annotate es/daily.tex @ 639:193d107798cc

corrected some redaction problems and a couple of typos
author Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
date Wed, 28 Jan 2009 23:38:16 -0500
parents ddbb28cd940a
children 67b96bca5769
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1 \chapter{Mercurial día a día}
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2 \label{chap:daily}
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3
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4 \section{Cómo indicarle a Mercurial qué ficheros seguir}
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5
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6 Mercurial no trabaja con ficheros en su repositorio a menos que usted
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7 se lo indique explícitamente. La orden \hgcmd{status} le mostrará
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8 cuáles ficheros son desconocidos para Mercurial; se emplea un
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9 ``\texttt{?}'' para mostrar tales ficheros.
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11 Para indicarle a Mercurial que tenga en cuenta un fichero, emplee la
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12 orden \hgcmd{add}. Una vez que haya adicionado el fichero, la línea
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13 referente al fichero al aplicar la orden \hgcmd{status} para tal
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14 fichero cambia de ``\texttt{?}'' a ``\texttt{A}''.
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15 \interaction{daily.files.add}
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16
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17 Después de invocar \hgcmd{commit}, los ficheros que haya adicionado
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18 antes de consignar no se listarán en la salida de \hgcmd{status}. La
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19 razón para esto es que \hgcmd{status} solamente le muestra aquellos
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20 ficheros ``interesantes'' ---~los que usted haya modificado o a aquellos
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21 sobre los que usted haya indicado a Mercurial hacer algo--- de forma
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22 predeterminada. Si tiene un repositorio que contiene miles de
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23 ficheros, rara vez deseará saber cuáles de ellos están siendo
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24 seguidos por Mercurial, pero que no han cambiado. (De todas maneras,
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25 puede obtener tal información; más adelante hablaremos de ello.)
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28 Cuando usted añade un fichero, Mercurial no hace nada con él inmediatamente.
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29 En cambio, tomará una instantánea del estado del fichero la próxima vez
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30 que usted consigne. Continuará haciendo seguimiento a los cambios que
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31 haga sobre el fichero cada vez que consigne, hasta que usted lo elimine.
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32
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33 \subsection{Nombramiento explícito e implícito de ficheros}
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35 Mercurial tiene un comportamiento útil en el cual si a una orden,
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36 le pasa el nombre de un directorio, todas las órdenes lo interpretarán como
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37 ``Deseo operar en cada fichero de este directorio y sus
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38 subdirectorios''.
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39 \interaction{daily.files.add-dir}
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40 Tenga en cuenta que en este ejemplo Mercurial imprimió los nombres de
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41 los ficheros que se adicionaron, mientras que no lo hizo en el ejemplo
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42 anterior cuando adicionamos el fichero con nombre \filename{a}.
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44 En el último caso hicimos explícito el nombre del fichero que
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45 deseábamos adicionar en la línea de órdenes, y Mercurial asume en
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46 tales casos que usted sabe lo que está haciendo y no imprime
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47 información alguna.
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48
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49 Cuando hacemos \emph{implícitos} los nombres de los ficheros dando el
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50 nombre de un directorio, Mercurial efectúa el paso extra de imprimir
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51 el nombre de cada fichero con el que va a hacer algo. Esto para
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52 aclarar lo que está sucediendo, y reducir en lo posible una sorpresa
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53 silenciosa pero fatal. Este comportamiento es común a la mayoría de
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54 órdenes en Mercurial.
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55
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56 \subsection{Nota al margen: Mercurial trata ficheros, no directorios}
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58 Mercurial no da seguimiento a la información de los directorios. En
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59 lugar de eso tiene en cuenta las rutas de los ficheros. Antes de
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60 crear un fichero, primero crea todos los directorios que hagan falta
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61 para completar la ruta del mismo. Después de borrar un fichero,
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62 borra todos los directorios vacíos que estuvieran en la ruta del
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63 fichero borrado. Suena como una diferencia trivial, pero tiene una
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64 consecuencia práctica menor: no es posible representar un directorio
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65 completamente vacío en Mercurial.
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66
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67 Los directorios vacíos rara vez son útiles, y hay soluciones
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68 alternativas no intrusivas que usted puede emplear para obtener el efecto
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69 apropiado. Los desarrolladores de Mercurial pensaron que la
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70 complejidad necesaria para administrar directorios vacíos no valía la
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71 pena frente al beneficio limitado que esta característica podría traer.
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72
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73 Si necesita un directorio vacío en su repositorio, hay algunas formas
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74 de lograrlo. Una es crear un directorio, después hacer \hgcmd{add} a
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75 un fichero ``oculto'' dentro de ese directorio. En sistemas tipo
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76 Unix, cualquier fichero cuyo nombre comience con un punto
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77 (``\texttt{.}'') es tratado como oculto por la mayoría de
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78 comandos y herramientas GUI. Esta aproximación se ilustra en la figura~\ref{ex:daily:hidden}.
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79
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80 \begin{figure}[ht]
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81 \interaction{daily.files.hidden}
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82 \caption{Simular un directorio vacío con un fichero oculto}
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83 \label{ex:daily:hidden}
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84 \end{figure}
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85
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86 Otra forma de abordar la necesidad de un directorio vacío es
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87 simplemente crear uno en sus guiones de construcción antes de que lo
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88 necesiten.
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89
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90 \section{Cómo dejar de hacer seguimiento a un fichero}
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91
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92 Si decide que un fichero no pertenece a su repositorio, use la orden
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93 \hgcmd{remove}; se borrará el fichero y le indicará a Mercurial que
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94 deje de hacerle seguimiento. Los ficheros eliminados se representan
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95 con ``\texttt{R}'' al usar \hgcmd{status}.
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96 \interaction{daily.files.remove}
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97
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98 Después de hacer \hgcmd{remove} a un fichero, Mercurial dejará de
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99 hacer seguimiento al mismo, incluso si recrea el fichero con el mismo
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100 nombre en su directorio de trabajo. Si decide recrear un fichero con
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101 el mismo nombre y desea que Mercurial le haga seguimiento, basta con
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102 hacerle \hgcmd{add}. Mercurial sabrá que el fichero recientemente
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103 adicionado no está relacionado con el fichero anterior que tenía el
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104 mismo nombre.
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105
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106 \subsection{Al eliminar un fichero no se afecta su historial}
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107
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108 Es preciso tener en cuenta que eliminar un fichero tiene sólo dos
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109 efectos.
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110 \begin{itemize}
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111 \item Se elimina la versión actual del fichero del directorio de
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112 trabajo.
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113 \item Mercurial deja de hacer seguimiento a los cambios del fichero
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114 desde la próxima consignación.
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115 \end{itemize}
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116 Al eliminar un fichero \emph{no} se altera de ninguna manera el
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117 \emph{historial} del mismo.
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118
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119 Si actualiza su directorio de trabajo a un conjunto de cambios en el
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120 cual el fichero que eliminó aún era tenido en cuenta, éste reaparecerá en
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121 el directorio de trabajo, con los contenidos que este tenía cuando se
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122 consignó tal conjunto de cambios. Si usted actualiza el directorio de
458
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123 trabajo a un conjunto de cambios posterior en el cual el fichero había
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124 sido eliminado, Mercurial lo eliminará de nuevo del directorio de
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125 trabajo.
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126
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127 \subsection{Ficheros perdidos}
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128
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129 Mercurial considera como \emph{perdido} un fichero que usted borró,
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130 pero para el que no se usó \hgcmd{remove}. Los ficheros perdidos se
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131 representan con ``\texttt{!}'' al visualizar \hgcmd{status}.
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132 Las órdenes de Mercurial generalmente no harán nada con los ficheros
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133 perdidos.
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134 \interaction{daily.files.missing}
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135
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136 Si su repositorio contiene un fichero que \hgcmd{status} reporta como
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137 perdido, y desea que el mismo se vaya, se puede usar
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138 \hgcmdargs{remove}{\hgopt{remove}{--after}} posteriormente para
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139 indicarle a Mercurial que usted deseaba borrar tal fichero.
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140 \interaction{daily.files.remove-after}
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141
452
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142 Por otro lado, si borró un fichero perdido por accidente, puede usar
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143 \hgcmdargs{revert}{\emph{nombre de fichero}} para recuperar el
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144 fichero. Reaparecerá, sin modificaciones.
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145 \interaction{daily.files.recover-missing}
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146
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147 \subsection{Nota al margen: ¿Por qué decirle explícitamente a Mercurial
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148 que elimine un fichero?}
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149
452
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150 Es posible que se haya preguntado por qué Mercurial exige que usted le
458
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151 indique explícitamente que está borrando un fichero. Al principio del
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152 desarrollo de Mercurial, este permitía que usted borrara el fichero
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153 sin más; Mercurial se daría cuenta de la ausencia del fichero
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154 automáticamente después de la ejecución de \hgcmd{commit}, y dejaría de
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155 hacer seguimiento al fichero. En la práctica, resultaba muy sencillo
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156 borrar un fichero accidentalmente sin darse cuenta.
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157
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158 \subsection{Atajo útil---agregar y eliminar ficheros en un solo paso}
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159
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160 Mercurial ofrece una orden combinada, \hgcmd{addremove}, que agrega
458
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diff changeset
161 los ficheros que no tienen seguimiento y marca los ficheros faltantes
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162 como eliminados.
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163 \interaction{daily.files.addremove}
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164 La orden \hgcmd{commit} se puede usar con la opción \hgopt{commit}{-A}
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165 que aplica el mismo agregar-eliminar, seguido inmediatamente de una
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166 consignación.
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167 \interaction{daily.files.commit-addremove}
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168
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169 \section{Copiar ficheros}
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170
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171 Mercurial ofrece la orden \hgcmd{copy} para hacer una copia nueva de
468
9efaa52be334 corrected a couple of "archivo" with "fichero"
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parents: 460
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172 un fichero. Cuando se copia un fichero con esta orden, Mercurial
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173 lleva un registro indicando que el nuevo fichero es una copia del
637
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174 fichero original. Los ficheros copiados se tratan de forma especial cuando
458
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175 usted hace una fusión con el trabajo de alguien más.
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176
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177 \subsection{Resultados de copiar un fichero durante una fusión}
444
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178
520
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179 Durante una fusión los cambios ``siguen'' una copia. Para ilustrar
458
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180 lo que esto significa, haremos un ejemplo. Comenzaremos con el mini
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181 repositorio usual que contiene un solo fichero
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182 \interaction{daily.copy.init}
637
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183 Debemos hacer algo de trabajo en paralelo, de forma que tengamos algo para
458
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184 fusionar. Aquí clonamos el repositorio.
444
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185 \interaction{daily.copy.clone}
637
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186 De vuelta en el repositorio inicial, usemos la orden \hgcmd{copy} para hacer
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187 una copia del primer fichero que creamos.
444
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188 \interaction{daily.copy.copy}
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189
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190 Si vemos la salida de la orden \hgcmd{status}, el fichero copiado luce
637
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191 tal como un fichero que se ha añadido normalmente.
444
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192 \interaction{daily.copy.status}
637
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193 Pero si usamos la opción \hgopt{status}{-C} de la orden
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194 \hgcmd{status}, se imprimirá otra línea: el fichero \emph{desde} el
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195 cual fue copiado nuestro fichero recién añadido.
444
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196 \interaction{daily.copy.status-copy}
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197
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198 Ahora, en el repositorio que clonamos, hagamos un cambio en
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199 paralelo. Adicionaremos una línea de contenido al fichero original que
458
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200 creamos.
444
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201 \interaction{daily.copy.other}
458
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202 Hemos modificado el fichero \filename{file} en este
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203 repositorio. Cuando jalemos los cambios del primer repositorio y
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204 fusionemos las dos cabezas, Mercurial propagará los cambios que hemos
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205 hecho localmente en \filename{file} a su copia, \filename{new-file}.
444
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206 \interaction{daily.copy.merge}
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207
458
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208 \subsection{¿Por qué los cambios se reflejan en las copias?}
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209 \label{sec:daily:why-copy}
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210
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211 Este comportamiento de cambios en ficheros que se propagan a las
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212 copias de los ficheros parecería esotérico, pero en la mayoría de
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213 casos es absolutamente deseable.
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214 %TODO voy acá
458
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215 Es indispensable recordar que esta propagación \emph{solamente} sucede
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216 cuando fusionamos. Por lo tanto si sobre un fichero se usa
458
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217 \hgcmd{copy}, y se modifica el fichero original durante el curso
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diff changeset
218 normal de su trabajo, nada pasará.
444
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219
458
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220 Lo segundo a tener en cuenta es que las modificaciones solamente se
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221 propagarán en las copias únicamente si los repositorios de los cuales
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222 está jalando los cambios \emph{no saben} de la copia.
444
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223
458
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224 Explicaremos a continuación la razón de este comportamiento de
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diff changeset
225 Mercurial. Digamos que yo he aplicado un arreglo de un fallo importante a un
477
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diff changeset
226 fichero fuente y consigné los cambios. Por otro lado, usted decidió hacer
458
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227 \hgcmd{copy} sobre el fichero en su repositorio, sin saber acerca del
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228 fallo o sin ver el arreglo, y ha comenzado a trabajar sobre su copia
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229 del fichero.
444
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230
458
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231 Si jala y fusiona mis cambios y Mercurial \emph{no hubiera} propagado
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232 los cambios en las copias, su fichero fuente tendría el fallo, a menos
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233 que usted haya recordado propagar el arreglo del fallo a mano, el
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234 mismo \emph{permanecería} en su copia del fichero.
444
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diff changeset
235
458
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236 Mercurial previene esta clase de problemas, gracias a la propagación
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237 automática del cambio que arregló el fallo del fichero original. Hasta
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238 donde sé, Mercurial es el \emph{único} sistema de control de
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239 revisiones que propaga los cambios en las copias de esta forma.
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240
458
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241 Cuando su historial de cambios tiene un registro de la copia y la
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242 subsecuente fusión, usualmente no es necesario propagar los cambios el
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243 fichero original a las copias del mismo, y por esta razón Mercurial
458
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244 propaga únicamente los cambios en las copias hasta este punto y no más
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245 allá.
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246
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247
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248 \subsection{Cómo hacer que los cambios \emph{no} sigan a la copia?}
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249
458
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250 Si por algún motivo usted decide que esta característica de
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251 propagación automática de cambios en las copias no es para usted,
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252 simplemente use
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253 la orden usual de su sistema para copiar ficheros (en sistemas tipo
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254 Unix, es \command{cp}), y posteriormente use \hgcmd{add} sobre la nueva
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255 copia hecha a mano. Antes de hacerlo, de todas maneras, relea la
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256 sección~\ref{sec:daily:why-copy}, y tome una decisión asegurándose que
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257 este comportamiento no es el apropiado para su caso específico.
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258
458
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259 \subsection{Comportamiento de la orden \hgcmd{copy}}
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260
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261 Cuando usa la orden \hgcmd{copy}, Mercurial hace una copia de cada
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262 fichero fuente tal como se encuentra en el directorio actual. Esto
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263 significa que si usted hace
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264 modificaciones a un fichero, y le aplica \hgcmd{copy} sin haber
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265 consignado primero los cambios, la nueva copia contendrá también las
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266 modificaciones que haya hecho hasta ese punto. (Este comportamiento me
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267 parece poco intuitivo, y por tal motivo lo menciono.)
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268
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269 La orden \hgcmd{copy} actúa de forma parecida a la orden \command{cp}
619
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270 de Unix (puede usar el alias \hgcmd{cp} si le es más cómodo). El
458
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271 último argumento es el \emph{destino}, y todos los argumentos previos
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272 son las \emph{fuentes}. Si solamente indica un fichero como la
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273 fuente, y el destino no existe, se crea un fichero nuevo con ese nombre.
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274 \interaction{daily.copy.simple}
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275 Si el destino es un directorio, Mercurial copia las fuentes en éste.
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276 \interaction{daily.copy.dir-dest}
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277 La copia de un directorio es recursiva, y preserva la estructura del
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278 directorio fuente.
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279 \interaction{daily.copy.dir-src}
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280 Si tanto la fuente como el destino son directorios, la estructura de
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281 la fuente se recrea en el directorio destino.
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282 \interaction{daily.copy.dir-src-dest}
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283
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284 De la misma forma que la orden \hgcmd{rename}, si copia un fichero
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285 manualmente y desea que Mercurial sepa que ha copiado un fichero,
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286 basta con aplicar la opción \hgopt{copy}{--after} a la orden
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287 \hgcmd{copy}.
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288 \interaction{daily.copy.after}
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289
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290 \section{Renombrar ficheros}
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291
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292 La necesidad de renombrar un fichero es más común que hacer una copia
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293 del mismo. La razón por la cual discutí la orden \hgcmd{copy} antes
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294 de hablar acerca de cambiar el nombre de los ficheros, es que
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295 Mercurial trata el renombrar un fichero de la misma forma que una
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296 copia. Por lo tanto, saber lo que hace Mercurial cuando usted copia
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297 un fichero le indica qué esperar cuando renombra un fichero.
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298
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299 Cuando usa la orden \hgcmd{rename}, Mercurial hace una copia de cada
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300 fichero fuente, lo borra y lo marca como fichero eliminado.
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301 \interaction{daily.rename.rename}
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302 La orden \hgcmd{status} muestra la nueva copia del fichero como
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303 añadida y el fichero inicial de la copia, como eliminado.
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304 \interaction{daily.rename.status}
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305 De la misma forma en que se usa la orden \hgcmd{copy}, debemos usar la
472
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306 opción \hgopt{status}{-C} de la orden \hgcmd{status} para verificar
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307 que el fichero añadido realmente comienza a ser seguido por Mercurial
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308 como una copia del fichero original, ahora eliminado.
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309 \interaction{daily.rename.status-copy}
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310
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311 Igual que con \hgcmd{remove} y \hgcmd{copy}, puede indicársele a
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312 Mercurial acerca de un renombramiento inmediato con la opción
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313 \hgopt{rename}{--after}. El comportamiento de la orden
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314 \hgcmd{rename} y las opciones que acepta, son similares a la orden
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315 \hgcmd{copy} en casi todo.
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316
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317 \subsection{Renombrar ficheros y fusionar cambios}
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318
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319 Dado que el renombrado de Mercurial se implementa como un
472
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320 copiar-y-eliminar, la misma propagación de cambios ocurre cuando usted
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321 fusiona después de renombrar como después de hacer una copia.
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322
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323 Si yo modifico un fichero y usted lo renombra a un nuevo fichero, y
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324 posteriormente fusionamos nuestros respectivos cambios, mi
472
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325 modificación al fichero bajo su nombre original se propagará en el
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326 fichero con el nuevo nombre. (Es lo que se esperaría que ``simplemente
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327 funcione,''
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328 pero, no todos los sistemas de control de revisiones hacen esto.)
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329
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330 Aunque el hecho de que los cambios sigan la copia es una característica
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331 respecto a la cual usted puede estar de acuerdo y decir ``si, puede
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332 ser útil,'' debería ser claro
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333 que el seguimiento de cambios de un renombramiento es definitivamente
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334 importante. Sin esto, sería muy sencillo que los cambios se
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335 quedaran atrás cuando los ficheros se renombran.
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336
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337 \subsection{Cambios de nombre divergentes y fusión}
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338
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339 El caso de renombramiento con nombres divergentes ocurre cuando dos
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340 desarrolladores comienzan con un fichero---llamémoslo
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341 \filename{foo}---en sus repositorios respectivos.
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342
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343 \interaction{rename.divergent.clone}
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344 Ana renombra el fichero a \filename{bar}.
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345 \interaction{rename.divergent.rename.anne}
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346 Mientras que Roberto lo renombra como \filename{quux}.
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347 \interaction{rename.divergent.rename.bob}
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348
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349 Veo esto como un conflicto porque cada desarrollador ha expresado
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350 intenciones diferentes acerca de cómo considera debería haberse
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351 nombrado el fichero.
444
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diff changeset
352
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353 ¿Qué cree que debería pasar cuando fusionen su trabajo?
472
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354 El comportamiento de Mercurial es que siempre preserva \emph{ambos}
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355 nombres cuando fusiona los conjuntos de cambios que contienen nombres
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356 divergentes.
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357 \interaction{rename.divergent.merge}
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diff changeset
358
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359 Tenga en cuenta que Mercurial le advierte acerca de nombres
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360 divergentes, pero deja que usted decida qué hacer con la divergencia
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361 después de la fusión.
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362
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363 \subsection{Cambios de nombre convergentes y fusión}
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364
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365 Otra clase de conflicto al cambiar el nombre de ficheros ocurre cuando dos
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366 personas eligen renombrar diferentes ficheros \emph{fuente} al mismo
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367 \emph{destino}. En este caso Mercurial aplica su maquinaria de fusión
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368 usual, y le permite a usted guiar la situación a una resolución adecuada.
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369
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370 \subsection{Otros casos límite relacionados con renombramientos}
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371
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372 Mercurial tiene un fallo de mucho tiempo en el cual no es capaz de
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373 fusionar cuando por un lado hay un fichero con un nombre dado,
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374 mientras que en otro hay un directorio con el mismo nombre. Esto está
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375 documentado como~\bug{29}.
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376 \interaction{issue29.go}
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377
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378 \section{Recuperarse de equivocaciones}
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379
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380 Mercurial tiene unas órdenes poderosas que le ayudarán a recuperarse
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381 de equivocaciones comunes.
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382
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383 La orden \hgcmd{revert} le permite deshacer cambios que haya hecho a
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384 su directorio de trabajo. Por ejemplo, si aplicó \hgcmd{add} a un
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385 fichero por accidente, ejecute \hgcmd{revert} con el nombre del
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386 fichero que añadió, y en tanto que el fichero no haya sido tocado de
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387 forma alguna, no será adicionado, ni seguido por Mercurial. También
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388 puede usar \hgcmd{revert} para deshacerse de cambios erróneos a un
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389 fichero.
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390
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391 Tenga en cuenta que la orden \hgcmd{revert} se usa para cambios que no
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392 han sido consignados. Cuando haya consignado un cambio, si decide que
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393 era un error, puede hacer algo todavía, pero sus opciones pueden estar
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394 más limitadas.
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395
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396 Para obtener información acerca de la orden \hgcmd{revert} y detalles
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397 de cómo tratar con cambios consignados, vea el capítulo~\ref{chap:undo}.
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398
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399 %%% Local Variables:
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400 %%% mode: latex
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401 %%% TeX-master: "00book"
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402 %%% End: