Mercurial > hgbook
annotate ja/mq.tex @ 322:4301500fca37
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author | Yoshiki Yazawa <yaz@cc.rim.or.jp> |
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date | Thu, 27 Mar 2008 20:32:49 +0900 |
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1 %\chapter{Managing change with Mercurial Queues} |
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2 \chapter{Mercurial Queues$B$GJQ99$r4IM}$9$k(B} |
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3 \label{chap:mq} |
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4 |
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5 %\section{The patch management problem} |
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6 \section{$B%Q%C%A4IM}$NLdBj(B} |
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7 \label{sec:mq:patch-mgmt} |
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8 |
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9 Here is a common scenario: you need to install a software package from |
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10 source, but you find a bug that you must fix in the source before you |
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11 can start using the package. You make your changes, forget about the |
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12 package for a while, and a few months later you need to upgrade to a |
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13 newer version of the package. If the newer version of the package |
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14 still has the bug, you must extract your fix from the older source |
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15 tree and apply it against the newer version. This is a tedious task, |
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16 and it's easy to make mistakes. |
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17 |
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18 This is a simple case of the ``patch management'' problem. You have |
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19 an ``upstream'' source tree that you can't change; you need to make |
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20 some local changes on top of the upstream tree; and you'd like to be |
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21 able to keep those changes separate, so that you can apply them to |
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22 newer versions of the upstream source. |
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23 |
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24 The patch management problem arises in many situations. Probably the |
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25 most visible is that a user of an open source software project will |
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26 contribute a bug fix or new feature to the project's maintainers in the |
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27 form of a patch. |
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28 |
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29 Distributors of operating systems that include open source software |
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30 often need to make changes to the packages they distribute so that |
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31 they will build properly in their environments. |
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32 |
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33 When you have few changes to maintain, it is easy to manage a single |
235
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34 patch using the standard \command{diff} and \command{patch} programs |
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35 (see section~\ref{sec:mq:patch} for a discussion of these tools). |
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36 Once the number of changes grows, it starts to make sense to maintain |
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37 patches as discrete ``chunks of work,'' so that for example a single |
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38 patch will contain only one bug fix (the patch might modify several |
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39 files, but it's doing ``only one thing''), and you may have a number |
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40 of such patches for different bugs you need fixed and local changes |
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41 you require. In this situation, if you submit a bug fix patch to the |
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42 upstream maintainers of a package and they include your fix in a |
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43 subsequent release, you can simply drop that single patch when you're |
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44 updating to the newer release. |
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45 |
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46 Maintaining a single patch against an upstream tree is a little |
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47 tedious and error-prone, but not difficult. However, the complexity |
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48 of the problem grows rapidly as the number of patches you have to |
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49 maintain increases. With more than a tiny number of patches in hand, |
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50 understanding which ones you have applied and maintaining them moves |
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51 from messy to overwhelming. |
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52 |
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53 Fortunately, Mercurial includes a powerful extension, Mercurial Queues |
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54 (or simply ``MQ''), that massively simplifies the patch management |
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55 problem. |
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56 |
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57 %\section{The prehistory of Mercurial Queues} |
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58 \section{Mercurial Queues$BA0;K(B} |
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59 \label{sec:mq:history} |
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60 |
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61 During the late 1990s, several Linux kernel developers started to |
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62 maintain ``patch series'' that modified the behaviour of the Linux |
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63 kernel. Some of these series were focused on stability, some on |
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64 feature coverage, and others were more speculative. |
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65 |
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66 The sizes of these patch series grew rapidly. In 2002, Andrew Morton |
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67 published some shell scripts he had been using to automate the task of |
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68 managing his patch queues. Andrew was successfully using these |
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69 scripts to manage hundreds (sometimes thousands) of patches on top of |
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70 the Linux kernel. |
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71 |
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72 %\subsection{A patchwork quilt} |
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73 \subsection{$B%Q%C%A%o!<%/$N%-%k%H(B} |
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74 \label{sec:mq:quilt} |
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75 |
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76 In early 2003, Andreas Gruenbacher and Martin Quinson borrowed the |
2 | 77 approach of Andrew's scripts and published a tool called ``patchwork |
78 quilt''~\cite{web:quilt}, or simply ``quilt'' | |
79 (see~\cite{gruenbacher:2005} for a paper describing it). Because | |
80 quilt substantially automated patch management, it rapidly gained a | |
81 large following among open source software developers. | |
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82 |
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83 Quilt manages a \emph{stack of patches} on top of a directory tree. |
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84 To begin, you tell quilt to manage a directory tree, and tell it which |
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85 files you want to manage; it stores away the names and contents of |
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86 those files. To fix a bug, you create a new patch (using a single |
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87 command), edit the files you need to fix, then ``refresh'' the patch. |
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88 |
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89 The refresh step causes quilt to scan the directory tree; it updates |
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90 the patch with all of the changes you have made. You can create |
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91 another patch on top of the first, which will track the changes |
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92 required to modify the tree from ``tree with one patch applied'' to |
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93 ``tree with two patches applied''. |
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94 |
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95 You can \emph{change} which patches are applied to the tree. If you |
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96 ``pop'' a patch, the changes made by that patch will vanish from the |
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97 directory tree. Quilt remembers which patches you have popped, |
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98 though, so you can ``push'' a popped patch again, and the directory |
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99 tree will be restored to contain the modifications in the patch. Most |
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100 importantly, you can run the ``refresh'' command at any time, and the |
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101 topmost applied patch will be updated. This means that you can, at |
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102 any time, change both which patches are applied and what |
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103 modifications those patches make. |
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104 |
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105 Quilt knows nothing about revision control tools, so it works equally |
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106 well on top of an unpacked tarball or a Subversion working copy. |
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107 |
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108 %\subsection{From patchwork quilt to Mercurial Queues} |
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109 \subsection{$B%Q%C%A%o!<%/%-%k%H$+$i(BMercurial Queues$B$X(B} |
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110 \label{sec:mq:quilt-mq} |
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111 |
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112 In mid-2005, Chris Mason took the features of quilt and wrote an |
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113 extension that he called Mercurial Queues, which added quilt-like |
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114 behaviour to Mercurial. |
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115 |
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116 The key difference between quilt and MQ is that quilt knows nothing |
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117 about revision control systems, while MQ is \emph{integrated} into |
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118 Mercurial. Each patch that you push is represented as a Mercurial |
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119 changeset. Pop a patch, and the changeset goes away. |
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120 |
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121 Because quilt does not care about revision control tools, it is still |
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122 a tremendously useful piece of software to know about for situations |
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123 where you cannot use Mercurial and MQ. |
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124 |
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125 %\section{The huge advantage of MQ} |
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126 \section{MQ$B$NBg$-$JMxE@(B} |
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127 |
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128 I cannot overstate the value that MQ offers through the unification of |
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129 patches and revision control. |
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130 |
66 | 131 A major reason that patches have persisted in the free software and |
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132 open source world---in spite of the availability of increasingly |
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133 capable revision control tools over the years---is the \emph{agility} |
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134 they offer. |
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135 |
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136 Traditional revision control tools make a permanent, irreversible |
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137 record of everything that you do. While this has great value, it's |
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138 also somewhat stifling. If you want to perform a wild-eyed |
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139 experiment, you have to be careful in how you go about it, or you risk |
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140 leaving unneeded---or worse, misleading or destabilising---traces of |
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141 your missteps and errors in the permanent revision record. |
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142 |
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143 By contrast, MQ's marriage of distributed revision control with |
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144 patches makes it much easier to isolate your work. Your patches live |
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145 on top of normal revision history, and you can make them disappear or |
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146 reappear at will. If you don't like a patch, you can drop it. If a |
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147 patch isn't quite as you want it to be, simply fix it---as many times |
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148 as you need to, until you have refined it into the form you desire. |
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149 |
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150 As an example, the integration of patches with revision control makes |
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151 understanding patches and debugging their effects---and their |
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152 interplay with the code they're based on---\emph{enormously} easier. |
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153 Since every applied patch has an associated changeset, you can use |
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154 \hgcmdargs{log}{\emph{filename}} to see which changesets and patches |
282 | 155 affected a file. You can use the \hgext{bisect} command to |
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156 binary-search through all changesets and applied patches to see where |
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157 a bug got introduced or fixed. You can use the \hgcmd{annotate} |
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158 command to see which changeset or patch modified a particular line of |
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159 a source file. And so on. |
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160 |
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161 %\section{Understanding patches} |
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162 \section{$B%Q%C%A$H$O2?$+(B} |
26 | 163 \label{sec:mq:patch} |
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164 |
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165 Because MQ doesn't hide its patch-oriented nature, it is helpful to |
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166 understand what patches are, and a little about the tools that work |
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167 with them. |
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168 |
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169 The traditional Unix \command{diff} command compares two files, and |
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170 prints a list of differences between them. The \command{patch} command |
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171 understands these differences as \emph{modifications} to make to a |
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172 file. Take a look at figure~\ref{ex:mq:diff} for a simple example of |
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173 these commands in action. |
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174 |
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175 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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176 \interaction{mq.dodiff.diff} |
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177 \caption{Simple uses of the \command{diff} and \command{patch} commands} |
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178 \label{ex:mq:diff} |
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179 \end{figure} |
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180 |
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181 The type of file that \command{diff} generates (and \command{patch} |
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182 takes as input) is called a ``patch'' or a ``diff''; there is no |
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183 difference between a patch and a diff. (We'll use the term ``patch'', |
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184 since it's more commonly used.) |
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185 |
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186 A patch file can start with arbitrary text; the \command{patch} |
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187 command ignores this text, but MQ uses it as the commit message when |
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188 creating changesets. To find the beginning of the patch content, |
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189 \command{patch} searches for the first line that starts with the |
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190 string ``\texttt{diff~-}''. |
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191 |
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192 MQ works with \emph{unified} diffs (\command{patch} can accept several |
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193 other diff formats, but MQ doesn't). A unified diff contains two |
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194 kinds of header. The \emph{file header} describes the file being |
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195 modified; it contains the name of the file to modify. When |
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196 \command{patch} sees a new file header, it looks for a file with that |
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197 name to start modifying. |
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198 |
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199 After the file header comes a series of \emph{hunks}. Each hunk |
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200 starts with a header; this identifies the range of line numbers within |
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201 the file that the hunk should modify. Following the header, a hunk |
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202 starts and ends with a few (usually three) lines of text from the |
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203 unmodified file; these are called the \emph{context} for the hunk. If |
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204 there's only a small amount of context between successive hunks, |
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205 \command{diff} doesn't print a new hunk header; it just runs the hunks |
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206 together, with a few lines of context between modifications. |
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207 |
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208 Each line of context begins with a space character. Within the hunk, |
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209 a line that begins with ``\texttt{-}'' means ``remove this line,'' |
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210 while a line that begins with ``\texttt{+}'' means ``insert this |
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211 line.'' For example, a line that is modified is represented by one |
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212 deletion and one insertion. |
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213 |
66 | 214 We will return to some of the more subtle aspects of patches later (in |
26 | 215 section~\ref{sec:mq:adv-patch}), but you should have enough information |
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216 now to use MQ. |
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217 |
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218 %\section{Getting started with Mercurial Queues} |
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219 \section{Mercurial Queues$B$r;H$C$F$_$k(B} |
2 | 220 \label{sec:mq:start} |
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221 |
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222 Because MQ is implemented as an extension, you must explicitly enable |
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223 before you can use it. (You don't need to download anything; MQ ships |
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224 with the standard Mercurial distribution.) To enable MQ, edit your |
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225 \tildefile{.hgrc} file, and add the lines in figure~\ref{ex:mq:config}. |
2 | 226 |
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227 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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228 \begin{codesample4} |
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229 [extensions] |
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230 hgext.mq = |
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231 \end{codesample4} |
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232 \label{ex:mq:config} |
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233 \caption{Contents to add to \tildefile{.hgrc} to enable the MQ extension} |
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234 \end{figure} |
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235 |
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236 Once the extension is enabled, it will make a number of new commands |
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237 available. To verify that the extension is working, you can use |
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238 \hgcmd{help} to see if the \hgxcmd{mq}{qinit} command is now available; see |
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239 the example in figure~\ref{ex:mq:enabled}. |
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240 |
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241 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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242 \interaction{mq.qinit-help.help} |
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243 \caption{How to verify that MQ is enabled} |
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244 \label{ex:mq:enabled} |
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245 \end{figure} |
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246 |
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247 You can use MQ with \emph{any} Mercurial repository, and its commands |
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248 only operate within that repository. To get started, simply prepare |
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249 the repository using the \hgxcmd{mq}{qinit} command (see |
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250 figure~\ref{ex:mq:qinit}). This command creates an empty directory |
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251 called \sdirname{.hg/patches}, where MQ will keep its metadata. As |
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252 with many Mercurial commands, the \hgxcmd{mq}{qinit} command prints nothing |
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253 if it succeeds. |
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254 |
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255 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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256 \interaction{mq.tutorial.qinit} |
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257 \caption{Preparing a repository for use with MQ} |
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258 \label{ex:mq:qinit} |
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259 \end{figure} |
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260 |
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261 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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262 \interaction{mq.tutorial.qnew} |
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263 \caption{Creating a new patch} |
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264 \label{ex:mq:qnew} |
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265 \end{figure} |
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266 |
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267 %\subsection{Creating a new patch} |
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268 \subsection{$B?7$7$$%Q%C%A$N:n@.(B} |
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269 |
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270 To begin work on a new patch, use the \hgxcmd{mq}{qnew} command. This |
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271 command takes one argument, the name of the patch to create. MQ will |
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272 use this as the name of an actual file in the \sdirname{.hg/patches} |
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273 directory, as you can see in figure~\ref{ex:mq:qnew}. |
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274 |
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275 Also newly present in the \sdirname{.hg/patches} directory are two |
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276 other files, \sfilename{series} and \sfilename{status}. The |
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277 \sfilename{series} file lists all of the patches that MQ knows about |
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278 for this repository, with one patch per line. Mercurial uses the |
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279 \sfilename{status} file for internal book-keeping; it tracks all of the |
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280 patches that MQ has \emph{applied} in this repository. |
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281 |
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282 \begin{note} |
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283 You may sometimes want to edit the \sfilename{series} file by hand; |
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284 for example, to change the sequence in which some patches are |
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285 applied. However, manually editing the \sfilename{status} file is |
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286 almost always a bad idea, as it's easy to corrupt MQ's idea of what |
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287 is happening. |
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288 \end{note} |
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289 |
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290 Once you have created your new patch, you can edit files in the |
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291 working directory as you usually would. All of the normal Mercurial |
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292 commands, such as \hgcmd{diff} and \hgcmd{annotate}, work exactly as |
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293 they did before. |
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294 |
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295 %\subsection{Refreshing a patch} |
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296 \subsection{$B%Q%C%A$N:F@8(B} |
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297 |
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298 When you reach a point where you want to save your work, use the |
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299 \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh} command (figure~\ref{ex:mq:qnew}) to update the patch |
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300 you are working on. This command folds the changes you have made in |
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301 the working directory into your patch, and updates its corresponding |
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302 changeset to contain those changes. |
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303 |
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304 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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305 \interaction{mq.tutorial.qrefresh} |
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306 \caption{Refreshing a patch} |
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307 \label{ex:mq:qrefresh} |
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308 \end{figure} |
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309 |
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310 You can run \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh} as often as you like, so it's a good way |
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312 time; try an experiment; and if the experiment doesn't work out, |
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313 \hgcmd{revert} your modifications back to the last time you refreshed. |
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314 |
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315 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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316 \interaction{mq.tutorial.qrefresh2} |
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317 \caption{Refresh a patch many times to accumulate changes} |
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318 \label{ex:mq:qrefresh2} |
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319 \end{figure} |
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320 |
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321 %\subsection{Stacking and tracking patches} |
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322 \subsection{$B%Q%C%A$N=8@Q$HDI@W(B} |
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323 |
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324 Once you have finished working on a patch, or need to work on another, |
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325 you can use the \hgxcmd{mq}{qnew} command again to create a new patch. |
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326 Mercurial will apply this patch on top of your existing patch. See |
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327 figure~\ref{ex:mq:qnew2} for an example. Notice that the patch |
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328 contains the changes in our prior patch as part of its context (you |
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329 can see this more clearly in the output of \hgcmd{annotate}). |
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330 |
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331 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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332 \interaction{mq.tutorial.qnew2} |
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333 \caption{Stacking a second patch on top of the first} |
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334 \label{ex:mq:qnew2} |
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335 \end{figure} |
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336 |
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337 So far, with the exception of \hgxcmd{mq}{qnew} and \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh}, we've |
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338 been careful to only use regular Mercurial commands. However, MQ |
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339 provides many commands that are easier to use when you are thinking |
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340 about patches, as illustrated in figure~\ref{ex:mq:qseries}: |
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341 |
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342 \begin{itemize} |
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343 \item The \hgxcmd{mq}{qseries} command lists every patch that MQ knows |
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344 about in this repository, from oldest to newest (most recently |
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345 \emph{created}). |
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346 \item The \hgxcmd{mq}{qapplied} command lists every patch that MQ has |
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347 \emph{applied} in this repository, again from oldest to newest (most |
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348 recently applied). |
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349 \end{itemize} |
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350 |
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351 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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352 \interaction{mq.tutorial.qseries} |
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353 \caption{Understanding the patch stack with \hgxcmd{mq}{qseries} and |
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354 \hgxcmd{mq}{qapplied}} |
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355 \label{ex:mq:qseries} |
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356 \end{figure} |
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357 |
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358 %\subsection{Manipulating the patch stack} |
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359 \subsection{$B%Q%C%A%9%?%C%/$NA`:n(B} |
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360 |
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361 The previous discussion implied that there must be a difference |
11 | 362 between ``known'' and ``applied'' patches, and there is. MQ can |
363 manage a patch without it being applied in the repository. | |
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364 |
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365 An \emph{applied} patch has a corresponding changeset in the |
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366 repository, and the effects of the patch and changeset are visible in |
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367 the working directory. You can undo the application of a patch using |
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368 the \hgxcmd{mq}{qpop} command. MQ still \emph{knows about}, or manages, a |
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369 popped patch, but the patch no longer has a corresponding changeset in |
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370 the repository, and the working directory does not contain the changes |
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371 made by the patch. Figure~\ref{fig:mq:stack} illustrates the |
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372 difference between applied and tracked patches. |
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373 |
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374 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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375 \centering |
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376 \grafix{mq-stack} |
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377 \caption{Applied and unapplied patches in the MQ patch stack} |
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378 \label{fig:mq:stack} |
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379 \end{figure} |
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380 |
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381 You can reapply an unapplied, or popped, patch using the \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} |
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382 command. This creates a new changeset to correspond to the patch, and |
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383 the patch's changes once again become present in the working |
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384 directory. See figure~\ref{ex:mq:qpop} for examples of \hgxcmd{mq}{qpop} |
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385 and \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} in action. Notice that once we have popped a patch |
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386 or two patches, the output of \hgxcmd{mq}{qseries} remains the same, while |
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387 that of \hgxcmd{mq}{qapplied} has changed. |
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388 |
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389 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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390 \interaction{mq.tutorial.qpop} |
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391 \caption{Modifying the stack of applied patches} |
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392 \label{ex:mq:qpop} |
11 | 393 \end{figure} |
394 | |
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395 %\subsection{Pushing and popping many patches} |
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396 \subsection{$B%Q%C%A$N%W%C%7%e$H%]%C%W(B} |
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397 |
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398 While \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} and \hgxcmd{mq}{qpop} each operate on a single patch at |
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399 a time by default, you can push and pop many patches in one go. The |
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400 \hgxopt{mq}{qpush}{-a} option to \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} causes it to push all |
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401 unapplied patches, while the \hgxopt{mq}{qpop}{-a} option to \hgxcmd{mq}{qpop} |
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402 causes it to pop all applied patches. (For some more ways to push and |
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403 pop many patches, see section~\ref{sec:mq:perf} below.) |
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404 |
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405 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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406 \interaction{mq.tutorial.qpush-a} |
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407 \caption{Pushing all unapplied patches} |
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408 \label{ex:mq:qpush-a} |
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409 \end{figure} |
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410 |
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411 %\subsection{Safety checks, and overriding them} |
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412 \subsection{$B0BA4@-%A%'%C%/$H%*!<%P%i%$%I(B} |
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413 |
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414 Several MQ commands check the working directory before they do |
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415 anything, and fail if they find any modifications. They do this to |
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416 ensure that you won't lose any changes that you have made, but not yet |
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417 incorporated into a patch. Figure~\ref{ex:mq:add} illustrates this; |
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418 the \hgxcmd{mq}{qnew} command will not create a new patch if there are |
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419 outstanding changes, caused in this case by the \hgcmd{add} of |
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420 \filename{file3}. |
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421 |
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422 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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423 \interaction{mq.tutorial.add} |
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424 \caption{Forcibly creating a patch} |
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425 \label{ex:mq:add} |
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426 \end{figure} |
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427 |
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428 Commands that check the working directory all take an ``I know what |
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429 I'm doing'' option, which is always named \option{-f}. The exact |
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430 meaning of \option{-f} depends on the command. For example, |
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431 \hgcmdargs{qnew}{\hgxopt{mq}{qnew}{-f}} will incorporate any outstanding |
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432 changes into the new patch it creates, but |
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433 \hgcmdargs{qpop}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpop}{-f}} will revert modifications to any |
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434 files affected by the patch that it is popping. Be sure to read the |
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435 documentation for a command's \option{-f} option before you use it! |
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436 |
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437 %\subsection{Working on several patches at once} |
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438 \subsection{$BJ#?t$N%Q%C%A$r0lEY$K07$&(B} |
13 | 439 |
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440 The \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh} command always refreshes the \emph{topmost} |
13 | 441 applied patch. This means that you can suspend work on one patch (by |
442 refreshing it), pop or push to make a different patch the top, and | |
443 work on \emph{that} patch for a while. | |
444 | |
445 Here's an example that illustrates how you can use this ability. | |
446 Let's say you're developing a new feature as two patches. The first | |
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447 is a change to the core of your software, and the second---layered on |
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448 top of the first---changes the user interface to use the code you just |
13 | 449 added to the core. If you notice a bug in the core while you're |
450 working on the UI patch, it's easy to fix the core. Simply | |
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451 \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh} the UI patch to save your in-progress changes, and |
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452 \hgxcmd{mq}{qpop} down to the core patch. Fix the core bug, |
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453 \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh} the core patch, and \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} back to the UI |
13 | 454 patch to continue where you left off. |
455 | |
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456 %\section{More about patches} |
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457 \section{$B$5$i$K%Q%C%A$K$D$$$F(B} |
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458 \label{sec:mq:adv-patch} |
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459 |
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460 MQ uses the GNU \command{patch} command to apply patches, so it's |
26 | 461 helpful to know a few more detailed aspects of how \command{patch} |
462 works, and about patches themselves. | |
463 | |
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464 %\subsection{The strip count} |
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465 \subsection{$B%9%H%j%C%W%+%&%s%H(B} |
26 | 466 |
467 If you look at the file headers in a patch, you will notice that the | |
468 pathnames usually have an extra component on the front that isn't | |
469 present in the actual path name. This is a holdover from the way that | |
470 people used to generate patches (people still do this, but it's | |
471 somewhat rare with modern revision control tools). | |
472 | |
473 Alice would unpack a tarball, edit her files, then decide that she | |
474 wanted to create a patch. So she'd rename her working directory, | |
475 unpack the tarball again (hence the need for the rename), and use the | |
476 \cmdopt{diff}{-r} and \cmdopt{diff}{-N} options to \command{diff} to | |
477 recursively generate a patch between the unmodified directory and the | |
478 modified one. The result would be that the name of the unmodified | |
479 directory would be at the front of the left-hand path in every file | |
480 header, and the name of the modified directory would be at the front | |
481 of the right-hand path. | |
482 | |
483 Since someone receiving a patch from the Alices of the net would be | |
484 unlikely to have unmodified and modified directories with exactly the | |
485 same names, the \command{patch} command has a \cmdopt{patch}{-p} | |
486 option that indicates the number of leading path name components to | |
487 strip when trying to apply a patch. This number is called the | |
488 \emph{strip count}. | |
489 | |
490 An option of ``\texttt{-p1}'' means ``use a strip count of one''. If | |
491 \command{patch} sees a file name \filename{foo/bar/baz} in a file | |
492 header, it will strip \filename{foo} and try to patch a file named | |
493 \filename{bar/baz}. (Strictly speaking, the strip count refers to the | |
494 number of \emph{path separators} (and the components that go with them | |
495 ) to strip. A strip count of one will turn \filename{foo/bar} into | |
496 \filename{bar}, but \filename{/foo/bar} (notice the extra leading | |
497 slash) into \filename{foo/bar}.) | |
498 | |
499 The ``standard'' strip count for patches is one; almost all patches | |
500 contain one leading path name component that needs to be stripped. | |
501 Mercurial's \hgcmd{diff} command generates path names in this form, | |
502 and the \hgcmd{import} command and MQ expect patches to have a strip | |
503 count of one. | |
504 | |
505 If you receive a patch from someone that you want to add to your patch | |
506 queue, and the patch needs a strip count other than one, you cannot | |
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507 just \hgxcmd{mq}{qimport} the patch, because \hgxcmd{mq}{qimport} does not yet |
26 | 508 have a \texttt{-p} option (see~\bug{311}). Your best bet is to |
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509 \hgxcmd{mq}{qnew} a patch of your own, then use \cmdargs{patch}{-p\emph{N}} |
26 | 510 to apply their patch, followed by \hgcmd{addremove} to pick up any |
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511 files added or removed by the patch, followed by \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh}. |
26 | 512 This complexity may become unnecessary; see~\bug{311} for details. |
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513 |
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514 %\subsection{Strategies for applying a patch} |
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515 \subsection{$B%Q%C%AE,MQ$N$?$a$N@oN,(B} |
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516 |
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517 When \command{patch} applies a hunk, it tries a handful of |
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518 successively less accurate strategies to try to make the hunk apply. |
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519 This falling-back technique often makes it possible to take a patch |
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520 that was generated against an old version of a file, and apply it |
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13
diff
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|
521 against a newer version of that file. |
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|
522 |
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523 First, \command{patch} tries an exact match, where the line numbers, |
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parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
524 the context, and the text to be modified must apply exactly. If it |
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|
525 cannot make an exact match, it tries to find an exact match for the |
e2aa527bafa0
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|
526 context, without honouring the line numbering information. If this |
e2aa527bafa0
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|
527 succeeds, it prints a line of output saying that the hunk was applied, |
e2aa527bafa0
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13
diff
changeset
|
528 but at some \emph{offset} from the original line number. |
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parents:
13
diff
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|
529 |
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diff
changeset
|
530 If a context-only match fails, \command{patch} removes the first and |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
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|
531 last lines of the context, and tries a \emph{reduced} context-only |
e2aa527bafa0
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532 match. If the hunk with reduced context succeeds, it prints a message |
e2aa527bafa0
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|
533 saying that it applied the hunk with a \emph{fuzz factor} (the number |
e2aa527bafa0
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|
534 after the fuzz factor indicates how many lines of context |
e2aa527bafa0
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|
535 \command{patch} had to trim before the patch applied). |
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|
536 |
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changeset
|
537 When neither of these techniques works, \command{patch} prints a |
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parents:
13
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changeset
|
538 message saying that the hunk in question was rejected. It saves |
17
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539 rejected hunks (also simply called ``rejects'') to a file with the |
2668e15c76e9
MQ: write up patch rebasing.
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540 same name, and an added \sfilename{.rej} extension. It also saves an |
2668e15c76e9
MQ: write up patch rebasing.
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|
541 unmodified copy of the file with a \sfilename{.orig} extension; the |
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MQ: write up patch rebasing.
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16
diff
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542 copy of the file without any extensions will contain any changes made |
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543 by hunks that \emph{did} apply cleanly. If you have a patch that |
2668e15c76e9
MQ: write up patch rebasing.
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|
544 modifies \filename{foo} with six hunks, and one of them fails to |
2668e15c76e9
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parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
545 apply, you will have: an unmodified \filename{foo.orig}, a |
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parents:
16
diff
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|
546 \filename{foo.rej} containing one hunk, and \filename{foo}, containing |
2668e15c76e9
MQ: write up patch rebasing.
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|
547 the changes made by the five successful five hunks. |
14
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|
548 |
322
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549 %\subsection{Some quirks of patch representation} |
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550 \subsection{$B%Q%C%AI=8=$N4qL/$JE@(B} |
25
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551 |
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|
552 There are a few useful things to know about how \command{patch} works |
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|
553 with files. |
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|
554 \begin{itemize} |
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|
555 \item This should already be obvious, but \command{patch} cannot |
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|
556 handle binary files. |
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|
557 \item Neither does it care about the executable bit; it creates new |
9d5b6d303ef5
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|
558 files as readable, but not executable. |
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|
559 \item \command{patch} treats the removal of a file as a diff between |
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|
560 the file to be removed and the empty file. So your idea of ``I |
9d5b6d303ef5
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|
561 deleted this file'' looks like ``every line of this file was |
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|
562 deleted'' in a patch. |
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|
563 \item It treats the addition of a file as a diff between the empty |
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|
564 file and the file to be added. So in a patch, your idea of ``I |
9d5b6d303ef5
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changeset
|
565 added this file'' looks like ``every line of this file was added''. |
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|
566 \item It treats a renamed file as the removal of the old name, and the |
9d5b6d303ef5
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changeset
|
567 addition of the new name. This means that renamed files have a big |
9d5b6d303ef5
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|
568 footprint in patches. (Note also that Mercurial does not currently |
9d5b6d303ef5
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19
diff
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|
569 try to infer when files have been renamed or copied in a patch.) |
9d5b6d303ef5
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changeset
|
570 \item \command{patch} cannot represent empty files, so you cannot use |
9d5b6d303ef5
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|
571 a patch to represent the notion ``I added this empty file to the |
9d5b6d303ef5
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19
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|
572 tree''. |
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|
573 \end{itemize} |
322
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|
574 |
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|
575 %\subsection{Beware the fuzz} |
4301500fca37
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|
576 \subsection{$B[#Kf$JE@$K$D$$$F(B} |
14
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parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
577 |
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
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changeset
|
578 While applying a hunk at an offset, or with a fuzz factor, will often |
e2aa527bafa0
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parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
579 be completely successful, these inexact techniques naturally leave |
e2aa527bafa0
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parents:
13
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changeset
|
580 open the possibility of corrupting the patched file. The most common |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
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|
581 cases typically involve applying a patch twice, or at an incorrect |
233
696b1e0c01df
Tag all MQ commands as belonging to the mq extension.
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|
582 location in the file. If \command{patch} or \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} ever |
14
e2aa527bafa0
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parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
583 mentions an offset or fuzz factor, you should make sure that the |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
584 modified files are correct afterwards. |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
585 |
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
586 It's often a good idea to refresh a patch that has applied with an |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
587 offset or fuzz factor; refreshing the patch generates new context |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
588 information that will make it apply cleanly. I say ``often,'' not |
e2aa527bafa0
Describe unified diffs
Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
589 ``always,'' because sometimes refreshing a patch will make it fail to |
e2aa527bafa0
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parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
590 apply against a different revision of the underlying files. In some |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
591 cases, such as when you're maintaining a patch that must sit on top of |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
592 multiple versions of a source tree, it's acceptable to have a patch |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
593 apply with some fuzz, provided you've verified the results of the |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
594 patching process in such cases. |
e2aa527bafa0
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
13
diff
changeset
|
595 |
322
4301500fca37
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|
596 %\subsection{Handling rejection} |
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|
597 \subsection{$B%j%8%'%/%H$N<h$j07$$(B} |
15
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|
598 |
233
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Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
599 If \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} fails to apply a patch, it will print an error |
16
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Progress on a few fronts, mainly indexing and MQ chapter content
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parents:
15
diff
changeset
|
600 message and exit. If it has left \sfilename{.rej} files behind, it is |
15
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Document wiggle and rej
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diff
changeset
|
601 usually best to fix up the rejected hunks before you push more patches |
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parents:
14
diff
changeset
|
602 or do any further work. |
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Document wiggle and rej
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parents:
14
diff
changeset
|
603 |
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parents:
14
diff
changeset
|
604 If your patch \emph{used to} apply cleanly, and no longer does because |
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Document wiggle and rej
Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
parents:
14
diff
changeset
|
605 you've changed the underlying code that your patches are based on, |
17
2668e15c76e9
MQ: write up patch rebasing.
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16
diff
changeset
|
606 Mercurial Queues can help; see section~\ref{sec:mq:merge} for details. |
15
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14
diff
changeset
|
607 |
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14
diff
changeset
|
608 Unfortunately, there aren't any great techniques for dealing with |
16
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Progress on a few fronts, mainly indexing and MQ chapter content
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15
diff
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|
609 rejected hunks. Most often, you'll need to view the \sfilename{.rej} |
15
b8ac9f312a47
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parents:
14
diff
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|
610 file and edit the target file, applying the rejected hunks by hand. |
b8ac9f312a47
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changeset
|
611 |
16
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|
612 If you're feeling adventurous, Neil Brown, a Linux kernel hacker, |
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parents:
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|
613 wrote a tool called \command{wiggle}~\cite{web:wiggle}, which is more |
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Progress on a few fronts, mainly indexing and MQ chapter content
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|
614 vigorous than \command{patch} in its attempts to make a patch apply. |
15
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diff
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|
615 |
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|
616 Another Linux kernel hacker, Chris Mason (the author of Mercurial |
254
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|
617 Queues), wrote a similar tool called |
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|
618 \command{mpatch}~\cite{web:mpatch}, which takes a simple approach to |
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|
619 automating the application of hunks rejected by \command{patch}. The |
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Chris Mason's "rej" tool has been superseded by "mpatch", per David Rushby.
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|
620 \command{mpatch} command can help with four common reasons that a hunk |
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|
621 may be rejected: |
15
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|
622 |
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changeset
|
623 \begin{itemize} |
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parents:
14
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changeset
|
624 \item The context in the middle of a hunk has changed. |
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14
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changeset
|
625 \item A hunk is missing some context at the beginning or end. |
18
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parents:
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changeset
|
626 \item A large hunk might apply better---either entirely or in |
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changeset
|
627 part---if it was broken up into smaller hunks. |
15
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|
628 \item A hunk removes lines with slightly different content than those |
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|
629 currently present in the file. |
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changeset
|
630 \end{itemize} |
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|
631 |
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632 If you use \command{wiggle} or \command{mpatch}, you should be doubly |
55 | 633 careful to check your results when you're done. In fact, |
254
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634 \command{mpatch} enforces this method of double-checking the tool's |
55 | 635 output, by automatically dropping you into a merge program when it has |
636 done its job, so that you can verify its work and finish off any | |
637 remaining merges. | |
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638 |
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639 %\section{Getting the best performance out of MQ} |
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640 \section{MQ$B$r:GBg8B$K3hMQ$9$k(B} |
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641 \label{sec:mq:perf} |
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642 |
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643 MQ is very efficient at handling a large number of patches. I ran |
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644 some performance experiments in mid-2006 for a talk that I gave at the |
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645 2006 EuroPython conference~\cite{web:europython}. I used as my data |
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646 set the Linux 2.6.17-mm1 patch series, which consists of 1,738 |
66 | 647 patches. I applied these on top of a Linux kernel repository |
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648 containing all 27,472 revisions between Linux 2.6.12-rc2 and Linux |
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649 2.6.17. |
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650 |
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651 On my old, slow laptop, I was able to |
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652 \hgcmdargs{qpush}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpush}{-a}} all 1,738 patches in 3.5 minutes, |
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653 and \hgcmdargs{qpop}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpop}{-a}} them all in 30 seconds. (On a |
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654 newer laptop, the time to push all patches dropped to two minutes.) I |
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655 could \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh} one of the biggest patches (which made 22,779 |
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656 lines of changes to 287 files) in 6.6 seconds. |
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657 |
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658 Clearly, MQ is well suited to working in large trees, but there are a |
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659 few tricks you can use to get the best performance of it. |
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660 |
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661 First of all, try to ``batch'' operations together. Every time you |
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662 run \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} or \hgxcmd{mq}{qpop}, these commands scan the working |
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663 directory once to make sure you haven't made some changes and then |
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664 forgotten to run \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh}. On a small tree, the time that |
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665 this scan takes is unnoticeable. However, on a medium-sized tree |
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666 (containing tens of thousands of files), it can take a second or more. |
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667 |
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668 The \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} and \hgxcmd{mq}{qpop} commands allow you to push and pop |
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669 multiple patches at a time. You can identify the ``destination |
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670 patch'' that you want to end up at. When you \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} with a |
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671 destination specified, it will push patches until that patch is at the |
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672 top of the applied stack. When you \hgxcmd{mq}{qpop} to a destination, MQ |
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673 will pop patches until the destination patch is at the top. |
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674 |
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675 You can identify a destination patch using either the name of the |
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676 patch, or by number. If you use numeric addressing, patches are |
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677 counted from zero; this means that the first patch is zero, the second |
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678 is one, and so on. |
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679 |
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680 %\section{Updating your patches when the underlying code changes} |
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681 \section{$B2<0L%3!<%I$NJQ2=$K9g$o$;$F%Q%C%A$r99?7$9$k(B} |
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682 \label{sec:mq:merge} |
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683 |
17
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684 It's common to have a stack of patches on top of an underlying |
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685 repository that you don't modify directly. If you're working on |
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686 changes to third-party code, or on a feature that is taking longer to |
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687 develop than the rate of change of the code beneath, you will often |
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688 need to sync up with the underlying code, and fix up any hunks in your |
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689 patches that no longer apply. This is called \emph{rebasing} your |
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690 patch series. |
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691 |
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692 The simplest way to do this is to \hgcmdargs{qpop}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpop}{-a}} |
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693 your patches, then \hgcmd{pull} changes into the underlying |
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694 repository, and finally \hgcmdargs{qpush}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpop}{-a}} your |
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695 patches again. MQ will stop pushing any time it runs across a patch |
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696 that fails to apply during conflicts, allowing you to fix your |
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697 conflicts, \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh} the affected patch, and continue pushing |
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698 until you have fixed your entire stack. |
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699 |
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700 This approach is easy to use and works well if you don't expect |
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701 changes to the underlying code to affect how well your patches apply. |
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702 If your patch stack touches code that is modified frequently or |
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703 invasively in the underlying repository, however, fixing up rejected |
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704 hunks by hand quickly becomes tiresome. |
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705 |
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706 It's possible to partially automate the rebasing process. If your |
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707 patches apply cleanly against some revision of the underlying repo, MQ |
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708 can use this information to help you to resolve conflicts between your |
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709 patches and a different revision. |
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710 |
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711 The process is a little involved. |
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712 \begin{enumerate} |
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713 \item To begin, \hgcmdargs{qpush}{-a} all of your patches on top of |
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714 the revision where you know that they apply cleanly. |
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715 \item Save a backup copy of your patch directory using |
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716 \hgcmdargs{qsave}{\hgxopt{mq}{qsave}{-e} \hgxopt{mq}{qsave}{-c}}. This prints |
17
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717 the name of the directory that it has saved the patches in. It will |
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718 save the patches to a directory called |
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719 \sdirname{.hg/patches.\emph{N}}, where \texttt{\emph{N}} is a small |
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720 integer. It also commits a ``save changeset'' on top of your |
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721 applied patches; this is for internal book-keeping, and records the |
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722 states of the \sfilename{series} and \sfilename{status} files. |
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723 \item Use \hgcmd{pull} to bring new changes into the underlying |
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724 repository. (Don't run \hgcmdargs{pull}{-u}; see below for why.) |
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725 \item Update to the new tip revision, using |
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726 \hgcmdargs{update}{\hgopt{update}{-C}} to override the patches you |
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727 have pushed. |
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728 \item Merge all patches using \hgcmdargs{qpush}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpush}{-m} |
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729 \hgxopt{mq}{qpush}{-a}}. The \hgxopt{mq}{qpush}{-m} option to \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} |
17
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730 tells MQ to perform a three-way merge if the patch fails to apply. |
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731 \end{enumerate} |
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732 |
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733 During the \hgcmdargs{qpush}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpush}{-m}}, each patch in the |
17
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734 \sfilename{series} file is applied normally. If a patch applies with |
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735 fuzz or rejects, MQ looks at the queue you \hgxcmd{mq}{qsave}d, and |
17
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736 performs a three-way merge with the corresponding changeset. This |
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737 merge uses Mercurial's normal merge machinery, so it may pop up a GUI |
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738 merge tool to help you to resolve problems. |
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|
739 |
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740 When you finish resolving the effects of a patch, MQ refreshes your |
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741 patch based on the result of the merge. |
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742 |
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743 At the end of this process, your repository will have one extra head |
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744 from the old patch queue, and a copy of the old patch queue will be in |
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745 \sdirname{.hg/patches.\emph{N}}. You can remove the extra head using |
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746 \hgcmdargs{qpop}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpop}{-a} \hgxopt{mq}{qpop}{-n} patches.\emph{N}} |
17
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747 or \hgcmd{strip}. You can delete \sdirname{.hg/patches.\emph{N}} once |
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748 you are sure that you no longer need it as a backup. |
13 | 749 |
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750 %\section{Identifying patches} |
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751 \section{$B%Q%C%A$N<1JL(B} |
50
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752 |
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753 MQ commands that work with patches let you refer to a patch either by |
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754 using its name or by a number. By name is obvious enough; pass the |
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755 name \filename{foo.patch} to \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush}, for example, and it will |
55 | 756 push patches until \filename{foo.patch} is applied. |
757 | |
758 As a shortcut, you can refer to a patch using both a name and a | |
759 numeric offset; \texttt{foo.patch-2} means ``two patches before | |
760 \texttt{foo.patch}'', while \texttt{bar.patch+4} means ``four patches | |
761 after \texttt{bar.patch}''. | |
50
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762 |
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763 Referring to a patch by index isn't much different. The first patch |
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764 printed in the output of \hgxcmd{mq}{qseries} is patch zero (yes, it's one |
50
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765 of those start-at-zero counting systems); the second is patch one; and |
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766 so on |
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767 |
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768 MQ also makes it easy to work with patches when you are using normal |
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769 Mercurial commands. Every command that accepts a changeset ID will |
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770 also accept the name of an applied patch. MQ augments the tags |
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771 normally in the repository with an eponymous one for each applied |
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772 patch. In addition, the special tags \index{tags!special tag |
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773 names!\texttt{qbase}}\texttt{qbase} and \index{tags!special tag |
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774 names!\texttt{qtip}}\texttt{qtip} identify the ``bottom-most'' and |
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775 topmost applied patches, respectively. |
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776 |
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777 These additions to Mercurial's normal tagging capabilities make |
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778 dealing with patches even more of a breeze. |
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779 \begin{itemize} |
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780 \item Want to patchbomb a mailing list with your latest series of |
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781 changes? |
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782 \begin{codesample4} |
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783 hg email qbase:qtip |
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784 \end{codesample4} |
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785 (Don't know what ``patchbombing'' is? See |
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786 section~\ref{sec:hgext:patchbomb}.) |
50
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787 \item Need to see all of the patches since \texttt{foo.patch} that |
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788 have touched files in a subdirectory of your tree? |
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789 \begin{codesample4} |
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790 hg log -r foo.patch:qtip \emph{subdir} |
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791 \end{codesample4} |
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792 \end{itemize} |
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793 |
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794 Because MQ makes the names of patches available to the rest of |
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795 Mercurial through its normal internal tag machinery, you don't need to |
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796 type in the entire name of a patch when you want to identify it by |
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797 name. |
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798 |
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799 \begin{figure}[ht] |
155
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800 \interaction{mq.id.output} |
50
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801 \caption{Using MQ's tag features to work with patches} |
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802 \label{ex:mq:id} |
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803 \end{figure} |
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804 |
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805 Another nice consequence of representing patch names as tags is that |
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806 when you run the \hgcmd{log} command, it will display a patch's name |
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807 as a tag, simply as part of its normal output. This makes it easy to |
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808 visually distinguish applied patches from underlying ``normal'' |
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809 revisions. Figure~\ref{ex:mq:id} shows a few normal Mercurial |
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810 commands in use with applied patches. |
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811 |
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812 %\section{Useful things to know about} |
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813 \section{$BCN$C$F$*$/$Y$-$$$/$D$+$NE@(B} |
26 | 814 |
815 There are a number of aspects of MQ usage that don't fit tidily into | |
816 sections of their own, but that are good to know. Here they are, in | |
817 one place. | |
818 | |
819 \begin{itemize} | |
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820 \item Normally, when you \hgxcmd{mq}{qpop} a patch and \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} it |
26 | 821 again, the changeset that represents the patch after the pop/push |
822 will have a \emph{different identity} than the changeset that | |
224
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823 represented the hash beforehand. See |
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824 section~\ref{sec:mqref:cmd:qpush} for information as to why this is. |
26 | 825 \item It's not a good idea to \hgcmd{merge} changes from another |
826 branch with a patch changeset, at least if you want to maintain the | |
827 ``patchiness'' of that changeset and changesets below it on the | |
828 patch stack. If you try to do this, it will appear to succeed, but | |
829 MQ will become confused. | |
830 \end{itemize} | |
50
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831 |
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832 %\section{Managing patches in a repository} |
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833 \section{$B%j%]%8%H%jFb$G$N%Q%C%A$N4IM}(B} |
106
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834 \label{sec:mq:repo} |
16
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835 |
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836 Because MQ's \sdirname{.hg/patches} directory resides outside a |
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837 Mercurial repository's working directory, the ``underlying'' Mercurial |
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838 repository knows nothing about the management or presence of patches. |
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839 |
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840 This presents the interesting possibility of managing the contents of |
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841 the patch directory as a Mercurial repository in its own right. This |
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842 can be a useful way to work. For example, you can work on a patch for |
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843 a while, \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh} it, then \hgcmd{commit} the current state of |
16
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844 the patch. This lets you ``roll back'' to that version of the patch |
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845 later on. |
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846 |
26 | 847 You can then share different versions of the same patch stack among |
848 multiple underlying repositories. I use this when I am developing a | |
849 Linux kernel feature. I have a pristine copy of my kernel sources for | |
850 each of several CPU architectures, and a cloned repository under each | |
851 that contains the patches I am working on. When I want to test a | |
852 change on a different architecture, I push my current patches to the | |
853 patch repository associated with that kernel tree, pop and push all of | |
854 my patches, and build and test that kernel. | |
16
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855 |
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856 Managing patches in a repository makes it possible for multiple |
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857 developers to work on the same patch series without colliding with |
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858 each other, all on top of an underlying source base that they may or |
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859 may not control. |
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860 |
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861 %\subsection{MQ support for patch repositories} |
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862 \subsection{MQ$B$K$h$k%Q%C%A%j%]%8%H%j%5%]!<%H(B} |
16
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863 |
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864 MQ helps you to work with the \sdirname{.hg/patches} directory as a |
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865 repository; when you prepare a repository for working with patches |
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866 using \hgxcmd{mq}{qinit}, you can pass the \hgxopt{mq}{qinit}{-c} option to |
16
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867 create the \sdirname{.hg/patches} directory as a Mercurial repository. |
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868 |
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869 \begin{note} |
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870 If you forget to use the \hgxopt{mq}{qinit}{-c} option, you can simply go |
16
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871 into the \sdirname{.hg/patches} directory at any time and run |
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872 \hgcmd{init}. Don't forget to add an entry for the |
17
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873 \sfilename{status} file to the \sfilename{.hgignore} file, though |
104
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874 |
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875 (\hgcmdargs{qinit}{\hgxopt{mq}{qinit}{-c}} does this for you |
17
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876 automatically); you \emph{really} don't want to manage the |
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877 \sfilename{status} file. |
16
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878 \end{note} |
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879 |
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880 As a convenience, if MQ notices that the \dirname{.hg/patches} |
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881 directory is a repository, it will automatically \hgcmd{add} every |
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882 patch that you create and import. |
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883 |
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884 MQ provides a shortcut command, \hgxcmd{mq}{qcommit}, that runs |
16
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885 \hgcmd{commit} in the \sdirname{.hg/patches} directory. This saves |
283
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886 some bothersome typing. |
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887 |
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888 Finally, as a convenience to manage the patch directory, you can |
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889 define the alias \command{mq} on Unix systems. For example, on Linux |
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890 systems using the \command{bash} shell, you can include the following |
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891 snippet in your \tildefile{.bashrc}. |
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892 |
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893 \begin{codesample2} |
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894 alias mq=`hg -R \$(hg root)/.hg/patches' |
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895 \end{codesample2} |
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896 |
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897 You can then issue commands of the form \cmdargs{mq}{pull} from |
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898 the main repository. |
16
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899 |
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900 %\subsection{A few things to watch out for} |
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901 \subsection{$B4F;k$7$F$*$/$Y$-$$$/$D$+$NE@(B} |
16
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902 |
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903 MQ's support for working with a repository full of patches is limited |
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904 in a few small respects. |
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905 |
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906 MQ cannot automatically detect changes that you make to the patch |
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907 directory. If you \hgcmd{pull}, manually edit, or \hgcmd{update} |
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908 changes to patches or the \sfilename{series} file, you will have to |
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909 \hgcmdargs{qpop}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpop}{-a}} and then |
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910 \hgcmdargs{qpush}{\hgxopt{mq}{qpush}{-a}} in the underlying repository to |
17
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911 see those changes show up there. If you forget to do this, you can |
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912 confuse MQ's idea of which patches are applied. |
16
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913 |
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914 %\section{Third party tools for working with patches} |
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915 \section{$B%Q%C%A8~$1%5!<%I%Q!<%F%#%D!<%k(B} |
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916 \label{sec:mq:tools} |
16
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917 |
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918 Once you've been working with patches for a while, you'll find |
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919 yourself hungry for tools that will help you to understand and |
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920 manipulate the patches you're dealing with. |
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921 |
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922 The \command{diffstat} command~\cite{web:diffstat} generates a |
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923 histogram of the modifications made to each file in a patch. It |
18
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924 provides a good way to ``get a sense of'' a patch---which files it |
16
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925 affects, and how much change it introduces to each file and as a |
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926 whole. (I find that it's a good idea to use \command{diffstat}'s |
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927 \cmdopt{diffstat}{-p} option as a matter of course, as otherwise it |
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928 will try to do clever things with prefixes of file names that |
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929 inevitably confuse at least me.) |
16
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|
930 |
19
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931 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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932 \interaction{mq.tools.tools} |
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933 \caption{The \command{diffstat}, \command{filterdiff}, and \command{lsdiff} commands} |
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934 \label{ex:mq:tools} |
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935 \end{figure} |
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936 |
16
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937 The \package{patchutils} package~\cite{web:patchutils} is invaluable. |
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938 It provides a set of small utilities that follow the ``Unix |
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939 philosophy;'' each does one useful thing with a patch. The |
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940 \package{patchutils} command I use most is \command{filterdiff}, which |
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941 extracts subsets from a patch file. For example, given a patch that |
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|
942 modifies hundreds of files across dozens of directories, a single |
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943 invocation of \command{filterdiff} can generate a smaller patch that |
106
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Finish off advanced MQ chapter (maybe).
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944 only touches files whose names match a particular glob pattern. See |
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945 section~\ref{mq-collab:tips:interdiff} for another example. |
16
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946 |
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947 %\section{Good ways to work with patches} |
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948 \section{$B9%$^$7$$%Q%C%A<h$j07$$J}K!(B} |
19
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949 |
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950 Whether you are working on a patch series to submit to a free software |
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951 or open source project, or a series that you intend to treat as a |
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952 sequence of regular changesets when you're done, you can use some |
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953 simple techniques to keep your work well organised. |
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|
954 |
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955 Give your patches descriptive names. A good name for a patch might be |
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956 \filename{rework-device-alloc.patch}, because it will immediately give |
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957 you a hint what the purpose of the patch is. Long names shouldn't be |
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958 a problem; you won't be typing the names often, but you \emph{will} be |
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959 running commands like \hgxcmd{mq}{qapplied} and \hgxcmd{mq}{qtop} over and over. |
19
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960 Good naming becomes especially important when you have a number of |
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961 patches to work with, or if you are juggling a number of different |
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962 tasks and your patches only get a fraction of your attention. |
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963 |
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964 Be aware of what patch you're working on. Use the \hgxcmd{mq}{qtop} |
19
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965 command and skim over the text of your patches frequently---for |
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966 example, using \hgcmdargs{tip}{\hgopt{tip}{-p}})---to be sure of where |
233
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967 you stand. I have several times worked on and \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh}ed a |
19
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968 patch other than the one I intended, and it's often tricky to migrate |
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969 changes into the right patch after making them in the wrong one. |
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970 |
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971 For this reason, it is very much worth investing a little time to |
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972 learn how to use some of the third-party tools I described in |
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973 section~\ref{sec:mq:tools}, particularly \command{diffstat} and |
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974 \command{filterdiff}. The former will give you a quick idea of what |
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975 changes your patch is making, while the latter makes it easy to splice |
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976 hunks selectively out of one patch and into another. |
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977 |
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978 %\section{MQ cookbook} |
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979 \section{MQ$B%/%C%/%V%C%/(B} |
19
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980 |
322
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981 %\subsection{Manage ``trivial'' patches} |
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982 \subsection{``$B%H%j%S%"%k(B''$B$J%Q%C%A$N4IM}(B} |
19
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983 |
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984 Because the overhead of dropping files into a new Mercurial repository |
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985 is so low, it makes a lot of sense to manage patches this way even if |
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986 you simply want to make a few changes to a source tarball that you |
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987 downloaded. |
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988 |
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989 Begin by downloading and unpacking the source tarball, |
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990 and turning it into a Mercurial repository. |
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991 \interaction{mq.tarball.download} |
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992 |
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993 Continue by creating a patch stack and making your changes. |
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994 \interaction{mq.tarball.qinit} |
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995 |
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996 Let's say a few weeks or months pass, and your package author releases |
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997 a new version. First, bring their changes into the repository. |
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998 \interaction{mq.tarball.newsource} |
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999 The pipeline starting with \hgcmd{locate} above deletes all files in |
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1000 the working directory, so that \hgcmd{commit}'s |
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1001 \hgopt{commit}{--addremove} option can actually tell which files have |
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1002 really been removed in the newer version of the source. |
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1003 |
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1004 Finally, you can apply your patches on top of the new tree. |
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1005 \interaction{mq.tarball.repush} |
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1006 |
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1007 %\subsection{Combining entire patches} |
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1008 \subsection{$B%Q%C%AF1;N$r7k9g$9$k(B} |
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1009 \label{sec:mq:combine} |
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1010 |
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1011 MQ provides a command, \hgxcmd{mq}{qfold} that lets you combine entire |
55 | 1012 patches. This ``folds'' the patches you name, in the order you name |
1013 them, into the topmost applied patch, and concatenates their | |
1014 descriptions onto the end of its description. The patches that you | |
1015 fold must be unapplied before you fold them. | |
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1016 |
55 | 1017 The order in which you fold patches matters. If your topmost applied |
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1018 patch is \texttt{foo}, and you \hgxcmd{mq}{qfold} \texttt{bar} and |
55 | 1019 \texttt{quux} into it, you will end up with a patch that has the same |
1020 effect as if you applied first \texttt{foo}, then \texttt{bar}, | |
1021 followed by \texttt{quux}. | |
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1022 |
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1023 %\subsection{Merging part of one patch into another} |
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1024 \subsection{$B%Q%C%A$N0lItJ,$rJL$N%Q%C%A$X%^!<%8$9$k(B} |
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1025 |
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1026 Merging \emph{part} of one patch into another is more difficult than |
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1027 combining entire patches. |
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1028 |
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1029 If you want to move changes to entire files, you can use |
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1030 \command{filterdiff}'s \cmdopt{filterdiff}{-i} and |
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1031 \cmdopt{filterdiff}{-x} options to choose the modifications to snip |
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1032 out of one patch, concatenating its output onto the end of the patch |
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1033 you want to merge into. You usually won't need to modify the patch |
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1034 you've merged the changes from. Instead, MQ will report some rejected |
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1035 hunks when you \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush} it (from the hunks you moved into the |
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1036 other patch), and you can simply \hgxcmd{mq}{qrefresh} the patch to drop |
19
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1037 the duplicate hunks. |
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1038 |
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1039 If you have a patch that has multiple hunks modifying a file, and you |
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1040 only want to move a few of those hunks, the job becomes more messy, |
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1041 but you can still partly automate it. Use \cmdargs{lsdiff}{-nvv} to |
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1042 print some metadata about the patch. |
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1043 \interaction{mq.tools.lsdiff} |
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1044 |
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1045 This command prints three different kinds of number: |
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1046 \begin{itemize} |
26 | 1047 \item (in the first column) a \emph{file number} to identify each file |
1048 modified in the patch; | |
1049 \item (on the next line, indented) the line number within a modified | |
1050 file where a hunk starts; and | |
1051 \item (on the same line) a \emph{hunk number} to identify that hunk. | |
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1052 \end{itemize} |
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1053 |
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1054 You'll have to use some visual inspection, and reading of the patch, |
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1055 to identify the file and hunk numbers you'll want, but you can then |
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1056 pass them to to \command{filterdiff}'s \cmdopt{filterdiff}{--files} |
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1057 and \cmdopt{filterdiff}{--hunks} options, to select exactly the file |
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1058 and hunk you want to extract. |
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1059 |
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1060 Once you have this hunk, you can concatenate it onto the end of your |
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1061 destination patch and continue with the remainder of |
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1062 section~\ref{sec:mq:combine}. |
26 | 1063 |
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1064 %\section{Differences between quilt and MQ} |
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1065 \section{$B%-%k%H$H(BMQ$B$N0c$$(B} |
26 | 1066 |
1067 If you are already familiar with quilt, MQ provides a similar command | |
1068 set. There are a few differences in the way that it works. | |
1069 | |
1070 You will already have noticed that most quilt commands have MQ | |
1071 counterparts that simply begin with a ``\texttt{q}''. The exceptions | |
1072 are quilt's \texttt{add} and \texttt{remove} commands, the | |
1073 counterparts for which are the normal Mercurial \hgcmd{add} and | |
1074 \hgcmd{remove} commands. There is no MQ equivalent of the quilt | |
1075 \texttt{edit} command. | |
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1076 |
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1077 %%% Local Variables: |
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1078 %%% mode: yatex |
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1079 %%% TeX-master: "00book" |
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1080 %%% End: |