Mercurial > hgbook
annotate es/intro.tex @ 506:8b564f6f57f2
Translating Subversion Vs. Mercurial
author | Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org> |
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date | Sun, 09 Nov 2008 19:59:44 -0500 |
parents | 779944196e2a |
children | 56914d368af4 |
rev | line source |
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1 \chapter{Introducción} |
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2 \label{chap:intro} |
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3 |
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4 \section{Acerca del control de revisiones} |
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5 |
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6 El control de revisiones es el proceso de administrar diferentes |
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7 versiones de una pieza de información. En su forma más simple es algo |
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8 que la mayoría de gente hace a mano: cada vez que usted modifica un |
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9 fichero, lo graba con un nuevo nombre que contiene un número, el |
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10 siguiente mayor que el anterior. |
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11 |
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12 Administrar manualmente muchas versiones de un fichero es una tarea |
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13 propensa a errores, a pesar de que hace bastante tiempo hay |
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14 herramientas que ayudan en este proceso. Las primeras herramientas |
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15 para automatizar el control de revisiones fueron pensadas para que un |
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16 usuario administrara un solo fichero. En las décadas pasadas, el |
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17 alcance de las herramientas de control de revisiones ha ido aumentando |
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18 considerablemente; ahora manejan muchos archivos y facilitan el |
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19 trabajo en conjunto de varias personas. Las mejores herramientas de |
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20 control de revisiones de la actualidad no tienen problema con miles de |
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21 personas trabajando en proyectos que consisten de decenas de miles de |
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22 ficheros. |
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23 |
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24 \subsection{¿Por qué usar control de revisiones?} |
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25 |
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26 Hay muchas razones por las cuales usted o su equipo desearía usar una |
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27 herramienta automática de control de revisiones para un proyecto. |
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28 \begin{itemize} |
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29 \item Contar con la historia y la evolución de su proyecto, para |
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30 evitar hacer la tarea manualmente. Por cada cambio tendrá una |
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31 bitácora de \emph{quién} lo hizo; \emph{por qué} se hizo; |
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32 \emph{cuándo} se hizo; y de \emph{qué} se trataba el cambio. |
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33 \item Cuando trabaja con más personas, los programas de control de |
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34 revisiones facilitan la colaboración. Por ejemplo, cuando varias |
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35 personas de forma casi simultanea pueden hacer cambios |
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36 incompatibles, el programa le ayudará a identificar y resolver tales |
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37 conflictos. |
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38 \item Puede ayudarle a recuperarse de equivocaciones. Si aplica un |
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39 cambio que posteriormente se evidencia como un error, puede |
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40 revertirlo a una versión previa a uno o muchos ficheros. De hecho, |
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41 una herramienta \emph{realmente} buena, incluso puede ayudarle |
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42 efectivamente a darse cuenta exactamente cuándo se introdujo el |
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43 error( para más detalles ver la sección~\ref{sec:undo:bisect}). |
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44 \item Le permitirá trabajar simultáneamente, y manejar las diferencias |
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45 entre múltiples versiones de su proyecto. |
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46 \end{itemize} |
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47 La mayoría de estas razones son igualmente validas ---por lo menos en |
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48 teoría--- así esté trabajando en un proyecto solo, o con mucha gente. |
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49 |
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50 Algo fundamental acerca de lo práctico de un sistema de control de |
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51 revisiones en estas dos escalas (``un hacker solo'' y ``un equipo |
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52 gigantesco'') es cómo se comparan los \emph{beneficios} con los |
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53 \emph{costos}. Una herramienta de control de revisiones que sea |
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54 difícil de entender o usar impondrá un costo alto. |
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55 |
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56 Un proyecto de quinientas personas es muy propenso a colapsar |
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57 solamente con su peso inmediatamente sin una herramienta de control de |
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58 versiones y un proceso. En este caso, el costo de usar control de |
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59 revisiones ni siquiera se tiene en cueant, puesto que \emph{sin} él, |
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60 el fracaso está casi garantizado. |
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61 |
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62 Por otra parte, un ``arreglo rápido'' de una sola persona, excluiría |
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63 la necesidad de usar una herramienta de control de revisiones, porque |
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64 casi seguramente, el costo de usar una estaría cerca del costo del |
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65 proyecto. ¿No es así? |
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66 |
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67 Mercurial solamente soporta \emph{ambas} escalas de de |
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68 desarrollo. Puede aprender lo básico en pocos minutos, y dado su bajo |
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69 sobrecosto, puede aplicar el control de revisiones al proyecto más |
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70 pequeño con facilidad. Su simplicidad significa que no tendrá que |
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71 preocuparse por conceptos obtusos o secuencias de órdenes compitiendo |
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72 por espacio mental con lo que sea que \emph{realmente} esté tratando |
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73 de hacer. Al mismo tiempo, Mercurial tiene alto desempeño y su |
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74 naturaleza peer-to-peer le permite escalar indoloramente para manejar |
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75 grandes proyectos. |
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76 |
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77 Ninguna herramienta de control de revisiones puede salvar un |
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78 proyecto mal administrado, pero la elección de herramientas puede |
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79 hacer una gran diferencia en la fluidez con la cual puede trabajar en |
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80 el proyecto. |
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81 |
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82 \subsection{La cantidad de nombres del control de revisiones} |
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83 |
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84 El control de revisiones es un campo amplio, tan ampli que no hay un |
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85 acrónimo o nombre único. A continuación presentamos un listado de |
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86 nombres comunes y acrónimos que se podrían encontrar: |
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87 \begin{itemize} |
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88 \item Control de revisiones (RCS) |
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89 \item Manejo de Configuraciones de Programas(SCM), o administracón de |
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90 configuraciones |
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91 \item Administración de código fuente |
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92 \item Control de Código Fuente, o Control de Fuentes |
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93 \item Control de Versiones(VCS) |
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94 \end{itemize} |
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95 Algunas personas aducen que estos términos tienen significados |
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96 diversos, pero en la práctica se sobrelapan tanto que no hay un |
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97 acuerdo o una forma adecuada de separarlos. |
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98 |
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99 \section{Historia resumida del control de revisiones} |
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100 |
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101 La herramienta de control de revisiones más antigua conocida es SCCS |
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102 (Sistema de Control de Código), escrito por Marc Rochkind en Bell |
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103 Labs, a comienzos de los setentas(1970s). SCCS operaba sobre archivos |
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104 individuales, y requería que cada persona que trabajara en el proyecto |
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105 tuviera acceso a un espacio compartido en un solo sistema. Solamente |
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106 una persona podía modificar un archivo en un momento dado; el |
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107 arbitramiento del acceso a los ficheros se hacía con candados. Era |
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108 común que la gente pusiera los candados a los ficheros, y que |
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109 posteriormente olvidara quitarlos, impidiendo que otro pudiera |
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110 modificar los ficheros en cuestión sin la intervención del |
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111 administrador. |
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113 Walter Tichy desarrolló una alternativa gratutita a SCCS a comienzos |
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114 de los ochentas(1980s), llamó a su programa RCS(Sistema de Control de |
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115 Revisiones). Al igual que SCCS, RCS requería que los desarrolladores |
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116 trabajaran en un único espacio compartido y colocaran candados a los |
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117 ficheros para evitar que varias personas los estuvieran modificando |
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118 simultáneamente. |
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119 |
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120 Después en los ochenta, Dick Grune usó RCS como un bloque de |
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121 construcción para un conjunto de guiones de línea de comando, que |
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122 inicialmente llamó cmt, pero que renombró a CVS(Sistema Concurrente de |
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123 Versiones). La gran innovación de CVS era que permitía a los |
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124 desarrolladores trabajar simultáneamente de una forma más o menos |
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125 independiente en sus propios espacios de trabajo. Los espacios de |
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126 trabajo personales impedian que los desarrolladores se pisaran las |
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127 mangueras todo el tiempo, situación común con SCCS y RCS. Cada |
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128 desarrollador tenía una copia de todo el fichero del proyecto y podía |
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129 modificar su copia independientemente, Tenían que fusionar sus |
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130 ediciones antes de consignar los cambios al repositorio central. |
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131 |
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132 Brian Berliner tomó los scripts originales de Grune y los reescribió |
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133 en~C, haciéndolos públicos en 1989, código sobre el cual se ha |
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134 desarrollado la versión moderna de CVS. CVS posteriormente adquirió |
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135 la habilidad de operar sobre una conexión de red, dotándolo de una |
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136 arquitectura, cliente/servidor. La arquitectura de CVS es |
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137 centralizada; La historia del proyecto está únicamente en el |
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138 repositorio central. Los espacios de trabajo de los clientes |
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139 contienen únicamente copias recientes de las versiones de los |
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140 ficheros, y pocos metadatos para indicar dónde está el servidor. CVS |
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141 ha tenido un éxito enorme; Es probablemente el sistema de control de |
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142 revisiones más extendido del planeta. |
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143 |
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144 A comienzos de los noventa(1990s), Sun MicroSystems desarrollo un |
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145 temprano sistema distribuido de revisión de controles llamado TeamWare |
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146 Un espacio de trabajo TeamWare contiene una copia completa de la |
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147 historia del proyecto. TeamWare no tiene la noción de repositorio |
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148 central. (CVS se basaba en RCS para el almacenamiento de su historia; |
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149 TeamWare usaba SCCS.) |
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150 |
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151 A medida que avanzaba la decada de los noventa, se empezño a |
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152 evidenciar los problemas de CVS. Alacena cambios simultáneos a muchos |
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153 archivos de forma individual, en lugar de agruparlos como una |
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154 operación única y atómica lógicamente. No maneja bien su jerarquía de |
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155 ficheros bien; es fácil desordenar un repositorio renombrando ficheros |
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156 y directorios. Peor aún, su código fuente es difícil de leer y |
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157 mantener, lo que hace que su ``umbral de dolor'' para arreglar sus |
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158 problemas arquitecturales algo prohibitivo. |
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159 |
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160 En 2001, Jim Blandy y Karl Fogel, dos desarrolladores que habían |
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161 trabajado en CVS, comenzaron un proyecto para reemplazarlo con una |
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162 herramienta con mejor arquitectura y código más limpio. El resultado, |
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163 Subversion, no se separó del modelo centralizado cliente/servidor de |
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164 CVS, pero añadió consignaciones atómicas de varios ficheros, mejor |
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165 manejo de nombres de espacios, y otras características que lo hacen |
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166 mejor que CVS. Desde su versión inicial, ha ido creciendo en |
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167 popularidad. |
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168 |
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169 Más o menos en forma simultánea Graydon Hoare comenzó a trabajar en un |
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170 sistema distribuido de control de versiones ambicioso que llamó |
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171 Monotone. Mientras que Monotone se enfocaba a evitar algunas fallas de |
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172 diseño de CVS con una arquitectura peer-to-peer, fue mucho más |
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173 allá(junto con otros proyectos subsecuentes) que unas herramientas de |
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174 control de revisiones en varios aspectos innovadores. Usa hashes |
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175 criptográficos como identificadores, y tiene una noción integral de |
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176 ``confianza'' para código de diversas fuentes. |
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177 |
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178 Mercurial nació en el 2005. Algunos de sus aspectos de de diseño |
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179 fueron influenciados por Monotone, pero Mercurial se enfoca en la |
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180 facilidad de uso, gran rendimiento y escalabilidad para proyectos muy |
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181 grandes. |
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182 |
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183 \section{Tendencias en el control de revisiones} |
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184 |
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185 Ha habido varias tendencias en el desarrollo y uso de las herramientas |
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186 de control de revisiones en las pasadas cuatro décadas, mientras la |
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187 gente se ha vuelto familiar con las capacidades de sus herramientas |
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188 así mismo con sus limitaciones. |
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189 |
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190 La primera generación comenzó administrando archivos individuales en |
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191 computadores por persona. A pesar de que tales herramientas |
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192 representaron un avance importante frente al control de revisiones |
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193 manual, su modelo de candados y la limitación a un sólo computador, |
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194 determinó equipos de trabajo pequeños y acoplados. |
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195 |
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196 La segunda generación dejó atrás esas limitaciones moviéndose a |
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197 arquitecturas centradas en redes, y administrando proyectos completos |
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198 uno a la vez. A medida que los proyectos crecían, nacieron nuevos |
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199 problemas. Con la necesidad de comunicación frecuente con los |
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200 servidores, escalar estas máquinas se convirtió en un problema en |
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201 proyectos realmente grandes. Las redes con poca estabilidad impidieron |
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202 que usuarios remotos se conectaran al servidor. A medida que los |
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203 proyecos de código abierto comenzaron a ofrecer acceso de sólo lectura |
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204 de forma anónima a cualquiera, la gente sin permiso para consignar, |
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205 vio que no podían usar tales herramientas para interactuar en un |
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206 proyecto de forma natural, puesto que no podían guardar sus cambios. |
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207 |
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208 La generación actual de herramientas de control de revisiones es de |
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209 forma natural peer-to-peer. Todos estos sistemas han eliminado la |
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210 dependencia de un único servidor central, y han permitido que la |
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211 gente distribuya sus datos de control de revisiones donde realmente se |
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212 necesita. La colaboración a través de Internet ha cambiado las |
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213 limitantes tecnológicas a la cuestión de elección y consenso. Las |
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214 herramientas modernas pueden operar sin conexión indefinidamenta y |
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215 autónomamente, necesitando una conexión de red solamente para |
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216 sincronizar los cambios con otro repositorio. |
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217 |
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218 \section{Algunas ventajas del control distribuido de revisiones} |
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219 |
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220 A pesar de que las herramientas para el control distribuido de |
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221 revisiones lleva varios años siendo tan robusto y usable como la |
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222 generación previa de su contraparte, personas que usan herramientas |
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223 más antiguas no se han percatado de sus ventajas. Hay gran cantidad |
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224 de situaciones en las cuales las herramientas distribuidas brillan |
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225 frente a las centralizadas. |
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226 |
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227 Para un desarrollador individual, las herramientas distribuidas casi |
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228 siempre son más rápidas que las centralizadas. Por una razón sencilla: |
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229 Una herramienta centralizada necesita comunicarse por red para las |
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230 operaciones más usuales, debido a que los metadatos se almacenan en |
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231 una sola copia en el servidor central. Una herramienta distribuida |
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232 almacena todos sus metadatos localmente. Con todo lo demás de la |
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233 misma forma, comunicarse por red tiene un sobrecosto en una |
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234 herramienta centralizada. No subestime el valor de una herramienta de |
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235 respuesta rápida: Usted empleará mucho tiempo interactuando con su |
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236 programa de control de revisiones. |
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237 |
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238 Las herramientas distribuidas son indiferentes a los caprichos de su |
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239 infraestructura de servidores, de nuevo, debido a la replicación de |
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240 metadatos en tantos lugares. Si usa un sistema centralizado y su |
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241 servidor explota, ojalá los medios físicos de su copia de seguridad |
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242 sean confiables, y que su última copia sea reciente y además |
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243 funcione. Con una herramienta distribuida tiene tantas copias de |
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244 seguridad disponibles como computadores de contribuidores. |
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245 |
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246 La confiabilidad de su red afectará las herramientas distribuidas de |
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247 una forma mucho menor que las herramientas centralizadas No puede |
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248 siquiera usar una herramienta centralizada sin conexión de red, |
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249 excepto con algunas órdenes muy limitadas. Con herramientas |
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250 distribuidas, si sus conexión cae mientras usted está trabajando, |
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251 podría nisiquiera darse cuenta. Lo único que que no podrá hacer es |
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252 comunicarse con repositorios en otros computadores, algo que es |
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253 relativamente raro comparado con las operaciones locales. Si tiene |
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254 colaboradores remotos en su equipo, puede ser significante. |
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255 |
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256 \subsection{Ventajas para proyectos de código abierto} |
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257 |
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258 Si descubre un proyecto de código abierto y decide que desea comenzar |
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259 a trabajar en él, y ese proyecto usa una herramienta de control |
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260 distribuido de revisiones, usted es un par con la gente que se |
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261 considera el ``alma'' del proyecto. Si ellos publican los |
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262 repositorios, se puede copiar inmediatamente la historia del proyecto, |
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263 hacer cambios y guardar su trabajo, usando las mismas herramientas de |
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264 la misma forma que ellos. En contraste, con una herramienta |
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265 centralizada, debe usar el programa en un modo ``sólo lectura'' a |
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266 menos que alguien le otorgue permisos para consignar cambios en el |
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267 repositorio central. Hasta entonces, no podrá almacenar sus cambios y |
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268 sus modificaciones locales correrán el riesgo de dañarse cuando trate |
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269 de actualizar su vista del repositorio. |
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270 |
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271 \subsubsection{Las bifurcaciones(forks) no son un problema} |
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272 |
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273 Se ha mencionado que las herramientas de control distribuido de |
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274 versiones albergan un riesgo a los proyectos de código abierto, puesto |
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275 que se vuelve muy sencillo hacer una ``bifurcanción''\ndt{fork.} del |
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276 desarrollo del proyecto. Una bifurcación pasa cuando hay diferencias |
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277 de opinión o actitud entre grupos de desarrolladores que desenvoca en |
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278 la decisión de la imposibilidad de continuar trabajando juntos. Cada |
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279 parte toma una copia más o menos completa del código fuente del |
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280 proyecto y toma su propio rumbo. |
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281 |
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282 En algunas ocasiones los líderes de las bifurcaciones reconcilian sus |
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283 diferencias. Con un sistema centralizado de control de revisiones, el |
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284 proceso \emph{técnico} de reconciliarse es doloroso, y se hace de |
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285 forma muy manual. Tiene que decidir qué historia de revisiones va a |
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286 ``win'', e injertar los cambios del otro equipo en el árbol de alguna |
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287 manera. Con esto usualmente se pierde algo o todo del historial de la |
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288 revisión de alguna de las partes. |
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289 |
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290 Lo que las herramientas distribuidas hacen con respecto a las |
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291 bifurcaciones, es que las bifurcaciones son la \emph{única} forma de |
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292 desarrollar un proyecto. Cada cambio que usted hace es potencialmente |
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293 un punto de bifurcación. La gran fortaleza de esta aproximación es que |
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294 las herramientas distribuidas de control de revisiones tiene que ser |
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295 bueno al \emph{fusionar} las bifurcaciones, porque las bifurcaciones |
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296 son absolutamente fundamentales: pasan todo el tiempo. |
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297 |
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298 Si todas las porciones de trabajo que todos hacen todo el tiempo, se |
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299 enmarca en términos de bifurcaciones y fusiones, entonces a aquello a |
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300 lo que se refiere en el mundo del código abierto a una ``bifurcación'' |
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301 se convierte \emph{puramente} en una cuestión social. Lo que hacen las |
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302 herramientas distribuidas es \emph{disminuir} la posibilidad de una |
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303 bifurcación porque: |
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304 \begin{itemize} |
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305 \item Eliminan la distinción social que las herramientas centralizadas |
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306 imponen: esto entre los miembros (personas con permiso de consignar) |
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307 y forasteros(los que no tienen el permiso). |
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308 \item Facilitan la reconciliación después de una bifurcación social, |
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309 porque todo lo que concierne al programa de control de revisiones es |
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310 una fusión. |
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311 \end{itemize} |
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312 |
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313 Algunas personas se resisten a las herramientas distribuidas porque |
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314 desean mantener control completo sobre sus proyectos, y creen que las |
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315 herramientas centralizadas les da tal control. En todo caso, si este |
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316 es su parecer, y publica sus repositorios de CVS o Subversion, hay |
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317 muchas herramientas disponibles que pueden obtener la historia |
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318 completa(A pesar de lo lento) y recrearla en otro sitio que usted no |
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319 controla. Siendo así un control ilusorio, puesto que está impidiendo |
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320 la fluidez de colaboración en lugar de prevenir que alguien se sienta |
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321 impulsado a obtener una copia y hacer una bifurcación con su historia. |
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322 |
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323 \subsection{Ventajas para proyectos comerciales} |
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324 |
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325 Muchos proyectos comerciales tienen grupos de trabajo distribuidos |
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326 alrededor del globo. Quienes contribuyen y están lejos de un |
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327 repositorio central verán una ejecución más lenta de las órdenes y tal |
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328 vez menos confiabilidad. Los sistemas de control de revisión |
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329 comerciales intentan amortiguar estos problemas con adiciones de |
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330 replicación remota que usualmente son muy costosos y complicados de |
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331 administradr. Un sistema distribuido no padece estos problemas. Mejor |
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332 aún, puede colocar varios servidores autorizados, por ejemplo, uno por |
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333 sitio, de tal forma que no haya comunicación redundante entre |
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334 repositorios sobre enlaces de conexión costosos. |
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335 |
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336 Los sistemas de control de revisiones distribuidos tienden a ser poco |
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337 escalables. No es inusual quw costosos sistemas centralizados caigan |
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338 ante la carga combinada de unas cuantas docenas de usuarios |
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339 concurrentes. De nuevo, las respuestas típicas de replibcación tienden |
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340 a ser costosas y complejas de instalar y administrar. Dado que la |
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341 carga en un servidor central---si es que tiene uno---es muchas veces |
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342 menor con una herramienta distribuida(debido a que los datos están |
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343 replicados en todas partes), un sólo servidor económico puede tratar |
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344 las necesidades de equipos mucho más grandes, y la replicación para |
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345 balancear la carga se vuelve cosa de scripts. |
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346 |
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347 Si tiene un empleado en el campo, se beneficiará grandemente de un |
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348 sistema distribuido de control de versiones al resolver problemas en |
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349 el sitio del cliente. La herramienta le permitirá generar |
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350 construcciones a la medida, probar diferentes arreglos de forma |
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351 independiente y buscar de forma eficiente las fuentes de fallos en la |
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352 historia y regresiones en los ambientes de los clientes, todo, sin |
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353 necesidad de conectarse al servidor de su compañía. |
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354 |
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355 \section{¿Por qué elegir Mercurial?} |
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356 |
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357 Mercurial cuenta con un conjunto único de propiedades que lo hacen |
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358 particularmente una buena elección como un sistema de control de |
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359 revisiones, puesto que: |
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360 \begin{itemize} |
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361 \item Es fácil de aprender y usar. |
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362 \item Es liviano. |
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363 \item Escala de forma excelente. |
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364 \item Es fácil de acondicionar. |
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365 \end{itemize} |
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366 |
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367 Si los sistemas de control de revisiones le son familiares, debería |
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368 estar listo para usar Mercurial en menos de cinco minutos. Si no, va a |
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369 tomar unos pocos minutos más. Las órdenes de Mercurial y su conjunto |
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370 de características son uniformes y consistentes generalmente, y basta |
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371 con que siga unas pocas reglas generales en lugar de un montón de |
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372 excepciones. |
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373 |
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374 En un proyecto pequeño, puede comenzar a trabajar con Mercurial poco a |
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375 poco. Creando nuevos cambios y ramas, transfiriendo cambios(localmente |
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376 o por la red); y las operaciones relacionadas con el estado y la |
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377 historia son rápidas. Mercurial buscar ser ligero y no incomodar en su |
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378 camino combinando poca sobrecarga cognitiva con operaciones |
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379 asombrosamente rápidas. |
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380 |
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381 La utilidad de Mercurial no se limita a proyectos pequeños: está |
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382 siendo usado por proyectos con centenas de miles de contribuyentes, |
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383 cada uno conteniendo decenas de miles de ficheros y centenas de |
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384 megabytes de código fuente |
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385 |
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386 Si la funcionalidad básica de Mercurial no es suficiente para usted, |
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387 es muy fácil extenderlo. Mercurial se comporta muy bien con tareas de |
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388 scripting y su limpieza interna junto con su implementación en Python |
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389 permiten añadir características fácilmente en forma de extensiones. |
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390 Hay un buen número de extensiones útiles y populares en este momento, |
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391 desde ayudar a identificar fallos hasta el mejoramiento de su |
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392 desempeño. |
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393 |
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394 \section{Comparación de Mercurial con otras herramientas} |
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395 |
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396 Antes de leer, por favor tenga en cuenta que esta sección |
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397 necesariamente refleja mis propias experiencias, intereses y(tengo que |
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398 decirlo) mis preferencias. He usado cada una de las herramientas de |
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399 control de versiones listadas a continuación, y en muchos casos por |
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400 varios años. |
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401 |
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402 |
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403 \subsection{Subversion} |
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404 |
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405 Subversion es una herramienta de control de revisiones muy popular, |
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406 desarrollada para reemplazar a CVS. Su arquitectura es centralizada |
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407 en cliente/servidor. |
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408 |
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409 Subversion y Mercurial tienen órdenes con nombres similares para hacer |
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410 las mismas operaciones, por lo que si le son familiares en una, será |
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411 sencillo aprender a usar la otra. Ambas herramientas son portables en |
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412 todos los sistemas operativos populares. |
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413 |
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414 Antes de la versión 1.5, Subversion no tenía soporte para fusiones. En |
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415 el momento de la escritura, sus capcidades para llevar cuenta de las |
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416 funciones son nuevas, |
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417 \href{http://svnbook.red-bean.com/nightly/en/svn.branchmerge.advanced.html#svn.branchmerge.advanced.finalword}{complicadas |
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418 y poco estables\NdT{buggy}}. |
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419 |
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420 Mercurial tiene una ventaja considerable en el desempeño sobre |
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421 Subversion en cualquier operación de control de revisiones que yo haya |
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422 medido. He medido sus ventajas con factores desde dos hasta seis veces |
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423 comparando con almacenamiento de archivos \emph{ra\_local} |
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424 Subversion~1.4.3, el cual es el método de acceso más rápido. En los |
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425 escenarios más sencillos incluyendo almacenamiento con la red de por |
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426 medio, Subversion se encuentra en desventaja aún mayor. Dado que casi |
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427 todas las órdenes de Subversion deben tratar con el servidor y |
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428 Subversion no tiene utilidades de replicación sencillas, la capacidad |
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429 del servidor y el ancho de banda se convierten en cuellos de botella |
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430 para proyectos modestamente grandes. |
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431 |
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432 Adicionalmente, Subversion tiene un sobrecosto en almacentamiento |
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433 considerable para evitar transacciones por red en algunas operaciones, |
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434 tales como encontrar ficheros modificados(\texttt{status}) y desplegar |
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435 información frente a la revisión actual(\texttt{diff}). Como |
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436 resultado, la copia de trabajo de Subversion termina siendo del mismo |
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437 tamaño o más grande que un repositorio de Mercurial y el directorio de |
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438 trabajo, a pesar de que el repositorio de Mercurial contiene la |
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439 historia completa del proyecto. |
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440 |
506
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441 Subversion tiene soporte amplio de otras herramientas. Mercurial por |
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442 ahora está bastante atrás en este aspecto. Esta diferencia está |
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443 disminuyendo, y algunas de las herramientas GUI\NdT{Interfaz de |
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444 Usuario Gráfica}, eclipsan sus equivalentes de Subversion. Al igual |
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445 que Mercurial, Subversion tiene un excelente manual de usuario. |
501
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446 |
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447 Because Subversion doesn't store revision history on the client, it is |
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448 well suited to managing projects that deal with lots of large, opaque |
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449 binary files. If you check in fifty revisions to an incompressible |
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450 10MB file, Subversion's client-side space usage stays constant The |
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451 space used by any distributed SCM will grow rapidly in proportion to |
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452 the number of revisions, because the differences between each revision |
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453 are large. |
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454 |
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455 In addition, it's often difficult or, more usually, impossible to |
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456 merge different versions of a binary file. Subversion's ability to |
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457 let a user lock a file, so that they temporarily have the exclusive |
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458 right to commit changes to it, can be a significant advantage to a |
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459 project where binary files are widely used. |
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460 |
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461 Mercurial can import revision history from a Subversion repository. |
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462 It can also export revision history to a Subversion repository. This |
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463 makes it easy to ``test the waters'' and use Mercurial and Subversion |
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464 in parallel before deciding to switch. History conversion is |
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465 incremental, so you can perform an initial conversion, then small |
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466 additional conversions afterwards to bring in new changes. |
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467 |
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468 |
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469 \subsection{Git} |
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470 |
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471 Git is a distributed revision control tool that was developed for |
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472 managing the Linux kernel source tree. Like Mercurial, its early |
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473 design was somewhat influenced by Monotone. |
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474 |
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475 Git has a very large command set, with version~1.5.0 providing~139 |
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476 individual commands. It has something of a reputation for being |
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477 difficult to learn. Compared to Git, Mercurial has a strong focus on |
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478 simplicity. |
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479 |
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480 In terms of performance, Git is extremely fast. In several cases, it |
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481 is faster than Mercurial, at least on Linux, while Mercurial performs |
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482 better on other operations. However, on Windows, the performance and |
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483 general level of support that Git provides is, at the time of writing, |
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484 far behind that of Mercurial. |
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485 |
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486 While a Mercurial repository needs no maintenance, a Git repository |
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487 requires frequent manual ``repacks'' of its metadata. Without these, |
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488 performance degrades, while space usage grows rapidly. A server that |
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489 contains many Git repositories that are not rigorously and frequently |
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490 repacked will become heavily disk-bound during backups, and there have |
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491 been instances of daily backups taking far longer than~24 hours as a |
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492 result. A freshly packed Git repository is slightly smaller than a |
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493 Mercurial repository, but an unpacked repository is several orders of |
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494 magnitude larger. |
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495 |
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496 The core of Git is written in C. Many Git commands are implemented as |
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497 shell or Perl scripts, and the quality of these scripts varies widely. |
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498 I have encountered several instances where scripts charged along |
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499 blindly in the presence of errors that should have been fatal. |
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500 |
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501 Mercurial can import revision history from a Git repository. |
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502 |
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503 |
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504 \subsection{CVS} |
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505 |
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506 CVS is probably the most widely used revision control tool in the |
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507 world. Due to its age and internal untidiness, it has been only |
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508 lightly maintained for many years. |
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509 |
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510 It has a centralised client/server architecture. It does not group |
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511 related file changes into atomic commits, making it easy for people to |
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512 ``break the build'': one person can successfully commit part of a |
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513 change and then be blocked by the need for a merge, causing other |
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514 people to see only a portion of the work they intended to do. This |
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515 also affects how you work with project history. If you want to see |
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516 all of the modifications someone made as part of a task, you will need |
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517 to manually inspect the descriptions and timestamps of the changes |
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518 made to each file involved (if you even know what those files were). |
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519 |
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520 CVS has a muddled notion of tags and branches that I will not attempt |
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521 to even describe. It does not support renaming of files or |
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522 directories well, making it easy to corrupt a repository. It has |
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523 almost no internal consistency checking capabilities, so it is usually |
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524 not even possible to tell whether or how a repository is corrupt. I |
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525 would not recommend CVS for any project, existing or new. |
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526 |
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527 Mercurial can import CVS revision history. However, there are a few |
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528 caveats that apply; these are true of every other revision control |
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529 tool's CVS importer, too. Due to CVS's lack of atomic changes and |
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530 unversioned filesystem hierarchy, it is not possible to reconstruct |
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531 CVS history completely accurately; some guesswork is involved, and |
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532 renames will usually not show up. Because a lot of advanced CVS |
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533 administration has to be done by hand and is hence error-prone, it's |
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534 common for CVS importers to run into multiple problems with corrupted |
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535 repositories (completely bogus revision timestamps and files that have |
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536 remained locked for over a decade are just two of the less interesting |
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537 problems I can recall from personal experience). |
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538 |
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539 Mercurial can import revision history from a CVS repository. |
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540 |
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541 |
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542 \subsection{Commercial tools} |
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543 |
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544 Perforce has a centralised client/server architecture, with no |
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545 client-side caching of any data. Unlike modern revision control |
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546 tools, Perforce requires that a user run a command to inform the |
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547 server about every file they intend to edit. |
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548 |
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549 The performance of Perforce is quite good for small teams, but it |
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550 falls off rapidly as the number of users grows beyond a few dozen. |
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551 Modestly large Perforce installations require the deployment of |
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552 proxies to cope with the load their users generate. |
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553 |
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554 |
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555 \subsection{Choosing a revision control tool} |
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556 |
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557 With the exception of CVS, all of the tools listed above have unique |
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558 strengths that suit them to particular styles of work. There is no |
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559 single revision control tool that is best in all situations. |
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560 |
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561 As an example, Subversion is a good choice for working with frequently |
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562 edited binary files, due to its centralised nature and support for |
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563 file locking. |
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564 |
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565 I personally find Mercurial's properties of simplicity, performance, |
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566 and good merge support to be a compelling combination that has served |
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567 me well for several years. |
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568 |
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569 |
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570 \section{Switching from another tool to Mercurial} |
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571 |
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572 Mercurial is bundled with an extension named \hgext{convert}, which |
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573 can incrementally import revision history from several other revision |
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574 control tools. By ``incremental'', I mean that you can convert all of |
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575 a project's history to date in one go, then rerun the conversion later |
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576 to obtain new changes that happened after the initial conversion. |
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577 |
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578 The revision control tools supported by \hgext{convert} are as |
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579 follows: |
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580 \begin{itemize} |
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581 \item Subversion |
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582 \item CVS |
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583 \item Git |
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584 \item Darcs |
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585 \end{itemize} |
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586 |
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587 In addition, \hgext{convert} can export changes from Mercurial to |
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588 Subversion. This makes it possible to try Subversion and Mercurial in |
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589 parallel before committing to a switchover, without risking the loss |
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590 of any work. |
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591 |
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592 The \hgxcmd{conver}{convert} command is easy to use. Simply point it |
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593 at the path or URL of the source repository, optionally give it the |
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594 name of the destination repository, and it will start working. After |
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595 the initial conversion, just run the same command again to import new |
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596 changes. |
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597 |
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598 |
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599 %%% Local Variables: |
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600 %%% mode: latex |
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601 %%% TeX-master: "00book" |
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602 %%% End: |