </para>
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96
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97 </sect2>
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98
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99 </sect1>
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100
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101
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102 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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103
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104
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105 <sect1 id="dvd">
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106 <title>Riproduzione DVD</title>
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107
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108 <para>
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109 Per una lista completa delle opzioni disponibili per favore leggi la pagina man.
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110 La sintassi per riprodurre un DVD normale è la seguente:
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111 <screen>
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112 mplayer dvd://<replaceable>&lt;traccia&gt;</replaceable> [-dvd-device <replaceable>&lt;dispositivo&gt;</replaceable>]
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113 </screen>
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114 </para>
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115
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116 <para>
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117 Esempio:
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118 <screen>mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /dev/hdc</screen>
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119 </para>
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120
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121 <para>
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122 Se hai compilato <application>MPlayer</application> con il supporto per dvdnav,
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123 la sintassi è la stessa, tranne che devi usare dvdnav:// invece di dvd://.
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124 </para>
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125
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126 <para>
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127 Il dispositivo DVD di default è <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. Se la tua
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128 impostazione è diversa, crea un collegamento simbolico o indica il dispositivo
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129 giusto dalla riga comando con l'opzione <option>-dvd-device</option>.
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130 </para>
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131
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132 <para>
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133 <application>MPlayer</application> usa <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> e
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134 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> per la riproduzione e la decrittazione dei
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135 DVD. Queste due librerie sono contenute nei sorgenti di
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136 <application>MPlayer</application>, non hai bisogno di installarle
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137 separatamente. Puoi anche usare le controparti di sistema delle due librerie,
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138 ma questa non è la soluzione raccomandata, in quanto può portare a bachi,
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139 incompatibilità di librerie e minor velocità.
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140 </para>
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141
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142 <note><para>
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143 Nel caso di problemi di decodifica di DVD, prova a disabilitare il supermount,
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144 o qualsiasi altra utilità. Alcuni lettori RPC-2 possono anche aver bisogno di
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145 avere il codice di zona impostato.
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146 </para></note>
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147
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148 <formalpara>
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149 <title>Decrittazione DVD</title>
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150 <para>
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151 La decrittazione dei DVD viene fatta da <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem>. La
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152 modalità può esser specificata attraverso la variabile d'ambiente
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153 <envar>DVDCSS_METHOD</envar>, vedi la pagina di manuale per i dettagli.
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154 </para>
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155 </formalpara>
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156
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157 <sect2 id="region_code">
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158 <title>Codici regionali</title>
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159 <para>
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160 I lettori DVD al giorno d'oggi sono venduti con una costrizione senza senso
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161 chiamata <ulink url="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video#Codici_regionali">codice regionale</ulink>
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162 (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code">in inglese</ulink>).
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163 Questa è una strategia per forzare i lettori DVD ad accettare solamente DVD
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164 prodotti per una delle sei diverse regioni in cui è stato diviso il mondo.
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165 Come un gruppo di persone possano sedersi attorno ad un tavolo, partorire
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166 un'idea del genere ed aspettarsi che il mondo del 21° secolo si pieghi ai loro
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167 voleri, è aldilà di ogni comprensione.
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168 </para>
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169
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170 <para>
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171 I lettori che forzano l'impostazione regionale solo via software sono anche
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172 conosciuti come lettori RPC-1, quelli che lo gestiscono via hardware come RPC-2.
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173 I lettori RPC-2 permettono la modifica della regione per cinque volte, prima
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174 che resti bloccata.
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175 Sotto Linux puoi usare lo strumento
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176 <ulink url="http://linvdr.org/projects/regionset/">regionset</ulink> per
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177 per impostare il codice regionale del tuo lettore DVD.
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178 </para>
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179
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180 <para>
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181 Grazie al cielo, è possibile convertire lettori RPC-2 in lettori RPC-1
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182 attraverso un aggiornamento del firmware. Inserisci il modello del tuo lettore
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183 DVD nel tuo motore di ricerca preferito oppure dai un'occhiata ai forum e alle
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184 sezioni di download di
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185 <ulink url="http://www.rpc1.org/">"The firmware page"</ulink>.
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186 Anche se si devono applicare le solite precauzioni per l'aggiornamento del
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187 firmware, le esperienze relative alla rimozione della forzatura del codice
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188 regionale sono generalmente positive.
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189 </para>
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190 </sect2>
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191
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192 </sect1>
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193
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194
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195 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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196
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197
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198 <sect1 id="vcd">
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199 <title>Riproduzione VCD</title>
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200
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201 <para>
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202 Per una lista completa delle opzioni disponibili per favore leggi la pagina man.
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203 La sintassi per riprodurre un Video CD (VCD) normale è la seguente:
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204 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>&lt;traccia&gt;</replaceable> [-cdrom-device <replaceable>&lt;dispositivo&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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205 Esempio:
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206 <screen>mplayer vcd://2 -cdrom-device /dev/hdc</screen>
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207 Il dispositivo VCD di default è <filename>/dev/cdrom</filename>. Se la tua
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208 impostazione è diversa, crea un collegamento simbolico o indica il dispositivo
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209 giusto dalla riga comando con l'opzione <option>-cdrom-device</option>.
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210 </para>
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211
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212 <note><para>
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213 Perlomeno i lettori CD-ROM Plextor e alcuni Toshiba SCSI hanno prestazioni
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214 orribili leggendo i VCD. Questo perché l'<systemitem>ioctl</systemitem>
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215 CDROMREADRAW non è implementata appieno per questi lettori. Se hai una qualche
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216 conoscenza della programmazione SCSI, per favore
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217 <ulink url="../../tech/patches.txt">aiutaci</ulink> ad implementare un supporto
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218 SCSI generico per i VCD.
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219 </para></note>
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220
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221 <para>
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222 Nel frattempo puoi estrarre i dati dal VCD con
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223 <ulink url="http://ftp.ntut.edu.tw/ftp/OS/Linux/packages/X/viewers/readvcd/">readvcd</ulink>
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224 e riprodurre con <application>MPlayer</application> il file così ricavato.
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225 </para>
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226
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227 <formalpara>
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228 <title>Struttura VCD</title>
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229 <para>
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230 Un Video CD (VCD) è fatto di settori CD-ROM XA, per es. tracce CD-ROM mode 2
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231 form 1 e 2:
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232 <itemizedlist>
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233 <listitem><para>
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234 La prima traccia è in formato mode 2 form 2 il che significa che usa una
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235 correzione errori L2. La traccia contiene un filesystem ISO-9660 con 2048
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236 byte/settore. Il filesystem contiene delle informazioni metadati VCD, così
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237 come fermi-immagine spesso usati nei menu. I segmenti MPEG per i menu possono
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238 anche essere salvati nella prima traccia, ma gli MPEG devono essere
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239 spezzettati in una serie di blocchi di 150 settori. Il filesystem ISO-9660
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240 può contenere altri file o programmi che non sono essenziali per le
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241 operazioni VCD.
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242 </para></listitem>
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243
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244 <listitem><para>
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245 Le seconde e restanti tracce spesso sono tracce MPEG (filmato) di basso
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246 livello di 2324 byte/settore, contenenti un pacchetto dati MPEG PS per
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247 settore. Queste sono in formato mode 2 form 1, così da poter archiviare più
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248 dati per settore con la perdita di qualche correzione di errore. E' anche
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249 valido avere tracce CD-DA in un VCD dopo la prima traccia.
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250 In alcuni sistemi operativi c'è qualche trucchetto che fa apparire queste
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251 tracce non ISO-9660 in un filesystem. In altri sistemi operativi come
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252 GNU/Linux non è (ancora) così. Qui i dati MPEG
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253 <emphasis role="bold">non possono venir montati</emphasis>. Siccome molti
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254 film sono dentro questo tipo di tracce, dovresti provare prima
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255 <option>vcd://2</option>.
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256 </para></listitem>
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257
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258 <listitem><para>
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259 Ci sono dischi VCD senza la prima traccia (traccia singola e proprio nessun
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260 filesystem). Essi sono comunque riproducibili, ma non possono essere montati.
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261 </para></listitem>
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262
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263 <listitem><para>
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264 La definizione dello standard VCD viene chiamato il "White Book" Philips, e
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265 non è disponibile on-line visto che deve essere acquistato da Philips.
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266 Informazioni più dettagliate sui Video CD si possono trovare nella
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267 <ulink url="http://www.vcdimager.org/pub/vcdimager/manuals/0.7/vcdimager.html#SEC4">documentazione di vcdimager</ulink>.
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268 </para></listitem>
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269 </itemizedlist>
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270 </para>
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271 </formalpara>
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272
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273 <formalpara>
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274 <title>Riguardo i file .DAT</title>
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275 <para>
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276 Il file .DAT da ~600MB visibile sulla prima traccia del filsystem VCD montato
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277 non è un vero file! Viene anche detto "ISO gateway", creato per permettere a
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278 Windows di gestire tali tracce (Windows non permette alle applicazioni alcun
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279 accesso di basso livello ai dispositivi). Sotto Linux non puoi copiare o
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280 riprodurre questi file (contengono spazzatura). Sotto Windows è possibile
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281 che il driver iso9660 emuli la lettura a basso livello delle tracce nel file.
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282 Per riprodurre un file .DAT ti serve il driver per il kernel che si può
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283 trovare nella versione per Linux di PowerDVD. Esso ha un driver modificato per
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284 il filesystem iso9660 (<filename>vcdfs/isofs-2.4.X.o</filename>), che è in
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285 grado di emulare le tracce di basso livello attraverso quel file fantasma .DAT.
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286 Se monti il disco usando il loro driver, puoi poi copiare e anche riprodurre i
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287 file .DAT con <application>MPlayer</application>. Ma non funzionerà col driver
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288 iso9660 standard del kernel Linux! Usa invece <option>vcd://</option>.
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289 Alternative per copiare i VCD sono il nuovo driver del kernel
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290 <ulink url="http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/~ronsse/cdfs/">cdfs</ulink> (non incluso
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291 nel kernel ufficiale), che mostra le sessioni dei CD come file immagine, e
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292 <ulink url="http://cdrdao.sf.net/">cdrdao</ulink>, un'applicazione per
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293 copiare/fare il dump di CD bit-per-bit.
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294 </para>
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295 </formalpara>
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296 </sect1>
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297 </chapter>