Mercurial > hgbook
annotate es/collab.tex @ 702:39b7a21c490b
Drop another dead file
author | Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com> |
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date | Fri, 27 Mar 2009 10:04:49 -0700 |
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1 \chapter{Colaborar con otros} |
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2 \label{cha:collab} |
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3 |
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4 Debido a su naturaleza descentralizada, Mercurial no impone política |
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5 alguna de cómo deben trabajar los grupos de personas. Sin embargo, si |
513 | 6 usted es nuevo al control distribuido de versiones, es bueno tener |
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7 herramientas y ejemplos a la mano al pensar en posibles modelos de |
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8 flujo de trabajo. |
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9 |
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10 \section{La interfaz web de Mercurial} |
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11 |
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12 Mercurial tiene una poderosa interfaz web que provee bastantes |
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13 capacidades útiles. |
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14 |
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15 Para uso interactivo, la interfaz le permite visualizar uno o varios |
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16 repositorios. Puede ver el historial de un repositorio, examinar cada |
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17 cambio (comentarios y diferencias), y ver los contenidos de cada |
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18 directorio y fichero. |
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19 |
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20 Adicionalmente la interfaz provee notificaciones RSS de los cambios de los |
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21 repositorios. Que le permite ``subscribirse''a un repositorio usando |
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22 su herramienta de lectura de notificaciones favorita, y ser notificado |
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23 automáticamente de la actividad en el repositorio tan pronto como |
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24 sucede. Me gusta mucho más este modelo que el estar suscrito a una |
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25 lista de correo a la cual se envían las notificaciones, dado que no |
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26 requiere configuración adicional de parte de quien sea que está |
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27 administrando el repositorio. |
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28 |
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29 La interfaz web también permite clonar repositorios a los usuarios |
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30 remotos, jalar cambios, y (cuando el servidor está configurado para |
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31 permitirlo) publicar cambios en el mismo. El protocolo de entunelamiento |
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32 de Mercurial comprime datos agresivamente, de forma que trabaja |
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33 eficientemente incluso con conexiones de red con poco ancho de banda. |
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34 |
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35 La forma más sencilla de iniciarse con la interfaz web es usar su |
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36 navegador para visitar un repositorio existente, como por ejemplo el |
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37 repositorio principal de Mercurial \url{http://www.selenic.com/repo/hg?style=gitweb}. |
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38 |
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39 Si está interesado en proveer una interfaz web a sus propios |
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40 repositorios, Mercurial provee dos formas de hacerlo. La primera es |
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41 usando la orden \hgcmd{serve}, que está enfocada a servir ``de forma |
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42 liviana'' y por intervalos cortos. Para más detalles de cómo usar |
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43 esta orden vea la sección~\ref{sec:collab:serve} más adelante. Si |
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44 tiene un repositorio que desea hacer permanente, Mercurial tiene |
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45 soporte embebido del \command{ssh} para publicar cambios con seguridad |
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46 al repositorio central, como se documenta en la |
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47 sección~\ref{sec:collab:ssh}. Es muy usual que se publique una copia |
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48 de sólo lectura en el repositorio que está corriendo sobre HTTP usando |
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49 CGI, como en la sección~\ref{sec:collab:cgi}. Publicar sobre HTTP |
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50 satisface las necesidades de la gente que no tiene permisos de |
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51 publicación y de aquellos que quieren usar navegadores web para |
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52 visualizar el historial del repositorio. |
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53 |
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54 \subsection{Trabajo con muchas ramas} |
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55 |
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56 Los proyectos de cierta talla tienden naturalmente a progresar de |
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57 forma simultánea en varios frentes. En el caso del software, es común |
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58 que un proyecto tenga versiones periódicas oficiales. Una versión |
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59 puede entrar a ``modo mantenimiento'' por un tiempo después de su |
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60 primera publicación; las versiones de mantenimiento tienden a contener |
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61 solamente arreglos de fallos, pero no nuevas características. En |
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62 paralelo con las versiones de mantenimiento puede haber una o muchas |
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63 versiones futuras pueden estar en desarrollo. La gente usa normalmente |
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64 la palabra ``rama'' para referirse a una de las direcciones |
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65 ligeramente distintas en las cuales procede el desarrollo. |
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66 |
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67 Mercurial está especialmente preparado para administrar un buen número |
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68 de ramas simultáneas pero no idénticas. Cada ``dirección de |
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69 desarrollo'' puede vivir en su propio repositorio central, y puede |
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70 mezclar los cambios de una a otra de acuerdo con las necesidades. Dado |
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71 que los repositorios son independientes, uno del otro, los cambios |
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72 inestables de una rama de desarrollo nunca afectarán una rama estable |
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73 a menos que alguien explícitamente mezcle los cambios. |
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74 |
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75 A continuación un ejemplo de cómo podría hacerse esto en la |
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76 práctica. Digamos que tiene una ``rama principal'' en un servidor |
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77 central. |
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78 \interaction{branching.init} |
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79 Alguien lo clona, hace cambios locales, los prueba, y los publica allí |
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80 mismo. |
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81 |
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82 Una vez que la rama principal alcanza una estado de versión se puede |
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83 usar la orden \hgcmd{tag} para dar un nombre permanente a la revisión. |
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84 \interaction{branching.tag} |
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85 Digamos que en la rama principal ocurre más desarrollo. |
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86 \interaction{branching.main} |
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87 Cuando se usa la etiqueta con que se identificó la versión, la gente |
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88 puede clonar el repositorio en cualquier momento en el futuro |
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89 empleando \hgcmd{update} para obtener una copia del directorio de |
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90 trabajo exacta como cuando se creó la etiqueta de la revisión que se |
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91 consignó. |
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92 \interaction{branching.update} |
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93 |
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94 Adicionalmente, justo después de que la rama principal se etiquete, |
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95 alguien puede clonarla en el servidor a una nueva rama ``estable'', |
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96 también en el servidor. |
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97 \interaction{branching.clone} |
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98 |
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99 Alguien que requiera hacer un cambio en la rama estable puede clonar |
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100 \emph{ese} repositorio, hacer sus cambios, consignar y publicarlos |
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101 posteriormente al inicial. |
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102 \interaction{branching.stable} |
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103 Puesto que los repositorios de Mercurial son independientes, y que |
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104 Mercurial no mueve los cambios de un lado a otro automáticamente, las |
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105 ramas estable y principal están \emph{aisladas} la una de la otra. |
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106 Los cambios que haga en la rama principal no ``se filtran'' a la rama |
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107 estable o vice versa. |
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108 |
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109 Es usual que los arreglos de fallos de la rama estable deban hacerse |
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110 aparecer en la rama principal también. En lugar de reescribir el |
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111 arreglo del fallo en la rama principal, puede jalar y mezclar los |
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112 cambios de la rama estable a la principal, Mercurial traerá tales |
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113 arreglos por usted. |
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114 \interaction{branching.merge} |
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115 La rama principal contendrá aún los cambios que no están en la |
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116 estable y contendrá además todos los arreglos de fallos de la rama |
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117 estable. La rama estable permanece incólume a tales cambios. |
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118 |
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119 \subsection{Ramas de Características} |
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120 |
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121 En proyectos grandes, una forma efectiva de administrar los cambios es |
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122 dividir el equipo en grupos más pequeños. Cada grupo tiene una rama |
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123 compartida, clonada de una rama ``principal'' que conforma el proyecto |
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124 completo. Aquellos que trabajan en ramas individuales típicamente |
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125 están aislados de los desarrollos de otras ramas. |
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126 |
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127 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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128 \centering |
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129 \grafix{feature-branches} |
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130 \caption{Ramas de Características} |
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131 \label{fig:collab:feature-branches} |
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132 \end{figure} |
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133 |
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134 Cuando una rama particular alcanza un estado deseado, alguien del |
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135 equipo de características jala y fusiona de la rama principal hacia |
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136 la rama de características y publica posteriormente a la rama principal. |
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137 |
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138 \subsection{El tren de publicación} |
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139 |
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140 Algunos proyectos se organizan al estilo``tren'': Una versión se |
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141 planifica para ser liberada cada cierto tiempo, y las características |
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142 que estén listas cuando ha llegado el momento ``tren'', se incorporan. |
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143 |
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144 Este modelo tiene cierta similitud a las ramas de características. La |
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145 diferencia es que cuando una característica pierde el tren, alguien en |
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146 el equipo de características jala y fusiona los cambios que se fueron |
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147 en la versión liberada hacia la rama de característica, y el trabajo |
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148 continúa sobre lo fusionado para que la característica logre estar en |
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149 la próxima versión. |
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150 |
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151 \subsection{El modelo del kernel linux} |
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152 |
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153 El desarrollo del Kernel Linux tiene una estructura jerárquica |
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154 bastante horizontal, rodeada de una nube de caos aparente. Dado que la |
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155 mayoría de desarrolladores usan \command{git}, una herramienta distribuida |
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156 de control de versiones con capacidades similares a Mercurial, resulta |
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157 de utilidad describir la forma en que el trabajo fluye en tal |
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158 ambiente; si le gustan las ideas, la aproximación se traduce bien |
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159 entre Git y Mercurial. |
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160 |
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161 En el centro de la comunidad está Linus Torvalds, el creador de Linux. |
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162 Él publica un único repositorio que es considerado el árbol |
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163 ``oficial'' actual por la comunidad completa de |
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164 desarrolladores. Cualquiera puede clonar el árbol de Linus, pero él es |
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165 muy selectivo acerca de los árboles de los cuales jala. |
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166 |
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167 Linus tiene varios ``lugartenientes confiables''. Como regla, él jala |
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168 todos los cambios que ellos publican, en la mayoría de los casos sin |
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169 siquiera revisarlos. Algunos de sus lugartenientes generalmente |
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170 aceptan ser los ``mantenedores'', responsables de subsistemas |
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171 específicos dentro del kernel. Si un hacker cualquiera desea hacer un |
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172 cambio a un subsistema y busca que termine en el árbol de Linus, debe |
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173 encontrar quién es el mantenedor del subsistema y solicitarle que |
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174 tenga en cuenta su cambio. Si el mantenedor revisa los cambios y está |
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175 de acuerdo en tomarlos, estos pasarán al árbol de Linus de acuerdo a |
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176 lo expuesto. |
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177 |
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178 Cada lugarteniente tiene su forma particular de revisar, aceptar y |
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179 publicar los cambios; y para decidir cuando hacerlos presentes a |
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180 Linus. Adicionalmente existen varias ramas conocidas que mucha gente |
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181 usa para propósitos distintos. Por ejemplo, pocas personas mantienen |
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182 repositorios ``estables'' de versiones anteriores del kernel, a los |
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183 cuales aplican arreglos de fallos críticos necesarios. Algunos |
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184 mantenedores publican varios árboles: uno para cambios |
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185 experimentales; uno para cambios que van a ofrecer al mantenedor |
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186 principal; y así sucesivamente. Otros publican un solo árbol. |
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187 |
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188 Este modelo tiene dos características notables. La primera es que son |
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189 de ``jalar exclusivamente''. Usted debe solicitar, convencer o |
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190 incluso rogar a otro desarrollador para que tome sus cambios, porque |
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191 casi no hay árboles en los cuales más de una persona pueda publicar, y |
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192 no hay forma de publicar cambios en un árbol que otra persona controla. |
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193 |
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194 El segundo está basado en reputación y meritocracia. Si usted es un |
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195 desconocido, Linus probablemente ignorará sus cambios, sin siquiera |
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196 responderle. Pero un mantenedor de un subsistema probablemente los |
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197 revisara, y los acogerá en caso de que aprueben su criterio de |
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198 aplicabilidad. A medida que usted ofrezca ``mejores'' cambios a un |
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199 mantenedor, habrá más posibilidad de que se confíe en su juicio y se |
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200 acepten los cambios. Si usted es reconocido y mantiene una rama |
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201 durante bastante tiempo para algo que Linus no ha aceptado, personas |
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202 con intereses similares pueden jalar sus cambios regularmente para |
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203 estar al día con su trabajo. |
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204 |
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205 La reputación y meritocracia no necesariamente es transversal entre |
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206 ``personas'' de diferentes subsistemas. Si usted es respetado pero es |
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207 un hacker en almacenamiento y trata de arreglar un fallo de redes, |
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208 tal cambio puede recibir un nivel de escrutinio de un mantenedor de |
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209 redes comparable con el que se le haría a un completo extraño. |
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210 |
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211 Personas que vienen de proyectos con un ordenamiento distinto, sienten |
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212 que el proceso comparativamente caótico del Kernel Linux es |
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213 completamente lunático. Es objeto de los caprichos individuales; la |
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214 gente desecha cambios cuando lo desean; y la fase de desarrollo es |
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215 alucinante. A pesar de eso Linux es una pieza de software exitosa y |
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216 bien reconocida. |
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217 |
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218 \subsection{Solamente jalar frente a colaboración pública} |
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219 |
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220 Una fuente perpetua de discusiones en la comunidad de código abierto |
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221 yace en el modelo de desarrollo en el cual la gente solamente jala |
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222 cambios de otros ``es mejor que'' uno en el cual muchas personas |
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223 pueden publicar cambios a un repositorio compartido. |
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224 |
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225 Típicamente los partidarios del modelo de publicar usan las herramientas |
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226 que se apegan a este modelo. Si usted usa una herramienta |
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227 centralizada de control de versiones como Subversion, no hay forma de |
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228 elegir qué modelo va a usar: La herramienta le ofrece publicación |
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229 compartida, y si desea hacer cualquier otra cosa, va a tener que |
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230 aplicar una aproximación artificial (tal como aplicar parches a mano). |
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231 |
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232 Una buena herramienta distribuida de control de versiones, tal como |
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233 Mercurial soportará los dos modelos. Usted y sus colaboradores |
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234 pueden estructurar cómo trabajarán juntos basados en sus propias |
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235 necesidades y preferencias, sin depender de las peripecias que la |
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236 herramienta les obligue a hacer. |
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237 |
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238 \subsection{Cuando la colaboración encuentra la administración ramificada} |
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239 |
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240 Una vez que usted y su equipo configurar algunos repositorios |
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241 compartidos y comienzan a propagar cambios entre sus repositorios |
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242 locales y compartidos, comenzará a encarar un reto relacionado, pero |
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243 un poco distinto: Administrar las direcciones en las cuales su equipo |
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244 puede moverse. A pesar de que está íntimamente ligado acerca de cómo |
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245 interactúa su equipo, es lo suficientemente denso para ameritar un |
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246 tratamiento en el capítulo~\ref{chap:branch}. |
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247 |
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248 \section{Aspectos técnicos de la colaboración} |
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249 |
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250 Lo que resta del capítulo lo dedicamos a las cuestiones de servir |
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251 datos a sus colaboradores. |
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252 |
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253 \section{Compartir informalmente con \hgcmd{serve}} |
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254 \label{sec:collab:serve} |
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255 |
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256 La orden \hgcmd{serve} de Mercurial satisface de forma espectacular |
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257 las necesidades de un grupo pequeño, acoplado y de corto |
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258 tiempo. Se constituye en una demostración de cómo se siente usar los |
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259 comandos usando la red. |
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260 |
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261 Ejecute \hgcmd{serve} dentro de un repositorio, y en pocos segundos |
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262 iniciará un servidor HTTP especializado; aceptará conexiones desde |
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263 cualquier cliente y servirá datos de este repositorio mientrs lo |
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264 mantenga funcionando. Todo el que sepa el URL del servidor que ha |
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265 iniciado, y que puede comunicarse con su computador por la red, puede |
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266 usar un navegador web o Mercurial para leer datos del repositorio. Un |
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267 URL para una instancia de \hgcmd{serve} ejecutándose en un portátil |
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268 debería lucir algo \Verb|http://my-laptop.local:8000/|. |
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269 |
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270 La orden \hgcmd{serve} \emph{no} es un servidor web de propósito |
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271 general. Solamente puede hacer dos cosas: |
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272 \begin{itemize} |
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273 \item Permitir que se pueda visualizar el historial del repositorio que |
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274 está sirviendo desde navegadores web. |
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275 \item Hablar el protocolo de conexión de Mercurial para que puedan hacer |
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276 \hgcmd{clone} o \hgcmd{pull} (jalar) cambios de tal repositorio. |
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277 \end{itemize} |
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278 En particular, \hgcmd{serve} no permitirá que los usuarios remotos |
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279 puedan \emph{modificar} su repositorio. Es de tipo solo lectura. |
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280 |
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281 Si está comenzando con Mercurial, no hay nada que le impida usar |
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282 \hgcmd{serve} para servir un repositorio en su propio computador, y |
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283 usar posteriormente órdenes como \hgcmd{clone}, \hgcmd{incoming}, para |
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284 comunicarse con el servidor como si el repositorio estuviera alojado |
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285 remotamente. Lo que además puede ayudarle a adecuarse rápidamente para |
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286 usar comandos en repositorios alojados en la red. |
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287 |
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288 \subsection{Cuestiones adicionales para tener en cuenta} |
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289 |
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290 Dado que permite lectura sin autenticación a todos sus clientes, |
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291 debería usar \hgcmd{serve} exclusivamente en ambientes en los cuáles |
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292 no tenga problema en que otros vean, o en los cuales tenga control |
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293 completo acerca de quien puede acceder a su red y jalar cambios de su |
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294 repositorio. |
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295 |
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296 La orden \hgcmd{serve} no tiene conocimiento acerca de programas |
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297 cortafuegos que puedan estar instalados en su sistema o en su red. No |
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298 puede detectar o controlar sus cortafuegos. Si otras personas no |
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299 pueden acceder a su instancia \hgcmd{serve}, lo siguiente que debería hacer |
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300 (\emph{después} de asegurarse que tienen el URL correcto) es verificar |
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301 su configuración de cortafuegos. |
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302 |
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303 De forma predeterminada, \hgcmd{serve} escucha conexiones entrantes en |
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304 el puerto~8000. Si otro proceso está escuchando en tal puerto, usted |
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305 podrá especificar un puerto distinto para escuchar con la opción |
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306 \hgopt{serve}{-p}. |
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307 |
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308 Normalmente, cuando se inicia \hgcmd{serve}, no imprime nada, lo cual |
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309 puede ser desconcertante. Si desea confirmar que en efecto está |
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310 ejecutándose correctamente, y darse cuenta qué URL debería enviar a |
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311 sus colaboradores, inícielo con la opción \hggopt{-v}. |
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312 |
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313 \section{Uso del protocolo Secure Shell (ssh)} |
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314 \label{sec:collab:ssh} |
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315 |
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316 Usted puede publicar y jalar cambios en la red de forma segura usando |
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317 el protocolo Secure Shell (\texttt{ssh}). Para usarlo satisfactoriamente, |
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318 tendrá que hacer algo de configuración a nivel de cliente o el |
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319 servidor. |
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320 |
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321 Si no está familiarizado con ssh, es un protocolo de red que le permite |
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322 comunicarse con seguridad con otro computador. Para usarlo con |
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323 Mercurial, estará estableciendo una o más cuentas de usuario en un |
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324 servidor de forma tal que los usuarios remotos puedan entrar y |
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325 ejecutar órdenes. |
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326 |
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327 (Si ssh le \emph{es} familiar, encontrará probablemente elemental una |
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328 porción del material a continuación.) |
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329 |
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330 \subsection{Cómo leer y escribir URLs de ssh} |
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331 |
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332 Los URLs de ssh tienden a lucir de la siguiente forma: |
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333 \begin{codesample2} |
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334 ssh://bos@hg.serpentine.com:22/hg/hgbook |
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335 \end{codesample2} |
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336 \begin{enumerate} |
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337 \item La parte ``\texttt{ssh://}'' indica a Mercurial que use el |
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338 protocolo ssh. |
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339 \item El componente ``\texttt{bos@}'' indica el nombre del usuario que |
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340 está entrando al servidor. Puede omitirlo si el usuario remoto |
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341 coincide con el usuario local. |
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342 \item ``\texttt{hg.serpentine.com}'' es el nombre del servidor al cual |
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343 se desea entrar. |
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344 \item El ``:22'' identifica el número del puerto en el servidor al cual |
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345 se conectará. El predeterminado es el~22, así que solamente |
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346 necesitará especificar esa porción si \emph{no} está usando el |
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347 puerto~22. |
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348 \item La última porción del URL es la ruta local al repositorio en el |
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349 servidor. |
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350 \end{enumerate} |
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351 |
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352 El componente de la ruta del URL para ssh es una fuente de confusión, |
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353 puesto que no hay una forma estándar para que las herramientas puedan |
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354 interpretarlo. Algunos programas se comportan de manera distinta a |
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355 otros cuando manipulan estas rutas. No es la situación ideal, pero |
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356 es muy poco probable que vaya a cambiar. Por favor lea los párrafos |
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357 siguientes cuidadosamente. |
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358 |
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359 Mercurial trata la ruta al repositorio en el servidor como relativo al |
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360 directorio personal del usuario remoto. Por ejemplo, si el usuario |
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361 \texttt{foo} en el servidor tiene el directorio casa |
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362 \dirname{/home/foo}, |
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363 entonces un URL ssh que contenga en su ruta a \dirname{bar} |
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364 \emph{realmente} se refiere al directorio \dirname{/home/foo/bar}. |
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365 |
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366 Si desea especificar una ruta relativa a otro directorio de usuario, |
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367 puede usar una ruta que comience con un caracter tildado, seguido del |
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368 nombre del usuario (llamémosle \texttt{otrousuario}, así |
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369 \begin{codesample2} |
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370 ssh://server/~otrousuario/hg/repo |
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371 \end{codesample2} |
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372 |
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373 Y si realmente desea especifica una ruta \emph{absoluta} en el |
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374 servidor, comience con el componente de la ruta con dos barras como |
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375 en el siguiente ejemplo: |
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376 \begin{codesample2} |
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377 ssh://server//absolute/path |
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378 \end{codesample2} |
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379 |
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380 \subsection{Encontrar un cliente ssh para su sistema} |
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381 |
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382 Casi todos los sistemas tipo Unix vienen con OpenSSH preinstalado. Si |
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383 usted está usando un sistema de estos, ejecute \Verb|which ssh| para |
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384 identificar dónde está instalada la orden \command{ssh} (usualmente |
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385 estará en \dirname{/usr/bin}). Si por casualidad no está presente, |
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386 vea la documentación de sus sistema para lograr instalarlo. |
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387 |
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388 En Windows, tendrá que escoger primero un cliente adecuado para |
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389 descargarlo. Hay dos alternativas: |
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390 \begin{itemize} |
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391 \item El excelente paquete PuTTY~\cite{web:putty} de Simon Tatham, que |
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392 ofrece un suite completo de órdenes de cliente ssh. |
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393 \item Si tiene alta tolerancia al dolor, puede usar el porte de Cygwin |
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394 para OpenSSH. |
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395 \end{itemize} |
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396 En cualquier caso, tendrá que editar su fichero \hgini\ para indicarle |
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397 a Mercurial dónde encontrar la orden real del cliente. Por ejemplo, si |
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398 está usando PuTTY, tendrá que usar la orden \command{plink} como un |
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399 cliente de línea de órdenes. |
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400 \begin{codesample2} |
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401 [ui] |
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402 ssh = C:/ruta/a/plink.exe -ssh -i "C:/ruta/a/mi/llave/privada" |
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403 \end{codesample2} |
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404 |
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405 \begin{note} |
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406 La ruta a \command{plink} no debería contener espacios o caracteres |
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407 en blanco, o Mercurial no podrá encontrarlo correctamente (por lo |
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408 tanto, probablemente no sería buena idea colocarlo en |
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409 \dirname{C:\\Program Files} |
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410 \end{note} |
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411 |
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412 \subsection{Generar un par de llaves} |
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413 |
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414 Para evitar la necesidad de teclear una clave de forma repetitiva cada |
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415 vez que necesita usar el cliente, recomiendo generar un par de llaves. |
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416 En un sistema tipo Unix, la orden \command{ssh-keygen} también se |
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417 comportará bien. En Windows, si está usando PuTTY, la orden |
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418 \command{puttygen} es la que necesitará. |
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419 |
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420 Cuando genera un par de llaves, se aconseja \emph{comedidamente} |
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421 protegerlas con una frase de clave. (La única oportunidad en la cual |
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422 usted querría identificarse una única vez, es cuando está usando |
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423 el protocolo ssh para tareas automatizadas en una red segura.) |
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424 |
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425 No basta con generar un par de llaves. Se requiere adicionar una llave |
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426 pública al conjunto de llaves autorizadas para todos los usuarios |
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427 remotos que se vayan a autenticar. Para aquellos servidores que usen |
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428 OpenSSH (la gran mayoría), significará añadir la llave pública a la |
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429 lista en el fichero llamado \sfilename{authorized\_keys} en su |
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430 directorio \sdirname{.ssh}. |
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431 |
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432 En sistemas tipo Unix, su llave pública tendrá la extensión |
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433 \filename{.pub}. Si usa \command{puttygen} en Windows, puede |
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434 guardar la llave pública en un fichero de su elección, o pegarla desde |
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435 la ventana en la cual se despliega directamente en el fichero |
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436 \sfilename{authorized\_keys}. |
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437 |
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438 \subsection{Uso de un agente de autenticación} |
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439 |
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440 Un agente de autenticación es un demonio que almacena frases clave en |
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441 memoria (olvidará las frases clave si sale y vuelve a entrar). Un cliente |
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442 ssh notará si está corriendo, y solicitará una frase clave. Si no hay |
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443 un agente de autenticación corriendo, o el agente no almacena la frase |
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444 clave necesaria, tendrá que teclear su frase clave cada vez que |
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445 Mercurial intente comunicarse con un servidor para usted (p.e.~cada vez |
527
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446 que jale o publique cambios). |
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447 |
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448 El problema de almacenar frases claves en un agente es que es posible |
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449 para un atacante bien preparado recuperar el texto plano de su frase |
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450 clave, en algunos casos incluso si su sistema sea muy alternante. |
527
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451 Es su decisión si es un riesgo aceptable. Lo que si es seguro es que |
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452 evita reteclear. |
501
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453 |
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454 En sistemas tipo Unix, el agente se llama \command{ssh-agent}, y |
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455 usualmente se ejecuta automáticamente cuando usted entra. Tendrá que |
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456 usar la orden \command{ssh-add} para añadir frases claves al agente. En |
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457 Windows, si está usando PuTTY, la orden \command{pageant} actúa como |
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458 el agente. Añade un icono a su barra del sistema que le permitirá |
527
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459 almacenar frases clave. |
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460 |
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461 \subsection{Configurar el lado del servidor apropiadamente} |
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462 |
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463 Dado que puede ser dispendioso configurar ssh si usted es nuevo, hay |
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464 una variedad de cosas que podrían ir mal. Añada piense primero en |
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465 Mercurial y hay mucho más en qué pensar. La mayor parte de estos |
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466 problemas potenciales ocurren en el lado del servidor, no en el cliente. |
527
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467 Las buenas noticias es que una vez tiene una configuración funcional, |
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468 usualmente continuará trabajando indefinidamente. |
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469 |
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470 Antes de intentar que Mercurial hable con un servidor ssh, es mejor |
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471 asegurarse que puede usar la orden normal \command{ssh} o \command{putty} |
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472 para comunicarse con el servidor primero. Si tiene problemas usando |
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473 estas órdenes directamente, de seguro Mercurial no funcionará. Pero aún, |
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474 esconderá el problema subyacente. Cuando desee revisar un problema |
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475 relacionado con ssh y Mercurial, debería asegurarse primero que las |
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476 órdenes de ssh en el lado del cliente funcionan primero, \emph{antes} |
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477 de preocuparse por si existe un problema con Mercurial. |
501
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478 |
527
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479 Lo primero para asegurar en el lado del servidor es que puede entrar |
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480 desde otra máquina. Si no puede entrar con \command{ssh} o |
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481 \command{putty}, el mensaje de error que obtenga le puede dar pistas |
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482 de qué ha ido mal. Los problemas más comunes son los siguientes: |
501
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483 \begin{itemize} |
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484 \item Si obtiene un error de ``conexión rehusada'', es posible que no |
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485 haya un demonio SSH corriendo en el servidor o que no pueda accederse |
527
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486 a él por configuraciones de cortafuegos. |
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487 \item Si obtiene un error de ``no hay ruta hasta el servidor'', puede |
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488 tener la dirección del servidor incorrecta o un cortafuegos con |
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489 bloqueo agresivo que no permitirá su existencia. |
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490 \item Si obtiene un mensaje de ``permiso denegado'', puede que haya |
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491 tecleado mal el usuario en el servidor, o que haya tecleado |
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492 incorrectamente la frase clave o la clave del usuario remoto. |
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493 \end{itemize} |
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494 En resumen, si tiene problemas al comunicarse con el demonio ssh del |
527
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495 servidor, primero asegúrese de que está corriendo. En muchos sistemas |
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496 estará instalado, pero deshabilitado de forma predeterminada. Una vez |
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497 que haya hecho este paso tendrá que revisar si el cortafuegos del |
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498 servidor está configurado para recibir conexiones entrantes en el |
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499 puerto en el cual el demonio de ssh está escuchando (usualmente el~22). |
527
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500 No trate de buscar otras posibilidades exóticas o configuraciones |
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501 erradas hasta que haya revisado primero estas dos. |
501
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502 |
527
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503 Si está usando un agente de autenticación en el lado del cliente para |
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504 almacenar las frase claves de sus contraseñas, debería poder entrar al |
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505 servidor sin necesidad de que se le solicite frases claves o |
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506 contraseñas. Si se le pregunta alguna, a continuación algunas |
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507 posibilidades: |
501
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508 \begin{itemize} |
527
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509 \item Puede haber olvidado usar \command{ssh-add} o |
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510 \command{pageant} para guardar la frase clave. |
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511 \item Puede haber almacenado una frase clave errónea para la llave. |
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512 \end{itemize} |
527
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513 Si se le solicita la clave del usuario remoto, hay otras posibilidades |
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514 que deben revisarse: |
501
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515 \begin{itemize} |
527
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516 \item O bien el directorio del usuario o su directorio \sdirname{.ssh} |
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517 tiene permisos excesivamente abiertos. Como resultado el daemonio |
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518 ssh no creerá o leerá su fichero \sfilename{authorized\_keys}. |
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519 Por ejemplo, un directorio casa o \sdirname{.ssh} causará aveces |
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520 este síntoma. |
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521 \item El fichero de usuario \sfilename{authorized\_keys} puede tener |
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522 un problema. Si alguien distinto al usuario es dueño o puede |
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523 escribir el fichero, el demonio ssh no confiará o lo leerá. |
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524 \end{itemize} |
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525 |
527
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526 En un mundo ideal, debería poder ejecutar la siguiente orden |
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527 exitosamente, y debería imprimir exactamente una línea de salida, |
527
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528 la fecha y hora actual. |
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529 \begin{codesample2} |
527
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530 ssh miservidor fecha |
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531 \end{codesample2} |
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532 |
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533 Si en su servidor tiene guión que se ejecuta a la entrada e imprime |
527
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534 letreros o cualquier otra cosa, incluso cuando se ejecutan órdenes no |
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535 interactivas como esta, debería arreglarlo antes de continuar, de |
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536 forma que solamente imprima algo si se ejecuta interactivamente. De |
624 | 537 otra forma estos letreros al menos llenarán la salida de Mercurial. |
538 Incluso podrían causar problemas potenciales cuando se ejecuten | |
527
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539 órdenes de forma remota. Mercurial intenta detectar e ignorar los |
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540 letreros en sesiones no interactivas de \command{ssh}, pero no es |
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541 a prueba de tontos. (Si edita sus guiones de entrada en el servidor, |
641
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542 la forma usual de ver si un guión de línea de comandos se ejecuta en un intérprete |
527
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543 interactivo, es verificar el código de retorno de la orden |
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544 \Verb|tty -s|.) |
501
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545 |
527
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546 Cuando verifique que el venerado ssh funciona en su servidor, el |
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547 paso siguiente es asegurar que Mercurial corre en el servidor. La |
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548 orden siguiente debería ejecutarse satisfactoriamente: |
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549 \begin{codesample2} |
527
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550 ssh miservidor hg version |
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551 \end{codesample2} |
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552 Si ve un mensaje de error en lugar de la salida usual de |
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553 \hgcmd{version}, será porque no ha instalado Mercurial en |
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554 \dirname{/usr/bin}. No se preocupe si este es el caso; no necesita |
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555 hacerlo. Pero debería revisar los posibles problemas presentados a |
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556 continuación: |
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557 \begin{itemize} |
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558 \item Está instalado Mercurial en el servidor? Se que suena trivial |
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559 pero es mejor revisar! |
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560 \item Tal vez la ruta de búsqueda de la interfaz de órdenes |
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561 (normalmente vía la variable de ambiente \envar{PATH}) simplemente |
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562 está mal configurada. |
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563 \item Puede ser que su variable de ambiente \envar{PATH} soalamente |
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564 apunte al lugar en el cual está el ejecutable \command{hg} si la |
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565 sesión de entrada es interactiva. Puede suceder si establece la |
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566 ruta en el guión de línea de comandos de entrada incorrecto. Consulte la |
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567 documentación de su línea de órdenes. |
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568 \item La variable de ambiente \envar{PYTHONPATH} puede requerir la |
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569 ruta a los módulos de Mercurial en Python. Puede que ni siquiera |
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570 está establecida; podría estar incorrecta; o puede ser que se |
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571 establezca únicamente cuando hay entradas interactivas. |
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572 \end{itemize} |
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573 |
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574 Si puede ejecutar \hgcmd{version} sobre una conexión ssh, |
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575 felicitaciones! Ha logrado la interacción entre el cliente y el |
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576 servidor. Ahora debería poder acceder a los repositorios de |
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577 Mercurial que tiene el usuario en el servidor. Si tiene problemas |
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578 con Mercurial y ssh en este punto, intente usar la opción |
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579 \hggopt{--debug} para tener información más clara de lo que está |
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580 sucediendo. |
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581 |
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582 \subsection{Compresión con ssh} |
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583 |
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584 Mercurial no comprime datos cuando usa el protocolo ssh, dado que |
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585 el protocolo puede comprimir datos transparentemente. Pero el |
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586 comportamiento predeterminado del cliente ssh es \emph{no} |
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587 solicitar compresión. |
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588 |
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589 Sobre cualquier red distinta a una LAN rápida (incluso con una red |
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590 inalámbrica), hacer uso de compresión puede mejorar el rendimiento |
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591 de las operaciones de Mercurial que involucren la red. Por ejemplo, |
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592 sobre WAN, alguien ha medido la compresión reduciendo la cantidad |
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593 de tiempo requerido para clonar un repositorio particularmente |
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594 grande de~51 minutos a~17 minutos. |
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595 |
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596 Tanto \command{ssh} como \command{plink} aceptan la opción |
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597 \cmdopt{ssh}{-C} que activa la compresión. Puede editar fácilmente |
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598 su \hgrc\ para habilitar la compresión para todos los usos de |
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599 Mercurial sobre el protocolo ssh. |
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600 \begin{codesample2} |
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601 [ui] |
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602 ssh = ssh -C |
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603 \end{codesample2} |
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604 |
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605 Si usa \command{ssh}, puede reconfigurarlo para que siempre use |
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606 compresión cuando se comunique con su servidor. Para hacerlo, |
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607 edite su fichero \sfilename{.ssh/config} (que puede no existir |
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608 aún), de la siguiente forma: |
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609 \begin{codesample2} |
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610 Host hg |
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611 Compression yes |
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612 HostName hg.ejemplo.com |
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613 \end{codesample2} |
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614 Que define un alias, \texttt{hg}. Cuando lo usa con la orden |
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615 \command{ssh} o con una URL de Mercurial con protocolo\texttt{ssh}, |
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616 logrará que \command{ssh} se conecte a \texttt{hg.ejemplo.com} |
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617 con compresión. Que le dará un nombre más corto para teclear y |
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618 compresión, los cuales por derecho propio son buenos. |
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619 |
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620 \section{Uso de CGI a través de HTTP} |
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621 \label{sec:collab:cgi} |
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622 |
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623 Dependiendo de qué tan ambicioso sea, configurar la interfaz CGI |
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624 de Mercurial puede tomar desde unos minutos hasta varias horas. |
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625 |
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626 Comenzaremos con el ejemplo más sencillo, y nos dirigiremos hacia |
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627 configuraciones más complejas. Incluso para el caso más básico |
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628 necesitará leer y modificar su configuración del servidor web. |
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629 |
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630 \begin{note} |
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631 Configurar un servidor web es una actividad compleja, engorrosa y |
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632 altamente dependiente del sistema. De ninguna manera podremos |
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633 cubrir todos los casos posibles con los cuales pueda encontrarse. |
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634 Use su discreción y juicio respecto a las secciones siguientes. |
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635 Esté preparado para cometer muchas equivocaciones, y emplear |
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636 bastante tiempo leyendo sus bitácoras de error del servidor. |
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637 \end{note} |
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638 |
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639 \subsection{Lista de chequeo de la configuración del servidor web} |
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640 |
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641 Antes de continuar, tómese un tiempo para revisar ciertos aspectos de |
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642 la configuración de su sistema: |
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643 |
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644 \begin{enumerate} |
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645 \item ¿Tiene un servidor web? Mac OS X viene con Apache, pero otros |
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646 sistemas pueden no tener un servidor web instalado. |
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647 \item Si tiene un servidor web instalado, ¿Está ejecutándose? En la |
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648 mayoría de sistemas, aunque esté presente, puede no estar habilitado |
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649 de forma predeterminada. |
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650 \item ¿u servidor está configurado para permitir ejecutar programas |
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651 CGI en el directorio donde planea hacerlo? Casi todos los |
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652 servidores de forma predeterminada explícitamente inhiben la |
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653 habilidad de ejecutar programas CGI. |
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654 \end{enumerate} |
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655 |
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656 Si no tiene un servidor web instalado, y no tiene cierta experiencia |
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657 configurando Apache, debería considerar usar el servidor web |
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658 \texttt{lighttpd} en lugar de Apache. Apache tiene una reputación |
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659 bien ganada por su configuración barroca y confusa. |
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660 A pesar de que \texttt{lighttpd} tiene menos características que |
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661 Apache en ciertas áreas, las mismas no son relevantes para servir |
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662 repositorios de Mercurial. Definitivamente es mucho más sencillo |
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663 comenzar con \texttt{lighttpd} que con Apache. |
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664 |
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665 \subsection{Configuración básica de CGI} |
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666 |
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667 En sistemas tipo Unix es común que los usuarios tengan un subdirectorio |
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668 con un nombre como \dirname{public\_html} en su directorio personal, |
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669 desde el cual pueden servir páginas web. Un fichero llamado \filename{foo} |
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670 en este directorio será visible en una URL de la forma |
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671 \texttt{http://www.example.com/\~username/foo}. |
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672 |
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673 Para comenzar, encuentre el guión \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} que debería |
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674 estar presente en su instalación de Mercurial. Si no puede |
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675 encontrarlo rápidamente una copia local en su sistema, puede |
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676 descargarlo del repositorio principal de Mercurial en |
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677 \url{http://www.selenic.com/repo/hg/raw-file/tip/hgweb.cgi}. |
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678 |
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679 Tendrá que copiar este guión en su directorio \dirname{public\_html}, |
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680 y asegurarse que sea ejecutable. |
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681 \begin{codesample2} |
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682 cp .../hgweb.cgi ~/public_html |
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683 chmod 755 ~/public_html/hgweb.cgi |
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684 \end{codesample2} |
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685 El argumento \texttt{755} de la orden \command{chmod} es un poco más |
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686 general que hacerlo ejecutable: Asegura que el guión sea ejecutable |
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687 por cualquiera, y que el ``grupo'' y los ``otros'' \emph{no} tengan |
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688 permiso de escritura. Si dejara los permisos de escritura abiertos, |
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689 , el subsistema \texttt{suexec} de Apache probablemente se negaría |
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690 a ejecutar el guión. De hecho, \texttt{suexec} también insiste en que |
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691 el \emph{directorio} en el cual reside el guión no tenga permiso de |
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692 escritura para otros. |
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693 \begin{codesample2} |
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694 chmod 755 ~/public_html |
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695 \end{codesample2} |
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696 |
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697 \subsubsection{¿Qué \emph{podría} resultar mal?} |
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698 \label{sec:collab:wtf} |
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699 |
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700 Cuando haya ubicado el CGI en el sitio correspondiente con un navegador |
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701 intente visitar el URL \url{http://myhostname/~myuser/hgweb.cgi}, |
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702 \emph{sin} dejarse abatir por un error. Hay una alta probabilidad de |
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703 que esta primera visita al URL sea fallida, y hay muchas razones posibles |
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704 para este comportamiento. De hecho, podría toparse con cada uno de los |
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705 errores que describimos a continuación, así que no deje de leerlos |
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706 cuidadosamente. A continuación presento los problemas que yo tuve en |
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707 un sistema con Fedora~7, con una instalación nueva de Apache, y una |
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708 cuenta de usuario que creé específicamente para desarrollar este |
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709 ejercicio. |
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710 |
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711 Su servidor web puede tener directorios por usuario deshabilitados. Si |
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712 usa Apache, busque el fichero de configuración que contenga la |
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713 directiva \texttt{UserDir}. Si no está presente en sitio alguno, los |
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714 directorios por usuario están deshabilitados. Si la hay, pero su |
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715 valor es \texttt{disabled}, los directorios por usuario estarán |
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716 deshabilitados. La directiva \texttt{UserDir} en caso contrario tendrá |
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717 el nombre del subdirectorio bajo el cual Apache mirará en el |
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718 directorio de cada usuario, por ejemplo \dirname{public\_html}. |
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719 |
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720 Los permisos de sus ficheros pueden ser demasiado restrictivos. El |
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721 servidor web debe poder recorrer su directorio personal y los |
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722 directorios que estén bajo \dirname{public\_html}, además de tener |
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723 permiso para leer aquellos que estén adentro. A continuación una |
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724 receta rápida para hacer que sus permisos estén acordes con las |
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725 necesidades básicas. |
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726 \begin{codesample2} |
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727 chmod 755 ~ |
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728 find ~/public_html -type d -print0 | xargs -0r chmod 755 |
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729 find ~/public_html -type f -print0 | xargs -0r chmod 644 |
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730 \end{codesample2} |
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731 |
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732 Otra posibilidad con los permisos es que obtenga una ventana |
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733 completamente en blanco cuando trata de cargar el guión. En cuyo |
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734 caso, es posible que los permisos que tiene son \emph{demasiado |
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735 permisivos}. El subsistema \texttt{suexec} de Apache no ejecutará un |
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736 guión que tenga permisos de escritura para el grupo o el planeta, por |
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737 ejemplo. |
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738 |
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739 Su servidor web puede estar configurado para evitar la ejecución de |
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740 programas CGI en los directorios de usuario. A continuación presento |
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741 una configuración predeterminada por usuario en mi sistema Fedora. |
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742 |
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743 \begin{codesample2} |
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744 <Directory /home/*/public_html> |
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745 AllowOverride FileInfo AuthConfig Limit |
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746 Options MultiViews Indexes SymLinksIfOwnerMatch IncludesNoExec |
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747 <Limit GET POST OPTIONS> |
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748 Order allow,deny |
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749 Allow from all |
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750 </Limit> |
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751 <LimitExcept GET POST OPTIONS> |
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752 Order deny,allow |
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753 Deny from all |
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754 </LimitExcept> |
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755 </Directory> |
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756 \end{codesample2} |
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757 Si encuentra un grupo de instrucciones de \texttt{Directory} similares |
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758 en su configuración de Apache, la directiva a revisar es \texttt{Options}. |
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759 Adicione \texttt{ExecCGI} al final de esta lista en caso de que haga |
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760 falta y reinicie su servidor web. |
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761 |
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762 Si resulta que Apache le muestra el texto del guión CGI en lugar de |
619
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763 ejecutarlo, necesitará o bien descomentar (si se encuentra presente) o |
535
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764 adicionar una directiva como la siguiente: |
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765 \begin{codesample2} |
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766 AddHandler cgi-script .cgi |
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767 \end{codesample2} |
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768 |
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769 Otra posibilidad es que observe una traza de Python en colores |
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770 informando que no puede importar un módulo relacionado con |
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771 \texttt{mercurial}. Esto es un gran progreso! El servidor es capaz |
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772 de ejecutar su guión CGI. Este error solamente ocurrirá si está |
535
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773 ejecutando una instalación privada de Mercurial en lugar de una |
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774 instalación para todo el sistema. Recuerde que el servidor que |
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775 ejecuta el programa CGI no cuenta con variables de ambiente de las |
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diff
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|
776 cuales usted si dispone en una sesión interactiva. Si este error le |
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777 ocurre, edite su copia de \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} y siga las indicaciones |
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778 dentro del mismo para establecer de forma adecuada su variable de |
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|
779 ambiente \envar{PYTHONPATH}. |
501
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|
780 |
535
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781 Finalmente, si encuentra \emph{otra} traza a todo color de Python al visitar |
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782 el URL: Esta seguramente se referirá a que no puede encontrar |
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783 \dirname{/path/to/repository}. Edite su script \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} |
641
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|
784 y reemplace la cadena \dirname{/path/to/repository} con la ruta |
535
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785 completa al repositorio que desea servir. |
501
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|
786 |
535
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787 En este punto, cuando trate de recargar la página, deberá visualizar |
616
3f32047a3f25
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parents:
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diff
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|
788 una linda vista HTML del historial de su repositorio. Uff! |
501
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|
789 |
537
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|
790 \subsubsection{Configuración de lighttpd} |
501
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|
791 |
537
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|
792 En mi intención de ser exhaustivo, intenté configurar |
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|
793 \texttt{lighttpd}, un servidor web con creciente aceptación, para |
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diff
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|
794 servir los repositorios de la misma forma como lo describí |
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diff
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|
795 anteriormente con Apache. Después de superar los problemas que mostré |
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796 con Apache, muchos de los cuáles no son específicos del servidor. Por |
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diff
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797 lo tanto estaba seguro de que mis permisos para directorios y ficheros |
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diff
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|
798 eran correctos y que mi guión \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} también lo era. |
501
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|
799 |
537
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diff
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|
800 Dado que ya Apache estaba en ejecución correctamente, lograr que |
619
bbc5db74bd77
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diff
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|
801 \texttt{lighttpd} sirviera mi repositorio fue rápido (en otras |
537
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diff
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|
802 palabras, si está tratando de usar \texttt{lighttpd}, debe leer la |
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|
803 sección de Apache). Primero tuve que editar la sección |
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diff
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|
804 \texttt{mod\_access} para habilitar \texttt{mod\_cgi} y |
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diff
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|
805 \texttt{mod\_userdir}, los cuales estaban inhabilitados en mi |
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|
806 instalación predeterminada. Añadí posteriormente unas líneas al final |
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diff
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|
807 del fichero de configuración, para hacer lo propio con los módulos. |
501
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|
808 \begin{codesample2} |
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809 userdir.path = "public_html" |
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|
810 cgi.assign = ( ".cgi" => "" ) |
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|
811 \end{codesample2} |
537
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diff
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|
812 Hecho esto, \texttt{lighttpd} funcionó inmediatamente para |
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diff
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|
813 mí. Configuré \texttt{lighttpd} antes que Apache, tuve casi los mismos |
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diff
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|
814 reparos a nivel de configuración del sistema que con Apache. De todas |
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815 maneras, considero que \texttt{lighttpd} es bastante más sencillo de |
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diff
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|
816 configurar que Apache, a pesar de haber usado Apache por lo menos por |
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817 una década, y esta fue mi primera experiencia con \texttt{lighttpd}. |
501
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|
818 |
641
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|
819 \subsection{Compartir varios repositorios con un guión CGI} |
501
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|
820 |
537
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|
821 El guión \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} permite publicar únicamente un |
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diff
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|
822 repositorio, una restricción frustrante. Si desea publicar más de uno |
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diff
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|
823 sin complicarse con varias copias del mismo guión, cada una con un |
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diff
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|
824 nombre distinto, resulta mucho mejor usar el guión |
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diff
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|
825 \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi}. |
501
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|
826 |
537
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|
827 El procedimiento para configurar \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} tiene una |
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diff
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|
828 porción adicional frente al trabajo requerido con |
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diff
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|
829 \sfilename{hgweb.cgi}. Primero se debe obtener una copia del |
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diff
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|
830 guión. Si no tiene una a mano, puede descargar una copia del ftp |
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diff
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|
831 principal del repositorio de Mercurial en |
501
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|
832 \url{http://www.selenic.com/repo/hg/raw-file/tip/hgwebdir.cgi}. |
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|
833 |
537
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diff
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|
834 Necesitará una copia del guión en su directorio \dirname{public\_html}, |
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|
835 y asegurarse de que sea ejecutable. |
501
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|
836 \begin{codesample2} |
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|
837 cp .../hgwebdir.cgi ~/public_html |
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|
838 chmod 755 ~/public_html ~/public_html/hgwebdir.cgi |
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|
839 \end{codesample2} |
537
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diff
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|
840 Con la configuración básica, intente visitar en su navegador |
623
2228a02bb86b
corrected a typo, upgraded the section of unification of terms for translation
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
621
diff
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|
841 \url{http://myhostname/~myuser/hgwebdir.cgi}. Debería mostrar una |
537
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diff
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|
842 lista vacía de repositorios. Si obtiene una ventana en blanco o un |
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diff
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|
843 mensaje de error, verifique la lista de problemas potenciales en la |
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diff
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|
844 sección~\ref{sec:collab:wtf}. |
501
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|
845 |
537
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diff
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|
846 El guión \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} se apoya en un fichero externo de |
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diff
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|
847 configuración. En principio, busca un fichero llamado |
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diff
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|
848 \sfilename{hgweb.config} en el mismo directorio. Tendrá que crear el |
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diff
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|
849 fichero, y permitir lectura de todo el mundo. El formato del fichero |
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diff
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|
850 es similar a un fichero ``ini'' de Windows, que puede interpretar el módulo |
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diff
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|
851 \texttt{ConfigParser}~\cite{web:configparser} de Python. |
501
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|
852 |
537
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|
853 La forma más sencilla de configurar \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} es con |
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diff
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|
854 una sección llamada \texttt{collections}. Esta publicará automáticamente |
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diff
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|
855 \emph{todos} los repositorios en los directorios que usted |
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diff
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|
856 especifique. La sección debería lucir así: |
501
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|
857 \begin{codesample2} |
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|
858 [collections] |
537
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diff
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|
859 /mi/ruta = /mi/ruta |
501
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860 \end{codesample2} |
537
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diff
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|
861 Mercurial lo interpreta buscando el nombre del directorio que esté a la |
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diff
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|
862 \emph{derecha} del símbolo ``\texttt{=}''; encontrando repositorios en |
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diff
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|
863 la jerarquía de directorios; y usando el texto a la \emph{izquierda} |
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diff
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|
864 para eliminar el texto de los nombres que mostrará en la interfaz |
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diff
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|
865 web. El componente restante de la ruta después de esta eliminación |
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diff
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|
866 usualmente se llama ``ruta virtual''. |
501
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|
867 |
537
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|
868 Dado el ejemplo de arriba, si tenemos un repositorio cuya ruta local es |
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diff
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|
869 \dirname{/mi/ruta/este/repo}, el guión CGI eliminará la porción inicial |
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diff
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|
870 \dirname{/mi/ruta} del nombre y publicará el repositorio con una ruta |
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diff
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|
871 virtual \dirname{este/repo}. Si el URL base de nuestro guión CGI es |
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diff
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|
872 \url{http://myhostname/~myuser/hgwebdir.cgi}, el URL completo al |
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diff
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|
873 repositorio será |
501
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|
874 \url{http://myhostname/~myuser/hgwebdir.cgi/this/repo}. |
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|
875 |
537
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diff
changeset
|
876 Si reemplazamos \dirname{/mi/ruta} en el lado izquierdo de este |
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diff
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|
877 ejemplo con \dirname{/mi}, \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} eliminará solamente |
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535
diff
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|
878 \dirname{/mi} del nombre del repositorio, y nos ofrecerá la ruta |
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535
diff
changeset
|
879 virtual \dirname{ruta/este/repo} en lugar de \dirname{este/repo}. |
501
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|
880 |
537
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535
diff
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|
881 El guión \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} buscará recursivamente en cada |
615
9da096de3c52
changed "historia" to "historial".
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
556
diff
changeset
|
882 directorio listado en la sección \texttt{collections} de su fichero de |
537
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535
diff
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|
883 configuración, pero \texttt{no} hará el recorrido recursivo dentro de |
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parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
884 los repositorios que encuentre. |
501
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Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
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parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
885 |
537
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parents:
535
diff
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|
886 El mecanismo de \texttt{collections} permite publicar fácilmente |
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
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|
887 repositorios de una forma ``hacer y olvidar''. Solamente requiere |
615
9da096de3c52
changed "historia" to "historial".
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
556
diff
changeset
|
888 configurar el guión CGI y el fichero de configuración una vez. |
537
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
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|
889 Después de eso puede publicar y sacar de publicación un repositorio en |
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
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|
890 cualquier momento incluyéndolo o excluyéndolo de la jerarquía de |
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
891 directorios en la cual le haya indicado a \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} que |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
892 mirase. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
893 |
537
22391f67dc26
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
894 \subsubsection{Especificación explícita de los repositorios a publicar} |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
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parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
895 |
537
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
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535
diff
changeset
|
896 Además del mecanismo \texttt{collections}, el guión |
22391f67dc26
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
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|
897 \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} le permite publicar una lista específica de |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
898 repositorios. Para hacerlo, cree una sección \texttt{paths}, con los |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
899 contenidos de la siguiente forma: |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
900 \begin{codesample2} |
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Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
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432
diff
changeset
|
901 [paths] |
537
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
902 repo1 = /mi/ruta/a/un/repo |
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Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
903 repo2 = /ruta/a/otro/repo |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
904 \end{codesample2} |
537
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
905 En este caso, la ruta virtual (el componente que aparecerá en el URL) |
22391f67dc26
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
906 está en el lado derecho de cada definición, mientras que la ruta al |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
907 repositorio está a la derecha. Note que no tiene que haber relación |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
908 alguna entre la ruta virtual que elija y el lugar del repositorio en |
615
9da096de3c52
changed "historia" to "historial".
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
556
diff
changeset
|
909 su sistema de ficheros. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
910 |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
911 Si lo desea, puede usar los dos mecanismos \texttt{collections} y |
615
9da096de3c52
changed "historia" to "historial".
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
556
diff
changeset
|
912 \texttt{paths} simultáneamente en un sólo fichero de configuración. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
913 |
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
914 \begin{note} |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
915 Si varios repositorios tienen la misma ruta virtual, |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
916 \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi} no reportará error. Pero se comportará |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
917 impredeciblemente. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
918 \end{note} |
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
919 |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
920 \subsection{Descarga de ficheros fuente} |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
921 |
641
b35930ce7a70
first pass, spell checking
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
624
diff
changeset
|
922 La interfaz web de Mercurial permite a los usuarios descargar |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
923 un conjunto de cualquier revisión. Este fichero contendrá una réplica |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
924 del directorio de trabajo en la revisión en cuestión, pero no |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
925 contendrá una copia de los datos del repositorio. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
926 |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
927 De forma predeterminada esta característica no está habilitada. Para |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
928 lograrlo adicione un \rcitem{web}{allow\_archive} a la sección \rcsection{web} |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
929 de su fichero \hgrc. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
930 |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
931 \subsection{Opciones de configuración en Web} |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
932 |
619
bbc5db74bd77
changed many "X(" for "X ("
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
616
diff
changeset
|
933 Las interfaces web de Mercurial (la orden \hgcmd{serve}, y los guiones |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
934 \sfilename{hgweb.cgi} y \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi}) tienen varias |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
935 opciones de configuración para establecer. Todas ellas en la sección |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
936 \rcsection{web}. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
937 \begin{itemize} |
615
9da096de3c52
changed "historia" to "historial".
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
556
diff
changeset
|
938 \item[\rcitem{web}{allow\_archive}] Determina cuáles tipos de ficheros |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
939 de descarga soportará Mercurial. Si habilita esta característica, |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
940 los usuarios de la interfaz web podrán descargar una copia de la |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
941 revisión del repositorio que estén viendo. Para activar la |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
942 característica de descarga de fichero, el valor tendrá una secuencia |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
943 de palabras extraídas de la lista de abajo. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
944 \begin{itemize} |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
945 \item[\texttt{bz2}] Un fichero \command{tar} con el método de |
641
b35930ce7a70
first pass, spell checking
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
624
diff
changeset
|
946 compresión \texttt{bzip2}. Tiene la mejor tasa de compresión, |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
947 pero usa más tiempo de procesamiento en el servidor. |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
948 \item[\texttt{gz}] Un fichero \command{tar}, comprimido con |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
949 \texttt{gzip}. |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
950 \item[\texttt{zip}] Un fichero \command{zip}, comprimido con LZW. |
641
b35930ce7a70
first pass, spell checking
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
624
diff
changeset
|
951 Este formato posee la peor tasa de compresión, pero es muy usado en |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
952 el mundo Windows. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
953 \end{itemize} |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
954 Si da una lista vacía o no tiene la entrada |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
955 \rcitem{web}{allow\_archive}, esta característica se deshabilitará. |
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
956 A continuación un ejemplo de cómo habilitar los tres formatos soportados. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
957 \begin{codesample4} |
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
958 [web] |
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
959 allow_archive = bz2 gz zip |
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
960 \end{codesample4} |
537
22391f67dc26
Translated lighttpd and started web options
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
961 \item[\rcitem{web}{allowpull}] Booleano. Determina si la interfaz web |
22391f67dc26
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
962 permite a los usuarios remotos emplear \hgcmd{pull} y \hgcmd{clone} |
22391f67dc26
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
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535
diff
changeset
|
963 sobre el repositorio~HTTP. Si se coloca \texttt{no} o |
22391f67dc26
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
535
diff
changeset
|
964 \texttt{false}, solamente la porción de los procesos |
539
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
965 ``orientados-a-humanos'' se habilita de la interfaz web. |
619
bbc5db74bd77
changed many "X(" for "X ("
Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
parents:
616
diff
changeset
|
966 \item[\rcitem{web}{contact}] Cadena. Una cadena en forma libre (pero |
539
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
967 preferiblemente corta) que identifica a la persona o grupo a cargo |
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
968 del repositorio. Usualmente contiene el nombre y la dirección de |
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
969 correo electrónico de una persona o de una lista de correo. Aveces |
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
970 tiene sentido colocar esta opción en el fichero \sfilename{.hg/hgrc} |
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
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537
diff
changeset
|
971 del repositorio, pero en otras oportunidades en el \hgrc\ global si |
aeda195f54a6
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537
diff
changeset
|
972 todos los repositorios tienen un único mantenedor. |
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
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parents:
537
diff
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|
973 \item[\rcitem{web}{maxchanges}] Entero. La cantidad máxima de |
aeda195f54a6
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537
diff
changeset
|
974 conjuntos de cambios a mostrar de forma predeterminada en cada página. |
aeda195f54a6
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537
diff
changeset
|
975 \item[\rcitem{web}{maxfiles}] Entero. La cantidad máxima |
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
976 predeterminada de ficheros modificados a desplegar en una página. |
aeda195f54a6
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parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
977 \item[\rcitem{web}{stripes}] Entero. Si la interfaz web despliega |
aeda195f54a6
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537
diff
changeset
|
978 ``franjas'' para facilitar la visualización alineada de filas cuando |
aeda195f54a6
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Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
979 se ve una tabla, este valor controla la cantidad de filas en cada |
aeda195f54a6
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537
diff
changeset
|
980 franja. |
aeda195f54a6
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diff
changeset
|
981 \item[\rcitem{web}{style}] Controla la plantilla que Mercurial usa para |
aeda195f54a6
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parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
982 desplegar la interfaz web. Mercurial viene con dos plantillas web, |
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
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parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
983 llamadas \texttt{default} y \texttt{gitweb} (La primera es |
aeda195f54a6
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parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
984 visualmente más atractiva). Puede especificar una plantilla propia; |
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
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parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
985 consulte el capítulo~\ref{chap:template}. A continuación mostramos |
aeda195f54a6
Finally finished translating collab and taking mq and hgext
Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
parents:
537
diff
changeset
|
986 cómo habilitar el estilo \texttt{gitweb}. |
501
b05e35d641e4
Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
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parents:
432
diff
changeset
|
987 \begin{codesample4} |
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Copying the files from en to es and taking intro chapter
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diff
changeset
|
988 [web] |
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diff
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|
989 style = gitweb |
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990 \end{codesample4} |
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991 \item[\rcitem{web}{templates}] Ruta. Directorio en el que se buscarán |
615
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992 los ficheros plantilla. De forma predeterminada, busca en el |
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993 directorio en el cual fue instalado. |
501
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994 \end{itemize} |
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995 Si usa \sfilename{hgwebdir.cgi}, puede añadir otras opciones de |
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996 configuración en una sección \section{web} del fichero |
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997 \sfilename{hgweb.config} en lugar del fichero \hgrc\, si lo considera |
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998 más conveniente. Estas opciones son \rcitem{web}{motd} y |
501
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999 \rcitem{web}{style}. |
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1000 |
539
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1001 \subsubsection{Opciones específicas para repositorios individuales} |
501
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1002 |
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1003 Ciertas opciones de configuración de \rcsection{web} deben estar |
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1004 ubicadas en el \sfilename{.hg/hgrc} de un repositorio en lugar del |
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1005 fichero del usuario o el \hgrc global. |
501
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1006 \begin{itemize} |
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1007 \item[\rcitem{web}{description}] Cadena. Una cadena de forma |
619
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1008 libre (preferiblemente corta) que describa los contenidos o el |
539
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1009 propósito del repositorio. |
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1010 \item[\rcitem{web}{name}] Cadena. El nombre para visualizar en la |
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1011 interfaz web del repositorio. Sustituye el nombre predeterminado, el |
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1012 cual es el último componente de la ruta del repositorio. |
501
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1013 \end{itemize} |
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1014 |
539
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1015 \subsubsection{Opciones específicas a la orden \hgcmd{serve}} |
501
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1016 |
539
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1017 Algunas opciones en la sección \rcsection{web} de un fichero \hgrc\ |
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1018 son de uso exclusivo para la orden \hgcmd{serve}. |
501
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1019 \begin{itemize} |
539
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1020 \item[\rcitem{web}{accesslog}] Ruta. El nombre del fichero en el cual |
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1021 se escribe la bitácora de acceso. En principio, la orden |
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1022 \hgcmd{serve} escribe esta información a la salida estándar, no a un |
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1023 fichero. Las líneas de la bitácora se escriben en un formato de |
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1024 fichero ``combinado'' estándar, usado por casi todos los servidores |
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1025 web. |
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1026 \item[\rcitem{web}{address}] Cadena. La dirección local en la cual el |
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1027 servidor debe escuchar peticiones entrantes. En principio, el |
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1028 servidor escucha en todas las direcciones. |
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1029 \item[\rcitem{web}{errorlog}] Ruta. El nombre de un fichero en el |
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1030 cual escribir la bitácora de error. En principio, la orden |
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1031 \hgcmd{serve} escribe esta información en la salida de error |
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1032 estándar, no a un fichero. |
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1033 \item[\rcitem{web}{ipv6}] Booleano. Si se usa o no el protocolo |
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1034 IPv6. En principio, IPv6 no se usa. |
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1035 \item[\rcitem{web}{port}] Entero. El número del puerto~TCP en el cuál |
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1036 el servidor escuchará. El puerto predeterminado es el~8000. |
501
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1037 \end{itemize} |
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1038 |
539
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1039 \subsubsection{Elegir el fichero \hgrc\ correcto para las |
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1040 configuraciones de \rcsection{web}} |
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1041 |
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1042 Es importante recordar que un servidor web como Apache o |
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1043 \texttt{lighttpd} se ejecutarán bajo el usuario~ID que generalmente no |
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1044 es el suyo Los guiones CGI ejecutados por su servidor, tales como |
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1045 \sfilename{hgweb.cgi}, se ejecutarán también con el usuario~ID. |
501
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1046 |
539
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1047 Si añade opciones \rcsection{web} a su fichero personal \hgrc\, Los |
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1048 guiones CGI no leerán tal fichero \hgrc\. Tales configuraciones |
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1049 solamente afectarán el comportamiento de la orden \hgcmd{serve} cuando |
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1050 usted lo ejecuta. Para logar que los guiones CGI vean sus |
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1051 configuraciones, o bien cree un fichero \hgrc\ en el directorio hogar |
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1052 del usuario ID que ejecuta su servidor web, o añada tales |
556
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1053 configuraciones al fichero global \hgrc. |
501
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1054 |
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1055 |
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1056 %%% Local Variables: |
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1057 %%% mode: latex |
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1058 %%% TeX-master: "00book" |
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1059 %%% End: |