annotate DOCS/xml/es/formats.xml @ 14351:848178a651dc

Adding new files to czech translation.
author jheryan
date Tue, 04 Jan 2005 13:57:10 +0000
parents 613cc5d45ba4
children 42928a2e88fc
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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2 <!-- synced with 1.10 -->
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3 <sect1 id="formats">
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4 <title>Formatos soportados</title>
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5
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6 <para>
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7 Es importante aclarar un error común. Cuando la gente ve un archivo con una
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8 extensión <filename>.AVI</filename>, inmediatamente llega a la conclusión
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9 de que no es un archivo MPEG. Esto no es cierto. Al menos no completamente.
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10 Contrariamente a lo que la gente cree, este tipo de archivo
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11 <emphasis>puede</emphasis> contener video MPEG1.
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12 </para>
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13
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14 <para>
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15 Dése cuenta de que un <emphasis role="bold">codec</emphasis> no es lo mismo
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16 que un <emphasis role="bold">formato de archivo</emphasis>.
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17 Ejemplos de <emphasis role="bold">codecs</emphasis> de video son:
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18 MPEG1, MPEG2, DivX, Indeo5, 3ivx.
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19 Ejemplos de <emphasis role="bold">formatos</emphasis> de archivo son: MPG, AVI, ASF.
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20 </para>
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21
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22 <para>
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23 En teoría, puede poner un video OpenDivX y audio MP3
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24 dentro de un <emphasis role="bold">archivo de formato MPG</emphasis>. Sin
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25 embargo, la mayoría de los reproductores no pueden reproducirlo, porque esperan
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26 video MPEG1 y audio MP2 (al contrario que los <emphasis role="bold">AVI</emphasis>,
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27 los <emphasis role="bold">MPG</emphasis> no tienen los campos necesarios para
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28 describir sus flujos de video y audio).
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29 O puede también poner video MPEG1 dentro de un archivo AVI.
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30 <ulink url="http://ffmpeg.sourceforge.net/">FFmpeg</ulink> y
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31 <link linkend="mencoder"><application>MEncoder</application></link> pueden
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32 crear estos archivos.
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33 </para>
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34
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35
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36 <sect2 id="video-formats">
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37 <title>Formatos de video</title>
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38
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39 <sect3 id="mpg-vob-dat">
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40 <title>Archivos MPEG</title>
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41
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42 <para>
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43 Los archivos MPEG vienen en diferentes formas:
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44 </para>
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45
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46 <itemizedlist>
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47 <listitem><simpara>
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48 MPG: Esta es la forma más <emphasis role="bold">básica</emphasis> de
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49 los archivos de formato MPEG. Contiene video MPEG1, y audio MP2
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50 (MPEG-1 layer 2) o rara vez audio MP1.
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51 </simpara></listitem>
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52 <listitem><simpara>
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53 DAT: Este es exactamente el mismo formato que un MPG con la diferencia
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54 en la extensión. Es usado en <emphasis role="bold">Video CDs</emphasis>.
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55 Debido a la manera en la que se crean los VCDs y en la que Linux está
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56 diseñado, los archivos DAT no pueden ser reproducidos ni copiados
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57 desde VCDs como archivos regulares. Debe usar <option>vcd://</option>
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58 para reproducir un Video CD.
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59 </simpara></listitem>
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60 <listitem><simpara>
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61 VOB: Este es el formato de archivo MPEG en <emphasis role="bold">DVDs</emphasis>.
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62 Es el mismo que MPG, sumando la capacidad para contener subtítulos o audio
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63 no-MPEG (AC3). Contiene video codificado con MPEG2 y normalmente audio en
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64 AC3, pero DTS, MP2 y LPCM sin comprimir también está permitido.
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65 ¡<emphasis role="bold">Lea la sección de <link linkend="dvd">DVD</link></emphasis>!
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66 </simpara></listitem>
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67 </itemizedlist>
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68
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69 <para>
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70 Series de marcos forman grupos independientes en archivos MPEG. Esto
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71 significa que puede cortar/unir un archivo MPEG con herramientas estándar
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72 de archivos (como <command>dd</command>, <command>cut</command>), y
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73 permanece completamente funcional.
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74 </para>
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75
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76 <para>
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77 Una característica importante de los MPGs es que tienen un campo para
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78 describir la razón de aspecto del flujo de video dentro de sí mismos.
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79 Por ejemplo SVCDs tienen una resolución de video de 480x480, y en la
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80 cabecera este campo se establece a 4:3, para que puedan reproducirse
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81 a 640x480. Los archivos AVI no tienen este campo, por lo que deben
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82 ser reescalados durante la codificación o reproducidos con la opción
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83 <option>-aspect</option>.
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84 </para>
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85 </sect3>
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86
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87
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88 <sect3 id="avi">
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89 <title>Archivos AVI</title>
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90
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91 <para>
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92 Diseñados por Microsoft,
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93 <emphasis role="bold">AVI (Audio Video Interleaved)</emphasis>
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94 es un formato amplio multipropósito actualmente usado por la mayoría de
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95 los videos DivX y DivX4. Tiene muchas desventajas y deficiencias conocidas
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96 (por ejemplo en streaming). Soporta solo un flujo de video y de 0 a 99 flujos
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97 de audio y puede ser de hasta 2GB de grande, pero existe una extensión que
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98 permite archivos más grandes llamada <emphasis role="bold">OpenDML</emphasis>.
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99 Microsoft actualmente intenta fuertemente que la gente deje de usar
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100 este formato y anima a usar ASF/WMV. Lo que no quiere nadie.
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101 </para>
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102
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103 <para>
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104 Hay un hack que permite que los archivos AVI contengan flujos de audio
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105 en Ogg Vorbis, pero los hace incompatibles con los AVI estándar.
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106 <application>MPlayer</application> soporta la reproducción de este
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107 tipo de archivos. El posicionamiento también está implementado pero
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108 seriamente entrabado por archivos mal codificados con cabeceras confusas.
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109 Desafortunadamente el único codificador actualmente capaz de crear
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110 estos archivos, <application>NanDub</application>, tiene ese problema.
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111 </para>
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112
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113 <note>
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114 <para>
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115 Las cámaras DV crean flujos DV crudos que las utilidades de grabación
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116 de DV convierten a dos tipos diferentes de archivos AVI. Los AVI entonces
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117 contienen flujos separados de audio y video que
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118 <application>MPlayer</application> puede reproducir o el flujo DV crudo
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119 para el que el soporte está siendo desarrollado.
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120 </para>
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121 </note>
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122
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123 <para>
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124 Hay dos tipos de archivos AVI:
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125 <itemizedlist>
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126 <listitem><simpara>
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127 <emphasis role="bold">Interpolado:</emphasis> El contenido de audio y video
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128 es interpolado. Este es el uso estándar. Recomentado y mayormente usado.
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129 Algunas herramientas crean AVis interpolados con mala sincronización.
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130 <application>MPlayer</application> detecta estos como interpolados, y
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131 resulta en pérdida de sincronía A/V, probablemente en los posicionamientos.
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132 Estos archivos deben ser reproducidos como no-interpolados (con la
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133 opción <option>-ni</option>).
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134 </simpara></listitem>
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135 <listitem><simpara>
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136 <emphasis role="bold">No-interpolado:</emphasis> Primero tiene el flujo
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137 de video completo, después el de audio completo. Por ello necesita un
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138 montón de posicionamientos, haciendo la reproducción desde la red o
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139 CD-ROM difícil.
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140 </simpara></listitem>
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141 </itemizedlist>
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142 </para>
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143
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144 <para>
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145 <application>MPlayer</application> soporta dos tipos de temporizaciones
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146 para archivos AVI:
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147 <itemizedlist>
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148 <listitem><simpara>
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149 <emphasis role="bold">bps-based:</emphasis> Está basado en la tasa
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150 de bits/muestreo del flujo de video/audio. Este método es usado por
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151 la mayoría de los reproductores, incluyendo
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152 <ulink url="http://avifile.sourceforge.net">avifile</ulink>
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153 y <application>Windows Media Player</application>. Los archivos con
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154 cabecera en mal estado, y los archivos creados con audio en VBR pero
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155 no con un codificador VBR-compliant resultan en desincronización A/V
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156 con éste método (la mayoría de las veces en las búsquedas).
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157 </simpara></listitem>
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158 <listitem><simpara>
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159 <emphasis role="bold">interleaving-based:</emphasis> No usa como valor
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160 de tasa de bits la de la cabecera, en lugar de eso usa una posición
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161 relativa de trozos de audio y video interpolados, creando archivos mal
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162 codificados con audio VBR reproducible.
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163 </simpara></listitem>
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164 </itemizedlist>
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165 </para>
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166
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167 <para>
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168 Cualquier codec de audio y de video está permitido, pero note que el audio
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169 en VBR no está muy bien soportado por la mayoría de los reproductores. El
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170 formato de archivo hace posible usar audio VBR, pero la mayoría de los
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171 reproductores esperan audio en CBR, y por eso fallan con VBR. VBR no es
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172 muy común y los AVI de Microsoft solo describen audio CBR. También he
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173 notado que la mayoría de los codificadores/multiplexores de AVI crean
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174 archivos mal cuando usan audio VBR. Solo hay dos excepciones:
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175 <application>NanDub</application> y
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176 <link linkend="mencoder"><application>MEncoder</application></link>.
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177 </para>
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178 </sect3>
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179
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180
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181 <sect3 id="asf-wmv">
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182 <title>Archivos ASF/WMV</title>
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183 <para>
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184 ASF (Active Streaming Format) viene de Microsoft. Han desarrollado dos
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185 variantes de ASF, v1.0 y v2.0. v1.0 se usa por sus herramientas de medios
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186 (<application>Windows Media Player</application> y
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187 <application>Windows Media Encoder</application>) y es muy secreto. v2.0
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188 está publicado y patentado :). Por supuesto son diferentes,
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189 no son nada compatibles (se trata de otro juego legal símplemente).
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190 <application>MPlayer</application> soporta solo v1.0, ya que nadie ha
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191 visto nunca archivos v2.0 :). Note que los archivos ASF hoy en día vienen
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192 con la extensión
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193 <filename>.WMA</filename> o <filename>.WMV</filename>.
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194 </para>
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195 </sect3>
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196
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197
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198 <sect3 id="qt-mov">
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199 <title>Archivos QuickTime/MOV</title>
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200
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201 <para>
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202 Estos formatos han sido diseñados por Apple y pueden contener cualquier
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203 codec, CBR o VBR. Normalmente tienen extensión <filename>.QT</filename> o
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204 <filename>.MP4</filename>. Note que desde que el grupo MPEG4 eligió
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205 QuickTime como el formato de archivo recomendado para MPEG4, sus archivos
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206 MOV vienen con extensión <filename>.MPG</filename> o <filename>.MP4</filename>
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207 (Interesadamente los flujos de video y audio en estos archivos son archivos
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208 reales MPG y AAC. Puede incluso extraerlos con las opciones
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209 <option>-dumpvideo</option> y <option>-dumpaudio</option>.).
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210 </para>
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211
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212 <note>
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213 <para>
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214 La mayoría de los archivos QuickTime usan video
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215 <emphasis role="bold">Sorenson</emphasis> y audio QDesign Music.
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216 Vea nuestra sección de codec sobre<link linkend="sorenson">Sorenson</link>.
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217 </para>
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218 </note>
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219 </sect3>
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220
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221
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222 <sect3 id="vivo">
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223 <title>Archivos VIVO</title>
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224
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225 <para>
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226 <application>MPlayer</application> felizmente demultiplexa formatos de
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227 archivo VIVO. La gran desventaja de este formato es que no tiene un
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228 bloque de índice, no tiene un tamaño fijo de paquete o bytes de
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229 sincronización y la mayoría de los archivos incluso pierden marcos
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230 clave, ¡no olvide las búsquedas!
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231 </para>
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232
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233 <para>
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234 El codec de video de los archivos VIVO/1.0 es
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235 <emphasis role="bold">h.263</emphasis> estándar.
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236 El codec de video de los achivos VIVO/2.0 es una versión
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237 <emphasis role="bold">h.263v2</emphasis> modificada y no estándar.
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238 El audio es igual, puede ser
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239 <emphasis role="bold">g.723 (estándar)</emphasis>, o
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240 <emphasis role="bold">Vivo Siren</emphasis>.
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241 </para>
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242
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243 <para>
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244 Vea las secciones de
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245 <link linkend="vivo-video">codec de video VIVO</link> y
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246 <link linkend="vivo-audio">codec de audio VIVO</link>
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247 para instrucciones sobre la instalación.
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248 </para>
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249 </sect3>
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250
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251
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252 <sect3 id="fli">
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253 <title>Archivos FLI</title>
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254 <para>
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255 <emphasis role="bold">FLI</emphasis> es un formato de archivo muy antiguo
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256 usado por Autodesk Animator, pero es un formato de archivo común para
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257 animaciones pequeñas en la red.<application>MPlayer</application> demultiplexa
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258 y decodifica películas FLI y es incluso capaz de hacer búsquedas dentro
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259 (útil cuando hay bucles con la opción <option>-loop</option>). Los archivos
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260 FLI no tienen marcos clave, por lo que la imagen se puede estropear durante
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261 un corto lapso de tiempo después de una búsqueda.
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262 </para>
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263 </sect3>
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264
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265
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266 <sect3 id="realmedia">
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267 <title>Archivos RealMedia (RM)</title>
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268
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269 <para>
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270 Sí, <application>MPlayer</application> puede leer (demultiplexar) archivos
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271 RealMedia (<filename>.rm</filename>). La búsqueda funciona, pero debe
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272 especificar la opción <option>-forceidx</option> (el formato soporta
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273 marcos clave). Aquí hay una lista de los codecs soportados de
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274 <link linkend="realvideo">RealVideo</link> y
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275 <link linkend="realaudio">RealAudio</link>.
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276 </para>
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277 </sect3>
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278
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279
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280 <sect3 id="nuppelvideo">
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281 <title>Archivos NuppelVideo</title>
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282 <para>
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283 <ulink url="http://mars.tuwien.ac.at/~roman/nuppelvideo">NuppelVideo</ulink>
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284 es una herramienta para grabar TV (AFAIK:). <application>MPlayer</application>
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285 puede leer sus archivos <filename>.NUV</filename> (solo NuppelVideo 5.0).
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286 Estos archivos pueden contener marcos o imágenes YV12 sin comprimir,
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287 YV12+RTJpeg comprimido, YV12 RTJpeg+lzo comprimido, y YV12+lzo comprimido.
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288 ¡<application>MPlayer</application> los decodifica (y también
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289 <emphasis role="bold">codifica</emphasis> con <application>MEncoder</application>
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290 a DivX/etc!). La búsqueda funciona.
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291 </para>
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292 </sect3>
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293
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294
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295 <sect3 id="yuv4mpeg">
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296 <title>Archivos yuv4mpeg</title>
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297 <para>
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298 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net">yuv4mpeg / yuv4mpeg2</ulink>
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299 es un formato de archivo usado por los
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300 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sf.net">programas mjpegtools</ulink>.
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301 Puede grabar, producir, filtrar o codificar video en este formato usando
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302 esas herramientas. El formato de archivo es realmente una secuencia
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303 de imágenes YUV 4:2:0 sin comprimir.
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304 </para>
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305 </sect3>
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306
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307
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308 <sect3 id="film">
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309 <title>Películas FILM</title>
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310 <para>
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311 Este formato es usado en juegos en CD-ROM de Sega Saturn antiguos.
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312 </para>
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313 </sect3>
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314
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315
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316 <sect3 id="roq">
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317 <title>Archivos RoQ</title>
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318 <para>
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319 Los archivos RoQ son archivos multimedia usados en algunos juegos ID tales
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320 como Quake III y Return to Castle Wolfenstein.
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321 </para>
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322 </sect3>
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323
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324
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325 <sect3 id="ogg">
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326 <title>Archivos OGG/OGM</title>
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327 <para>
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328 Este es un nuevo formato de archivo de
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329 <ulink url="http://www.xiph.org">Xiphophorus</ulink>.
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330 Pueden contener cualquier codec de audio o video, CBR o VBR. Necesita
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331 <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem> y
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332 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem> instalados antes
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333 de compilar <application>MPlayer</application> para poder reproducirlos.
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334 </para>
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335 </sect3>
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336
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337
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338 <sect3 id="sdp">
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339 <title>Archivos SDP</title>
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340 <para>
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341 <ulink url="ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2327.txt">SDP</ulink> es un
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342 formato estándar IETF para describir flujos de video y/o audio RTP.
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343 (Se requiere &quot;<ulink url="http://www.live.com/mplayer/">LIVE.COM Streaming Media</ulink>&quot;.)
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344 </para>
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345 </sect3>
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346
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347
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348 <sect3 id="pva">
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349 <title>Archivos PVA</title>
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350 <para>
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351 PVA es un formato como-MPEG usado por programas de tarjetas de TV DVB (p.e.:
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352 <application>MultiDec</application>, <application>WinTV</application> bajo
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353 Windows).
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354 </para>
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355
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356 <para>
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357 Las especificaciones de PVA pueden descargarse desde la siguiente dirección:
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358 <ulink url="http://www.technotrend.de/download/av_format_v1.pdf"/>
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359 </para>
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360 </sect3>
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361
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362
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363 <sect3 id="gif">
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364 <title>Archivos GIF</title>
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365 <para>
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366 El formato <emphasis role="bold">GIF</emphasis> es un formato común para
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367 gráficos para la web. Hay dos versiones de la especificación GIF, GIF87a y
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368 GIF89a. La principal diferencia es que GIF89a permite animación.
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369 <application>MPlayer</application> soporta ambos formatos usando
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370 <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem> u otra biblioteca
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371 compatible con libgif. Los GIFs no animagos son mostrados
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372 como marcos de video simples. (Use las opciones <option>-loop</option> y
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373 <option>-fixed-vo</option> para mostrarlas durante más tiempo.)
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374 </para>
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375
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376 <para>
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377 <application>MPlayer</application> no soporta actualmente búsqueda en archivos
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378 GIF. Los archivos GIF no tienen necesariamente un tamaño de marco fijo, ni
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379 un número de imágenes por segundo fijo. En lugar de eso, cada imagen tiene un
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380 tamaño independiente y se supone que se posiciona en un lugar concreto dentro
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381 de un campo de tamaño-fijo. La tasa de bits por segundo es controlada por
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382 un bloque opcional antes de cada imágen que especifica el retardo de la
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383 siguiente imagen en centisegundos.
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384 </para>
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385
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386 <para>
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387 Los archivos GIF estándar contienen marcos 24-bit RGB con como mucho una
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388 paleta 8-bit indexada. Estos marcos normalmente están comprimidos con LZW,
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389 aunque algunos codificadores de GIF producen marcos sin comprimir para
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390 evitar problemas de patentes con la compresión LZW.
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391 </para>
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392
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393 <para>
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394 Si su distribución no viene con <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem>,
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395 descargue una copia desde
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396 <ulink url="http://prtr-13.ucsc.edu/~badger/software/libungif/index.shtml">la
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397 página web de libungif</ulink>. Para información técnica detallada, consulte la
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398 <ulink url="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt">especificación
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399 GIF89a</ulink>.
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400 </para>
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401 </sect3>
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402 </sect2>
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403
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404 <!-- ********** -->
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405
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406 <sect2 id="audio-formats">
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407 <title>Formatos de audio</title>
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408
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409 <para>
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410 <application>MPlayer</application> es un reproductor de
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411 <emphasis role="bold">películas</emphasis> y no de
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412 <emphasis role="bold">media</emphasis> , sin embargo puede reproducir
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413 algunos formatos de archivo de audio (los que están listados en las secciones
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414 que se encuentran más abajo). Esta no es una forma recomendada para usar
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415 <application>MPlayer</application>, mejor use
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416 <ulink url="http://www.xmms.org">XMMS</ulink>.
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417 </para>
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418
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419 <sect3 id="mp3">
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420 <title>Archivos MP3</title>
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421 <para>
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422 Puede tener problemas reproduciendo algunos archivos MP3 que
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423 <application>MPlayer</application> puede detectar incorrectamente
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424 como MPEGs y reproducirlos de manera incorrecta o no reproducirlos.
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425 Esto no puede arreglarse sin soporte de saltos para algunos archivos
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426 en mal estado MPEG y por eso puede que esto siga así en el futuro
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427 predecible. La bandera <option>-demuxer</option> descrita en la página
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428 de manual puede ayudarle en estos casos.
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429 </para>
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430 </sect3>
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431
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432 <sect3 id="wav">
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433 <title>Archivos WAV</title>
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434 <para>
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435 </para>
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436 </sect3>
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437
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438 <sect3 id="ogg-vorbis">
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439 <title>Archivos OGG/OGM (Vorbis)</title>
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440 <para>
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441 Requiere
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442 <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem>
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443 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem> bien instalados.
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444 </para>
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445 </sect3>
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446
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447 <sect3 id="wma-asf">
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448 <title>Archivos WMA/ASF</title>
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449 <para>
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450 </para>
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451 </sect3>
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452
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453 <sect3 id="mp4">
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454 <title>Archivos MP4</title>
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455 <para></para>
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456 </sect3>
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457
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458 <sect3 id="cdda">
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459 <title>CD de audio</title>
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460 <para>
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461 <application>MPlayer</application> puede usar <application>cdparanoia</application>
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462 para reproducir CDDA (Audio CD). El objetivo de esta sección no es hacer una
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463 enumeración de las características de <application>cdparanoia</application>.
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464 </para>
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465
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466 <para>
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467 Vea la opción <option>-cdda</option> en la página de manual para ver las opciones
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468 que puede pasar a <application>cdparanoia</application>.
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469 </para>
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470 </sect3>
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471
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472 <sect3 id="xmms">
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473 <title>XMMS</title>
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474 <para>
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475 <application>MPlayer</application> puede usar los aditivos de entrada de
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476 <application>XMMS</application> para reproducir varios formatos de archivo.
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477 Hay aditivos para música de juegos SNES, música SID (de Commodore 64), algunos
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478 formatos de Amiga, .xm, .it, VQF, musepack, Bonk, shorten y muchos otros.
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479 Puede encontrarlos en
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480 <ulink url="http://www.xmms.org/plugins_input.html">La página de aditivos
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481 de entrada de XMMS</ulink>.
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482 </para>
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483
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484 <para>
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485 Para usar ésta característica necesita tener<application>XMMS</application>
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486 y compilar <application>MPlayer</application> con
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487 <filename>./configure --enable-xmms</filename>.
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488 Si ésto no funciona, puede que sea necesario establecer la ruta de los
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489 aditivos de <application>XMMS</application> de manera explícita con las opciones
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490 <option>--with-xmmsplugindir</option> y <option>--with-xmmslibdir</option>.
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491 </para>
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492 </sect3>
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493 </sect2>
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494 </sect1>