Mercurial > hgbook
annotate es/intro.tex @ 779:69923723e7f9
more hook.tex
author | Yoshiki Yazawa <yaz@honeyplanet.jp> |
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date | Mon, 27 Apr 2009 17:31:54 +0900 |
parents | 7e8ef188c72f |
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rev | line source |
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1 \chapter{Introducción} |
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2 \label{chap:intro} |
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3 |
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4 \section{Acerca del control de revisiones} |
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5 |
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6 El control de revisiones es el proceso de administrar diferentes |
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7 versiones de una pieza de información. En su forma más simple es algo |
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8 que la mayoría de gente hace a mano: cada vez que usted modifica un |
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9 fichero, lo graba con un nuevo nombre que contiene un número, cada uno |
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10 mayor que el anterior. |
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11 |
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12 Administrar manualmente muchas versiones de incluso sólo un fichero es una tarea |
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13 propensa a errores, a pesar de que hace bastante tiempo hay |
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14 herramientas que ayudan en este proceso. Las primeras herramientas |
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15 para automatizar el control de revisiones fueron pensadas para que un |
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16 usuario administrara un solo fichero. En las décadas pasadas, el |
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17 alcance de las herramientas de control de revisiones ha ido aumentando |
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18 considerablemente; ahora manejan muchos ficheros y facilitan el |
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19 trabajo en conjunto de varias personas. Las mejores herramientas de |
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20 control de revisiones de la actualidad no tienen problema con miles de |
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21 personas trabajando en proyectos que consisten de cientos de miles de |
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22 ficheros. |
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23 |
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24 \subsection{¿Por qué usar control de revisiones?} |
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25 |
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26 Hay muchas razones por las cuales usted o su equipo desearía usar una |
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27 herramienta automática de control de revisiones para un proyecto. |
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28 \begin{itemize} |
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29 \item Llevar registro del historial y la evolución de su proyecto, para |
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30 evitar hacer la tarea manualmente. Por cada cambio, tendrá una |
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31 bitácora de \emph{quién} lo hizo; \emph{por qué} se hizo; |
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32 \emph{cuándo} se hizo; y de \emph{qué} se trataba el cambio. |
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33 \item Cuando trabaja con más personas, los programas de control de |
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34 revisiones facilitan la colaboración. Por ejemplo, cuando varias |
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35 personas hacen cambios potencialmente incompatibles de forma casi |
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36 simultánea, el programa le ayudará a identificar y resolver tales |
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37 conflictos. |
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38 \item Puede ayudarle a recuperarse de equivocaciones. Si aplica un |
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39 cambio que posteriormente se evidencia como un error, puede |
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40 revertirlo a una versión previa a uno o muchos ficheros. De hecho, |
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41 una herramienta \emph{realmente} buena, incluso puede ayudarle |
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42 efectivamente a darse cuenta exactamente cuándo se introdujo el |
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43 error (para más detalles ver la sección~\ref{sec:undo:bisect}). |
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44 \item Le ayudará a trabajar simultáneamente, y a manejar las diferencias |
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45 entre múltiples versiones de su proyecto. |
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46 \end{itemize} |
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47 La mayoría de estas razones son igualmente válidas ---por lo menos en |
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48 teoría--- así esté trabajando en un proyecto solo usted, o con mucha gente. |
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49 |
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50 Algo fundamental acerca de lo práctico de un sistema de control de |
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51 revisiones en estas dos escalas (``un hacker solitario'' y ``un equipo |
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52 gigantesco'') es cómo se comparan los \emph{beneficios} con los |
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53 \emph{costos}. Una herramienta de control de revisiones que sea |
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54 difícil de entender o usar impondrá un costo alto. |
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55 |
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56 Un proyecto de quinientas personas es muy propenso a colapsar |
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57 solamente con su peso inmediatamente sin una herramienta y un proceso |
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58 de control de versiones. En este caso, el costo de usar control de |
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59 revisiones ni siquiera se tiene en cuenta, puesto que \emph{sin} él, |
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60 el fracaso está casi garantizado. |
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61 |
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62 Por otra parte, un ``arreglo rápido'' de una sola persona, excluiría |
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63 la necesidad de usar una herramienta de control de revisiones, porque |
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64 casi seguramente, el costo de usar una estaría cerca del costo del |
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65 proyecto. ¿No es así? |
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66 |
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67 Mercurial soporta \emph{ambas} escalas de de desarrollo de manera |
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68 única. Puede aprender lo básico en pocos minutos, y dado su bajo |
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69 sobrecosto, puede aplicar el control de revisiones al proyecto más |
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70 pequeño con facilidad. Su simplicidad significa que no tendrá que |
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71 preocuparse por conceptos obtusos o secuencias de órdenes compitiendo |
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72 por espacio mental con lo que sea que \emph{realmente} esté tratando |
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73 de hacer. Al mismo tiempo, Mercurial tiene alto desempeño y su |
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74 %TODO distribuida? en vez de p2p |
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75 naturaleza peer-to-peer le permite escalar indoloramente para manejar |
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76 grandes proyectos. |
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77 |
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78 Ninguna herramienta de control de revisiones puede salvar un |
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79 proyecto mal administrado, pero la elección de herramientas puede |
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80 hacer una gran diferencia en la fluidez con la cual usted puede |
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81 trabajar en un proyecto. |
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82 |
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83 \subsection{La cantidad de nombres del control de revisiones} |
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84 |
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85 El control de revisiones es un campo amplio, tan amplio que no hay un |
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86 acrónimo o nombre único. A continuación presentamos un listado de |
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87 nombres comunes y acrónimos que se podrían encontrar: |
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88 \begin{itemize} |
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89 \item Control de revisiones (RCS) |
609 | 90 \item Manejo de Configuraciones de Programas (SCM), o administracón de |
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91 configuraciones |
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92 \item Administración de código fuente |
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93 \item Control de Código Fuente, o Control de Fuentes |
609 | 94 \item Control de Versiones (VCS) |
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95 \end{itemize} |
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96 Algunas personas aducen que estos términos tienen significados |
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97 diversos, pero en la práctica se sobreponen tanto que no hay una |
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98 forma acordada o incluso adecuada de separarlos. |
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99 |
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100 \section{Historia resumida del control de revisiones} |
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101 |
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102 La herramienta de control de revisiones más antigua conocida es SCCS |
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103 (Sistema de Control de Código), escrito por Marc Rochkind en Bell |
609 | 104 Labs, a comienzos de los setentas (1970s). SCCS operaba sobre ficheros |
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105 individuales, y requería que cada persona que trabajara en el proyecto |
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106 tuviera acceso a un espacio compartido en un solo sistema. Solamente |
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107 una persona podía modificar un fichero en un momento dado; el |
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108 arbitramiento del acceso a los ficheros se hacía con candados. Era |
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109 común que la gente pusiera los candados a los ficheros, y que |
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110 posteriormente olvidara quitarlos, impidiendo que otro pudiera |
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111 modificar los ficheros en cuestión sin la intervención del |
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112 administrador. |
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113 |
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114 Walter Tichy desarrolló una alternativa gratuita a SCCS a comienzos |
609 | 115 de los ochentas (1980s); llamó a su programa RCS (Sistema de Control de |
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116 Revisiones). Al igual que SCCS, RCS requería que los desarrolladores |
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117 trabajaran en un único espacio compartido y colocaran candados a los |
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118 ficheros para evitar que varias personas los modificaran |
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119 simultáneamente. |
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120 |
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121 Después en los ochenta, Dick Grune usó RCS como un bloque de |
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122 construcción para un conjunto de guiones de línea de comando, que |
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123 inicialmente llamó cmt, pero que renombró a CVS (Sistema Concurrente de |
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124 Versiones). La gran innovación de CVS era que permitía a los |
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125 desarrolladores trabajar simultáneamente de una forma más o menos |
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126 independiente en sus propios espacios de trabajo. Los espacios de |
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127 trabajo personales impedían que los desarrolladores se pisaran las |
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128 mangueras todo el tiempo, situación común con SCCS y RCS. Cada |
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129 desarrollador tenía una copia de todos los ficheros del proyecto y podía |
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130 modificar sus copias independientemente, Tenían que fusionar sus |
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131 ediciones antes de consignar los cambios al repositorio central. |
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132 |
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133 Brian Berliner tomó los scripts originales de Grune y los reescribió |
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134 en~C, publicando en 1989 el código sobre el cual se ha |
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135 desarrollado la versión moderna de CVS. CVS adquirió posteriormente |
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136 la habilidad de operar sobre una conexión de red, dotándolo de una |
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137 arquitectura, cliente/servidor. La arquitectura de CVS es |
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138 centralizada; el historial del proyecto está únicamente en el |
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139 repositorio central. Los espacios de trabajo de los clientes |
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140 contienen únicamente copias recientes de las versiones de los |
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141 ficheros, y pocos metadatos para indicar dónde está el servidor. CVS |
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142 ha tenido un éxito enorme; Es probablemente el sistema de control de |
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143 revisiones más extendido del planeta. |
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144 |
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145 A comienzos de los noventa~(1990s), Sun MicroSystems desarrollo un |
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146 temprano sistema distribuido de control de revisiones llamado |
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147 TeamWare. |
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148 Un espacio de trabajo TeamWare contiene una copia completa del |
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149 historial del proyecto. TeamWare no tiene la noción de repositorio |
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150 central. (CVS se basaba en RCS para el almacenamiento de su historial; |
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151 TeamWare usaba SCCS.) |
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152 |
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153 A medida que avanzaba la decada de los noventa, se empezó a |
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154 evidenciar los problemas de CVS. Almacena cambios simultáneos a muchos |
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155 ficheros de forma individual, en lugar de agruparlos como una |
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156 operación única y atómica lógicamente. No maneja bien su jerarquía de |
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157 ficheros; es fácil desordenar un repositorio al renombrar ficheros |
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158 y directorios. Peor aún, su código fuente es difícil de leer y |
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159 mantener, lo que hizo que su ``umbral de dolor'' para arreglar sus |
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160 problemas arquitecturales fuera algo prohibitivo. |
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161 |
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162 En 2001, Jim Blandy y Karl Fogel, dos desarrolladores que habían |
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163 trabajado en CVS, comenzaron un proyecto para reemplazarlo con una |
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164 herramienta con mejor arquitectura y código más limpio. El resultado, |
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165 Subversion, no se separó del modelo centralizado cliente/servidor de |
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166 CVS, pero añadió consignaciones atómicas de varios ficheros, mejor |
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167 manejo de espacios de nombres , y otras características que lo hacen |
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168 mejor que CVS. Desde su versión inicial, ha ido creciendo en |
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169 popularidad rápidamente. |
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170 |
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171 Más o menos en forma simultánea Graydon Hoare comenzó a trabajar en un |
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172 ambicioso sistema distribuido de control de versiones que llamó |
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173 Monotone. Mientras que Monotone se enfocaba a evitar algunas fallas de |
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174 diseño de CVS con una arquitectura peer-to-peer, fue mucho más |
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175 allá de las herramientas anteriores (y posteriores) de |
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176 control de revisiones en varios aspectos innovadores. Usa hashes |
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177 criptográficos como identificadores, y tiene una noción integral de |
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178 ``confianza'' para código de diversas fuentes. |
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179 |
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180 Mercurial nació en el 2005. Algunos de sus aspectos de de diseño |
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181 fueron influenciados por Monotone, pero Mercurial se enfoca en la |
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182 facilidad de uso, gran rendimiento y escalabilidad para proyectos muy |
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183 grandes. |
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184 |
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185 \section{Tendencias en el control de revisiones} |
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186 |
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187 Ha habido una tendencia inconfundible en el desarrollo y uso de las herramientas |
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188 de control de revisiones en las cuatro décadas pasadas, mientras la |
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189 gente se ha hecho familiar con las capacidades de sus herramientas y |
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190 se ha visto restringida por sus limitaciones. |
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191 |
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192 La primera generación comenzó administrando ficheros individuales en |
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193 computadores por persona. A pesar de que tales herramientas |
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194 representaron un avance importante frente al control de revisiones |
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195 manual, su modelo de candados y la dependencia a un sólo computador |
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196 los limitó a equipos de trabajo pequeños y acoplados. |
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197 |
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198 La segunda generación dejó atrás esas limitaciones moviéndose a |
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199 arquitecturas centradas en redes, y administrando proyectos completos |
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200 a la vez. A medida que los proyectos crecían, nacieron nuevos |
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201 problemas. Con la necesidad de comunicación frecuente con los |
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202 servidores, escalar estas máquinas se convirtió en un problema en |
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203 proyectos realmente grandes. Las redes con poca estabilidad podrían |
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204 impedir que usuarios remotos se conectaran al servidor. A medida que |
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205 los |
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206 proyectos de código abierto comenzaron a ofrecer acceso de sólo lectura |
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207 de forma anónima a cualquiera, la gente sin permiso para consignar |
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208 vio que no podían usar tales herramientas para interactuar en un |
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209 proyecto de forma natural, puesto que no podían guardar sus cambios. |
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210 |
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211 La generación actual de herramientas de control de revisiones es |
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212 peer-to-peer por naturaleza. Todos estos sistemas han eliminado la |
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213 dependencia de un único servidor central, y han permitido que la |
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214 gente distribuya sus datos de control de revisiones donde realmente se |
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215 necesita. La colaboración a través de Internet ha cambiado las |
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216 limitantes tecnológicas por la cuestión de elección y consenso. Las |
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217 herramientas modernas pueden operar sin conexión indefinidamente y |
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218 autónomamente, necesitando una conexión de red solamente para |
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219 sincronizar los cambios con otro repositorio. |
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220 |
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221 \section{Algunas ventajas del control distribuido de revisiones} |
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222 |
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223 A pesar de que las herramientas para el control distribuido de |
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224 revisiones lleva varios años siendo tan robustas y usables como la |
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225 generación previa de sus contrapartes, algunas personas que usan las |
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226 herramientas más antiguas no se han percatado de sus ventajas. Hay |
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227 gran cantidad |
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228 de situaciones en las cuales las herramientas distribuidas brillan |
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229 frente a las centralizadas. |
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230 |
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231 Para un desarrollador individual, las herramientas distribuidas casi |
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232 siempre son más rápidas que las centralizadas. Por una razón sencilla: |
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233 Una herramienta centralizada necesita comunicarse por red para las |
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234 operaciones más usuales, debido a que los metadatos se almacenan en |
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235 una sola copia en el servidor central. Una herramienta distribuida |
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236 almacena todos sus metadatos localmente. Con todo lo demás de la |
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237 misma forma, comunicarse por red tiene un sobrecosto en una |
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238 herramienta centralizada. No subestime el valor de una herramienta de |
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239 respuesta rápida: Usted empleará mucho tiempo interactuando con su |
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240 programa de control de revisiones. |
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241 |
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242 Las herramientas distribuidas son indiferentes a los caprichos de su |
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243 infraestructura de servidores, de nuevo, debido a la replicación de |
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244 metadatos en tantos lugares. Si usa un sistema centralizado y su |
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245 servidor explota, ojalá los medios físicos de su copia de seguridad |
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246 sean confiables, y que su última copia sea reciente y además |
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247 funcione. Con una herramienta distribuida tiene tantas copias de |
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248 seguridad disponibles como computadores de contribuidores. |
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249 |
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250 La confiabilidad de su red afectará las herramientas distribuidas de |
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251 una forma mucho menor que a las herramientas centralizadas. Usted no puede |
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252 siquiera usar una herramienta centralizada sin conexión de red, |
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253 excepto por algunas órdenes muy limitadas. Con herramientas |
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254 distribuidas, si sus conexión cae mientras usted está trabajando, |
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255 podría nisiquiera darse cuenta. Lo único que que no podrá hacer es |
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256 comunicarse con repositorios en otros computadores, algo que es |
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257 relativamente raro comparado con las operaciones locales. Si tiene |
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258 colaboradores remotos en su equipo, puede ser importante. |
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259 |
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260 \subsection{Ventajas para proyectos de código abierto} |
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261 |
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262 Si descubre un proyecto de código abierto y decide que desea comenzar |
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263 a trabajar en él, y ese proyecto usa una herramienta de control |
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264 distribuido de revisiones, usted es de inmediato un par con la gente que se |
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265 considera el ``alma'' del proyecto. Si ellos publican sus |
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266 repositorios, usted puede copiar inmediatamente el historial del proyecto, |
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267 hacer cambios y guardar su trabajo, usando las mismas herramientas de |
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268 la misma forma que ellos. En contraste, con una herramienta |
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269 centralizada, usted debe usar el programa en un modo ``sólo lectura'' a |
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270 menos que alguien le otorgue permisos para consignar cambios en el |
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271 repositorio central. Hasta entonces, no podrá almacenar sus cambios y |
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272 sus modificaciones locales correrán el riesgo de dañarse cuando trate |
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273 de actualizar su vista del repositorio. |
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274 |
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275 \subsubsection{Las bifurcaciones (forks) no son un problema} |
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276 |
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277 Se ha mencionado que las herramientas de control distribuido de |
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278 versiones albergan un riesgo a los proyectos de código abierto, puesto |
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279 que se vuelve muy sencillo hacer una ``bifurcación''\ndt{fork.} del |
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280 desarrollo del proyecto. Una bifurcación sucede cuando hay diferencias |
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281 de opinión o actitud entre grupos de desarrolladores que desemboca en |
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282 la decisión de la imposibilidad de continuar trabajando juntos. Cada |
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283 parte toma una copia más o menos completa del código fuente del |
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284 proyecto y toma su propio rumbo. |
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285 |
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286 En algunas ocasiones los líderes de las bifurcaciones reconcilian sus |
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287 diferencias. Con un sistema centralizado de control de revisiones, el |
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288 proceso \emph{técnico} de reconciliarse es doloroso, y se hace de |
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289 forma muy manual. Usted tiene que decidir qué historial de revisiones va a |
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290 ``ganar'', e injertar los cambios del otro equipo en el árbol de alguna |
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291 manera. Con esto usualmente se pierde algo o todo del historial de la |
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292 revisión de alguna de las partes. |
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293 |
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294 Lo que las herramientas distribuidas hacen con respecto a las |
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295 bifurcaciones, es que las bifurcaciones son la \emph{única} forma de |
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296 desarrollar un proyecto. Cada cambio que usted hace es potencialmente |
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297 un punto de bifurcación. La gran fortaleza de esta aproximación es que |
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298 las herramientas distribuidas de control de revisiones tiene que ser |
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299 bueno al \emph{fusionar} las bifurcaciones, porque las bifurcaciones |
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300 son absolutamente fundamentales: pasan todo el tiempo. |
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301 |
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302 Si todas las porciones de trabajo que todos hacen, todo el tiempo, se |
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303 enmarcan en términos de bifurcaciones y fusiones, entonces a aquello a |
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304 lo que se refiere en el mundo del código abierto a una ``bifurcación'' |
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305 se convierte \emph{puramente} en una cuestión social. Lo que hacen las |
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306 herramientas distribuidas es \emph{disminuir} la posibilidad de una |
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307 bifurcación porque: |
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308 \begin{itemize} |
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309 \item Eliminan la distinción social que imponen las herramientas |
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310 centralizadas: aquélla entre miembros (personas con permiso de |
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311 consignar) y forasteros (los que no tienen el permiso). |
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312 \item Facilitan la reconciliación después de una bifurcación social, |
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313 porque todo lo que concierne al programa de control de revisiones es |
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314 una fusión. |
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315 \end{itemize} |
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316 |
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317 Algunas personas se resisten a las herramientas distribuidas porque |
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318 desean mantener control completo sobre sus proyectos, y creen que las |
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319 herramientas centralizadas les dan tal control. En todo caso, si este |
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320 es su parecer, y usted publica sus repositorios de CVS o Subversion, hay |
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321 muchas herramientas disponibles que pueden obtener el historial |
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322 completo (aunque sea lentamente) y recrearlo en otro sitio que usted no |
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323 controla. Siendo así un control ilusorio, puesto que está impidiendo |
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324 la fluidez de colaboración en lugar de prevenir que alguien se sienta |
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325 impulsado a obtener una copia y hacer una bifurcación con su historial. |
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326 |
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327 \subsection{Ventajas para proyectos comerciales} |
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328 |
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329 Muchos proyectos comerciales tienen grupos de trabajo distribuidos |
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330 alrededor del globo. Quienes contribuyen y están lejos de un |
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331 repositorio central verán una ejecución más lenta de los comandos y tal |
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332 vez menos confiabilidad. Los sistemas de control de revisión |
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333 comerciales intentan amortiguar estos problemas con adiciones de |
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334 replicación remota que usualmente son muy costosos y complicados de |
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335 administrar. Un sistema distribuido no padece estos problemas. Mejor |
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336 aún, puede colocar varios servidores autorizados, por ejemplo, uno por |
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337 sitio, de tal forma que no haya comunicación redundante entre |
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338 repositorios sobre enlaces de conexión costosos. |
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339 |
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340 Los sistemas de control de revisiones distribuidos tienden a ser poco |
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341 escalables. No es inusual que costosos sistemas centralizados caigan |
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342 ante la carga combinada de unas cuantas docenas de usuarios |
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343 concurrentes. De nuevo, las respuestas típicas de replicación tienden |
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344 a ser costosas y complejas de instalar y administrar. Dado que la |
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345 carga en un servidor central---si es que tiene uno---es muchas veces |
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346 menor con una herramienta distribuida (debido a que los datos están |
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347 replicados en todas partes), un solo servidor económico puede tratar |
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348 las necesidades de equipos mucho más grandes, y la replicación para |
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349 balancear la carga se vuelve cosa de guiones. |
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350 |
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351 Si tiene un empleado en el campo, se beneficiará grandemente de un |
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352 sistema distribuido de control de versiones al resolver problemas en |
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353 el sitio del cliente. La herramienta le permitirá generar |
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354 construcciones a la medida, probar diferentes arreglos de forma |
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355 independiente y buscar de forma eficiente las fuentes de fallos en el |
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356 historial y regresiones en los ambientes de los clientes, todo sin |
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357 necesidad de conectarse al servidor de su compañía. |
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358 |
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359 \section{¿Por qué elegir Mercurial?} |
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360 |
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361 Mercurial cuenta con un conjunto único de propiedades que lo hacen |
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362 una elección particularmente buena como sistema de control de |
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363 revisiones, puesto que: |
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364 \begin{itemize} |
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365 \item Es fácil de aprender y usar. |
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366 \item Es liviano. |
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367 \item Escala de forma excelente. |
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368 \item Es fácil de acondicionar. |
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369 \end{itemize} |
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370 |
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371 Si los sistemas de control de revisiones le son familiares, debería |
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372 estar listo para usar Mercurial en menos de cinco minutos. Si no, sólo va a |
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373 tomar unos pocos minutos más. Las órdenes de Mercurial y su conjunto |
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374 de características son uniformes y consistentes generalmente, y basta |
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375 con que siga unas pocas reglas generales en lugar de un montón de |
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376 excepciones. |
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377 |
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378 En un proyecto pequeño, usted puede comenzar a trabajar con Mercurial en |
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379 pocos momentos. Crear nuevos cambios y ramas, transferir cambios (localmente |
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380 o por la red); y las operaciones relacionadas con el estado y el |
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381 historial son rápidas. Mercurial buscar ser ligero y no incomodar en su |
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382 camino combinando poca sobrecarga cognitiva con operaciones |
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383 asombrosamente rápidas. |
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384 |
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385 La utilidad de Mercurial no se limita a proyectos pequeños: está |
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386 siendo usado por proyectos con centenas de miles de contribuyentes, |
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387 cada uno conteniendo decenas de miles de ficheros y centenas de |
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388 megabytes de código fuente |
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389 |
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390 Si la funcionalidad básica de Mercurial no es suficiente para usted, |
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391 es muy fácil extenderlo. Mercurial se comporta muy bien con tareas de |
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392 scripting y su limpieza interna junto con su implementación en Python |
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393 permiten añadir características fácilmente en forma de extensiones. |
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394 Hay un buen número de extensiones útiles y populares en este momento, |
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395 desde ayudar a identificar fallos hasta mejorar su desempeño. |
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396 |
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397 \section{Comparación de Mercurial con otras herramientas} |
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398 |
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399 Antes de leer, por favor tenga en cuenta que esta sección |
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400 necesariamente refleja mis propias experiencias, intereses y (tengo que |
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401 decirlo) mis preferencias. He usado cada una de las herramientas de |
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402 control de versiones listadas a continuación, y en muchos casos por |
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403 varios años. |
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404 |
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405 |
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406 \subsection{Subversion} |
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407 |
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408 Subversion es una herramienta de control de revisiones muy popular, |
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409 desarrollada para reemplazar a CVS. Tiene una arquitectura |
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410 centralizada tipo cliente/servidor. |
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411 |
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412 Subversion y Mercurial tienen comandos con nombres similares para hacer |
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413 las mismas operaciones, por lo que si le son familiares en una, será |
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414 sencillo aprender a usar la otra. Ambas herramientas son portables en |
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415 todos los sistemas operativos populares. |
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416 |
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417 Antes de la versión 1.5, Subversion no tenía soporte para fusiones. En |
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418 el momento de la escritura, sus capcidades para llevar cuenta de las |
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419 funciones son nuevas, |
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420 \href{http://svnbook.red-bean.com/nightly/en/svn.branchmerge.advanced.html#svn.branchmerge.advanced.finalword}{complicadas |
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421 y poco estables\ndt{buggy}}. |
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422 |
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423 Mercurial tiene una ventaja considerable en desempeño sobre |
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424 Subversion en cualquier operación de control de revisiones que yo haya |
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425 medido. He medido sus ventajas con factores desde dos hasta seis veces |
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426 comparando con almacenamiento de ficheros \emph{ra\_local} |
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427 Subversion~1.4.3, el cual es el método de acceso más rápido. En los |
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428 escenarios más realistas incluyendo almacenamiento con la red de por |
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429 medio, Subversion se encuentra en desventaja aún mayor. Dado que casi |
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430 todas las órdenes de Subversion deben tratar con el servidor y |
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431 Subversion no tiene utilidades de replicación adecuadas, la capacidad |
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432 del servidor y el ancho de banda se convierten en cuellos de botella |
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433 para proyectos modestamente grandes. |
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434 |
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435 Adicionalmente, Subversion tiene un sobrecosto considerable en |
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436 almacenamiento para evitar transacciones por red en algunas |
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437 operaciones, |
609 | 438 tales como encontrar ficheros modificados (\texttt{status}) y desplegar |
439 información frente a la revisión actual (\texttt{diff}). Como | |
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440 resultado, la copia de trabajo de Subversion termina siendo del mismo |
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441 tamaño o más grande que un repositorio de Mercurial y el directorio de |
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442 trabajo, a pesar de que el repositorio de Mercurial contiene el |
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443 historial completo del proyecto. |
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444 |
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445 Subversion tiene soporte amplio de otras herramientas. Mercurial por |
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446 ahora está bastante atrás en este aspecto. Esta diferencia está |
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447 disminuyendo, y algunas de las herramientas GUI\ndt{Interfaz de |
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448 Usuario Gráfica}, eclipsan sus equivalentes de Subversion. Al igual |
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449 que Mercurial, Subversion tiene un excelente manual de usuario. |
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450 |
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451 Dado que Subversion no almacena el historial de revisiones en el |
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452 cliente, es muy bueno para administrar proyectos que tienen muchos |
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453 ficheros binarios grandes y opacos. Si consigna cincuenta revisiones |
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454 de un fichero de 10MB que no es comprimible, el esapacio en el cliente |
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455 de Subversion se mantendrá constante mientras que el espacio usado por |
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456 cualquier Sistema Distribuido de Control de Revisiones crecerá |
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457 rápidamente en proporción con el número de revisiones, debido a que |
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458 las diferencias entre cada revisión es grande. |
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459 |
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460 Adicionalmente, generalmente es difícil o más bien, imposible mezclar |
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461 diferentes versiones de un fichero binario. La habilidad de Subversion |
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462 para permitirle al usuario poner una cerradura a un fichero, de modo |
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463 que tenga un permiso exclusivo para consignar cambios, puede ser una |
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464 ventaja significativa en un proyecto donde los ficheros binarios sean |
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465 usados ampliamente. |
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466 |
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467 Mercurial puede importar el historial de revisiones de un repositorio |
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468 de Subversion. También puede exportar el historial de revisiones a un |
507
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469 repositorio de Subversion. De esta forma es sencillo ``dar un |
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470 vistazo'' y usar Mercurial y Subversion en paralelo antes de decidirse |
616
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471 a dar el paso. La conversión del historial es incremental, de modo |
507
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472 que puede aplicar una conversión inicial, y después conversiones |
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473 pequeñas y adicionales posteriormente para traer nuevos cambios. |
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474 |
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475 \subsection{Git} |
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476 |
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477 Git es una herramienta distribuida de control de revisiones |
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478 desarrollada para administrar el arbol del kernel de Linux. Al igual |
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479 que Mercurial los principios de su diseño fueron influenciados por |
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480 Monotone. |
501
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481 |
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482 Git tiene un conjunto de órdenes muy grande; en la versión~1.5.0 |
507
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483 ofrece~139 órdenes individuales. Tiene cierta reputación de ser |
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484 difícil de aprender. Comparado con Git, Mercurial tiene un fuerte |
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485 enfoque hacia la facilidad. |
501
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486 |
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487 En términos de rendimiento, Git es extremadamente rápido. En muchos |
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488 casos, es más rápido que Mercurial, por lo menos en Linux, mientras |
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489 que Mercurial se comporta mejor en otras operaciones. De todas |
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490 maneras en Windows, el desempeño y el nivel general de soporte que |
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491 ofrece Git, al momento de la escritura, está bastante atrás de |
507
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492 Mercurial. |
501
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493 |
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494 Mientras que el repositorio de Mercurial no requiere mantenimiento, el |
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495 repositorio de Git requiere frecuentes ``reempaquetados'' de sus metadatos. |
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496 Sin estos, el desempeño se degrada y el uso de espacio crece rápidamente. Un |
507
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497 servidor que contenga repositorios de Git que no sean reempacados |
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498 rigurosa y frecuentemente requerirá trabajo intenso de disco durante |
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499 las copias de seguridad, y ha habido situaciones en copias de |
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500 seguridad diaria que toman más de~24 horas como resultado. Un |
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501 repositorio recién reempacado de Git es un poco más pequeño que un |
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502 repositorio de Mercurial, pero un repositorio sin reempacar es varios |
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503 órdenes de magnitud más grande. |
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504 |
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505 El corazón de Git está escrito en C. Muchas órdenes de Git están |
608
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506 implementadas como guiones de línea de comandos o de Perl y la calidad de esos |
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507 guiones varía ampliamente. He encontrado muchas situaciones en las |
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508 cuales los guiones no tuvieron en cuenta la presencia de errores que |
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509 podrían haber sido fatales. |
501
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510 |
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511 Mercurial puede importar el historial de revisiones de un repositorio |
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512 de Git. |
501
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513 |
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514 \subsection{CVS} |
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515 |
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516 CVS es probablemente la herramienta de control de revisiones más |
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517 ampliamente usada en el planeta. Debido a su edad y su poca pulcritud |
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518 interna, ha sido ligeramente mantenida en muchos años. |
501
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519 |
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520 Tiene una arquitectura centralizada cliente/servidor. No agrupa |
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521 cambios relacionados en consignaciones atómicas, pemitiendo que con |
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522 facilidad la gente ``rompa la construcción'': una persona puede |
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523 consignar exitósamente parte del cambio y estar bloqueada por la |
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524 necesidad de una mezcla, forzando a otras personas a ver solamente una |
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525 porción del trabajo que estaban buscando hacer. Esto afecta también |
615
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526 la forma como usted trabaja con el historial del proyecto. Si quiere |
507
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527 ver todas las modificaciones que alguien hizo como parte de una tarea, |
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528 necesitará inspeccionar manualmente las descripciones y las marcas de |
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529 tiempo de cambio de cada fichero involucrado (esto, si usted saber |
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530 cuáles eran tales ficheros). |
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531 |
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532 CVS tiene una noción confusa de etiquetas y ramas que yo no trataría |
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533 incluso de describir. No soporta renombramiento de ficheros o |
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534 directorios adecuadamente, facilitando el corromper un |
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535 repositorio. Casi no tiene chequeo de consistencia interna, por lo |
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536 tanto es casi imposible identificar por que o cómo se corrompió un |
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537 repositorio. Yo no recomendaría un repositorio de CVS para proyecto |
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538 alguno, ni existente ni nuevo. |
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539 |
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540 Mercurial puede importar el historial de revisiones de CVS. De todas |
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541 maneras hay ciertas precauciones que aplican; las cuales también son |
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542 necesarias para cualquier herramienta importadora de historial de |
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543 CVS. Debido a la falta de atomicidad de cambios y el no versionamiento |
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544 de la jerarquía del sistema de ficheros, es imposible reconstruir |
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545 completamente el historial de CVS con precisión; hay cierto trabajo de |
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546 conjetura involucrado y los renombramientos tampoco se |
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547 mostrarán. Debido a que gran parte de la administración avanzada de |
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548 CVS tiene que hacerse manualmente y por lo tanto es proclive al error, |
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549 es común que los importadores de CVS encuentren muchos problemas con |
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550 repositorios corruptos (marcas de tiempo totalmente desubicadas y |
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551 ficheros que han permanecido con candados por más de una década son |
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552 dos de los problemas menos interesantes de los que puedo retomar de mi |
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553 experiencia personal). |
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554 |
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555 Mercurial puede importar el historial de revisiones de un repositorio |
507
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556 CVS. |
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557 |
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558 \subsection{Herramientas comerciales} |
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559 |
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560 Perforce tiene una arquitectura centralizada cliente/servidor sin |
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561 almacenamiento de dato alguno de caché en el lado del cliente. A diferencia de |
507
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562 las herramientas modernas de control de revisiones, Perforce requiere |
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563 que un usuario ejecute un comando para informar al servidor acerca de |
507
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564 todo fichero que se vaya a editar. |
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565 |
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566 El rendimiento de Perforce es muy bueno para equipos pequeños, pero se |
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567 degrada rápidamente cuando el número de usuarios va más allá de pocas |
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568 docenas. Instalaciones modestamente grandes de Perforce requiere la |
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569 organización de proxies para soportar la carga que sus usuarios generan. |
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570 |
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571 \subsection{Elegir una herramienta de control de revisiones} |
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572 |
507
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573 Con la excepción de CVS, toda las herramientas que se han listado |
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574 anteriormente tienen fortalezas únicas que las hacen valiosas de acuerdo al |
507
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575 tipo de trabajo. No hay una única herramienta de control de revisiones |
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576 que sea la mejor en todas las situaciones. |
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577 |
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578 Por ejemplo, Subversion es una buena elección para trabajar con |
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579 edición frecuente de ficheros binarios, debido a su naturaleza |
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580 centralizada y soporte para poner candados a ficheros. |
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581 |
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582 Personalmente encuentro las propiedades de simplicidad, desempeño, y |
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583 buen soporte de fusiones de Mercurial una combinación llamativa que ha |
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584 dado buenos frutos por varios años. |
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585 |
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586 |
507
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587 \section{Migrar de otra herramienta hacia Mercurial} |
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588 |
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589 Mercurial viene con una extensión llamada \hgext{convert}, que puede |
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590 importar historiales de revisiones de forma incremental desde varias |
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591 herramientas de control de revisiones. Por ``incremental'', quiero |
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592 decir que puede migrar toda el historial de un proyecto en una primera |
507
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593 instancia y después volver a ejecutar la migración posteriormente para |
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594 obtener los nuevos cambios que han sucedido después de la migración |
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595 inicial. |
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596 |
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597 A continuación presentamos las herramientas de revisiones que soporta |
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598 el comando \hgext{convert}: |
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599 \begin{itemize} |
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600 \item Subversion |
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601 \item CVS |
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602 \item Git |
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603 \item Darcs |
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604 \end{itemize} |
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605 |
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606 Adicionalmente, \hgext{convert} puede exportar cambios de Mercurial |
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607 hacia Subversion. Lo que hace posible probar Subversion y Mercurial |
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608 en paralelo antes de lanzarse a un migración total, sin arriesgarse a |
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609 perder trabajo alguno. |
501
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610 |
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611 El comando \hgxcmd{conver}{convert} es sencillo de usar. Basta con |
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612 apuntarlo hacia la ruta o el URL del repositorio fuente, opcionalmente |
507
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613 darle el nombre del nombre del repositorio destino y comenzará a hacer |
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614 su trabajo. Después de la conversión inicial, basta con invocar de |
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615 nuevo el comando para importar cambios nuevos. |
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616 |
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617 |
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618 %%% Local Variables: |
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619 %%% mode: latex |
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620 %%% TeX-master: "00book" |
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621 %%% End: |