Mercurial > mplayer.hg

annotate DOCS/de/formats.html @ 10969:667d39c4dc8c

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few more words maybe we should say a few words about rate distortion and other terms too but i dunno where to put it ... some glossary section of the manpage? encoding-tips.txt? videocoding.txt?
author michael
date Wed, 01 Oct 2003 20:54:00 +0000
parents a604236b0dd6
children 35c8d3361404
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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2 <HTML>
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3
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4 <HEAD>
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5 <TITLE>Formate - MPlayer - The Movie Player for Linux</TITLE>
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6 <LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="default.css">
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7 <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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8 </HEAD>
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9
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10 <BODY>
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12 <H2><A NAME="formats">2.1 Unterst&uuml;tzte Formate</A></H2>
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13
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14 <P>Es ist wichtig, einen h&auml;ufigen Fehler zu berichtigen. Wenn Leute eine
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15 Datei mit <B>.AVI</B>-Erweiterung sehen denken sie sofort, dass es keine MPEG-
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16 Datei ist. Das ist nicht wahr. Zumindest nicht vollst&auml;ndig. Im Gegensatz
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17 zur verbreiteten Ansicht <B>kann</B> solche eine Datei MPEG1-Video
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18 enthalten.</P>
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19
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20 <P>Ein <B>Codec</B> ist nicht dasselbe wie ein <B>Dateiformat</B>.<BR>
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21 Beispiele f&uuml;r <B>Video-Codecs</B> sind: MPEG1, MPEG2, DivX, Indeo5,
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22 3ivx.<BR> Beispiele f&uuml;r <B>Dateiformate</B> sind: MPG, AVI, ASF.<BR></P>
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24 <P>Theoretisch kannst du ein OpenDivX-Video und MP3-Audio in einer
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25 <B>.MPG</B>-Datei vereinigen. Die meisten Player k&ouml;nnten es jedoch nicht
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26 abspielen, da sie MPEG1-Video und MP2-Audio erwarten (im Gegensatz zu
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27 <B>AVI</B> besitzt <B>MPG</B> nicht die n&ouml;tigen Felder, die die Video-
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28 und Audio-Streams beschreiben). Oder du k&ouml;nntest ein MPEG1-Video in ein
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29 .AVI geben. <A HREF="http://ffmpeg.sourceforge.net">ffmpeg</A> und <A
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30 HREF="encoding.html">MEncoder</A> k&ouml;nnen solche Dateien erzeugen.</P>
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31
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32 <H3><A NAME="video_formats">2.1.1 Videoformate</A></H3>
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33
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34 <H4><A NAME="mpeg">2.1.1.1 MPEG-Dateien</A></H4>
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35
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36 <P>MPEG-Dateien kommen in unterschiedlichen Erscheinungen:</P>
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38 <UL>
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39 <LI>MPG: Dies ist die <B>grundlegende</B> Form des MPEG Dateiformates. Es
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40 enth&auml;lt MPEG1-Video und MP2-(MPEG-1 layer 2) oder selten MP1-
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41 Audio.</LI>
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42 <LI>DAT: Dies ist dasselbe Format wie MPG mit einer unterschiedlichen
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43 Endung. Es wird auf <B>Video CD</B>s benutzt. Auf Grund der Tatsache, wie
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44 VCDs erzeugt werden und wie Linux entworfen wurde, kann man die DAT-
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45 Dateien einer VCD weder abspielen noch kopieren. Du musst die
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46 <CODE>-vcd</CODE>-Option zum Abspielen verwenden.</LI>
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47 <LI>VOB: VOB ist das MPEG Dateiformat bei <B>DVD</B>s. Es ist das gleiche
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48 wie MPG mit zus&auml;tzlicher Unterst&uuml;tzung f&uuml;r Untertitel oder
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49 nicht-MPEG-(AC3)-Audio. Es enth&auml;lt MPEG2-Video und normalerweise AC3-
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50 Audio, aber auch DTS, MP2 und unkomprimierte LPCMs sind erlaubt.<BR>
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51 <B>Lies die <A HREF="cd-dvd.html#dvd">DVD-Sektion</A> !</B></LI>
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52 </UL>
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54 <P>Serien von Frames bilden unabh&auml;ngige Gruppen in MPEG-Dateien. Das
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55 bedeutet, dass du eine MPEG-Datei mit einem Standard-Dateitool (wie
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56 <CODE>dd</CODE> oder <CODE>cut</CODE>) schneiden und zusammenf&uuml;gen kannst
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57 und dieses trotzdem vollst&auml;ndig funktionsf&auml;hig bleibt.</P>
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58
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59 <P>Ein wichtiges Feature von MPGs ist, dass sie ein Feld besitzen, das das
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60 Breiten-/H&ouml;henverh&auml;ltnis des Video-Streams angibt. SVCDs haben zum
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61 Beispiel Video mit einer Aufl&ouml;sung von 480x480, und im Header ist dieses
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62 Feld auf 4:3 gesetzt. Also wird es als 640x480 abgespielt. AVI-Dateien haben
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63 diese Feld nicht, sodass diese w&auml;hrend des Encodierens skaliert werden
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64 m&uuml;ssen oder die Option <CODE>-aspect</CODE> bei der Wiedergabe verwendet
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65 werden muss.</P>
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67
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68 <H4><A NAME="avi">2.1.1.2 AVI-Dateien</A></H4>
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69
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70 <P>AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) ist ein von Microsoft entworfenes und
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71 weitverbeitetes Multifunktionsformat, das zur Zeit haupts&auml;chlich f&uuml;r
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72 DivX und DivX4 Videos verwendet wird. Es hat einige bekannte Nachteile, und
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73 ihm fehlen ein paar wichtige Features (zum Beispiel Streaming). Es
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74 unterst&uuml;tzt einen Videostream und 0 bis 99 Audiostreams. Die Dateien
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75 k&ouml;nnen bis zu 2 GB gro&szlig; sein. Es existiert eine Erweiterung
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76 f&uuml;r gr&ouml;&szlig;ere Dateien, genannt <B>OpenDMS</B>. Microsoft
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77 t&auml;t von der Verwendung stark ab und propergiert ASF/WMV. Als ob das
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78 irgendwen kratzen w&uuml;rde.</P>
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79
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80 <P>Es gibt einen Hack, der es AVI-Dateien erlaubt, Ogg Vorbis Audio-Streams zu
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81 enthalten, sie aber auch inkompatibel zu Standard-AVIs macht. MPlayer
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82 unterst&uuml;tzt die Wiedergabe solcher Dateien. Eine Spulfunktion ist auch
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83 implementiert, jedoch wird diese start von schlecht konvertierten Dateien mit
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84 verwirrenden Headers gest&ouml;rt. Leider schreibt der einzige Encodierer, der
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85 f&auml;hig ist, solche Dateien zu erzeugen (NanDub), solch problematischen
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86 Header.</P>
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87
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88 <P><B>Hinweis:</B> DV-Kameras k&ouml;nnen Raw-DV-Streams erzeugen, welche von
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89 DV-Aufnahmetools in zwei unterschiedliche Typen von AVI-Dateien konvertiert
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90 werden. Die AVI-Datei enth&auml;lt dabei entweder separate Audio- und
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91 Video-Streams, die MPlayer wiedergeben kann, oder den
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92 unver&auml;nderten DV-Stream. An dessen Unterst&uuml;tzung wird gerade
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93 gearbeitet.</P>
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94
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95 <P>Es gibt 2 Arten von AVI-Dateien:</P>
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97 <UL>
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98 <LI><B>Interleaved:</B> Audio- und Video-Inhalt werden paketweise
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99 ineinandergeschachtelt. Die ist &uuml;blich, wird empfohlen und auch meist
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100 verwendet. Einige Tools erzeugen interleaved AVIs mit schlechtem Sync.
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101 MPlayer erkennt diese als interleaved, was zum Verlust von A/V-Sync
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102 f&uuml;hren kann (evtl. erst beim Vor-/Zur&uuml;ckspueln). Diese Dateien
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103 sollten non-interleaved (mit der <CODE>-ni</CODE>-Option) abgespielt
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104 werden.</LI>
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105 <LI><B>Non-interleaved:</B> Als erstes kommt der ganze Videostream, dann
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106 dann der ganze Audiostream. Dies erfordert viel Suchen in der Datei, was
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107 die Wiedergabe vom Netzwerk oder von CDROM schwierig macht.</LI>
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108 </UL>
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109
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110 <P>MPlayer unterst&uuml;tzt zwei Arten des timings f&uuml;r AVI-Dateien:</P>
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111
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112 <UL>
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113 <LI><B>bps-basiert</B>: Diese Methode basiert auf der Bitrate/Samplerate
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114 des Video-/Audio-Streams. Diese Methode wird von den meisten Playern
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115 verwendet, inklusive <A HREF="http://avifile.sourceforge.net/">avifile</A>
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116 und Windows Media Player. Dateien mit kaputten Headern und Datein, welche
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117 mit VBR-Audio aber nicht VBR-unterst&uuml;tzendem Encoder erstellt wurden,
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118 f&uuml;hren zu A/V-Desync mit dieser Methode (meistens beim Spulen).</LI>
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119 <LI><B>interleaving-basiert</B>: Diese Methode benutzt nicht mehr den Wert
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120 der Bitrate sondern die relative Position des Audio-Paketes zum aktuellen
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121 Video-Paket, was einige falsch codierte Dateien mit VBR-Audio
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122 abspielbar macht.</LI>
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123 </UL>
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124
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125 <P>Jeglicher Audio- und Video-Codec ist erlaubt. Aber bedenke, dass VBR-Audio
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126 von den meisten Playern nicht gut unst&uuml;tzt wird. Das Dateiformat macht es
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127 m&ouml;glich, VBR-Audio zu verwendenm, aber die meinsten Player erwarten CBR-
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128 Audio, weswegen VBR-Audio nicht funktioniert. VBR ist ungew&ouml;hnlich, und
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129 Microsofts Spezifikation zu AVI beschreiben nur CBR-Audio. Bedenke auch, dass
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130 die meisten AVI-Encoder/Multiplexer schlechte Dateien mit VBR-Audio erzeugen.
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131 Es gibt nur zwei Ausnahmen: NanDub und <A
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132 HREF="encoding.html">MEncoder</A>.</P>
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133
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134 <H4><A NAME="asf">2.1.1.3 ASF/WMV-Dateien</A></H4>
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135
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136 <P>ASF (Active Streaming Format) kommt von Microsoft. Sie habe zwei Arten von
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137 ASF entwickelt, v1.0 und v2.0. v1.0 wird von ihren Media Tools (Windows Media
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138 Player und Windows Media Encoder) verwendet und ist sehr geheim. v2.0 ist
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139 ver&ouml;ffentlicht und patentiert :). Nat&uuml;rlich sind sie unterschiedlich
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140 und besitzten &uuml;berhaupt keine Gemeinsamkeiten (es ist nur ein weiteres
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141 Spiel mit den Gesetzen). MPlayer unterst&uuml;tzt nur v1.0, weil noch
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142 niemand v2.0 Dateien gesehen hat :). Beachte, dass .ASF-Dateien heute auch mit
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143 der Extension .WMA oder .WMV vorkommen.</P>
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144
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145
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146 <H4><A NAME="mov">2.1.1.4 QuickTime/MOV-Dateien</A></H4>
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147
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148 <P>Diese Formate sind von Apple designt und k&ouml;nnen jeden beliebigen Codec
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149 enthalten, CBR oder VBR. Normalerweise haben sie die Endung .QT oder .MOV.
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150 Seitdem die MPEG4-Gruppe QuickTime als das empfohlene Dateiformat f&uuml;r
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151 MPEG4 ausgew&auml;hlt hat, kommen ihre .MOV-Dateien mit den Endungen .MPG oder
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152 .MP4. (Interessanterweise sind bei diesen Dateien die Video- und Audiostreams
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153 richtige MPG- und AAC-Dateien. Mit den den Optionen <CODE>-dumpvideo</CODE>
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154 und <CODE>-dumpaudio</CODE> kannst du sie sogar extrahieren.).</P>
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155
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156 <P><B>Hinweis</B>: Die meisten QuickTime-Dateien benutzen <B>Sorenson</B>-
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157 Video und QDesign-Audio. Lies dazu die <A
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158 HREF="codecs.html#sorenson">Sorenson</A>-Codec-Sektion.</P>
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159
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160
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161 <H4><A NAME="vivo">2.1.1.5 VIVO-Dateien</A></H4>
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162
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163 <P>MPlayer demuxt nun auch fr&ouml;hlich VIVO-Dateiformate. Der
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164 gr&ouml;sste Nachteil des Formates ist, dass es keinen Index-Block besitzt,
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165 auch keine fixe Paketgr&ouml;&szlig;e oder Sync-Bytes. Die meisten Dateien
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166 besitzen nicht mal Keyframes, also vergiss das Spulen!</P>
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167
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168 <P>Der Videocodec von VIVO/1.0-Datei ist Standard-<B>h.263</B>. Der Videocodec
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169 der VIVO/2.0 Dateien ist ver&auml;nderter, nichtstandard-<B>h.263</B>. Bei
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170 Audio ist es dasselbe, es ist <B>g.723</B> (Standard) oder <B>Vivo
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171 Siren</B>.</P>
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172
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173 <P>In den <A HREF="codecs.html#vivo_video">VIVO-Videocodec-</A> und <A
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174 HREF="codecs.html#vivo_audio">VIVO-Audiocodec</A>-Sektionen findest du
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175 Installationsanweisungen.</P>
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176
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177
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178 <H4><A NAME="fli">2.1.1.6 FLI-Dateien</A></H4>
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179
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180 <P><B>FLI</B> ist ein sehr altes vom Autodesk Animator benutztes Dateiformat.
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181 Es ist aber immer noch ein im Internet gebr&auml;ucliches Dateiformat f&uuml;r
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182 kurze Animationen. MPlayer demuxt und decodiert FLI-Filme und ist sogar
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183 f&auml;hig, in ihnen vor- und zur&uuml;ckzuspulen (n&uuml;tzlich, wenn man
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184 looping mit der <CODE>-loop</CODE>-Option aktiviert hat). FLI-Dateien haben
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185 keine Keyframes, was zu verunstalteten Bildern kurz nach dem Spulen
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186 f&uuml;hrt.</P>
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187
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188
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189 <H4><A NAME="real">2.1.1.7 RealMedia-(RM)-Dateien</A></H4>
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190
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191 <P>Ja, MPlayer kann RealMedia (.rm) Dateien lesen (demuxen). Spulen
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192 (seeking) funktioniert, jedoch muss die <CODE>-forceidx</CODE>-Option
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193 verwendet werden (das Format unterst&uuml;zt Keyframes). Hier ist die Liste
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194 der unterst&uuml;tzten <A HREF="codecs.html#realvideo">RealVideo-</A> und <A
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195 HREF="codecs.html#realaudio">RealAudio-</A>Codecs.</P>
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196
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197
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198 <H4><A NAME="nuppelvideo">2.1.1.8 NuppelVideo-Dateien</A></H4>
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199
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200 <P><A HREF="http://mars.tuwien.ac.at/~roman/nuppelvideo">NuppelVideo</A> ist,
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201 soweit ich weiss, ein TV-Aufnahmeprogramm. MPlayer kann dessen .NUV-
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202 Dateien (nur NuppelVideo 5.0) lesen. Diese Dateien k&ouml;nnen unkomprimierte
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203 YV12-, komprimierte YV12+RTJpeg-, komprimierte YV12-RTJpeg+lzo- und
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204 komprimierte YV12+lzo-Frames enthalten, welche MPlayer alle dekodiert
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205 (und diese auch mit MEncoder zu DivX/etc! <B>encodiert</B>). Spulen (seeking)
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206 funktioniert.</P>
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207
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208
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209 <H4><A NAME="yuv4mpeg">2.1.1.9 yuv4mpeg-Dateien</A></H4>
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210
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211 <P><A HREF="http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net">yuv4mpeg / yuv4mpeg2</A> ist ein
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212 Dateiformat, das von den <A HREF="http://mjpeg.sf.net">mjpegtools-
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213 Programmen</A> verwendet wird. Du kannst damit Video in diesem Format
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214 einlesen, produzieren, filtern oder encodieren. Das Dateiformat ist eigentlich
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215 eine Sequenz von unkomprimierten YUV 4:2:0 Bildern. </P>
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216
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217
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218 <H4><A NAME="film">2.1.1.10. FILM-Dateien</A></H4>
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219
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220 <P>Dieses Format wird auf alten Sega Saturn CD-Rom-Spielen verwendet.</P>
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221
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222
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223 <H4><A NAME="roq">2.1.1.11. RoQ-Dateien</A></H4>
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224
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225 <P>RoQ-Dateien sind Multimedia-Dateien, welche in gewissen ID-Spielen wie
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226 Quake III und Return to castle Wolfenstein benutzt werden.</P>
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227
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228
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229 <H4><A NAME="ogg">2.1.1.12. OGG/OGM-Dateien</A></H4>
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230
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231 <P>Dies ist ein neues Dateiformat von <A
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232 HREF="http://www.xiph.org">Xiphophorus</A>. Es kann beliebige Video- und
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233 Audio-Codecs enthalten, sowohl CBR als auch VBR. Man ben&ouml;tigt dazu
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234 installierte <CODE>libogg-</CODE> und <CODE>libvorbis-</CODE>Bibliotheken vor
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235 der Kompilierung von MPlayer, um sie wiedergeben zu k&ouml;nnen.</P>
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236
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237 <H4><A NAME="sdp">2.1.1.13 SDP-Dateien</A></H4>
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238
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239 <P><A HREF="ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2327.txt">SDP</A> ist ein
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240 IETF-Standardformat, das Video- und/oder Audio-RTP-Streams beschreibt. (Dazu
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241 werden die <A HREF="http://www.live.com/mplayer/">LIVE.COM Streaming
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242 Media</A>-Bibliotheken ben&ouml;tigt.)</P>
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243
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244
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245 <H4><A NAME="pva">2.1.1.14 PVA-Dateien</A></H4>
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246
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247 <P>PVA ist MPEG-&auml;hnliches Format, das von verschiedenen Windowsprogrammen
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248 benutzt wird, die bei DVB-TV-Karten mitgeliefert werden (z.B. MultiDec,
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249 WinTV).</P>
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250
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251 <P>Die PVA-Spezifikationen k&ouml;nnen an der folgenden Adresse
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252 heruntergeladen werden: <A
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253 HREF="http://www.technotrend.de/download/av_format_v1.pdf">http://www.technotr
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254 end.de/download/av_format_v1.pdf</A></P>
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255
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256
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257 <H4><A NAME="gif">2.1.1.15 GIF-Dateien</A></H4>
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258
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259 <P>Das <B>GIF</B>-Format ist ein weit verbreitetes Format f&uuml;r Grafiken
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260 im Web. Es gibt zwei Versionen der GIF-Spezifikationen, GIF87a und GIF89a.
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261 Der gr&ouml;&szlig;te Unterschied liegt darin, dass GIF89a Animationen
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262 unterst&uuml;tzt. MPlayer unterst&uuml;tzt beide Formate mit Hilfe der
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263 libungif-Bibliothek oder einer anderen libgif-kompatiblen Bibliothek.
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264 Nicht animierte GIFs werden als Ein-Bild-Videos dargestellt. (Mit den
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265 Optionen <CODE>-loop</CODE> und <CODE>-fixed-vo</CODE> k&ouml;nnen solche
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266 GIFs l&auml;nger angezeigt werden.)</P>
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267
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268 <P>Momentan unterst&uuml;tzt MPlayer nicht das Spulen in GIF-Dateien. Die
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269 einzelnen Bilder in GIF-Dateien haben nicht zwangsl&auml;ufig die gleichen
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270 Dimensionen, und auch nicht eine feste Bildrate. Jedes Bild hat vielmehr
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271 seine eigenen Dimensionen und soll an einer bestimmten Position auf einem
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272 Bereich angezeigt werden, der selber aber eine feste Gr&ouml;&szlig;e hat.
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273 Die Bildrate wird von einem optionalen Block vor jedem Bild kontrolliert,
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274 der die Anzeigedauer des nachfolgenden Bildes in Zentisekunen angibt.</P>
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275
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276 <P>Standard-GIF-Dateien enthalten 24 Bit RGB-Bilder mit einer indizierten
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277 Palette, die h&ouml;chstens bis 8 Bit geht. Die Bilder sind normalerweise
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278 mit dem LZW-Algorithmus komprimiert. Es gibt aber auch GIF-Encoder, die
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279 unkomprimierte Bilder erzeugen, um die Patentprobleme mit dem LZW-Algorithmus
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280 zu umgehen.</P>
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281
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282 <P>Wenn bei deiner Distribution die libungif nicht dabei ist, dann lade sie
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283 von der <A HREF="http://prtr-13.ucsc.edu/~badger/software/libungif/index.shtml">
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284 libungif-Homepage</A> herunter. Detaillierte technische Informationen findest
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285 du in den <A HREF="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt">
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286 GIF89a-Spezifikationen</A>.</P>
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287
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288
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289 <H3><A NAME="audio_formats">2.1.2 Audio Formate</A></H3>
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290
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291 <P>MPlayer ist ein <B>Movie-(Film-)</B> und kein <B>Media-</B>Player.
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292 Er kann auch einige Audioformate wiedergeben (diese sind in der unteren
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293 Sektion beschrieben). Dies wird jedoch nicht empfohlen, und du solltest besser
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294 <A HREF="http://www.xmms.org">xmms</A> verwenden.</P>
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295
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296
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297 <H4><A NAME="mp3">2.1.2.1 MP3-Dateien</A></H4>
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298
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299 <P>Du hast vielleicht Probleme mit der Wiedergabe einiger MP3-Dateien, die
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300 MPlayer falsch als MPEGs erkennt und dementsprechend falsch oder gar
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301 nicht wiedergibt. Dies kann nicht gel&ouml;st werden, ohne die
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302 Unterst&uuml;tzung f&uuml;r einige kaputte MPEG-Dateien aufzugeben und wird
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303 desshalb bis auf weiteres so bleiben. Die Option <CODE>-demuxer</CODE>, welche
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304 in der Manpage beschrieben wird, k&ouml;nnte dir in diesen F&auml;llen
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305 helfen.</P>
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306
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307
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308 <H4><A NAME="wav">2.1.2.2 WAV-Dateien</A></H4>
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309
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310 <H4><A NAME="ogg_vorbis">2.1.2.3 OGG/OGM-Dateien (Vorbis)</A></H4>
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311
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312 <P>Ben&ouml;tigt richtig installierte <CODE>libogg</CODE> und
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313 <CODE>libvorbis</CODE>.</P>
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314
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315
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316 <H4><A NAME="wma">2.1.2.4 WMA/ASF-Dateien</A></H4>
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317
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318 <H4><A NAME="mp4">2.1.2.5 MP4-Dateien</A></H4>
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319
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320 <H4><A NAME="cdda">2.1.2.6 CD-Audio</A></H4>
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321
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322 <P>MPlayer kann die Bibliotheken von <B>cdparanoia</B> benutzen,
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323 um CDDA-Dateien wiederzugeben. Alle Kommandozeilenparameter von cdparanoia
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324 aufzuz&auml;hlen geh&ouml;rt nicht zu den Aufgaben dieser Dokumentation.</P>
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325
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326 <P>Schau in der Manpage bei der Option <CODE>-cdda</CODE> nach, wie mit ihr
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327 Parameter an cdparanoia &uuml;bergeben werden k&ouml;nnen.</P>
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328
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329 <H4><A NAME="xmms">2.1.2.7 XMMS</A></H4>
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330
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331 <P>MPlayer kann XMMS-Inputplugins benutzen, um eine Vielzahl von Dateiformaten
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332 abzuspielen. Es gibt Plugins f&uuml;r SNES-Spielemusik, SID-Musik (vom guten
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333 alten Commodore 64), viele Amiga-Formate, .xm, .it, VQF, musepack, Bonk
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334 shorten und viele weitere. Du findest sie auf der Seite f&uuml;r
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335 <A HREF="http://www.xmms.org/plugins_input.html">XMMS-Inputplugins</A>.</P>
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336
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337 <P>Um dieses Feature benutzen zu k&ouml;nnen, brauchst du XMMS und musst
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338 MPlayer mit <CODE>./configure --enable-xmms</CODE> compilieren. Funktioniert
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339 das nicht, dann musst du eventuell die Pfade f&uuml;r die XMMS-Plugings und die
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340 XMMS-Bibliotheken explizit mit <CODE>--with-xmmsplugindir</CODE> und
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341 <CODE>--withxmmslibdir</CODE> angeben.</P>
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342
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343 </BODY>
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344 </HTML>